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Zhang, Xiao-Qun. "Functional Studies on the PDGFR α gene promoter and effects of autocrine PDGF-A stimulation in vivo". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för genetik och patologi, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-1455.
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Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) plays an important role during embryogenesis. After implantation, the patterns of expression of Pdgfrα and its ligand Pdgf-A undergo an "autocrine-paracrine transition", in that Pdgf-A becomes expressed in the ectoderm and epithelia, while Pdgfrα is expressed in the adjacent mesenchymal tissue. In human tumors, such as malignant glioma, both PDGF and PDGFRα are overexpressed within the same tissue, indicating that an autocrine PDGF loop is generated in the tumors. This thesis is focused on the in vivo functionality of the PDGFRα gene (PDGFRA) promoter, arid on the effect of autocrine PDGF-A stimulation in transgenic n-iice during embryogenesis. To test the in vivo promoter function of a human PDGFRA 2.2 kb 5' flanking fragment, we generated transgenic mouse lines and found that the 2.2 kb fragment was able to promote lacZ reporter gene expression in most of the endogenous Pdgfra expressing tissues. Absence of expression and "ectopic" expression of the transgenic lacZ were also observed. To investigate the autocrine PDGF effect, we produced autocrine PDGF-As (A short-chain) transient transgenic embryos. These transgenic embryos carried a 6 kb mouse Pdgfra 5' flanking sequence linked to a human PDGF-As cDNA. The pattern of expression of the PDGF-As transgene mRNA was similar to that of lacZ. Some of the transgenic embryos exhibited severe abnormal phenotypes, such as midline fusion defects in the cephalic and craniofacial region and small body size, and these embryos die at mid-gestation stage. These findings indicate that a paracrine pattern of expression and the dosage of PDGF are important for sustaining normal embryo development, especially with regard to the middline fusion in craniofacial regions. The possible signaling pathways that may be involved in regulating Pdgfra activity were also studied by comparison of patterns of mRNA expression of Gli, Ptc, and Paxl with that of Pdgfra. The results pointed to the possibility that the Shh signaling pathway may be involved in the regulation of Pdgfra expression for example during early bone and foregut development. The specific regulatory mechanisms may vary for different tissues.
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Eger, Glenda. "Regulation and Function of MAP Kinases in PDGF Signaling." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ludwiginstitutet för cancerforskning, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-301057.
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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a family of signaling molecules that stimulates cell growth, survival and migration. PDGF is recognized by specific transmembrane proteins, the PDGF receptors, which relay the signals to the cell activating the Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and other signaling pathways. Aberrant activation of these pathways is frequently detected in cancer. Hence, the study of these processes is essential for identifying potential drug targets or diagnostic markers. In paper I, we identified Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 1 NR4A1 to be regulated by PDGF via MAP kinases, clarifying the role of Extracellular signal–regulated kinases (Erk) 1/2, Erk5 and Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in its regulation. NR4A1 was found to be important for the tumorigenic potential, measured as anchorage-independent growth, of glioblastoma cells. Since the cellular responses elicited by PDGF result from the balance between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events, we investigated the role of the dual specificity phosphatases DUSP4/MKP-2 and DUSP6/MKP-3. In paper II, we describe the crucial role of Erk1/2 and p53 in the expression of DUSP4/MKP2. Moreover, we observed that DUSP4/MKP-2 downregulation decreases Erk5 activation and accelerates PDGFRβ internalization and downregulation resulting in a specific inhibition of Signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) 3, Src and protein kinase C (PKC), and partially of p38, Stat1/5 and Phoshoplipase Cγ (PLCγ). In paper III, we report that DUSP6/MKP-3 creates a negative cross-talk between Erk1/2 and Erk5 and an auto-inhibitory feedback loop on the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway. In paper IV, we identify a new regulative mechanism of the PDGF pathway. PDGF induces Erk5 expression and activation that modulates the PDGFRβ activity. After Erk5 downregulation, the receptor undergoes to a faster and stronger activation that results in a faster internalization and degradation. In conclusion, we present a mechanism through which the PDGF/MAP kinases support tumor growth, and elucidate different regulatory pathways involved in PDGF signaling.
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Pinto, Rodrigo Pozza. "Expressão imunoistoquímica do p16 e do PDGFR-beta no adenocarcinoma gástrico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/11082.
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O adenocarcinoma de estômago foi a principal causa de morte por neoplasia maligna no mundo durante grande parte do século XX e atualmente é superado somente pelas neoplasias epiteliais malignas de pulmão. Cerca de 750.000 novos casos são diagnosticados anualmente. Apresenta grande variação geográfica, sendo suas maiores incidências encontradas no Japão, América do Sul, Europa Oriental e Oriente Médio. É duas vezes mais freqüente em homens do que em mulheres; é pouco comum antes dos 40 anos e atinge sua maior incidência por volta da sétima década de vida. No Brasil as estimativas para o ano de 2005 apontavam para aproximadamente 23 mil casos novos e 11 mil óbitos. O único tratamento potencialmente curativo é a ressecção completa, macro e microscópica, de toda neoplasia. Mesmo após gastrectomia curativa, a recidiva, regional ou à distância, pode ocorrer em 80% dos casos. Esforços para melhorar estes resultados têm se focalizado no desenvolvimento de terapias pré e pós-operatórias mais efetivas.O oncogene p16 é conhecido por estar implicado na patogênese de muitos tumores humanos e também na regulação do crescimento celular normal, juntamente com as ciclinas, os complexos tirosinoquinases e os fatores de crescimento e transformação tumoral, entre eles o TGF-alfa e beta e os fatores de crescimento derivados de plaquetas (PDGF) e seus receptores (PDGFR alfa e beta). A perda de expressão do p16 no adenocarcinoma gástrico tem sido amplamente estudada. O PDGFR tem sido encontrado ativado e mutado nos tumores gástricos estromais em que o c-KIT, o marcador mais comumente encontrado, está em sua forma selvagem. Os receptores PDGF atuam sobre células de origem estromal e não se expressam em células epiteliais em condições fisiológicas normais. . Isoladamente, o PGDF-beta e o seu receptor ainda não foram objetivamente estudados nem quanto à expressão nem quanto à resposta aos inibidores do crescimento celular no tecido gástrico tumoral quenão de origem estromal.O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a expressão imunohistoquímica do p16 e do PDGFR-beta no adenocarcinoma gástrico. Foram avaliados no estudo 36 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia por adenocarcinoma de estômago entre os anos de 1998 e 2002 no Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre. As variáveis estudadas foram idade, sexo, localização do tumor, tamanho do tumor, número de linfonodos ressecados, número de linfonodos metastáticos, tipo histológico, tipo de cirurgia e estadiamento patológico (TNM). Não foi detectada expressão do PDGFRbeta em nenhuma das lâminas estudas. O p16 apresentou expressão menor que 10% em 89% dos casos e menor que 1% em 78% dos casos. Não foi detectada correlação entre a perda de expressão do p16 e as variáveis estudadas.<br>Gastric adenocarcinoma has been the main cause of cancer death during most of the twentieth century, now overcame by lung cancer. Annually 750,000 new cases are diagnosed. Great geographic variations are seen and highest incidences can be found in Japan, South America, Eastern Europe and Middle East. It is twice as frequent in men as in women, has o low incidence before the fourth decade with a peak incidence in the seventh decade. In Brazil 23,000 new cases and 11,000 deaths are estimated to 2005. Complete resection of all gross and microscopic disease is the only potentially curative treatment. However, disease recurs in 80% of patients even after curative resection. Efforts to improve these results concentrate on development of new pre and postoperative therapies. Oncogene p16 is implicated in pathogenesis of many human tumors and even in regulation of normal cellular growth, together with cycline, tyrosine kinasis and tumoral transforming and growth factors, like TGF-alpha and -beta and platelet derived growth factors (PDGF) ligands and receptors (alpha and beta). Loss of p16 has been exhaustively studied.PDGFR has been found activated and mutated on gastric stromal tumors where c-KIT, the most commonly marker found, is in wild type. PDGF receptors act over stromal origin cells and are not expressed in epithelial cells under normal physiologic conditions. PDGF-beta and its receptor have not been studied concerning expression and response to cellular growth inhibitors on non-stromal gastric tumors. The aim of this study has been detect immunohistochemistry expression of p16 and PDGFR-beta on gastric adenocarcinoma. Thirty six patients submitted to surgery for gastric adenocarcinoma among 1998-2002 years at Santa Casa de Porto Alegre Hospital have been studied. Variables investigated were: age, gender, tumor size and localization,number of ressected and metastatic nodes, histological type, surgical resection extension and pathological staging. No expression of PDGFR-beta has been detected on surgical specimens. Concerning to p16, loss of expression lower than 10% and 1% has been detected respectively on 89% and 79% of the specimens studied. There has been no correlation among p16 loss and the variables studied.
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Ma, Haisha. "Regulation of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Signaling and its Targeting in Cancer Therapy." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ludwiginstitutet för cancerforskning, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-248172.
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Overactivity of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) is a frequent event in many types of solid tumors. Therefore, it is of great importance to uncover the mechanisms that regulate PDGF/PDGFR signalling, to develop efficient inhibitors targeting this pathway. The first step of downregulation of PDGFR activity upon ligand binding is internalization; thus we investigated how endocytosis pathways affect PDGFR signaling. We showed that in Ras-transformed fibroblasts, the internalization of PDGFR is shifted from the routine clathrin-dependent endocytosis to macropinocytosis, which results in enhanced PDGFR activity and subsequent downstream signalling, promoting anchorage-independent growth. We were also interested in how intracellular trafficking regulates signalling attenuation of PDGFR. We found that His-domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP) positively regulates phosphorylation level of the ubiquitin-ligases c-Cbl and Cbl-b; consistently, silencing of HD-PTP led to a decreased level of PDGFR ubiquitination (paper II). Consequently, internalized PDGFR could not be sorted properly and escaped degradation. This resulted in enhanced activation of phospholipase C γ (PLCγ) and changed kinetics of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 signalling, which further increased colony formation of HD-PTP silenced cells in soft agar, indicating a tumor suppressor role of HD-PTP. Activation of PDGFR leads to stimulation of downstream pathways. We identified Fer kinase as a critical signal transducer downstream of PDGFR in a proteomic screen. We showed that Fer kinase is essential for PDGF-induced STAT3 activation; as a result (paper III), Fer depletion severely blunted the ability of PDGFR signalling to promote anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and delayed tumor initiation in a mouse model. The crosstalk between host and tumor plays a critical role in tumor progression. At present most anti-cancer drugs are targeting tumor cells; we were interested in how targeting tumor host cells affects the efficacy of anti-tumor therapy. We found that selective PDGFRβ inhibition in host cells exerted tumor inhibitory effects on growth and vascularization of tumors with autocrine PDGF signaling, whereas tumors lacking such stimulation show only minor response on tumor growth (paper IV). Meanwhile, we demonstrated that PDGF/PDGFRβ signalling promotes expression of NG2, a marker for pericytes.
