Relevant bibliographies by topics / PCOS

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'PCOS'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "PCOS"

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Bian, Xiaohua, Yifan Cao, Ximin Zhi, and Ni Ma. "Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the Plant Cysteine Oxidase (PCO) Gene Family in Brassica napus and Its Role in Abiotic Stress Response." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 14 (July 8, 2023): 11242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411242.

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Plant Cysteine Oxidase (PCO) is a plant O2-sensing enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of cysteine to Cys-sulfinic acid at the N-termini of target proteins. To better understand the Brassica napus PCO gene family, PCO genes in B. napus and related species were analyzed. In this study, 20, 7 and 8 PCO genes were identified in Brassica napus, Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea, respectively. According to phylogenetic analysis, the PCOs were divided into five groups: PCO1, PCO2, PCO3, PCO4 and PCO5. Gene organization and motif distribution analysis suggested that the PCO gene family was relatively conserved during evolution. According to the public expression data, PCO genes were expressed in different tissues at different developmental stages. Moreover, qRT-PCR data showed that most of the Bna/Bra/BoPCO5 members were expressed in leaves, roots, flowers and siliques, suggesting an important role in both vegetative and reproductive development. Expression of BnaPCO was induced by various abiotic stress, especially waterlogging stress, which was consistent with the result of cis-element analysis. In this study, the PCO gene family of Brassicaceae was analyzed for the first time, which contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the origin and evolution of PCO genes in Brassicaceae and the function of BnaPCO in abiotic stress responses.
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White, Mark D., Laura Dalle Carbonare, Mikel Lavilla Puerta, Sergio Iacopino, Martin Edwards, Kate Dunne, Elisabete Pires, et al. "Structures of Arabidopsis thaliana oxygen-sensing plant cysteine oxidases 4 and 5 enable targeted manipulation of their activity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 37 (August 31, 2020): 23140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000206117.

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In higher plants, molecular responses to exogenous hypoxia are driven by group VII ethylene response factors (ERF-VIIs). These transcriptional regulators accumulate in the nucleus under hypoxia to activate anaerobic genes but are destabilized in normoxic conditions through the action of oxygen-sensing plant cysteine oxidases (PCOs). The PCOs catalyze the reaction of oxygen with the conserved N-terminal cysteine of ERF-VIIs to form cysteine sulfinic acid, triggering degradation via the Cys/Arg branch of the N-degron pathway. The PCOs are therefore a vital component of the plant oxygen signaling system, connecting environmental stimulus with cellular and physiological response. Rational manipulation of PCO activity could regulate ERF-VII levels and improve flood tolerance, but requires detailed structural information. We report crystal structures of the constitutively expressed PCO4 and PCO5 from Arabidopsis thaliana to 1.24 and 1.91 Å resolution, respectively. The structures reveal that the PCOs comprise a cupin-like scaffold, which supports a central metal cofactor coordinated by three histidines. While this overall structure is consistent with other thiol dioxygenases, closer inspection of the active site indicates that other catalytic features are not conserved, suggesting that the PCOs may use divergent mechanisms to oxidize their substrates. Conservative substitution of two active site residues had dramatic effects on PCO4 function both in vitro and in vivo, through yeast and plant complementation assays. Collectively, our data identify key structural elements that are required for PCO activity and provide a platform for engineering crops with improved hypoxia tolerance.
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Bell, Robin J., Rakibul M. Islam, Marina A. Skiba, Dilinie Herbert, Alejandra Martinez Garcia, and Susan R. Davis. "Substituting serum anti-Müllerian hormone for polycystic ovary morphology increases the number of women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome: a community-based cross-sectional study." Human Reproduction 37, no. 1 (November 6, 2021): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab232.

