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Journal articles on the topic 'PDM; Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual; psychodynamic education'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Stern, Robert. "Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM)." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 70, no. 10 (2009): 1483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.09bk05461.

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Etnyre, William S. "Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual. PDM Task Force." Clinical Social Work Journal 36, no. 4 (2008): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10615-008-0171-3.

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Ekstrom, Soren. "Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, by PDM Task Force." Journal of Analytical Psychology 52, no. 1 (2007): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5922.2007.00643_2.x.

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Lingiardi, Vittorio, and Nancy McWilliams. "The psychodynamic diagnostic manual - 2nd edition (PDM-2)." World Psychiatry 14, no. 2 (2015): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20233.

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Kecojevic Miljevic, S. "Psychodynamic diagnostic manual in clinical practice-case report." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72732-8.

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Psychodynamic diagnostic manual was created by collaborative work of organisatios in the field of mental health and an authorial group with the aim of supplementing currently valid diagnostic systems ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR. PDM is based on traditional psychoanalytical and psychodynamic concepts of genesis of mental disorders, currently valid diagnostic systems, new insights in the area of neurosciences, as well as on the evaluation of outcomes of different therapeutic approaches. The concept of mental disorders understanding adopted by PDM is bio-psycho-social and it follows a primary course of

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LINGIARDI, Vittorio, and Nancy MCWILLIAMS. "Introduction to the Special Issue on the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, 2nd Edition (Pdm-2): The Pdm: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow." Main Issues Of Pedagogy And Psychology 18, no. 2 (2020): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/miopap.v18i2.377.

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In this introductory essay, we review the development of the second edition of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual. We place the first edition in historical context and note the main responses and critiques of professional colleagues to its publication. We then outline the developing process of this second, comprehensively revised edition. Finally, we preview the contributions to this Special Issue. Overall, we emphasize the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual’s innovative diagnostic framework, designed to assess the depth as well as the surface of patients’ emotional, cognitive, interpersonal, an

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Wallerstein, Robert S. "The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM): Rationale, Conception, and Structure." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 59, no. 1 (2011): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065111402330.

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Hilsenroth, Mark J., Michael Katz, and Annalisa Tanzilli. "Psychotherapy research and the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM–2)." Psychoanalytic Psychology 35, no. 3 (2018): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pap0000207.

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Tanzilli, Annalisa, Guido Giovanardi, Eleonora Patriarca, Vittorio Lingiardi, and Riccardo Williams. "From a Symptom-Based to a Person-Centered Approach in Treating Depressive Disorders in Adolescence: A Clinical Case Formulation Using the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM-2)’s Framework." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (2021): 10127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910127.

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Background: Depressive disorders in adolescence are among the most challenging clinical syndromes to diagnostically identify and treat in psychotherapy. The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, Second Edition (PDM-2) proposes an integration between nomothetic knowledge and an idiographic understanding of adolescent patients suffering from depression to promote a person-centered approach. This single-case study was aimed at describing and discussing the clinical value of an accurate diagnostic assessment within the PDM-2 framework. Method: Albert, a 16-year-old adolescent with a DSM-5 diagnosis of

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Samvel Asatryan, Miopap. "SENSIBLE DIAGNOSES FOR SENSIBLE CLINICIANS: THE NEW EDITION OF THE PSYCHODYNAMIC DIAGNOSTIC MANUAL (PDM-2)." Main Issues Of Pedagogy And Psychology 20, no. 2 (2021): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/miopap.v20i2.407.

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The article analyzes psychodynamic clinical models focused on clinical case formulation and treatment planning, offers practitioners empirically grounded and clinically validated alternatives to such personality maps as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The PDM-2 diagnostic model aims to provide a systematic description of healthy functioning and personality disorders; individual profiles of mental functioning (including patterns of relationships with other people, understanding and expressing feelings, overc

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Lingiardi, Vittorio, and Nancy McWilliams. "Introduction to the special issue on the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, 2nd Edition (PDM-2): The PDM: Yesterday, today, tomorrow." Psychoanalytic Psychology 35, no. 3 (2018): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pap0000188.

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Lingiardi, Vittorio, Nancy McWilliams, Robert F. Bornstein, Francesco Gazzillo, and Robert M. Gordon. "The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual Version 2 (PDM-2): Assessing patients for improved clinical practice and research." Psychoanalytic Psychology 32, no. 1 (2015): 94–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038546.

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Kernberg, Otto F. "Commentary on the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, 2nd Edition: What does the PDM-2 add to the current diagnostic panorama?" Psychoanalytic Psychology 35, no. 3 (2018): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pap0000208.