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Urie, Birdget K. "Evaluation of Expression and Function of VEGFR2, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, KIT, and RET in Canine Apocrine Gland of the Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma and Thyroid Carcinoma". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337702663.
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Veevers, Jennifer. "Mesenchymal stromal cell migration is regulated by fibronectin through integrin-mediated activation of PDGFR-β". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/mesenchymal-stromal-cell-migration-is-regulated-by-fibronectin-through-integrinmediated-activation-of-pdgfr(cc992a74-a9f3-4f3d-8687-f59230a58d1a).html.
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Human adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow have the capacity to self-renew and to differentiate into a variety of cells and tissues. They can leave their niche to migrate to remote tissues where they play a critical role in angiogenesis, wound repair and tissue regeneration. A major goal in adult stem cell research is to define how MSC fate is controlled by the pericellular extracellular matrix (ECM) and soluble factors that largely constitute their tissue-specific niches. Defining crucial regulatory signals that control the fate and function of MSCs in vitro will contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies to improve tissue regeneration. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular relationships between cell-ECM integrin receptors and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) tyrosine kinases, which are crucial in modulating MSC expansion, recruitment, and differentiation towards a number of different cell lineages. This study reports that ECM-directed cross-talk between PDGFR-β and alpha5β1 integrin controls the migration of MSCs. Cell adhesion to fibronectin induced integrin alpha5β1-dependent phosphorylation of PDGFR-β in the absence of growth factor stimulation. Phosphorylated PDGFR-β co-immunoprecipitated with integrin alpha5 and co-localised with alpha5β1 in a transient tidemark of focal adhesions. Adhesion to fibronectin also strongly potentiated platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-stimulated PDGFR-β phosphorylation, in an alpha5β1-dependent manner. PDGFR-β-activated phosphatidylinositol 3 ́-kinase (PI3-kinase) and Akt activity, actin reorganisation and cell migration were all regulated by fibronectin engagement of alpha5β1 integrin. This synergistic relationship between integrin alpha5β1 and PDGFR-β is a fundamental determinant of mesenchymal cell migration. Thus, fibronectin-rich matrices can prime PDGFR-β to recruit mesenchymal cells at sites of tissue remodelling.
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Arndt, Philipp Friedrich David [Verfasser]. "MiR-34a regulates Migration of Mouse Lung Fibroblasts by modulating PDGFR signalling / Philipp Friedrich David Arndt." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1224970470/34.
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CARRON, CLEMENCE. "Etude fonctionnelle de la proteine tel et des onco-proteines derivees tel-pdgfr et tel-jak2." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066554.
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Les regulateurs transcriptionnels de la famille ets participent a divers processus oncogeniques chez l'homme. Ils sont impliques sous forme de proteines de fusion issues de translocations chromosomiques specifiques. Tel appartient a la famille ets. Tel est remanie dans plusieurs leucemies humaines. Dans ces remaniements chromosomiques, tel est fusionne a differents partenaires (pdgfr, abl, jak2, tkc, aml1). Le plus souvent, c'est la partie 5 de tel qui est fusionnee a la portion 3 des genes partenaires. Cette region de tel code, notamment, un domaine conserve entre certaines proteines ets, le domaine b. Les proprietes biochimiques et fonctionnelles du domaine b n'etaient pas connues au moment ou nous avons debute nos travaux. Nous avons etudie le role du domaine b de tel dans la fonction de la proteine tel sauvage ainsi que dans les proteines de fusion tel-pdgfr et tel-jak2. Nous avons montre que le domaine b de tel est un domaine d'interaction proteique homotypique. Cette propriete est specifique du domaine b de tel car le domaine b d'autres proteines ets ne presente pas cette capacite d'auto-association. Nous avons montre que tel-pdgfr forme des homo-oligomeres in vivo. Cette auto-association permet l'activation constitutive de l'activite tyrosine kinase intrinseque de tel-pdgfr. Les proprietes mitogeniques de tel-pdgfr reposent sur la capacite du domaine b de tel a induire son auto-association. Par ailleurs, nous avons montre que, contrairement a la majorite des proteines ets qui sont des activateurs transcriptionnels, tel est un represseur. Cette propriete repose en partie sur la capacite de tel a s'auto-associer. Enfin, nous avons teste les proprietes oncogeniques de tel-jak2 in vivo en generant et en etudiant des souris transgeniques exprimant cette proteine dans le lignage lymphoide. Ces animaux developpent des leucemies t fatales. Ces resultats ont permis de definir l'implication du domaine b de tel dans le fonctionnement de tel sauvage et dans les proprietes transformantes des proteines derivees tel-pdgfr et tel-jak2. Les animaux transgeniques que nous avons generes seront utiles pour analyser in vivo l'importance des voies de signalisation de jak2 dans les processus oncogeniques. Ces animaux ouvrent aussi la perspective d'un developpement d'experimentations a but therapeutique.
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Arndt, Philipp [Verfasser]. "MiR-34a regulates Migration of Mouse Lung Fibroblasts by modulating PDGFR signalling / Philipp Friedrich David Arndt." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1224970470/34.
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Fierros, Juancarlos. "PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR B (PDGFRB) EXPRESSING CELLS DURING ZEBRAFISH CORONARY VESSEL DEVELOPMENT." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/567.
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Coronary heart disease is a prevalent issue in developed countries throughout the world. It can have crippling effects on the quality of life and even lead to mortality, in the case of myocardial infarction. Part of the problem is the lack of a robust regenerative response in mammals after injury. Zebrafish have an amazing ability to regenerate after injury, and studies have demonstrated that the regenerative response recapitulates embryonic development. Our lab previously reported the first analysis of coronary vessel development in zebrafish and demonstrated that coronary endothelial cells undergo angiogenesis to form a vascular network. The roles of perivascular cells in this process have not been examined in zebrafish. Using a transgenic reporter line marking pdgfrb expression, I found that pdgfrb is first observed in epicardium at the AV canal. At later stages of coronary vessel development, pdgfrb positive cells become localized to the perivascular region of mature vessels. I also observe that early in development, Tcf21 and pdgfrb co-express, which suggests a close relationship between the epicardium and pdgfrb+ cells. Previous findings from our lab revealed that cxcl12b+ cells localize to large coronary vessels during development. My findings reveal that pdgfrb+ marks perivascular cells of both capillaries and large coronary vessels. Lineage tracing analysis revealed that a subset of pdgfrb+ perivascular cells derive from tcf21 labeled epicardial cells. To see if disruption of Pdgfrb signaling impacts coronary development, I examined pdgfrb mutant hearts. In the Pdgfrb mutant, a mature coronary vessel network fails to form, and instead we observe isolated endothelial cell islands. Lastly, I characterized a transgenic line that expresses a dominant negative form of Pdgfrb (dnpdgfrb) and can be potentially used for later developmental and/or regenerative studies. My findings indicate strong dnpdgfrb induction can be achieved at adult stages. My studies will greatly enhance our current understanding of coronary vessel development, and can be used as the basis for studying perivascular cells and their interactions with endothelial cells after cardiac injury in regeneration.
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Daudigeos, Dubus Estelle. "EVALUATION DE L’INHIBITION DE L’ANGIOGENESE DANS LE NEUROBLASTOME ET CARACTERISATION DE MECANISMES DE RESISTANCE." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T096.