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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Can serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) replace polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) determined by ultrasound as a diagnostic component of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Despite good correlations between serum AMH and PCOM, the use of a high serum AMH as a proxy for PCOM resulted in the reclassification of PCOS in 5% of study participants, with the main effect being more women identified, although some women previously classified as having PCOS were no longer classified as such. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY AMH has been proposed as an alternative to PCOM as a diagnostic component of PCOS. Previous studies are limited by poorly defining PCOS, use of infertile women as comparators, measurement of hormones by immunoassay that lack precision in the female range, low-resolution ovarian ultrasound and inconsistent handling and storage of serum samples. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is an Australian cross-sectional study of 163 non-healthcare-seeking women. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Serum AMH was measured by both the Ansh picoAMH assay and the Beckman Coulter Access 2 (BA2) assay, in parallel with androgens measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, in blood samples of women, not pregnant, breast feeding or using systemic steroids, who also underwent high-resolution ovarian ultrasound. PCOS was determined by the Rotterdam criteria with PCOM defined by the Androgen Excess-PCOS Taskforce recommendation of ≥25 follicles in at least one ovary. Cut-off serum concentrations that best identified women as having PCOM were identified by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 163 women, mean (SD) age 32.5 (5.5) years, who provided a blood sample and had both ovaries visualized on ultrasound were included in the analysis. Women with isolated PCOM had higher median (range) Ansh AMH and BA2 AMH concentrations than those with no PCOS characteristics [56.9 pmol/l (34.6, 104.2) versus 18.7 (3.2, 50.9), P = 0.002 and 38.5 pmol/l (22.2, 100.2) versus 16.7 (3.5, 38.9), P = 0.002, respectively]. An AMH ≥ 44.0 pmol/l, suggested by the ROC curve, identified 80.6% of women with PCOM, falsely identified 15.2% of women without PCOM as having PCOS and had a positive predictive value of 55.6%. The negative predictive value was 94.9%. An AMH BA2 assay cut-off of ≥33.2 pmol/l provided a sensitivity of 80.6%, a specificity of 79.5% and a positive predictive value for PCOM of 48.1%. The negative predictive value was 94.6% for PCOM. When serum AMH was used in the place of PCOM as a diagnostic criterion for PCOS, the Ansh assay resulted in an additional seven women classified as having PCOS and no longer classified one woman as having PCOS. For the BA2 assay, eight additional and two fewer women were classified as having PCOS. Overall, both assays resulted in six more women being classified as having PCOS. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Women with functional hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism were not excluded and may have been misclassified as having an oligo-amenorrhoea-PCOM phenotype. As study participants were predominantly Caucasian/White, our findings cannot be generalized to women of other ethnicities. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Although serum AMH reflects the number of developing ovarian follicles, the absolute values vary between assays and specific reference ranges for individual assays are required. Irrespective of the assay used, replacing PCOM with serum AMH to diagnose PCOS in a community-based sample altered the number of women classified as having or not having PCOS. Consequently, although overall the risk of women being identified as having PCOS would be increased, some women would no longer be classified as having this condition. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was supported by the Norman Beischer Research Foundation and the Grollo-Ruzzene Foundation. S.R.D. is an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow (Grant No. 1135843). S.R.D. reports unrelated support that includes grants from the NHMRC Australia, personal fees for educational activities from Besins Healthcare, Abbott Chile, BioFemme and Pfizer Australia, personal Advisory Board/consultancy fees from Theramex, Abbott Laboratories, Astellas, Mayne Pharmaceuticals, Roche Diagnostics, Lawley Pharmaceuticals and Que Oncology and has received institutional grant funding from Que Oncology and Ovoca research. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Lazareva, Lyudmila, and Larisa Suturina. "Polycystic Ovarian Morphology: Diagnostic Criteria and Prevalence." International Journal of Biomedicine 12, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/article12(1)_ra6.

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The purpose of this brief review was to systematize the current information on the diagnosis, prevalence, and ethnic aspects of polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM). The information search was conducted using Internet resources (Medline, Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) and literature sources for the period from January 1999 to August 2021. The review includes only full-text articles. Based on the analysis of the literature, we demonstrated that the diagnostic value of PCOM has changed since the moment of the first description of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Currently, ovarian size, ovarian volume and antral follicle count are key criteria for most PCOS phenotypes and complications. The diagnostic value of PCOM depends on age and racial characteristics, which requires large-scale epidemiological studies to determine PCOM characteristics in different populations. Standardizing PCOM diagnostic criteria is the key to PCOS effective diagnosis and, consequently, to preventing complications and comorbidities associated with PCOS.
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Brennan, Edwina, Thomas Keith Cunningham, Thozhukat Sathyapalan, and Stephen Lawrence Atkin. "The Association of the Polychlorinated Biphenyl Class of Endocrine Disruptors With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Thyroid Dysfunction." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1006.

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Abstract Introduction:. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of endocrine disruptors with a long half-life in the body that are associated with irregular menses, growth and development delay, increased cancer risk, thyroid disorders and an increased risk of diabetes. Higher levels of PCBs have been related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCB toxicity depends on their structure, with coplanar PCBs being most toxic (akin to dioxins); therefore, PCB subtypes were determined to see if they differed in women with PCOS compared to normal controls. Methods:. PCB levels were compared in Caucasian women with (n=29) and without (n=30) PCOS and related to metabolic features. PCBs were fractionated then analysed by high-resolution gas chromatography-unit resolution mass spectrometry. Results:. The control and PCOS groups were age and BMI matched (p=ns); insulin resistance was not different (HOMA 1.7±1.0 v 2±1.6, p=ns) but free androgen index was increased in PCOS (p<0.004). PCB-118, 138, 153 and 180 were found in all subjects, whilst fewer subjects showed PCB-28(15/59), PCB-52(4/59) or PCB-101(26/59). There was no difference for PCB-188,138,153 and 180 between controls and PCOS, but all correlated with increasing age (p<0.01) and decreasing estimated glomerular filtration rate (p<0.05); no correlations with BMI, HOMA, testosterone, TSH or T3 were found; however, PCB-118 (the only coplanar PCB detected) associated with an increased T4/T3 ratio (p<0.01). Conclusion. Despite PCBs being banned over a decade ago, PCBs were detected, but did not differ between age and BMI matched women with and without PCOS. Thyroid dysfunction may be only associated with toxic coplanar PCBs, such as PCB-118 that was associated with a higher T4/T3 ratio.
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Ahmed, Batarfi, Bajouh, and Bakhashab. "Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone in the Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Association with Clinical Symptoms." Diagnostics 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9040136.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrine diseases affecting women of reproductive age. The pathogeny of PCOS is still not completely understood, but one contributing factor that has been proposed is anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). There is currently no clear correlation between levels of AMH and incidence of PCOS in Saudi Arabian patients. The goal of this study was to determine the threshold of AMH and correlate it with PCOS clinical features to facilitate a proper diagnosis for PCOS. In this case-control study, we recruited 79 PCOS women and 69 normal ovulatory women; PCOS patients were diagnosed according to the Rotterdam criterion. On days 2–4 of the menstrual cycle, transvaginal/abdominal ultrasound was performed and serum levels of AMH, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured for all participants. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to determine the AMH diagnostic cut-off at 3.19 ng/mL, with 72% sensitivity and 70% specificity; AMH > 3.19 ng/mL was significantly correlated with PCOS. High AMH levels were correlated with age at menarche, polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM), and oligo/amenorrhea. Serum AMH is a promising diagnostic marker of ovarian dysfunction in PCOS patients especially in cases in which the evaluation of PCOM was complicated.
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Murphy, M. K., J. E. Hall, J. M. Adams, H. Lee, and C. K. Welt. "Polycystic Ovarian Morphology in Normal Women Does Not Predict the Development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 3878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1085.