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Patriarca, Eleonora, Annalisa Tanzilli, Emanuela Brusadelli, Vittorio Lingiardi, and Brin F. S. Grenyer. "A multidimensional assessment of therapeutic outcomes: Toward a Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM-2)-oriented approach to psychotherapy research." Psychoanalytic Psychology 40, no. 2 (2023): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pap0000455.

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Clarkin, John F. "A commentary on “The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual Version 2 (PDM-2): Assessing patents for improved clinical practice and research."." Psychoanalytic Psychology 32, no. 1 (2015): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038575.

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Frances, Allen. "Commentary on the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, 2nd Edition: The PDM-2 as an effort to enhance the psychiatric diagnosis." Psychoanalytic Psychology 35, no. 3 (2018): 296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pap0000189.

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Coleman, Ann. "The Integration of Character Structure and Personality Organization." Clinical Journal of the International Institute for Bioenergetic Analysis 34, no. 1 (2024): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30820/0743-4804-2024-34-55.

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Theories of both Personality Organization (PO) and Bioenergetic Character Analysis (BA) are born from Psychoanalysis. Due to the influence of a medical model of understanding and treating mental health disorders PO and BA have been taught and developed separately. This article explains PO to the Bioenergetic audience, via the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, Second Edition (PDM-2), and proposes a circumplex model for how to integrate the two theories. A psychoanalytic understanding of how people can organize their sense of self in a borderline or psychotic way is described, in contrast to a me

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Kleinsorge, Shasha, and Karen Klein Villa. "Understanding Personality Prototypes in Catholic Religious Vocations." Integratus 3, no. 1 (2025): 30–57. https://doi.org/10.1521/intg.2025.3.1.30.

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In response to the Church's call to incorporate psychological sciences in assessing and guiding religious candidates, we present a psychoanalytic framework for understanding and assessing personality styles in Catholic religious. This perspective proposes several empirically verified personality styles, which need to be known and used for comparison (pattern recognition) purposes when evaluating any individual candidate. Understanding these personality prototypes is useful in addressing the “goodness of fit” discernment question (e.g., Do individual personality styles match the needs of the re

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McWilliams, Nancy, and Vittorio Lingiardi. "Reply to a commentary on “The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual Version 2 (PDM-2): Assessing patients for improved clinical practice and research”." Psychoanalytic Psychology 32, no. 1 (2015): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038530.

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Dunn, Peter B. "Book Review: PSYCHODYNAMIC DIAGNOSTIC MANUAL. By The PDM Task Force. Silver Spring, MD: Alliance of Psychoanalytic Organizations, 2006, 857 pp., $45.00 hardcover, $35.00 paperback." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 56, no. 2 (2008): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065108319735.

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Beirne, Sharon. "Encountering Object Relational Gestalt Therapy as presented by Gilles Delisle." British Gestalt Journal 20, no. 2 (2011): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53667/plkf9888.

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"Abstract: In the context of Gestalt psychotherapy being situated within an evolving psycho- logical therapies profession, I present a discussion, along the lines of an appreciative enquiry, around some of the key concepts and illuminating features of Delisle’s ORGT model, based on Delisle’s delivery of his approach over a two-day workshop I attended in March 2011. Starting from the foundations of Gestalt psychotherapy to current influences, I make reference to some of the strengths and limitations of Gestalt theory and practice highlighted by Delisle, and reflect on the enduring elements of F

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Bouvet, Cyrille. "Le Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) améliore-t-il le Diagnostical and Statistical Manual IV-R (DSM-IV-R) pour la classification des pathologies des adultes ? L’exemple des troubles psychotiques et des personnalités schizoïdes et paranoïdes." L'Évolution Psychiatrique 75, no. 4 (2010): 655–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evopsy.2010.09.001.

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Smith, Kylie M. "Different Places, Different Ideas: Reimagining Practice in American Psychiatric Nursing After World War II." Nursing History Review 26, no. 1 (2018): 17–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.26.1.17.

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AbstractIn 1952, Hildegard Peplau published her textbook Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: A Conceptual Frame of Reference for Psychodynamic Nursing. This was the same year the American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1st ed.; DSM-I; APA). These events occurred in the context of a rapidly changing policy and practice environment in the United States after World War II, where the passing of the National Mental Health Act in 1946 released vast amounts of funding for the establishment of the National Institu

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Gordon, Robert M. "Reactions To The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) By Psychodynamic, CBT And Other Non- Psychodynamic Psychologists." February 16, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7657712.