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Adulte ou pédiatrique, les tumeurs solides ont besoin d’oxygène et de nutriments pour se développer et métastaser. Leur apport est assuré par la néo-vascularisation tumorale issue d’un processus multifactoriel appelé l’angiogénèse. Son équilibre est maintenu par une balance entre facteurs pro- et anti-angiogéniques. Elle fait partie des principales cibles pour traiter les cancers et l’inhibition de la voie VEGF en est un facteur clé. Cependant, la réponse aux agents anti-angiogéniques a montré, malgré des résultats encourageants, un effet transitoire associé à l’apparition d’une résistance adaptative de la tumeur.Nous avons étudié l’inhibition de l’angiogénèse et les mécanismes potentiels d’échappement dans les tumeurs pédiatriques solides, et principalement dans le neuroblastome. Le neuroblastome est une tumeur originaire de la crête neurale et atteint généralement l’enfant jeune. Nous avons exploré l’effet anti-tumoral de l’inhibition sélective des récepteurs 1, 2, 3 du VEGF à l’aide de l’inhibiteur à tyrosine kinase axitinib dans divers modèles précliniques de neuroblastome. L’axitinib a montré une activité anti-tumorale modérée associée à une inhibition de la vascularisation. Néanmoins, après un traitement prolongé in vitro, les cellules tumorales IGR-N91-Luc deviennent résistantes à l’axitinib. Elles prolifèrent normalement mais secrètent de «l’ hepatocyte growth factor» (HGF) et activent la voie MAPK. In vivo, le traitement prolongé par axitinib entraîne le développement d’un phénotype plus agressif de la tumeur avec l’augmentation du nombre d’animaux présentant des métastases, associée à une activation de la voie SRC. Ceci nous a conduit à explorer l’effet d’une inhibition ciblant principalement VEGFR2 et MET (récepteur à l’HGF) avec le cabozantinib. Ainsi nous avons contrôlé le développement tumoral en inhibant la néo-vascularisation et l’activation de SRC, et induit la mort cellulaire dans le modèle orthotopique IGR-N91-Luc et inhibé le développement métastatique dans le modèle systémique IMR-32-Luc. Par ailleurs, nous avons étendu notre exploration à d’autres facteurs jouant un rôle dans l’angiogénèse comme FGFR ou PDGFR car ils représentent, comme MET, de puissants oncogènes. Pour cibler simultanément VEGFR et PDGFR, nous avons utilisé l’inhibiteur multi-kinase regorafenib. In vivo, à des doses bien tolérées qui permettent un traitement prolongé, le regorafenib a montré une activité anti-tumorale significative. Cet effet a été associé principalement à une forte inhibition de la vascularisation mais également à l’induction de la mort cellulaire. En élargissant notre étude à d’autres modèles de tumeurs pédiatriques, nous avons observé que son activité est indépendante du type histologique. Compte tenu du caractère oncogénique de PDGFR, nous avons évalué cet inhibiteur dans des modèles présentant une amplification du gène PDGFRA, qui entraine une surexpression et une activation forte du récepteur. Combiné avec des thérapies standards capables d’induire des dommages à l’ADN telles que l’irradiation ou l’irinotecan, l’effet du regorafenib a été potentialisé, notamment dans les modèles amplifiés pour le gène PDGFRA se traduisant par des régressions tumorales. Ces évaluations précliniques soutiennent le développement d’une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique pour les enfants atteints de tumeurs solides<br>Solid tumors either adult or pediatric need oxygen and nutrients to grow and metastasize. Their input is provided by tumor neovascularization after a multifactorial process called angiogenesis. Balance is maintained by equilibrium between pro and anti-angiogenic factors. It is one of the main targets for treating cancers and the inhibition of the VEGF pathway is a key factor. However, despite encouraging results, the response to anti-angiogenic agents showed a transient effect associated with the development of an adaptive tumor resistance. We studied the inhibition of angiogenesis and potential escape mechanisms in solid pediatric tumors, mainly in neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma is a solid tumor derived from the neural crest and it usually affects childhood. We investigated the anti-tumor effect of selective inhibition of VEGF receptors 1, 2, 3 using the tyrosine kinase inhibitor axitinib in various preclinical neuroblastoma l models. Axitinib showed a moderate anti-tumor activity associated with the inhibition of vascularization. However, after prolonged treatment in vitro, tumor cells IGR-N91-Luc become resistant to axitinib. They proliferate normally but secrete the "hepatocyte growth factor" (HGF) and activate the MAPK pathway. In vivo, prolonged treatment by axitinib results in the development of a more aggressive tumor phenotype with an increase in the number of animals exhibiting metastases associated with an activation of SRC signaling. This led us to explore the effect of inhibiting concomitant VEGFR2 and MET (HGF receptor), main cabozantinib targets. So we stabilized tumor growth by inhibiting the neovascularization and activation of SRC, induced cell death in the orthotopic model IGR-N91-Luc and inhibited metastatic development in the IMR-32-Luc systemic model. In addition, we extended our exploration of other factors that play a role in angiogenesis like FGFR or PDGFR because they represent, like MET, powerful oncogenes. To simultaneously target VEGFR and PDGFR, we used the multi-kinase inhibitor regorafenib. In vivo, at well-tolerated doses that allow prolonged treatment, regorafenib showed significant anti-tumor activity. This effect was mainly associated with a strong inhibition of vascularization, but also (with) induction of cell death. By expanding our study to other models of pediatric tumors, we observed that its activity was independent of histologic type. Given the oncogenic character of PDGFR, we evaluated the inhibitor in models which present a PDGFRA gene amplification, which results in a strong activation of the receptor. Combined with standard therapies that can induce DNA damages such as irinotecan or radiation, the effect of regorafenib was potentiated, mainly in PDGFRA gene amplified models, where tumor regressions were obtained. These preclinical evaluations support the development of a new therapeutic strategy for children with solid tumors
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Petit, Montserrat Ana. "Expressió de KIT i PDGFR en tumors de cèl·lules renals. Discussió del seu paper com a possibles dianes terapèutiques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/694.
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En els darrers anys s´ha consolidat l´enfoc translacional en l´abordatge del càncer. Aquest es basa en la voluntat de comprendre la biologia tumoral i implementar clínicament aquest coneixement dissenyant nous fàrmacs capaços d´inhibir específicament molècules oncogèniques.<br/>En aquest context, s´han descobert els receptors tirosina-quinasa (RTK) com a proto-oncogens crucials en la diferenciació i proliferació cel·lular i com a molècules amb un gran paper en carcinogènesi. <br/>KIT i PDGFR són dos exemples paradigmàtics de RTK pels que s´han desenvolupat fàrmacs inhibidors, amb gran èxit terapèutic en aquells tumors, com el GIST, on aquestes proteïnes tenen un paper patogenètic crucial.<br/>L´enfoc translacional ha tingut un gran impacte en el camp dels tumors renals que representen un 3% dels tumors de l´economia i dels quals s´en reconeixen diferents subtipus. Els avenços en biologia molecular han permès definir la patogènia d´algunes entitats, sobretot del Carcinoma renal de cèl·lula clara (CRCC), un dels subtipus tumorals freqüents i més agressiu per l´alt nombre de pacients que desenvolupen malaltia metastàtica (30-50%) i pels quals s´estan buscant noves eines terapèutiques.<br/><br/>Pel valor oncogènic i com a dianes terapèutiques del KIT i PGFR, aquest treball té com a objectiu estudiar l´expressió d´aquestes proteïnes per immunohistoquímica sobre teixit de tumors de cèl·lules renals. A més a més, en base a aquests resultats i la literatura es pretén discutir el seu valor com a dianes terapèutiques.<br/><br/>En el nostre estudi es va demostrar expressió de KIT de forma específica en Carcinoma renal Cromòfob (ChRCC) i Oncocitoma (OR). <br/>També es va trobar sobreexpressió de KIT i PDGFRα en la diferenciació sarcomatoide de carcinomes renals (SRCC) sense que aquesta s´associès amb mutacions en els exons 9, 11, 13, 17 del KIT ni en els exons 11, 12, 17, 18 de PDGFRα; que són els més freqüent mutats en el GIST .<br/>Alhora vam observar expressió inespecífica en cèl·lules tumorals de PDGFRα i PDGFRβ en un baix nombre de casos i de forma dèbil en diferents subtipus de tumors renals. Per contra, vam evidenciar sobreexpressió de PDGFRβ vascular de forma característica en un alt percentatge de CRCC. <br/><br/>En base als nostres resultats, proposem la utilitat de KIT com a marcador en el diagnòstic diferencial de diferents subtipus tumorals. <br/>Alhora, hem demostrat que l´expressió de KIT i PDGFRα en els SRCC no segueix el mateix model patogenètic que el GIST. <br/>La literatura sosté la necessitat de demostrar la implicació patogènica d´una proteïna en un tumor per plantejar l´efectivitat de la seva inhibició selectiva, essent l´expressió immunohistoquímica per si mateixa insuficient per sostindre aquest principi.<br/>Fins al moment, no es coneix si KIT i PDGFR tenen un paper oncogènic en el ChRCC, OR i en SRCC.<br/>Per tant, no hi ha suficients dades per proposar l´us d´inhibidors proteics contra aquestes proteïnes en ChRCC i SRCC disseminats.<br/><br/>Per altra banda l´expressió vascular de PDGFRβ en CRCC si que té una base patogenètica ja que el seu lligand (PDGF) s´ha implicat directament en la seva biologia. <br/>Alhora aquesta expressió vascular és coherent amb els estudis que relacionen la isoforma beta del PDGFR amb la maduració dels pericits i en la promoció de l´angiogènesi.<br/>Per tant, els nostres resultats sostenen la relació del PDGFRβ en la patogènia del Carcinoma renal de cèl·lula clara i el valor terapèutic dels fàrmacs contra aquest receptor amb finalitat antiangiogènica.<br/><br/>En conclusió, en el context de l´enfoc translacional del càncer i la necessitat d´implementació de nous fàrmacs inhibidors proteics pel tractament del carcinoma renal metastàtic, l´anàlisi d´expressió de RTK en tumors renals permet juntament amb la integració d´altres estudis, la discussió del valor diagnòstic i sobretot terapèutic d´aquestes dianes moleculars.<br><i>Renal Cell Neoplasms (RCN) represent 3% of cancer incidence and comprise different clinicopathologic entities. Malignant subtypes, specially the most frequent one Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (CRCC), remain the most lethal of urologic cancers due to the high rate of patients (30-50%) developing metastatic disease for whom new therapies are needed.<br/>Great advances in molecular biology have led to the identification of tyrosine-kinase receptors (TKR) as relevant proteins in tumorigenesis. Moreover the advent of selective inhibitors against them has raised interest on its expression in different tumors.<br/>PDGFR and KIT are two examples of TKR that have an oncogenic role in numerous neoplasms and can be inhibited pharmacologically. <br/>Because of its potential role as proto-oncogens and therapeutic targets; We aimed to study its immunohistochemical expression in RCN and to discuss its possible role as molecular targets.<br/>Our results highlight specific expression of KIT in Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) and Renal Oncocytoma (RO). Overexpression of KIT and PDGFRα was found in sarcomatoid differentiation of renal tumours (SRCC) without mutations in KIT exons 9,11,13,17 nor PDGFR exons 11,12,17,18 which are the most commonly mutated in GIST.<br/>Moreover inespecific and low expression of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ was evidenced in tumoral cells in different RCN. In contrast, vascular expression of PDGFRβ was seen caracteristically in half of CRCC cases.<br/>According to our results, we propose KIT as a useful marker for differential diagnosis among RCN.<br/>Moreover we demonstrate that expression of KIT and PDGFR in SRCC doesn´t follow the same pathogenetic mecanism as GIST.<br/>Scientific community claims that immunohistochemical expression of a protein in a tumor is not enough to propose it as a therapeutic target and that demonstation of its pathogenetic role is needed. <br/>So as, there is still no evidence of participation of KIT-PDGFR in ChRCC, OR nor SRCC oncogenesis, there is not enough data to propose them as therapeutic targets.<br/>Conversely, in different studies PDGFRβ has been involved in CRCC pathogenesis and has been related to tumor angiogenesis by perycite recruitment. So that, vascular expression of PDGFRβ in CRCC favours its consideration as a therapeutic target in this tumor subtype.</i>
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R, Lavoie Roxane. "L’activation du PDGFR favorise le phénotype agressif des synoviocytes de patients atteints de polyarthrite rhumatoïde via la formation d’invadosomes." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10509.