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Abstract Context: Polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) is present in 25% of normal women in the absence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); however, the natural history of PCOM is unknown. Objective: We hypothesized that the presence of PCOM predisposes the development of PCOS. Design: The study was a longitudinal follow-up study over 8.2 ± 5.2 yr (mean ± sd; range 1.7–17.5 yr). Setting: The study took place in an outpatient setting. Subjects: Women who took part in a previous study as a normal control and had an ultrasound examination (n = 40) participated. Intervention: Subjects underwent an interval menstrual history, physical exam, blood sampling, and repeat ultrasound in the follicular phase. Main Outcome Measure: Development of PCOS was diagnosed by irregular menses and hyperandrogenism, in the absence of other disorders. Changes in ovarian morphology over time were evaluated. Results: At the baseline visit, 23 women (57.5%) had PCOM and 17 (42.5%) had normal ovarian morphology. One subject with PCOM developed irregular menses and presumptive PCOS. Eleven subjects with PCOM no longer met the criteria for PCOM at follow-up. There was no factor that predicted the change to normal ovarian morphology at the follow-up visit. Conclusions: These data suggest that PCOM in women with regular ovulatory cycles does not commonly predispose the development of PCOS. Although it is unusual to develop PCOM if the ovaries are normal on first assessment, ovaries in women with PCOM no longer meet the criteria for PCOM in approximately half of cases over time.
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Alamoudi, Abrar, Irfan Ullah Khan, Nida Aslam, Nourah Alqahtani, Hind S. Alsaif, Omran Al Dandan, Mohammed Al Gadeeb, and Ridha Al Bahrani. "A Deep Learning Fusion Approach to Diagnosis the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2023 (February 14, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9686697.

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One of the leading causes of female infertility is PCOS, which is a hormonal disorder affecting women of childbearing age. The common symptoms of PCOS include increased acne, irregular period, increase in body hair, and overweight. Early diagnosis of PCOS is essential to manage the symptoms and reduce the associated health risks. Nonetheless, the diagnosis is based on Rotterdam criteria, including a high level of androgen hormones, ovulation failure, and polycystic ovaries on the ultrasound image (PCOM). At present, doctors and radiologists manually perform PCOM detection using ovary ultrasound by counting the number of follicles and determining their volume in the ovaries, which is one of the challenging PCOS diagnostic criteria. Moreover, such physicians require more tests and checks for biochemical/clinical signs in addition to the patient’s symptoms in order to decide the PCOS diagnosis. Furthermore, clinicians do not utilize a single diagnostic test or specific method to examine patients. This paper introduces the data set that includes the ultrasound image of the ovary with clinical data related to the patient that has been classified as PCOS and non-PCOS. Next, we proposed a deep learning model that can diagnose the PCOM based on the ultrasound image, which achieved 84.81% accuracy using the Inception model. Then, we proposed a fusion model that includes the ultrasound image with clinical data to diagnose the patient if they have PCOS or not. The best model that has been developed achieved 82.46% accuracy by extracting the image features using MobileNet architecture and combine with clinical features.
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RIEPSAMEN, Angelique H., Mark W. DONOGHOE, Inthrani R. INDRAN, Shelly LIEN, Leah HECHTMAN, David M. ROBERTSON, Robert B. GILCHRIST, Eu-Leong YONG, and William L. LEDGER. "Serum GDF9 and BMP15 as Markers of Ovarian Function in Healthy Women and Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." Fertility & Reproduction 04, no. 03n04 (September 2022): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s266131822274053x.