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The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM Task Force, 2006) was introduced to 192 psychologists as part of either ethics/risk management or MMPI-2 workshops; 65 were psychodynamic, 76 CBT and 51 other non-psychodynamic psychologists (i.e. systems, humanistic/existential, eclectic with no primary preference, etc.). Over all the psychologists gave the PDM a 90% favorable rating. There were no differences between the psychodynamic and other nonpsychodynamic psychologists in their ratings of the PDM. Only the CBT psychologists significantly rated two out of four questions less than the psychodynami

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Gordon, Robert M. "Operationalizing the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual: a Preliminary Study of the Psychodiagnostic Chart (PDC)." March 6, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7657777.

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Operationalizing the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual: A Preliminary Study of the Psychodiagnostic Chart (PDC) 1 Abstract: The Psychodiagnostic Chart (PDC) operationalizes the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) Adult section. We collected 104 PDC cases from 15 psychologists who are MMPI-2 experts. We found very good construct validity when compared to MMPI-2s, the Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile (KAPP) and the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD) Psychic Structure/Mental Functioning Scales. We found very good reliability for the 73cases with a two week test-retest of the PDC. Addit

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Gordon, Robert M. "Do Practitioners Find A Psychodynamic Taxonomy Useful?" November 16, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7657885.

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What do typical practitioners think of a psychodynamic taxonomy? A sample of mental health practitioners from a wide range of educational backgrounds and theoretical orientations (N= 438) were asked to rate the utility of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual’s taxonomy with a recently seen patient. Our survey indicated that the percent rated as “helpful – very helpful” in understanding their patient for each diagnostic taxon were: level of personality organization 75%, personality disorders 62%, mental functioning 67%, and cultural/contextual dimension 41%. Only 30.5% ra

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Aggarwal, Neil Krishan. "Classification, selfhood, and culture in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual." Ethos, September 21, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/etho.12408.

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AbstractFor decades, social scientists have critiqued the construction of knowledge in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). However, they have not conducted research with an alternate classification from psychoanalytic and psychodynamic practitioners known as the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM), which is beginning to disseminate globally. This article analyzes cultural assumptions underpinning the classification rationale, concept of the self, and relationship between culture and mental disorders through close readings of DSM

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Gordon, Robert M. "The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM). In I. Weiner and E. Craighead, (Eds.) Corsini's Encyclopedia of Psychology (4th ed., volume 3, 1312-1315)." June 14, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7657725.

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The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM Task Force, 2006) is the first psychological diagnostic classification system that considers the whole person in various stages of development. A task force of five major psychoanalytic organizations and leading researchers, under the guidance of Stanley I. Greenspan, Nancy McWilliams, and Robert Wallerstein came together to develop the PDM. The resulting nosology goes from the deep structural foundation of personality to the surface symptoms that include the integration of behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and social functioning.

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Lingiardi, Vittorio, Nancy McWilliams, and Laura Muzi. "The contribution of Sidney Blatt's two-polarities model to the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual." Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome 20, no. 1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2017.242.

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This article reviews the theoretical and empirical contributions of Blatt's two-polarities model of personality development and psychopathology to the second edition of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM-2). First, we briefly provide an overview of the manual's main features and describe the guiding principles of the revision process. We then discuss in more detail how Blatt's model, which is focused on the dialectic interaction between anaclitic-introjective and relatedness vs self-definition dimensions in both normal and disrupted personality development, increases the PDM-2's theoreti

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Muzi, Laura, Laura Tieghi, Michele Rugo, and Vittorio Lingiardi. "Eating pathology and Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM-2) diagnostic assessment: Implications for treatment outcomes in a psychodynamic-oriented residential setting." Psychoanalytic Psychology, April 29, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pap0000337.

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Gordon, Robert M. "Construct Validity of the Psychodiagnostic Chart: A Transdiagnostic Measure of Personality Organization, Personality Syndromes, Mental Functioning, and Symptomatology." March 16, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7658428.

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The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM, 2006) was developed to add a contrasting, person-centered perspective to the conceptualization and diagnosis of psychological dysfunction in traditional diagnostic systems (i.e., the International Classification of Diseases, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). In addition to considering symptom patterns (Axis S), the PDM—and its recently updated version, PDM-2 (Lingiardi & McWilliams, 2017)—enables clinicians to describe overall level of personality organization, specific personality patterns and syndromes (

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"Supplemental Material for Eating Pathology and Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM-2) Diagnostic Assessment: Implications for Treatment Outcomes in a Psychodynamic-Oriented Residential Setting." Psychoanalytic Psychology, April 8, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pap0000337.supp.