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La polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR) est une maladie auto-immune qui mène à une inflammation chronique et à une destruction progressive des articulations. Les effecteurs principaux de cette pathologie sont les synoviocytes de type fibroblastique (FLS). Ces derniers utilisent les invadosomes, des structures riches en actine et en métalloprotéases, afin de dégrader la matrice extracellulaire (ECM). Ce phénotype pro-destructif résulte d’une activation des FLS par différents facteurs de croissance, dont le PDGF et le TGF-β. Les récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase, dont le PDGFR, sont impliqués dans la pathogenèse de plusieurs maladies, incluant le cancer et la PR. Une activation de ces récepteurs peut mener, entre autres, à la survie, à la différenciation et à la prolifération des cellules. L’étude présentée dans ce mémoire montre que parmi les RTK les plus communs, le PDGFR est spécifiquement phosphorylé chez les cellules synoviales de patients atteints de PR, contrairement aux cellules de patients non arthritiques ou atteints d’arthrose. De plus, l’activation du PDGFR résulte en une augmentation de la formation d’invadosomes par les FLS. Nous avons aussi démontré que la formation d’invadosomes par le PDGFR nécessite l’activation de la voie de signalisation PI3K/Akt faisant intervenir les isoformes α et δ de la PI3K. De plus, l'inhibition de l’activation du PDGFR ou la neutralisation du PDGF endogène inhibe la formation des invadosomes et la dégradation de l'ECM par les synoviocytes, ce qui suggère la présence d'une boucle d'activation autocrine impliquant le PDGF. Parmi les isoformes du PDGF, nous avons démontré que le PDGF-B est exprimé de façon significativement plus élevée dans les synoviocytes provenant de patients atteints de PR. Nos données indiquent également une association entre le PDGF et le TGF-β dans la formation des invadosomes. Cette dernière implique la production autocrine de ligands du PDGFR induite par le TGFβ via la signalisation TβR1/Smad et PI3K/Akt. L’inhibition des isoformes de PI3K de classe I indique que le PI3Kα est impliquée de façon sélective dans l'expression de PDGF-B. Ces résultats démontrent que le PDGFR est un RTK nécessaire au phénotype destructeur des cellules synoviales d’arthrite. Ils fournissent aussi des preuves d'une association entre le TGF-β et le PDGFR dans la formation d’invadosomes chez les synoviocytes de patients atteints de la PR.<br>Abstract : Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that leads to chronic inflammation and progressive joint destruction. The main effectors of this pathology are fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). They use invadosomes, actin-rich structures that concentrate metalloproteinases to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). This pro-destructive phenotype is due to the activation of FLS by various growth factors, including PDGF and TGF-β. Receptor tyrosine kinases, including PDGFR, are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer and RA. Activation of these receptors may lead to cell survival, differentiation and proliferation. The study presented in this thesis shows that among the most common RTKs, PDGFR is specifically phosphorylated in synovial cells of RA patients, unlike cells of non-arthritic or osteoarthritic patients. In addition, activation of PDGFR results in an increase in invadosome formation by FLS. We also shown that formation of invadosome by PDGFR requires the activation of the signaling pathway PI3K/Akt, that specifically involves the α and δ isoforms of PI3K. In addition, inhibition of PDGFR activation or neutralization of endogenous PDGF inhibits the formation of invadosomes and the degradation of the ECM by synoviocytes, suggesting the presence of an autocrine activation loop involving PDGF. Among the PDGF isoforms, we demonstrate that PDGF-B expression is significantly higher in synoviocyte cell lines from RA patients. Our data also indicates an association between PDGF and TGF-β for invadosome formation that involves autocrine production of PDGF-B induced by TGF-β through the Smad/T β R1 and PI3K/Akt pathways. Inhibition of class I PI3K isoforms indicates that PI3K α is selectively involved in the expression of PDGF-B. These results demonstrate that PDGFR is an RTK necessary for the pro-destructive phenotype of RAFLS. They also provide evidence of an association between TGF-β and PDGFR in invadosome formation by synovial cells from RA patients.
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Folestad, Erika Bergsten. "Studies of the novel PDGFs, focusing on PDGF-D /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-770-7/.
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Stål, Ebba. "A pericyte-specific knockout of Foxf2 in mice shows fibrinogen acculumation in the brain but no regulation in Pdgfr-ß expression." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20162.
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FoxF2 is a transcriptional factor that initiates gene expression. Foxf2 is particularly expressed in central nervous system pericytes. Recent studies have displayed that an inactivation of Foxf2 in mice had an impact on the blood-brain barrier integrity with evidence of breakdown. During angiogenesis, the protein pdgf-B is synthesized by endothelial cells and is detected by pdgfr-𝛽 expressed on pericytes. Fibrinogen is a glycoprotein that participates in coagulation. It is undetectable in a healthy brain due to an intact barrier, making it an important biomarker in neurological diseases. Pericytes are a part of the microvascular unit and are wrapped around endothelial cells, which make up the blood-brain barrier. Pericytes play an important role in bloodvessel formation, development of vessel stability, regulation of blood flow, and the integrity and formation of vascular barrier. The aim of this study was to induce a pericyte specific knockout mutation of Foxf2 and investigate possible fibrinogen extravasation in the brain and pdgfr-𝛽 expression. Using Cre/loxP recombination mouse knockouts were created in vivo by Tamoxifen injections and the . Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate fibrinogen and pdgfr-𝛽 expression. Pdgfr-𝛽 expression was further validated with RT-qPCR on an in vitro induced cell culture. Immunohistochemistry slides suggested that the knock-out mutation of Foxf2 caused a disrupted blood-brain barrier resulting in extravasated fibrinogen. However, immunohistochemistry images confirmed with RT-qPCR on pdgfr-𝛽 expression displayed no distinct difference. Due to a small sample size, RT-qPCR needs more validation and since immunohistochemistry only allows for interpretation, further study is required.
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Brown, Robert Vincent. "The Regulatory Significance and Molecular Targeting of Novel Non-B-DNA Secondary Structures Formed from the PDGFR-Beta Core Promoter Nuclease Hypersensitivity Element." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/337361.
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Taeger, Johannes Kai [Verfasser], and Sven A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Lang. "Inhibition von FGFR, PDGFR und VEGFR hemmt Tumorwachstum, Angiogenese und Metastasierung des Pankreaskarzinoms in einem experimentellen Modell / Johannes Kai Taeger. Betreuer: Sven A. Lang." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1031130047/34.
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Dolfe, Lisa. "Process development for the control of solubility of Affibody® molecules." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160250.
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In this study the aim was to optimize the production of the Affibody fusion-protein Z03358- ABD094-(S4G)3-IL2 with regard to the amount of soluble protein produced. However, problems with reproducibility with this protein and the chosen expression system were encountered. Therefore, expression of the His-tagged Affibody His6-(Z05477)2 was evaluated using the same expression system as well as expression in another well characterized expression system. Both target proteins are of therapeutic interest. One of the proteins is an IL2 fusion protein (Z03358-ABD094-(S4G)3-IL2) that bind the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFR-β). PDGF signaling is of interest in cancer treatment where, among other things, the effects of PDGF on tumor angiogenesis is researched. The His6-(Z05477)2 protein has a classified target but is developed as a therapeutic in the area of inflammation and autoimmune disease. Both model proteins are known to be difficult to purify due to low solubility. The two E. coli expression systems investigated and compared were BL21(DE3) and Lemo21(DE3). The fusion protein Z03358-ABD094-(S4G)3-IL2 was produced in BL21(DE3) in inclusion bodies with a yield of 4.95 g/l. An optimized process for the expression of His6-(Z05477)2 using BL21(DE3) was developed with a yield of 6.6 g/l soluble protein after expression at 30°C for 6 h.
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Gillnäs, Sara. "PDGF-C signaling is required for normal cerebellar development : An analysis of cerebellar malformations in PDGF-C impaired mice." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445240.
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Platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) and its tyrosine kinase receptor PDGFRɑ have been shown to contribute to several key processes during central nervous system (CNS) development, including normal vascularization and formation of cerebral ventricles and basal membrane of the meninges. Due to redundancy between PDGF-C and PDGF-A, PDGF-C specific roles are sometimes masked and difficult to determine. Using the double mutant Pdgfc-/-;PdgfraGFP/+ mouse (Mus musculus) strain we were able to detect and examine a new, undescribed phenotype of PDGF-C impaired mice, namely cerebellar malformations. These mutant mice displayed an upwards rotation of the cerebellar vermis with a severe posterior vermis hypoplasia and an enlarged fourth ventricle, suggesting PDGF-C/PDGFRɑ signaling as a novel candidate to induce Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM). Due to suspected cerebellar vascular malformation a quantification of diameter, density and number of vessels were performed. A significant increase (P < 0.05) of the number and density of vascular bed in the cerebellar nuclei was detected, however the vessel diameter was not significantly different (P > 0.05) in Pdgfc-/-;PdgfraGFP/+ mice in comparison with the control. Through immunofluorescence staining we detected discontinuation of the ependyma in the acute angle of the ventricular zone adjacent to the rhombic lip, interfacing the fourth ventricle and cerebellar anlagen. We further noted ectopic expression of rhombic lip derived cells in the ventricular zone, suggesting a misguided migration due to ablation of PDGF-C. We conclude that PDGF-C is an essential player in normal cerebellar development.
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Kahn, Jean-Emmanuel. "Perturbations du métabolisme oxydatif induites par l'activation de PDGFRα : mécanismes et conséquences dans la leucémie chronique à éosinophiles FIP1L1-PDGFRA". Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829095.
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Le réarrangement FIP1L1-PDGFRA (F/P), identifié de manière récurrente dans les leucémies chroniques à éosinophiles, est à l'origine d'une activation constitutive de l'activité tyrosine kinase de la chaîne α du récepteur au PDGFR. Les mécanismes concourant à la prolifération éosinophile exclusive et au profil de cytotoxicité spécifique à cette leucémie sont encore mal élucidés. Ce récepteur PDGFRα;, principalement exprimé dans les cellules mésenchymateuses, y exerce des effets prolifératifs et chimiotactiques, en partie induits par la production intracellulaire de dérivés réactifs de l'oxygène (ROS). Ces constatations nous ont amené à étudier les perturbations du métabolisme oxydatif dans la leucémie F/P+, en utilisant une approche d'étude globale du protéome d'éosinophiles de sujets F/P+, comparé à des éosinophiles de sujets contrôles. Dans ce travail, nous avons démontré qu'il existe, dans les éosinophiles F/P+, une dérégulation de nombreuses protéines impliquées dans la signalisation redox intracellulaire. De plus, les modifications d'expression de certaines d'entre elles (peroxiredoxine-2, src-homology-2 domain containing tyrosine phosphatase-1 ou SHP-1), non retrouvées dans les éosinophiles de patients ayant un syndrome hyperéosinophilique idiopathique, et identifiées dans une lignée cellulaire exprimant F/P, semblent spécifiquement induites par F/P. L'activation du PDGFRα; dans les éosinophiles F/P+ est donc à l'origine d'un déséquilibre du métabolisme oxydatif dont les conséquences sur la différenciation vers le lignage éosinophile ou sur la cytotoxicité seront discutées.