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Background: The oocyte-secreted factors growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP15) are key regulators of female fertility and are predominantly expressed by oocytes. Recently, methods to quantitate these proteins in serum have demonstrated diagnostic potential. It is unknown if concentrations reflect ovarian and endocrine function, particularly in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), where GDF9/BMP15 function is suggested to be aberrant. Aim: To determine if serum GDF9/BMP15 are associated with ovarian and endocrine parameters, and the ovarian pathologies, PCOM and PCOS. Method: Women aged 21-45 years (n=381) were from a cross-sectional study at the National University Hospital, Singapore, including healthy volunteers and referrals from gynecological clinics. Transvaginal ultrasound scans, blood tests and questionnaire were performed. Serum GDF9 and BMP15 were assessed relative to ovarian (cycle regularity, ovarian volume, AFC, AMH) and androgenic (testosterone, DHT, androstenedione, DHEAS, SHBG, mFG score) characteristics. PCOM and PCOS were determined using the Rotterdam criteria. Statistical analyses used parametric survival models and Kendall’s tau correlation appropriate for data containing values below the limit of detection. Results: Serum GDF9 and BMP15 were detectable in 40% and 41% of women, respectively. Serum GDF9 positively correlated with ovarian volume (p=0.02), AFC (p=0.004), and weakly with AMH (p=0.05). Furthermore, irregular menstrual cycles were associated with high GDF9 (p=0.005), and similar, although non-significant associations were seen for BMP15. When stratified into PCOS (n=130), PCOM (n=59), and control (n=192), GDF9 and BMP15 concentrations were not significantly different, and were not associated with the majority of androgenic features of PCOS. However, the relationship between GDF9 and AFC was significantly different between PCOM, PCOS and control women (p=0.02). Conclusion: These results suggest that serum GDF9 and BMP15 reflect ovarian characteristics but not androgenic characteristics of PCOS, and that the relationships between GDF9 and AFC may be aberrant in women with PCOM/PCOS.
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Balogun, Mobolanle, Olayinka Coker, Titilola Samuel, Patrick Sluss, Christiana Udenze, Ricardo Azziz, Christian Chigozie Makwe, Joseph Ayo Olamijulo, and Ayesha Akinkugbe. "PMON245 Clinical Phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Nigerian Women: Preliminary Results of the Nigeria PCOS Epidemiology & Phenotype (Nigeria-Pep) Study." Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): A696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.1436.

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Abstract Background Although the phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is heterogeneous, there is paucity of data on the prevalence and phenotype of PCOS in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We studied 75 consecutive consenting women, aged 18-45 years, who presented with features suggestive of PCOS. A standardized proforma was used to obtain relevant information. Anthropometric measurements were determined, and terminal hair growth was assessed using the modified Ferriman-Gallwey (mF-G) method. All subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and pelvic ultrasonography on day 2-7 of the menstrual cycle. An mF-G score of ≥ 6 was regarded as evidence of clinical hyperandrogenism (HA). Menstrual dysfunction (MD) was defined as menstrual cycle lengths >35 or <25 days. Polycystic Ovarian Morphology (PCOM) was defined as an antral follicle count (AFC) of ≥12 2-9 mm follicles and/or an ovarian volume ≥10 cm3, in at least one ovary. Results The mean (SD) age of the study population was 28.6 (5.8) years, and the mean (SD) body mass index (BMI) was 26.3 (5.6) kg/m2. Three (4.0%) participants were underweighted, 27 (36.0%) had normal BMI, 30 (40%) were overweight, and 15 (20.0%) were obese. The mean (SD) systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 107.4 (12.6) mmHg and 72.6 (8.2) mmHg, respectively. OGTT results indicated that the mean (SD) fasting blood glucose was 86.6 (10.6) mg/dl and the mean (SD) 2-hr. postprandial glucose was 109.8 (22.2) mg/dl. Two women had impaired glucose tolerance and one had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Of the 75 subjects recruited, 26 (34.7%) had HA, 54 (72.0%) had MD, and 63 (84.0%) had PCOM. Of all subjects, 20 (26.7%) had HA+MD+PCOM, consistent with PCOS Phenotype A; one (1.3%) had HA+MD only, consistent with Phenotype B; four (5.3%) had HA+PCOM only, consistent with Phenotype C; and 28 (37.3%) had MD+PCOM only, consistent with Phenotype D. In 22 (29.4%) no evidence of PCOS was found. Overall, our results indicate that of subjects evaluated clinically, 53 (70.6%) had PCOS. Conclusions Our preliminary results indicate that in a referral (clinical) population in Lagos, Nigeria, using only the clinical presentation without circulating androgen measures, PCOS was detected in two-thirds, with Phenotype D (aka, 'non-hyperandrogenic PCOS’) being the most common presentation (53%), followed by Phenotype A (aka 'classic or full PCOS’) observed in 38% of all women with PCOS seen. However, as 72% of all subjects had MD and 63% had PCOM, many more of these women could have been diagnosed with PCOS if the presence of hyperandrogenemia could have been demonstrated. Overall, these observations suggest that accurate measurement of circulating androgen, lacking in many parts of Sub-Sahara Africa, may be critical to accurately detecting PCOS in that region. Studies are ongoing. Presentation: Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PCOS"

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Karlson, Johan, and Pernilla Vedenbrant. "Att leva med PCOS." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap, HV, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-12004.