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Gordon, Robert M. "A Concurrent Validity Study of the PDM-2 Personality Syndromes." June 22, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7657911.

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This study assessed the concurrent validity of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM- 2, APO, 2017) personality syndromes (P Axis) formulation by factor analyzing the countertransference expectation ratings of 412 clinicians of the PDM-2 personality syndromes. This study compared the resulting factor structures of those ratings to some of the leading taxonomies of personality disorders i.e., DSM-5’s three personality clusters; levels of personality organization model of Kernberg (1984); internalizing, externalizing, and borderline-dysregulated personality dimensions of the Shedler-Wes

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Mirabella, Marta, Laura Muzi, Anna Franco, et al. "From symptoms to subjective and bodily experiences: the contribution of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM-2) to diagnosis and treatment monitoring in eating disorders." Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 28, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40519-023-01562-3.

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Abstract Purpose Atheoretical and descriptive conceptualizations of eating disorders (EDs) have faced substantial criticism due to their limited ability to assess patients’ subjective characteristics and experiences, as needed to determine the most appropriate treatment options. The present article provides an overview of the clinical and empirical literature supporting the potential contribution of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM-2) to both diagnostic assessment and treatment monitoring. Methods Following a discussion of the most relevant shortcomings of current diagnostic models of

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Lingiardi, Vittorio, Francesco Gazzillo, Antonello Colli, et al. "Diagnosi e valutazione della personalit alleanza terapeutica e scambio clinico nella ricerca in psicoterapia." Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome 13, no. 2 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2010.36.

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Questo contributo si propone di fornire una breve rassegna delle principali linee di ricerca seguite negli ultimi anni dal gruppo coordinato da Vittorio Lingiardi. Tra queste, ci soffermeremo in particolare su: a) valutazione e diagnosi della personalitÃ con SWAP-200 e PDM (Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual); b) sviluppo e validazione di strumenti clinician-report per operazionalizare l'uso del PDM; c) valutazione dei meccanismi di difesa e degli stili difensivi mediante DMRS e sua versione Q sort; d) studio del processo e della relazione terapeutica (alleanza terapeutica, rotture e riparazioni

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Tanzilli, Annalisa, Flavia Fiorentino, Marianna Liotti, et al. "Patient personality and therapist responses in the psychotherapy of adolescents with depressive disorders: toward the <i>Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual</i> - third edition." Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, March 27, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2024.752.

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Depressive disorders in adolescence pose unique challenges for assessment and treatment, particularly due to their high comorbidity with various personality disorders. Moreover, young depressed patients may elicit very intense and difficult-to-manage emotional responses in therapists (in this context, countertransference). This study aimed at empirically identifying specific personality disorders (or subtypes) among adolescents with depressive pathology and exploring distinct countertransference patterns emerging in their psychotherapy: 100 adolescents (58 with depressive disorders; 42 with ot

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Huprich, Steven K., Callie Jowers, Emily Dowgwillo, Hannah Ethridge, Sharon M. Nelson, and John H. Porcerelli. "Prototype Models of Personality Disorders: Prototype Convergence and Association With Pathological Traits." Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 32, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.70034.

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ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to evaluate whether personality disorder prototypes derived from three different models have similar pathological trait profiles within the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD). Trainee clinicians (N = 329) rated a patient they were currently treating using the Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure, the DSM‐5 hybrid model prototype match (modified from the original prototype DSM‐5 proposal) and the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual prototype match. Correlations among each PD prototype model with the DSM‐5 traits were assessed. Theoretically similar p

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Williams, Riccardo, Flavia Fiorentino, Vittorio Lingiardi, Marta Moselli, Carla Sharp, and Annalisa Tanzilli. "The assessment of pathways towards suicide in adolescent patients: A PDM‐2‐oriented approach." Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, May 14, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/papt.12529.

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AbstractObjectivesIncreasing evidence has supported the mutual relationship between suicidal motivations and personality pathology, especially in adolescence. Distinctive aspects of personality functioning can explain the tendency to resort to suicidal ideation and behaviours, which, in turn, may play a specific role in exacerbating severe impairments in self‐regulation mechanisms that underlie personality pathology.DesignThis study illustrates, through two clinical cases, the clinical utility of using the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual – Second Edition (PDM‐2) to better understand distinct p

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Velasco, Judith, Francisco J. Sanmartín, Fátima Cuadrado, Mario Gálvez-Lara, and Juan A. Moriana. "Beyond DSM and ICD: a comprehensive look at alternative approaches to understanding PTSD." Current Psychology, April 10, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07787-y.