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Kahn, Jean-Emmanuel. "Perturbations du métabolisme oxydatif induites par l’activation de PDGFRα : mécanismes et conséquences dans la leucémie chronique à éosinophiles FIP1L1-PDGFRA". Thesis, Lille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL2S039/document.
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Le réarrangement FIP1L1-PDGFRA (F/P), identifié de manière récurrente dans les leucémies chroniques à éosinophiles, est à l’origine d’une activation constitutive de l’activité tyrosine kinase de la chaîne α du récepteur au PDGFR. Les mécanismes concourant à la prolifération éosinophile exclusive et au profil de cytotoxicité spécifique à cette leucémie sont encore mal élucidés. Ce récepteur PDGFRα;, principalement exprimé dans les cellules mésenchymateuses, y exerce des effets prolifératifs et chimiotactiques, en partie induits par la production intracellulaire de dérivés réactifs de l’oxygène (ROS). Ces constatations nous ont amené à étudier les perturbations du métabolisme oxydatif dans la leucémie F/P+, en utilisant une approche d’étude globale du protéome d’éosinophiles de sujets F/P+, comparé à des éosinophiles de sujets contrôles. Dans ce travail, nous avons démontré qu’il existe, dans les éosinophiles F/P+, une dérégulation de nombreuses protéines impliquées dans la signalisation redox intracellulaire. De plus, les modifications d’expression de certaines d’entre elles (peroxiredoxine-2, src-homology-2 domain containing tyrosine phosphatase-1 ou SHP-1), non retrouvées dans les éosinophiles de patients ayant un syndrome hyperéosinophilique idiopathique, et identifiées dans une lignée cellulaire exprimant F/P, semblent spécifiquement induites par F/P. L’activation du PDGFRα; dans les éosinophiles F/P+ est donc à l’origine d’un déséquilibre du métabolisme oxydatif dont les conséquences sur la différenciation vers le lignage éosinophile ou sur la cytotoxicité seront discutées<br>The FIP1L1-PDGFRA (F/P) fusion gene, identified as a recurrent molecular finding in chronic eosinophilic leukemia, induces a constitutive activation of the kinase domain of PDGFRα. However, the molecular events contributing to the predominant eosinophil lineage expansion and to the singular cytotoxicity profile of eosinophils in this leukemia remain unclear. PDGFRα;, mainly expressed in mesenchymal cells, possesses proliferative and chemotactic properties, which are, in part, mediated by the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These observations prompted us to investigate the disturbances of the redox signaling in the F/P-associated leukemia, using a comparative study of the proteome of F/P+-eosinophils and eosinophils of healthy controls. Here, we report, in F/P+-eosinophils, the abnormal expression of numerous proteins implicated in oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, changes in expression of particular proteins (peroxiredoxine-2 and src-homology-2 domain containing tyrosine phosphatase-1) appears specific to F/P-Eos compared to patients with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, and could be demonstrated in F/P-expressing cell line EOL-1. Thus, the activation of PDGFRα; in F/P+-eosinophils leads to a global disturbance of the redox signaling, whose consequences on the differentiation toward eosinophil lineage and cytotoxicity will be discussed
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Magnusson, Peetra. "Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-1 Function in Vasculo- and Angiogenesis." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5824.
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Marguet, Florent. "Effets de l'alcoolisation prénatale sur le développement du système GABAergique et de la myélinisation chez l'humain Prenatal alcohol exposure is a leading cause of interneuronopathy in humans Oligodendrocyte lineage is severely affected in human alcohol-exposed fetuses." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR075.
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L’exposition prénatale à l’alcool est une cause non génétique majeure d’anomalies structurales et fonctionnelles du système nerveux central dont la forme la plus sévère est le syndrome d’alcoolisation fœtale, et dont les effets perdurent tout au long de la vie, associant retard mental, troubles neurocognitifs et comportementaux. L’exposition prénatale à l’alcool est un enjeu de Santé Publique, car actuellement, la plupart des enfants ne sont pas précocement dépistés en l’absence des signes majeurs que sont la dysmorphie crânio-faciale caractéristique et le retard de croissance. Si de nombreuses études sur les anomalies neurodéveloppementales ont été réalisées chez l’animal et dont les résultats sont souvent contradictoires, très peu de données sont disponibles chez l’humain et concernent essentiellement l’enfant. Afin d’expliquer la symptomatologie de ces enfants, nous avons réalisé une étude de la mise en place des interneurones et de la glie de myélinisation, éléments essentiels intervenant dans la synchronisation des réseaux neuronaux. A partir d’une cohorte de 15 fœtus humains à tous les stades du développement et de deux cas post-nataux âgés de trois mois et deux ans exposés à l’alcool, nous avons étudié l’ontogenèse des interneurones GABAergiques et calrétininergiques ainsi que les caractéristiques de leur migration vasculaire dans le cortex. Nous avons identifié une interneuronopathie consistant en un retard majeur de génération dans les zones de production (éminences ganglionnaires) aux stades précoces de développement et une malposition des interneurones calrétininergiques au sein du cortex des fœtus alcoolisés aux stades plus tardifs comparativement à des contrôles appariés. Ce retard de génération touche également les précurseurs des oligodendrocytes exprimant le PDGFRα qui restent ensuite anormalement nombreux aux dépends des précurseurs et préoligodendrocytes exprimant Olig2. Ces derniers restent pratiquement absents dans le cortex des fœtus alcoolisés jusqu’en fin de la grossesse. L’interneuronopathie et le défaut de différentiation oligodendrogliale pourraient expliquer en partie les troubles neurologiques observés chez les enfants et adultes exposés in utero à l’alcool, la modulation de l’activité neuronale et la myélinisation étant indispensables à l’établissement des réseaux neuronaux et à la conduction des influx nerveux<br>Prenatal alcohol exposure is a major non-genetic cause of structural and functional abnormalities of the central nervous system, the most severe form of which is fetal alcohol syndrome, and the effects of which persist throughout life, associating mental retardation, neurocognitive and behavioural disorders. Prenatal alcohol exposure is a public health issue, since currently most children are not early detected in the absence of the major signs consisting of characteristic cranio-facial dysmorphism and growth retardation. While numerous studies on neurodevelopmental abnormalities have been carried out in animals and the results of which are often contradictory, very little data is available in humans and mainly concerns children. In order to explain the symptoms of these children, we have conducted an ontogenetic study of interneurons and oligodendrocyte lineage, two essential events involved in the synchronization of neural networks. Using a cohort of 15 human fetuses at all stages of development and two postnatal cases aged three months and two years exposed to alcohol in utero, we studied the development of GABAergic and calretinergic interneurons as well as the characteristics of their vascular migration within the cortex. We identified an interneuronopathy consisting of a major generation delay in the production areas (ganglionic eminences) at the early stages of development and a mispositioning of calretinergic interneurons within the cortex of fetuses exposed to alcohol at later stages compared with age matched controls. This delay in generation also affects precursors of oligodendrocytes expressing PDGFRα, which then remain abnormally numerous at the expense of precursors and pre-oligodendrocytes expressing Olig2. The latter are virtually absent in the cortex of fetuses exposed to alcohol until the end of pregnancy. Interneuronopathy and the lack of oligodendroglial differentiation could partly explain the neurological disabilities observed in children and adults exposed in utero to alcohol, modulation of neuronal activity and myelination being essential for the establishment of neural networks and conduction of nerve outputs
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Sessions, John W. "In Vitro Molecular Modification of Human Cultured and Primary Cells Using Lance Array Nanoinjection." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5859.
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Fundamentally altering cellular function at a genetic level is a major area of interest in the biologic sciences and the medical community. By engineering transfectable constructs that can be inserted to dysfunctional cellular systems, scientists can mitigate aberrant genetic behavior to produce proper molecular function. While viral vectors have been a mainstay in the past, there are many limitations, particularly related to safety, that have changed the focus of genome editing to incorporate alternative methods for gene delivery. Lance Array Nanoinjection (LAN), a second-generation microfabricated transfection biotechnology, is one of these alternative technologies. LAN works by utilizing both simultaneous electrostatic interaction with molecular loads and physical lancing of hundreds of thousands of target cell membranes. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate LAN in the context of in vitro transfection of immortalized culture cells and primary cells. As part of that exploration, three distinct areas of investigation are considered, which include: characterizing environmental factors that impact LAN transfection, demonstrating LAN genetic modification of immortalized HeLa 229 culture cells using an indicator marker, and lastly, investigating the effects of LAN on human primary, neonatal fibroblasts.
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Willetts, Karen Eve. "PDGF A and PDGF Rα in mammalian development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318900.
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Wardęga, Piotr. "Regulation of PDGFRβ signaling ". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ludwiginstitutet för cancerforskning, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-123045.