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Aim: To describe the lived experience of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Method: Eight scientific articles of appropriate quality were found, analyzed, condensed and synthesized. Different experiences by women with PCOS were found and ordered into themes. The findings were then anchored in associated literature and discussed. Results: Four different themes were found: Feeling different; Disturbing symptoms; Searching for answers; Care treatment. Each of these themes offered areas of improvement in regard to nursing care. Conclusions: Extra attention to the psychosocial aspects of health for women with PCOS should be taken to improve nursing care. The exchange of information between nursing staff and patients needs to be better adapted to the individual informational needs of women with PCOS.
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Badji, Aisha. "A PCOS-like Drosophila Melanogaster model." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsa och lärande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17845.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a female endocrine disorder defined by high androgen levels and presence of polycystic ovaries. PCOS is characterized by menstrual irregularities, anovulation, infertility, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, chronic inflammation and increased hair growth. The diagnosis is based on 2003/2004 Rotterdam criteria, which is based on the presence of the following phenotypes: anovulation, clinical and biochemical marks of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian morphology. Theoretical causes could be genetical, environmental or maternal imprinting. Drosophila Melanogaster, a model used broadly in disease research, could bear promising insights to this syndrome. Besides having a lifecycle characterized by a 12 days metamorphism, these species of flies have the ecdysone (steroid) hormone, similar to the human testosterone and the body systems similar to those of the human body. This laboratory work involved the development of a PCOS-like drosophila fly model through exposure to 10mg/ml of testosterone after 24 hours of starvation. Data collection comprised measurements of weight and length, anovulation, triglyceride quantification and RT-qPCR for quantification of inflammatory and PCOS-related genes. Results showed significant differences in response to physical stress among the four groups of flies. Variation in weight and length values, as well as in fecundity, triglyceride assay and relative expression levels were also observed. Although the expression levels of inflammatory and PCOS- related genes were not significantly affected, homeostasis was clearly affected by metabolic disturbances. These observations lead to the conclusion that further experiments should be done in order to establish a more comprehensive definition of the syndrome.
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Wood, David L. "Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, Amenorrhea and PCOS." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5172.

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Koivunen, R. (Riitta). "Endocrine and metabolic changes in women with polycystic ovaries and polycystic ovary syndrome." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2001. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514264266.

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Abstract The prevalence of the isolated ultrasonographic finding of polycystic ovaries (PCO) in the Finnish population and among women with a history of gestational diabetes (GDM) and changes in the present carbohydrate metabolism were investigated in the present study. One aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the recently discovered variant type LH (v-LH) in PCOS and to compare patient cohorts from Finland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. In addition, this study attempted to evaluate the nature of the ovarian streoidogenic response of women with PCOS to exogenously administered human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), human menotrophin (hMG) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The effect of metformin on ovarian steroidogenesis was also studied. The prevalence of PCO was significantly higher in younger (≤ 35 years, 21.6%) than among older women (in ≥ 36 years, 7.8%). The overall prevalence of PCO in Finnish women was 14.2%. Women with previous GDM revealed a high prevalence of PCO (39.4%). The carrier frequency of the v-LHb allele in the entire study population was 18.5%. The frequency of the v-LH carrier was significantly lower in obese PCOS subjects in the Netherlands (2.0%) and Finland (4.5%). Women with previous GDM had impaired insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. They also had higher adrenal androgen secretion than the control women. Women with PCO and previous GDM had marked hyperinsulinemia which was not explained by obesity. Obese PCOS women achieved peak peripheral serum T concentrations at 48 hours after a hCG injection, preceded by peak levels of 17-OHP and E2 at 24 hours. In contrast, all steroids measured in the control women reached their maximum serum concentrations at 96 hours. HMG stimulated the production of ovarian androgens more efficiently than a urinary FSH after pituitary suppression with a gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa). In conclusion, the prevalence of PCO is common in healthy Finnish women and even more common in women with a history of GDM. The ultrasonographic appearance of PCO may be a predictive factor with regards abnormal glucose tolerance during and after pregnancy and, these women should therefore be advised as to possible consequences. The high overall frequency of the v-LH allele in women in general and its low frequency in obese PCOS patients suggests that v-LH plays a role in reproductive functions and may counteract the pathogenesis of PCOS in obese individuals. The differences observed in steroid responses to hCG between normal and PCOS women might be explained by higher theca cell activity or mass in polycystic ovaries. Women with PCOS did not show a distinctly exaggerated steroidogenic response to hMG or FSH administration compared with control women. FSH administration also resulted in increased A and T production.
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Davis, Kimberly D. "Out of Order." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271800/.

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Out of Order is a documentary film that explores the emotional and physical aspects of living with polycystic ovarian syndrome. This reproductive disorder affects between 5 and 10% of all women of reproductive age. This film features an animated, autobiographical look at director Kimberly Davis' personal experience with this condition.
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Kilpatrick, Kaylon Ann. "Starvation induces Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) like symptoms in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Mississippi College, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10128977.

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Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic and endocrine disorder that is the most common cause of infertility. PCOS can manifest itself as a long and short term disability and is characterized by insulin resistance (IR), hyperandrogenism, anovulation, hyperinsulinaemia and polycystic ovaries. Our lack of understanding of this disorder and its long term effects has complicated the treatment of the disorder; yet, it is clear that PCOS involves the intricate interaction between genetics, environments and behaviors. To study this disease, scientists have used various animal models. Since the Drosophila model for PCOS has only been postulated,in this work, we determined whether starvation along with the addition of steroid hormones would induce a PCOS-like disorder in D. melanogaster after 24 hour exposure.