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Abstract Psychopathology, diagnosis, and classification of mental disorders have traditionally been based on a biomedical perspective. With the aim of defining and classifying mental disorders, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) developed two systems that are widely used in the mental health field: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD). However, the limitations of DSM and ICD have led to the development of alternative models, such as the R

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Fortunato, Alexandro, Annalisa Tanzilli, Vittorio Lingiardi, and Anna Maria Speranza. "Psychodiagnostic Chart–Child (PDC–C): a valid and clinically sensitive diagnostic tool for patient-tailored intervention planning." Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome 25, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2022.591.

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The reliable clinical-diagnostic evaluation of child patients is crucial. The present research sought to examine the validity of the Psychodiagnostic Chart – Child (PDC–C) in assessing children’s mental functioning and personality organization, according to the framework of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, Second Edition (PDM–2). A sample of 209 clinicians assessed 209 children (aged 4–11 years) who had been in their care between 2–12 months, using the PDC-C. Each clinician also completed a clinical questionnaire to provide demographic information, the Child Behavior Checklist to evaluate

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Christian, Christopher, Alice Fiorini Bincoletto, Rachele Mariani, Attà Negri, Vittorio Lingiardi, and Annalisa Tanzilli. "Specificities of Mental Functioning and Referential Process in Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Single Case Study Using the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM-2)." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 54, no. 4 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10162-4.

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Rosso, Anna Maria, Cinzia Airaldi, and Andrea Camoirano. "Inter-rater Reliability and Construct Validity of the Lerner Defense Scale in Clinical and Non-clinical Groups." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (September 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708886.

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The current study investigated the inter-rater reliability and the construct validity of the Rorschach Lerner Defense Scale (LDS). In particular, it aimed to explore the inter-rater reliability, analyzing the most frequent coding mistakes in an attempt to improve the coding guidelines, and to investigate the ability of the scale to distinguish between individuals with neurotic-level and borderline-level personality organization, according to the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual-2 (PDM-2), and non-clinical subjects. Eighty clinical subjects and 80 non-clinical ones participated in the study. Amo

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Carone, Nicola, Jacopo Tracchegiani, and Vittorio Lingiardi. "Maternal attachment state of mind and defensive functioning in pregnancy: predicting mother–infant relationship at 6 months through the PDM-2 Infancy and Early Childhood section." Frontiers in Psychology 16 (April 4, 2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1568620.

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BackgroundPregnancy is a period of profound psychological reorganization, marked by increased vulnerability and the reactivation of past attachment experiences. During this transition, maternal attachment states of mind and the ability to regulate emotional distress through unconscious defenses play a crucial role in shaping early mother–infant relationships. Although the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, second edition (PDM-2) was not designed as a parenting manual, it provides a valuable framework for assessing how maternal attachment and defensive functioning influence the mother–infant rela

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Bizzi, Fabiola, Francesca Locati, Laura Parolin, Shmueli Goetz Yael, and Emanuela Brusadelli. "Advancement in the child attachment interview and the child and adolescent reflective functioning scale using a PDM-2 framework: case reports." Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome 25, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2022.586.

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The Child Attachment Interview (CAI) is a well-established semi-structured interview, widely used to identify attachment representations in middle childhood and adolescence. The application of the Child and Adolescent Reflective Functioning Scale (CRFS) to CAI narratives allows for an assessment of child mentalization, considered a strong predictor of attachment security. The 2nd edition of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM-2) includes CAI and CRFS as valid and reliable assessment measures in order to assess the dominion of the Mental Functioning axis. The aim of the present paper is to

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Alimohammadi, Amirali, Seyede Salehe Mortazavi, Mohammad-Kazem Atef-Vahid, and Nazanin Shahbazi. "Psychoanalytic Explanation of Key Personality Traits of Instagram Micro-celebrities: A Qualitative Study." Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 2 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.108666.

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Background: With the growing use of social networks, a large number of studies have investigated their psychological effects. Previous research has demonstrated that virtual networks, especially Instagram, negatively affect users’ mental health and make them vulnerable to mental disorders. However, the studies have been descriptive and provide descriptive statements; hence, they do not contribute to in-depth understanding of such vulnerability. Accordingly, qualitative studies should be conducted to delve into this phenomenon. Objectives: This article aimed to understand the key personality tr

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