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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms, which bind to closely related a- and b-tyrosine kinase receptors, induce migration, proliferation, survival and differentiation of mesenchymal cells. They signal by the active receptor attracting Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing proteins, which subsequently initiate a set of signaling pathways. The aim of this thesis was to elucidate regulatory mechanisms involved in PDGFRb signaling. In the first two projects we investigated the roles in downregulation of PDGFRb of two related adaptor proteins, i.e. ALG-2 interacting protein X (Alix) and His-domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP) functions of. We found that Alix and HD-PTP influence ubiquitination of PDGFRb following PDGF stimulation, by affecting the E3 ligase c-Cbl. Alix enhances complex formation between c-Cbl and PDGFRb, increases c-Cbl phosphorylation and decreases its stability. Interestingly, while both HD-PTP and Alix participate in degradation of PDGFRb, only Alix affects receptor internalization. Moreover, we demonstrated that absence of HD-PTP promotes cell proliferation. In conclusion, we suggest that both Alix and HD-PTP are important adaptor proteins in regulation of PDGFRb downregulation, although the observed differences between their actions suggest that Alix and HD-PTP exert their functions via different mechanisms. The third study explored the importance of tyrosine residue 857 in the activation loop of PDGFRb. We report that, in vitro the tyrosine residue 857 to phenylalanine (Y857F) mutant receptor kinase activity is diminished while in vivo it does not affect the phosphorylation of PDGFRb. The phosphorylation pattern of PDGFRb revealed that most sites in the Y857F mutant receptor were phosphorylated similarly as in the wild-type receptor. However, tyrosine residue 771 was found to be hyperphosphorylated in the Y857F mutant receptor. This may be due to defective phosphorylation and activation of SHP-2, since it has been shown to dephosphorylate the receptor at Y771. In addition, activation of the Erk1/2 and Akt pathways was defective downstream of the Y857F mutant receptor. Interestingly, the Y857F mutant receptor was able to mediate cell migration, but not proliferation. The last study investigated a role of the tyrosine kinase Fer in PDGF signaling. We showed that Fer interacted with and was activated by PDGFRb in a ligand-dependent manner. In cells depleted of Fer, receptor phosphorylation was decreased and phosphorylation of Stat3 was abolished, whereas Stat5, Erk1/2 and Akt were activated normally. Colony formation in soft agar was abolished in cells depleted of Fer, but no effect was seen on cell proliferation and migration. Since Stat3 has been shown to be involved in transformation, we speculate that phosphorylation of Stat3 in Fer-depleted cells, affects the ability of cells to form colonies.
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Hoflack, Bernard, Pierre Jurdic, Thilo Riedl, Anne Gallois, and Maria Arantzazu Sanchez-Fernandez. "Osteoclasts control osteoblast chemotaxis via PDGF-BB/PDGF receptor beta signaling." PLOS one, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28994.
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BACKGROUND:
Bone remodeling relies on the tightly regulated interplay between bone forming osteoblasts and bone digesting osteoclasts. Several studies have now described the molecular mechanisms by which osteoblasts control osteoclastogenesis and bone degradation. It is currently unclear whether osteoclasts can influence bone rebuilding.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:
Using in vitro cell systems, we show here that mature osteoclasts, but not their precursors, secrete chemotactic factors recognized by both mature osteoblasts and their precursors. Several growth factors whose expression is upregulated during osteoclastogenesis were identified by DNA microarrays as candidates mediating osteoblast chemotaxis. Our subsequent functional analyses demonstrate that mature osteoclasts, whose platelet-derived growth factor bb (PDGF-bb) expression is reduced by siRNAs, exhibit a reduced capability of attracting osteoblasts. Conversely, osteoblasts whose platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-beta) expression is reduced by siRNAs exhibit a lower capability of responding to chemotactic factors secreted by osteoclasts.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:
We conclude that, in vitro mature osteoclasts control osteoblast chemotaxis via PDGF-bb/PDGFR-beta signaling. This may provide one key mechanism by which osteoclasts control bone formation in vivo.
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Hoflack, Bernard, Pierre Jurdic, Thilo Riedl, Anne Gallois, and Maria Arantzazu Sanchez-Fernandez. "Osteoclasts control osteoblast chemotaxis via PDGF-BB/PDGF receptor beta signaling." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-184120.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND:
Bone remodeling relies on the tightly regulated interplay between bone forming osteoblasts and bone digesting osteoclasts. Several studies have now described the molecular mechanisms by which osteoblasts control osteoclastogenesis and bone degradation. It is currently unclear whether osteoclasts can influence bone rebuilding.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:
Using in vitro cell systems, we show here that mature osteoclasts, but not their precursors, secrete chemotactic factors recognized by both mature osteoblasts and their precursors. Several growth factors whose expression is upregulated during osteoclastogenesis were identified by DNA microarrays as candidates mediating osteoblast chemotaxis. Our subsequent functional analyses demonstrate that mature osteoclasts, whose platelet-derived growth factor bb (PDGF-bb) expression is reduced by siRNAs, exhibit a reduced capability of attracting osteoblasts. Conversely, osteoblasts whose platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-beta) expression is reduced by siRNAs exhibit a lower capability of responding to chemotactic factors secreted by osteoclasts.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:
We conclude that, in vitro mature osteoclasts control osteoblast chemotaxis via PDGF-bb/PDGFR-beta signaling. This may provide one key mechanism by which osteoclasts control bone formation in vivo.
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Pontén, Annica. "Biological activities of novel platelet-derived growth factors, PDGF-C and PDGF-D /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7140-013-3/.
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Kowarik, Markus. "Expression, Lokalisation und funktionelle Bedeutung von PDGF und PDGF-Rezeptoren in der Hypophyse und in Hypophysentumorzellen." Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-75767.
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Andræ, Johanna. "PDGF in cerebellar development and tumorigenesis." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2001. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-4987-5/.
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Etzel, Nadine. "Einfluss PDGF-Rezeptor-spezifischer Antikörper auf die Chemotaxis mesenchymaler Progenitorzellen und deren Expression von PDGF-Isoformen und -Rezeptoren." [S.l. : s.n.], 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:289-vts-56711.
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Ekman, Simon. "Specific signaling through heteromeric PDGF receptor complexes." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-1067.
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<p>Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent mitogen and chemoattractant for mesenchymal cells and exert its effect by binding to two structurally related receptor tyrosine kinases, denoted α- and β-receptors. PDGF binding induces dimerization of its receptors, both homo-and heterodimerization, leading to their autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues and binding of downstream signaling molecules. This thesis describes autophosphorylation and binding of signal transduction molecules to homo- and heterodimeric PDGF receptor complexes.</p><p> Heterodimeric PDGF receptor complexes have been found to mediate a stronger mitogenic response than homodimeric receptor complexes. It was found that Tyr771 in the PDGF β-receptor was significantly less phosphorylated in the heterodimeric β-receptor compared to the homodimeric receptor, and this correlated with reduced binding of GTPase activating protein (GAP) for Ras and decreased activation of the Ras/Mitogen activated protein kinase pathway. </p><p> The mechanism behind the lowered phosphorylation of Tyr771 in the heterodimeric PDGF β-receptor was investigated. It was found that the SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 was responsible, at least in part, for the dephosphorylation of Tyr771 in the heterodimeric β-receptor. </p><p> PDGF-induced autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the receptors has been proposed to occur <i>in trans </i>between the receptor molecules in the dimers. We demonstrated by phosphopeptide mapping that all major autophosphorylation sites can be phosphorylated <i>in trans, </i>both in the PDGF α- and β-receptors. Analyses of the abilities of heterodimeric receptor complexes of one kinase-active and one kinase-inactive receptor to mediate mitogenicity, chemotaxis and activation of mitogen activated protein kinase revealed that the signaling capacities were retained. This illustrates a functional co-operation between the two receptor molecules in the dimer, where one receptor provides a functional kinase and the other acts as a substrate and provides docking sites for downstream signaling molecules.</p><p> Elucidating the mechanisms behind the unique signaling properties of the heterodimeric PDGF receptor complex, two heterodimer-specific autophosphorylation sites, Tyr692 and Tyr970, were identified and found to interact with the low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP). Mutation of Tyr692 or Tyr970 to phenylalanine residues did not affect PDGF-induced mitogenicity, but the Tyr692 to phenylalanine mutation reduced the chemotactic response mediated by the heterodimeric PDGF receptor complex. A mechanism for the lowered chemotactic response was found to involve an increased RasGAP binding and a decreased SHP-2 binding to the heterodimeric β-receptor.</p>
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Nilsson, Ingrid. "Hypoxia, PDGF and VEGF in Vascular Development." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6894.
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Enarsson, Mia. "Roles of PDGF for Neural Stem Cells." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4245.
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Bahm, Isabel. "PDGF signalling during Neural Crest Cell migration." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041758/.
Full textAbstract:
Neural crest cells are a transient cell population, which migrates through the vertebrate embryonic body, and eventually gives rise to a many different cell types in the adult. Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is a fundamental property of the collective migrating neural crest cells. CIL describes a process by which colliding cells change their direction upon collision and move away from each other, which has been linked to cell dispersion, boundary formation and metastasis. CIL is acquired in neural crest cells during Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal-Transition (EMT), by a switch in the expression of cadherins, from E to N-cadherin. To examine what governs this change I study PDGF signalling during Xenopus laevis cranial neural crest migration. Here I show that PDGFRα and its ligand PDGF-A are expressed in pre-migratory and migrating cranial neural crest cells. Inhibition of PDGF-A/PDGFRα impairs neural crest migration in vivo and cell dispersion in vitro. I find that PDGFRα inhibition leads to a decrease of N-cadherin levels in neural crest cells. Further, I demonstrate that PDGFRα signalling controls N-cadherin dependent CIL. This cellular response is controlled by the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway as a downstream effector of the PDGFRα cellular response in cranial neural crest cells. This data lead me to propose a novel mechanism by which PDGF signalling as a tissue-autonomous regulator of EMT is regulating N-cadherin dependent CIL during cranial neural crest cell migration in Xenopus laevis.
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Fredriksson, Linda. "Proteolytic activation and biological functions of the novel PDGFs /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-647-6/.
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Sjöblom, Tobias. "Paracrine and autocrine functions of PDGF in malignant disease." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-2678.