In women with PCOS, testosterone levels and the expression of the androgen receptor are elevated. In fruit flies, ecdysone (E) and its “active” form, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), are homologous to the human testosterone and 20-hydroxytestosterone, respectively. This hormone is required for circadian cycles, molting, and maturation in insects. More specifically, this hormone is also located in ovarian tissue and aids in follicular development. The receptor for ecdysone is the ecdysone receptor (EcR). In this work, we examined the expression of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) upon starvation for up to 24 hours by immunofluorescence microcopy. Using qRT-PCR, we determined the levels of expression of genes usually associated with inflammation. Ovarian dysfunction was examined by measuring the fecundity of the females. Starvation increases the expression of the EcR and pro-inflammatory gene expression and decreases fecundity, suggesting that Drosophila melanogaster is a potentially useful model organism in the study of PCOS.

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McCook, Judy G., Beth A. Bailey, Stacey L. Williams, Sheeba Anand, and Nancy E. Reame. "Differential Contributions of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Manifestations to Psychological Symptoms." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7172.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative contributions of previously identified Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) manifestations (infertility, hirsutism, obesity, menstrual problems) to multiple psychological symptoms. Participants were 126 female endocrinology patient volunteers diagnosed with PCOS who completed a cross-sectional study of PCOS manifestations and psychological symptoms. Participants had significantly elevated scores on nine subscales of psychological symptoms. Menstrual problems were significantly associated with all symptom subscales as well as the global indicator, while hirsutism and obesity were significantly related to five or more subscales. After controlling for demographic factors, menstrual problems were the strongest predictor of psychological symptoms. Findings suggest features of excess body hair, obesity, and menstrual abnormalities carry unique risks for adverse psychologic symptoms, but menstrual problems may be the most salient of these features and deserve particular attention as a marker for psychological risk among women with PCOS.
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Rautio, K. (Katriina). "Effects of insulin-lowering drugs in PCOS: endocrine, metabolic and inflammatory aspects." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2006. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:951428268X.

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Abstract Most women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) exhibit features of metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance and low-grade chronic inflammation, reflected in elevated levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), placing these women at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (type 2 DM). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two well-known insulin-lowering drugs used in the treatment of type 2 DM, metformin and rosiglitazone, on traditional cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation in women with PCOS. In addition, the impact of rosiglitazone was evaluated as regards clinical, endocrine and metabolic aspects of PCOS. Six-months of metformin treatment in women with PCOS had beneficial effects on levels of CRP, lipid profile and blood pressure, expressed as increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and decreased levels of triglycerides (TGs), decreased ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-C, decreased levels of CRP, and decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Four-month treatment with rosiglitazone in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in overweight women with PCOS resulted in significant improvements in menstrual cyclicity, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia. In addition, rosiglitazone decreased levels of markers of low-grade inflammation, CRP and white blood cell (WBC) count, and the liver function marker alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), while having neutral effects on levels of lipids, and blood pressure. In conclusion, metformin treatment, in accordance with the known beneficial metabolic effects of this drug, could be useful in the prevention of cardiovascular complications in women with PCOS. Rosiglitazone represents an alternative treatment for overweight anovulatory women with PCOS. It could be useful in the prevention of type 2 DM in overweight women with PCOS and for those suffering from possible side-effects related to metformin treatment. In addition, alleviation of inflammation and improvement of liver function during rosiglitazone treatment may indicate decreased future risks of cardiovascular diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
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Barry, John Anthony. "Exploration of biological causes of psychological problems in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)." Thesis, City University London, 2011. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/11666/.

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Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects up to 10% of women, and is characterised by elevated testosterone (T) levels. Women with PCOS have higher scores than healthy women on a range of measures of psychological problems. Objective: To test the hypotheses that: 1/ The female fetus in a PCOS pregnancy experiences elevated T levels; 2/ T causes mood disturbance in women with PCOS. 3/women with PCOS show more signs of mood disturbance typical of symptoms of reactive hypoglycaemia than healthy controls. Design: Mainly between-groups cross-sectional studies. Also two meta-analyses. Setting: The research took place mainly in two London gynaecology clinics, University College London Hospital (UCLH) and the Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead (RFH). Some of the research was conducted online, and at three other gynaecology and fertility clinics. Participants: Participants were recruited from hospital clinics, support groups for women with PCOS, or the internet. Most participants were women aged 18-40. Outcome Measures: Testosterone; psychometric measures of mood disturbance. Results: 1/ Elevated T was found in the umbilical cord blood of the female fetus in PCOS pregnancies; 2/ Mood problems in PCOS were not directly caused by T. 3/ Women with PCOS showed higher levels of mood problems typical of hypoglycaemia than controls. Conclusions: The findings suggest the female fetus in a PCOS pregnancy may be exposed to relatively high levels of T. Mood problems in adults with PCOS are possibly caused by the direct effects of low blood glucose and indirect effects of T (e.g. obesity) than direct effects of T. Further research using the gold-standard biochemical assessment methods is required for any replications of these findings.
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Patterson, Moneka Angilene. "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Treatment." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4319.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine system disorder that affects women of reproductive age. If not treated properly, PCOS can lead to infertility. Lack of proper treatment of PCOS may also result in medical complications such as diabetes or heart disease. The rural clinic where this project took place did not have a mandatory guideline for treatment of PCOS; therefore, no standardized method of diagnosis or treatment of PCOS existed. The purpose of this project, guided by the IOWA evidence-based practice model, was to educate providers on the evidence-based guideline for diagnosis and treatment of PCOS outlined by the Endocrine Society Taskforce. The guideline was selected after a comprehensive literature review and was used to develop an educational program that was provided to 5 nurse practitioners, the medical director and staff. A pre-test post-test design was used to determine if the participants understood the content from the guideline that was presented. Results showed that the researcher-developed test administered to participants yielded scores of 74 on the pre-test and increased after the education program with all participants scoring 100 on the post-test. The guideline used for the education was then presented to the clinic for implementation with the assistance of the medical director's support. The project provided an evidence-based guideline for diagnosing and treating PCOS and raised awareness of PCOS among all staff in a rural clinic where many patients with PCOS are treated. Positive social change may result as providers are better prepared to deliver evidence-based care for PCOS and as infertility and complications of untreated PCOS are reduced.
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Books on the topic "PCOS"