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<p>Growth factors and their receptors are frequently activated by mutations in human cancer. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B and its tyrosine kinase receptor, the PDGF β-receptor, have been implicated in autocrine transformation as well as paracrine stimulation of tumor growth. The availability of clinically useful antagonists motivates evaluation of PDGF inhibition in these diseases.</p><p>In chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with t(5;12), parts of the transcription factor TEL and the PDGF β-receptor are fused, generating a constitutively signaling protein. Oligomerization and unique phosphorylation pattern of TEL-PDGFβR was demonstrated, as well as the transforming activity of TEL-PDGFβR, which was sensitive to PDGF β-receptor kinase inhibition.</p><p>Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is characterized by a translocation involving the collagen Iα1 and PDGF B-chain genes. The COLIA1-PDGFB fusion protein was processed to mature PDGF-BB and transformed fibroblasts in culture. The PDGF antagonist STI571 inhibited growth of <i>COLIA1-PDGFB</i> transfected cells and primary DFSP cells <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> through induction of apoptosis.</p><p>Paracrine effects of PDGF-DD, a ligand for the PDGF β-receptor, were evaluated in a murine model of malignant melanoma. PDGF-DD production accelerated tumor growth and altered the vascular morphology in experimental melanomas.</p><p>A validated immunohistochemical procedure for PDGF β-receptor detection was established and applied to normal tissues and more than 280 tumor biopsies. Perivascular and stromal expression was detected in 90% and 50%, respectively, of human tumors.</p><p>Recently, non-transformed cells in the tumor microenvironment have emerged as targets in cancer therapy. Selective sensitization of tumor fibroblasts to paclitaxel by STI571 was evaluated <i>in vitro</i> and in a xenograft model. Whereas neither drug alone caused growth inhibition, combination of the two significantly reduced tumor growth, suggesting anti-stromal therapy as a possible treatment modality in solid tumors.</p>
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Qin, Yong. "Targeting the Promoter Regions of PDGF Ligand and Receptor." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194387.
Full textAbstract:
Aberrant expression of Platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) and PDGF receptor-β (PDGFR-β) play critical roles in the angiogenesis and proliferation of several malignancies. In this dissertation I explore the transcriptional regulatory role of the Gquadruplex- forming regions in the promoters of human PDGF-A and PDGFR-β, and identify new targets for developing small molecules to modulate their expression in tumors. For PDGF-A promoter, our studies focus on two essential nuclease hypersensitive elements, NHE(PDGF-A) and 5´-end far upstream 5´-SHS. The structural aspects of the intramolecular G-quadruplexes formed in NHE(PDGF-A) and the ligands to stabilize these secondary DNA structures have been investigated by using singlestranded and duplex DNA of the NHE(PDGF-A). We demonstrate that the G-quadruplexinteractive compound, TMPyP4, can selectively inhibit the basal promoter activity of PDGF-A, suggesting that the NHE(PDGF-A) G-quadruplex acts as a repressor in PDGF-A transcription. We also found that the 5´-SHS G-rich strand oligomer can invade the NHE(PDGF-A) and form a unique three-stranded complex in supercoiled plasmids, which is facilitated by potassium ions and TMPyP4. Therefore, we propose a novel molecular mechanism for transcriptional silencing of the NHE(PDGF-A) by 5´-SHS in the PDGF-A promoter, in that the formation of G-quadruplex in the NHE(PDGF-A) provides a platform for the G-rich strand of 5´-SHS to invade and form a partial duplex DNA with the C-rich strand of the NHE(PDGF-A), resulting in displacement of hnRNP K and thus transcription silencing. Prior to the studies describe here, the promoter of human PDGFR-β had not been identified. Herein, we have cloned and characterized the first functional promoter of human PDGFR-β gene. A crucial highly GC-rich region (NHE(PDGFR-β)) in the human PDGFR-β promoter has been identified by its hypersensitivity to the S1 nuclease. Further studies demonstrate that stable G-quadruplex structures can form in the G-rich strand of NHE(PDGFR-β). The G-quadruplex-interactive molecule, telomestatin, can selectively stabilize G-quadruplexes formed in the human PDGFR-β promoter and inhibit its expression in Daoy cells. On the basis of these results, we propose that ligandmediated stabilization of the G-quadruplex structure in the proximal promoter region of human PDGF-A or PDGFR-β can be used to modulate the expression of these protooncogenes.
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Kumar, Hashethra. "Does PDGF-BB have a role in bone remodelling?" Thesis, St George's, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546797.
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Li, Hong. "Studies of VEGF-B and novel PDGFs in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-815-7/.
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O'Brien, Kevin P. "The role of PDGFB in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and giant cell fibroblastoma /." Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4017-7/.
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Alabud, Arwa. "Proteasomens roll för ligand inducerad fragmentation av PDGF-β receptorn". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaceutisk biovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-455265.
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Bakgrund: Platelet derived growth factor receptorn (PDGF receptorn) är en receptor i kroppen som tillhör typ III av Recetor tyrosine kinas (RTK) familjen. PDGF-β receptorn är en typ av dessa receptorer som enligt en studie klyvs i två delar efter ligandbindning med PDGF-BB ligand: till en extracellulär del och en intracellulär del. Hypotesen är att den extracellulära delen går till lysosomen medan den intracellulära delen går till proteasomen efter klyvningen. Syfte: Att undersöka rollen för proteasomen i ligandinducerad fragmentation av PDGF-β receptorn och se om det finns ko-lokalisation mellan receptorns extracellulära del och proteasomen. Dessutom ska det undersökas hur eventuell ko-lokalisering av PDGF receptorns extracellulära fragment med proteasomet påverkas när proteasomerna i cellerna inhiberas. Metod: Bj-hTERT celler stimulerades med PDGF-BB ligand under fyra olika stimuleringstidspunkter (0, 30, 60 och 90 min) och med hjälp av immunofluorescens undersöktes det om det fanns ko-lokalisering mellan proteasomen och PDGF-β receptorns extracellulära del. I ett annat experiment inhiberades även proteasomens aktivitet med inhibitoren MG132 och ko-lokalisationen mättes och jämfördes med kontrollceller behandlat med DMSO för de fyra stimuleringstidspunkterna. Resultat: För det första ko-lokalisationsexperimentet visades ingen större ko-lokalisering mellan proteasomen och receptorns extracellulära del för alla fyra tidspunkter. För det andra ko-lokalisationsexperimentet visades ingen skillnad i ko-lokalisationen mellan proteasomen och receptorns extracellulära fragment för cellerna vars proteasomaktivitet inhiberats och kontrollcellerna. Det visade sig däremot att proteasomen spelade roll för internaliseringen av receptorns extracellulära del in i cellen.
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Score, Joannah. "Characterisation of BCR-ABL and FIP1L1-PDGFRA genomic rearrangements in haematological malignancies." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/380965/.
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Smith, S. J. Louise. "Mapping studies on the platelet-derived growth factor A-chain (PDGFA) gene." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21539.
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This project undertakes genetic and physical mapping studies on the A-chain gene of PDGF to refine the location of the gene on chromosome 7p. To further describe the structure of the gene and to develop polymorphic markers for linkage analysis, 8kb of gDNA from PDGFA was sequenced. This sequencing project identified polymorphic loci including a minisatellite and two dimorphic markers. This minisatellite, which is in intron 3 of the gene, lies less than 300 bp upstream from another minisatellite, in intron 4, which has been described previously (Bonthron 1992). The intron 3 minisatellite described in this project has a heterozygosity of about 56%, however some alleles are refractory to PCR amplification making it unsuitable for the large scale typing of data required for the linkage analysis. For this, the two dimorphisms were used. The linkage analysis placed <I>PDGFA</I> as the most distal locus in chromosome 7p, about 10 to 16 cM distal to the nearest proximal markers. Two maps using different sets of markers are presented. RARE (RecA-assisted restriction endonuclease) cleavage experiments showed that PDGFA lies about 630 to 679 kb from the telomere. Analysis for four different individuals indicated that there is a size variation. Polymorphic length variation in the subtelomeric regions has also been described for other chromosome telomeres. A telomeric location for PDGFA, which is a growth factor gene, is interesting since the loss of chromosome telomeres is associated with both ageing and malignancy. Loss of telomere repeats results in instability of the chromosome ends and may explain the increase in chromosome rearrangements seen in malignant cells. Such telomere rearrangements can have dramatic effects on the expression of nearby genes; for example truncation of the 16p telomere can silence expression from the nearby α-globin cluster. Expression of the gene has been shown to be silenced even when the gene itself is intact.
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Higa, Thaís Tiemi. "Imunolocalização de supressores (FOXO3a e PTEN) e ativadores (Akt e phospho-Akt) da transição de folículos primordiais e primários em tecido ovariano humano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17145/tde-26042018-152648/.
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Mulheres com risco de falência ovariana prematura, assim como aquelas diagnosticadas com câncer que desejam preservar sua fertilidade, têm como opção a criopreservação do tecido ovariano. Esse tecido seria destinado, dependendo do caso, ao reimplante posterior ou para o cultivo in vitro de folículos ovarianos isolados do tecido criopreservado. Nesse contexto, os folículos primordiais são uma população importante tanto por serem mais resistentes ao processo de criopreservação, como por representarem cerca de 90% da população total folicular. Porém o uso destes folículos para procedimentos de Reprodução Assistida ainda é bastante limitado, pois os mecanismos responsáveis pelo seu processo de ativação ainda não são completamente conhecidos. A via de sinalização fosfatidilinositol 3- quinase (PI3K) foi recentemente identificada como determinante para o controle da ativação dos folículos primordiais. Portanto o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e localizar os fatores componentes da via: supressores (FOXO3a e PTEN) e ativadores (Akt e Phospho-Akt). O que ofereceria uma valiosa ferramenta para elucidar os mecanismos envolvidos na ativação do pool de reserva folicular e permitiria o desenvolvimento de sistemas de cultivo folicular que atuassem diretamente nestes mecanismos. Sendo assim, foi realizado um estudo transversal com amostras de tecido ovariano humano, que foram submetidas à reação imunohistoquímica dos fatores previamente citados. Foram incluídas na casuística 40 pacientes, com idade média de 27,7 anos ± 7,26. Foi realizada uma análise comparativa da expressão dessas proteínas entre os folículos primordiais e primários. Foi encontrada diferença significativa para a proteína Akt, (p<0,05) em que os folículos primordiais (oócito e células da granulosa) manifestaram mais expressão da proteína Akt em comparação aos folículos primários. Também foi encontrada diferença significativa para a proteína phospho-Akt, porém apenas nas células da granulosa, em que houve maior expressão em folículos primordiais comparados aos primários. Enquanto ambos os estágios tiveram marcação negativa para o PTEN e FOXO3a na maioria dos folículos analisados. Sendo assim, neste estudo não foi possível identificar dentre as proteínas escolhidas uma que tivesse expressão claramente característica de uma ou de outra fase folicular, não sendo possível inferir que a atividade de qualquer uma das proteínas fosse estritamente ligada à ativação dos folículo primordiais.<br>Women at risk of premature ovarian failure, as well as those diagnosed with cancer who wish to preserve their fertility, have, as option, the ovarian tissue cryopreservation. This tissue would be destined, depending on the case, to posterior reimplantation, or for the in vitro culture of ovarian follicles isolated from the cryopreserved tissue. In this context, primordial follicles are an important population of cells. As they are more resistant to the cryopreservation process and they represent about 90% of the whole follicular population. However, the use of these follicles for Assisted Reproduction procedures is still quite limited, since the mechanisms responsible for its activation process are not fully understood. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway has recently been identified as determinant for the control of primordial follicle activation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and localize the components of this pathway: suppressors (FOXO3a and PTEN) and activators (Akt and phospho-Akt). This would offer a valuable tool to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the activation of the follicular reserve pool and would allow the development of in vitro culture protocols that would act directly in these mechanisms. Thus, a cross-sectional study with samples of human ovarian tissue was performed. These samples were submitted to the immunohistochemical reaction of the previously mentioned factors. Forty patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 27.7 ± 7.26. A comparative analysis of the expression of these proteins was performed between primordial and primary follicles. A significant difference was found for the Akt protein (p<0.05) in which the primordial follicles (oocyte and granulosa cells) showed more Akt expression than primary follicles. Another significant difference was found for the phosphor-Akt protein, but only for the granulosa cells, where there was a greater expression in primordial follicles compared to the primary ones. While both stages were negatively stained for PTEN and FOXO3a in most of the follicles analyzed. Thus, in this study it was not possible to identify among the selected proteins one that had clearly characteristic expression of one or the other follicular phase, and it was not possible to infer that the activity of any of the proteins was strictly linked to the activation of the primordial follicles.