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Sharon, Perkins, ed. PCOS for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub., Inc., 2011.

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Roush, Karen. What nurses know-- PCOS. New York: DemosHealth, 2010.

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Stracquadanio, Mariagrazia, and Lilliana Ciotta. Metabolic Aspects of PCOS. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16760-2.

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Bussell, Gaynor. Managing PCOS For Dummies. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007.

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Roush, Karen. What nurses know-- PCOS. New York: DemosHealth, 2010.

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Grassi, Angela. PCOS: The dietitians guide. Haverford, PA: Luca Publishing, 2013.

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PCOS: The silent epidemic. Indianapolis, Ind: Perspectives Press, 2000.

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Best-Boss, Angie. Living with PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome. 2nd ed. Omaha, Neb: Addicus Books, 2009.

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1970-, Sterling Evelina Weidman, and Goldstein Jerald S. 1965-, eds. Living with PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome. 2nd ed. Omaha, Neb: Addicus Books, 2009.

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Best-Boss, Angie. Living with PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome. 2nd ed. Omaha, Neb: Addicus Books, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "PCOS"

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Monzo, Ana M., Nikolaos Prapas, and Artemis Karkanaki. "PCOS." In Ultrasound Imaging in Reproductive Medicine, 91–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16699-1_6.

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Stracquadanio, Mariagrazia, and Lilliana Ciotta. "PCOS Therapy." In Metabolic Aspects of PCOS, 89–137. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16760-2_6.

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Yeruva, Sagar, Indu Gurrala, Ramya Sri Myakala, Nimmi Agarwal, Shriya Rapolu, and Junhua Ding. "KNOw PCOS." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 533–46. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9228-5_45.

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Ibáñez, Lourdes, Abel López-Bermejo, and Francis de Zegher. "PCOS in Adolescents." In 2014 Meet-The-Professor: Endocrine Case Management, 203–9. 2055 L Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036: The Endocrine Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/mtp3.9781936704835.ch45.

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Neumann, Kay, and Georg Griesinger. "Polyzystisches Ovarsyndrom (PCOS)." In Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, 1–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55601-6_7-1.

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McKinley, Marissa. "Analyzing PCOS Discourses." In Women’s Health Advocacy, 34–44. First edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429201165-6.

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Prapas, Nikolaos, and Artemis Karkanaki. "Ultrasound and PCOS." In Ultrasound Imaging in Reproductive Medicine, 75–91. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9182-8_7.

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Georgopoulos, Neoklis A., Eleni Kandaraki, and Dimitrios Panidis. "Hyperandrogenism in PCOS." In Diagnosis and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, 105–10. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09718-3_8.

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Karakas, Sidika E. "PCOS and Reproduction." In A Case-Based Guide to Clinical Endocrinology, 483–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84367-0_52.

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Karakas, Sidika E. "PCOS and Hirsutism." In A Case-Based Guide to Clinical Endocrinology, 479–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84367-0_51.

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Conference papers on the topic "PCOS"

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Srinithi, V., and R. Rekha. "Machine learning for diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS/PCOD)." In 2023 International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Communication, IoT and Security (ICISCoIS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciscois56541.2023.10100490.

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Karia, Ankita, Anushree Poojary, Ashita Tiwari, Lian Sequeira, and Manjot Kaur Sokhi. "BeRedy (Period Tracker & PCOS Diagnosis)." In 2023 International Conference on Communication System, Computing and IT Applications (CSCITA). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cscita55725.2023.10104755.

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Sheela, S., and M. Sumathi. "Study and theoretical investigations on PCOS." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccic.2014.7238394.

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Makhdoomi, Anaa, Naila Jan, Palak Palak, and Nidhi Goel. "Machine learning techniques for medical images in PCOS." In 2022 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Speech Technology (AIST). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aist55798.2022.10064817.

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Dhinakaran, Sakthipriya, Chandrakumar Thangavel, Shivayavashilaxmipriya S, and Harinee V S. "PCOS Perception analysis prediction using Machine learning algorithms." In 2022 IEEE 7th International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icraie56454.2022.10054279.

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En'kova, V. V., E. V. En'kova, E. V. Kiseleva, O. V. Hoperskaya, and E. YA Sencova. "Pregnancy in PCOS: course features and long-term results." In Scientific dialogue: Medical issues. ЦНК МОАН, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sciencepublic-15-02-2020-05.