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Valdivia, Maria Alejandra Medina. "Efeitos do PDGF-BB na taxa de proliferação e na adesão de células derivadas da granulação óssea a fragmentos radiculares." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25146/tde-11062018-185848/.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o papel do fator de crescimento derivado de plaquetas-BB (PDGF-BB) na concentração de 300ng/ml na taxa de proliferação e adesão de células derivadas da granulação óssea humana a fragmentos radiculares periodontalmente comprometidos. Na primeira etapa do estudo, foi estabelecida cultura primária de células da granulação óssea de dois pacientes adultos, sistemicamente saudáveis, não fumantes. Após a expansão celular, as células foram caracterizadas para determinação do fenótipo por meio de ensaios de viabilidade celular, MTT, ensaio de atividade de fosfatase alcalina, ensaio de mineralização e caracterização imunohistoquímica por meio de citometria de fluxo (segunda etapa). Na terceira etapa do estudo, os efeitos da adição de PDGF-BB recombinante humano na concentração de 300ng/ml na taxa de proliferação e adesão de células derivadas da granulação óssea a superfícies radiculares periodontalmente comprometidas foram investigados. A taxa de proliferação celular estimulada pelo PDGF-BB (grupo teste) ou pelo meio de cultura (grupo controle) foi investigada por meio de contagem de células viáveis nos frascos de cultura após 1, 3, 5 e 7 dias do cultivo celular. Foram obtidos 30 fragmentos dentários a partir de dentes extraídos por razões periodontais. Os fragmentos foram raspados com curetas Gracey e condicionados com solução em gel de EDTA a 24% durante 3 minutos, lavados com solução de soro fisiológico, secos e posicionados em placas de 24 poços. Foram incubadas sobre os fragmentos tratados 1x104 células GO por 24 horas, seguido por fixação e preparo para análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). O número de células aderidas sobre os fragmentos foi analisado nas fotomicrografias. O padrão de crescimento das células GO foi compatível com células ósseas, com modificação do padrão do crescimento com o aumento do número de passagens. Houve atividade de fosfatase alcalina em meio osteogênico e convencional, com pico máximo aos 7 dias e atividade de mineralização estimulada ou não por meio osteogênico, com pico máximo aos 21 dias. A análise por meio de citometria de fluxo demonstrou que as células GO não expressaram CD105 e CD166 na 14a passagem, indicando sua diferenciação celular avançada nesse período. A adição de rhPDGF-BB resultou em mudança na taxa de proliferação celular, observando-se pico máximo de crescimento aos 7 dias, com diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p < 0.005; ANOVA post hoc Tukey) em relação aos períodos de 1, 3 e 5 dias. O ensaio de MTT demonstrou maior viabilidade celular no período de 48 hs, comparativamente aos períodos de 24 e 72 horas, quando a densidade óptica celular diminuiu de forma significativa (p< 0.05; Friedmann pósteste Dunn). No ensaio de adesão celular, pode-se observar que a adição de rhPDGFBB aumentou significativamente o número de células aderidas aos fragmentos dentários (p< 0.05; teste t não pareado com correção Welch), com alteração da morfologia celular. Esses resultados sugerem que as células GO tem características compatíveis com linhagem de células osteoblásticas, de fenótipo mais diferenciado após a 12a passagem. A adição de rhPDGF-BB (300ng/ml) resulta em aumento da taxa de proliferação das células GO e do número de células aderidas a fragmentos radiculares, indicando que, nesta concentração, o fator de crescimento é citocompatível, favorecendo a proliferação e adesão celular.<br>The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of recombinant human platelet derived growth factor (rhPDGF-BB) at the concentration of 300ng/ml in the proliferation and adhesion of human bone granulation cells to periodontally diseased root fragments. At the first stage of the study, the granulation tissue existent in healing sockets (21 days after its creation) was collected from two systemically healthy nonsmoking adults to the establishment of primary culture. The in vitro properties of bone granulation (BG) cell lineage were characterized by cell viability, MTT, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization assays. The effects of culture medium (control) and rhPGDF-BB 300ng/ml (test) in the proliferation and adhesion of BG cells were investigated. The rate of BG cells proliferation was investigated by the number of viable cells present at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after platting. Thirty root fragments were obtained from teeth extracted for periodontal reasons. Root fragments were scaled and root planed, conditioned with EDTA 24% for 3 minutes, rinsed in saline solution, air-dryed and positioned in 24-well plates. Each fragment was seeded with 104 BG cells, fixated after 24 hours and prepared for analysis in SEM. The number of cells adhered to the fragments was analysed in photomicrographies. BG cells growth pattern was compatible with osteogenic cell lineage, showing modification with the increasing number of cell passage. GO cells expressed alkaline phosphatase activity in conventional and osteogenic culture medium, with maximum peak at 7 days, as well as mineralization activity stimulated or not by osteogenic or non-osteogenic culture medium, with maximum peak at 21 days. The analysis by flow cytometer showed that BG cells have not expressed CD105 and CD106 at the 14th passage, indicating its advanced cell differentiation. The addition of rhPDGF-BB resulted in modification of proliferation rate, with maximum peak observed at 7 days, significantly different from 1-, 3- and 5-day periods (p< 0.005; ANOVA post hoc Tukey). MTT assay showed greater cell viability after 48 hours than after 24 and 72 hours, when optical density has significantly diminished (p< 0.05; Friedmann post hoc Dunn). At cell adhesion assay, it could be observed that the adhesion of rhPDGF-BB has significantly increased the number of cells adhered to root fragments (p< 0.05; unpaired t test with Welchs correction), and alterations in cell morphology. These results suggest that BG cells present in vitro characteristics compatible with osteoblastic cell lineages, with a more differentiated phenotype after the 12th passage. The addition of rhPDGF-BB (300 ng/ml) results in increase of the rate of BG cell proliferation and in the number of cells adhered to root fragments, indicating that, at this concentration, the growth factor is compatible with BG cells and favors cells proliferation and adhesion.
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Watts, Susan Margaret. "Inhibition of neointima formation using the human saphenous vein organ culture model." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264064.
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Vaillant, Pierre. "La platelet-derived growth factor : son role dans la fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN11118.
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Kłosowska-Wardęga, Agnieszka. "Combination Therapies Targeting PDGF and VEGF Signaling Pathways in Solid Tumors." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ludwiginstitutet för cancerforskning, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-119827.
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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are independently involved in several cancer-associated mechanisms including autocrine stimulation of cancer cells, stimulation of tumor angiogenesis and regulation of interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). The scope of this thesis was to investigate the combinatory effect of anti-VEGF and anti-PDGF treatment on tumor angiogenesis and tumor IFP. Angiogenesis is a process of formation of blood vessels. Based on the tumors dependency on the blood vessels to supply them with oxygen and nutrients, several anti-angiogenic therapies have been tried and shown to have beneficial anti-tumor effects. More recently, anti-angiogenic treatment appeared to transiently “normalize” disorganized tumor vasculature and therefore to improve the uptake of cytotoxic agents. In the first study, treatment was performed on two tumor models that differ only with regard to the degree of maturation of the vasculature, reflected by different number of pericytes that are the target for anti-PDGF treatment in these tumors. The aim was to study the role of pericyte coverage in protecting endothelial cells from anti-VEGF therapies. In the pericyte-rich tumor model the combination treatment gave a more efficient anti-angiogenic effect. Interestingly, it was only a subset of pericytes that was sensitive for the treatment. In the second paper, the effect of anti-VEGF and anti-PDGF treatment on tumor IFP was measured. IFP is elevated in most solid tumors, which is linked to poor prognosis and higher recurrence rate. Additionally, this serves as a problem in ant-cancer therapies since it makes the uptake of cytotoxic agents inefficient. PDGF is known to actively regulate the IFP by regulating the contractile activity of fibroblasts, while VEGF regulates IFP primarily by affecting vessel leakiness. In the current study, combination of anti-VEGF and anti-PDGF therapies was shown to have an additive effect. However, the timing of administration of inhibitors appeared to be crucial. It was only short, but not long term combination treatment that further reduced IFP as compared to monotherapies. Surprisingly, the additive effect on IFP did not translate into an increased efficiency of chemotherapy when comparing combination treatment with monotherapies. The last paper is a follow up of the first study, where it was shown that combination of anti-VEGF and anti-PDGF treatment affect the tumor vasculature. Here we investigated if the anti-angiogenic effect improves treatment efficiency of a cytotoxic agent. There was a significant effect of the combination of anti-VEGF and anti-PDGF on Taxol treatment efficiency in this Taxol resistant tumor model. However, the mechanism for the treatment effect and the relative contribution of the targeted vasculature in the outcome of the therapy remains to be determined, since tumor cells were also sensitized for Taxol in vitro. In summary, we have shown that targeting of PDGF and VEGF signaling pathways simultaneously affect both vasculature and IFP to a higher extent than monotherapies.