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Fésűs, L., D. Domokos, V. Lener, T. Jakabovics, R. Szipőcs, and A. Kolonics. "Characterization of DHEA-induced PCOS-model by CARS Microscopy." In Optical Molecular Probes, Imaging and Drug Delivery. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/omp.2019.ow4d.6.

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Jan, Naila, Anaa Makhdoomi, Palak Handa, and Nidhi Goel. "Machine learning approaches in medical image analysis of PCOS." In 2022 International Conference on Machine Learning, Computer Systems and Security (MLCSS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlcss57186.2022.00017.

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Mahajan, Kirti, and Pallavi Mane. "Follicle Detection of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (Pcos) Using Yolo." In 2023 9th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaccs57279.2023.10112821.

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Setiawati, E., Adiwijaya, and A. B. W. Tjokorda. "Particle Swarm Optimization on follicles segmentation to support PCOS detection." In 2015 3rd International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT ). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoict.2015.7231453.

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Reports on the topic "PCOS"

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Glintborg, Dorte, Naja Due Kolster, Pernille Ravn, and Marianne Skovsager Andersen. Prospective risk of type 2 diabetes in normal weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0070.

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Review question / Objective: To investigate the risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in normal weight women with PCOS. The following PECOs (Population, Exposure, Comparator and Outcome) were included: Population: Pre- and postmenopausal women. Exposure: PCOS Comparator: Healthy control or background population. Outcome: T2D. Condition being studied: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder of reproductive-aged women with a prevalence of 15–20%. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is most often defined according to the Rotterdam criteria, which include irregular ovulation, biochemical/clinical hyperandrogenism, and/or polycystic ovaries when other causes are excluded.
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Yang, Liu, FX Liang, Y. Yuan, LY Wang, XF Luo, XH Zhang, and L. Yao. Efficacy of progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome during IVF/ICSI treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.4.0059.

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Review question / Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) on reproductive outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing assisted reproductive techniques. Condition being studied: PCOS is a common endocrine disorder that can cause infertility in women of childbearing age. The PPOS protocol, which involves oral progestins with gonadotropin (Gn), has been shown to be effective and safe in treating patients with PCOS. However, the question of whether PPOS provides a significant benefit over conventional GnRH analogue protocols in PCOS patients is still controversial.
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Gupta, Shweta. Why Has the Incidence of PCOS Increased Lately. Spring Library, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47496/nl.blog.22.

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PCOS is turning into a more predominant issue among women of reproductive age with long-lasting complications. Quite possibly the most challenging aspect of this condition is its vast complexity of characteristics and ambiguous diagnostic criteria.
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Shi, Yue, Liqun Wu, and Yunqing Zhang. GnRHa increases the morbidity of PCOS in children with CPP. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0010.

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Review question / Objective: We conducted this systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the morbidity of PCOS of GnRHa treatment in children with CPP in order to provide the reference of the long‐term safety of GnRHa therapy. Patient, Participant, or population: In the spectrum of CCP, patients presented thelarche, pubarche (TANNER score of at least 2 prior to the age of 8 years), or bone age advancement, and a serum LH concentration of 5 U/L after GnRH (or leuprolide) administration or a basal LH level of 0.3 U/L using ultra-sensitive assays.In the spectrum of PCOS, patients met the 2003 Rotterdam criteria.
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Xing, Liwei, Zeqin Ren, Xianwu Yue, Hongxi Chen, Chunlin Xia, Fan Liu, Qinzuo Dong, Kenan Wu, and Rong Zhao. Efficacy of Acupuncture on PCOS endometrial receptivity：a protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.4.0015.

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Pervez, Ayesha, Muhammad Kashif Kashif, Fozan Ahmad, Shafaq Bushra, and Seemin Kashif. Relationship of Bisphenol-A with PCOS, with a focus on Pakistan: A Systematic Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.8.0132.

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Shi, Yue, Liqun Wu, Zehuan Liao, and Ningning Zhang. The Comparision of Impact of Chinese Medicine and Diane-35 on Sex Hormone Level in Adolescent with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0031.

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Review question / Objective: The Comparision of Impact of Chinese Medicine and Diane-35 on Sex Hormone Level in Adolescent with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Condition being studied: Adolescent patients who met the diagnostic criteria of PCOS. Information sources: English databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) and Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Wanfang, the China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM)).
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Guo, Shan. Vitamin D supplementation and PCOS: A systematic review of RCTs and insight into the underlying mechanism. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review Protocols, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.4.0010.

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Mar, Alan. PCSS/VCSEL Update. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1527305.

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Yamamoto, Chiaki, Luisa Riveros, Stefania De Santis, Oliver Peña-Habib, and Julie King. OVE’s Review of Project Completion Reports (PCRs) and Expanded Supervision Reports (XSRs): The 2022 Validation Cycle. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004661.

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This report summarizes the results of the Office of Evaluation and Oversight's (OVE's) annual validation of Project Completion Reports (PCRs) and Expanded Supervision Reports (XSRs). PCRs are self-assessments of project performance by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB); XSRs are their equivalent for IDB Invest. Both PCRs and XSRs are intended to serve as accountability and learning tools.
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