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1
Dugan, Frank M. Pink seed of pea. [Pullman, Wash.]: Cooperative Extension, Washington State University, 2003.
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2
North, Helen Mary. Pea seed lipoxygenase variants. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1990.
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3
Corke, Fiona Mary Kathleen. Immunocytochemical investigation of pea seed development. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1988.
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4
Wang, Daowen. A study of the genetic and structural basis of pea seed-borne mosaic virus seed transmission in pea. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1993.
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5
Royal Horticultural Society (Great Britain), ed. Zhong zi zai pei shi yong zhi nan. Taibei Shi: Mao tou ying chu ban she, 2003.
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6
Deppe, Carol. Breed your own vegetable varieties: Popbeans, purple peas, and other innovations from the backyard garden. Boston: Little, Brown, 1992.
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7
James, Robert L. Fungal colonization of residual conifer seedling roots in soil: USDA Forest Service Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, 1999.
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8
James, Robert L. Preplant soil treatment effects on production of bare root bitterbrush seedlings, Lone Peak Conservation Nursery, Draper, Utah. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, Forest Health Protection, 2004.
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9
James, Robert L. An evaluation of the effects of dazomet on soil-borne diseases and conifer seedling production: USDA Forest Service Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, 1999.
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10
Xinyi, Guo, ed. Pei yu meng xiang no zhong zi: Mai xiang cheng gong de sheng huo xi guan = The life-style for a person who cherishes the seed of joyful vision. Taibei Shi: Yi fu wen hua shi ye you xian gong si, 2006.
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11
Burlyaeva, M. O., A. E. Solovyeva, M. A. Nikishkina, E. A. Sergeyev, and N. I. Tikhonova. GRASS PEA (Lathyrus sativus L.) SOURCES MATERIAL FOR BREEDING FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND HIGH-QUALITY COMPOSITION OF SEEDS AND GREEN BIOMASS. Federal Research Center the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/978-5-905954-61-0.
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13
Keller, Karen E. Interactions between pea seed-borne mosaic virus pathotype 1 and Pisum sativum resistance gene sbm-1. 1995.
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14
Deppe, Carol. Breed Your Own Vegetable Varieties: Popbeans, Purple Peas, and Other Innovations from the Backyard Garden. Little Brown & Co (P), 1993.
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15
Kasimor, Kathryn T. Inheritance of resistance to the lentil strain of pea seedborne mosaic virus in Pisum sativum L. 1988.
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16
Dyson, Tim. Medieval to Mughal Times c.1000 to c.1707. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829058.003.0004.
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This chapter considers the period from the onset of major Muslim military advance to Aurangzeb’s death. In general, the population continued to grow slowly and fitfully. We can only speculate about variation in the rate of population growth. The fourteenth-century Black Death perhaps touched parts of the north-west. But there is no evidence of a major demographic collapse. The seventeenth century, the peak period of Mughal rule, was very challenging—for example, in terms of famines and plague. Nevertheless, the population seems to have grown. Analysts have used deficient data, for example on the cultivated land area, to try to estimate the size of India’s population c.1595. Considering previous work, a figure of 125 million seems a reasonable compromise. However, given the inadequate nature of the data, this number is very far from firm. Previous research appears to have overstated the size of Mughal cities and the accompanying level of urbanization.
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de Geus, Eco, Rene van Lien, Melanie Neijts, and Gonneke Willemsen. Genetics of Autonomic Nervous System Activity. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.010.
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Large individual differences in the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) play a key role in risk for cardiovascular disease. This chapter presents an overview of the measurement strategies that can be used to study ANS activity in samples that are sufficiently large to allow genetic analyses. Heart rate variability, in particular, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is identified as the measure of choice to index parasympathetic activity, whereas preejection period (PEP) is the measure of choice to index sympathetic activity. Twin studies have demonstrated significant genetic contributions to resting levels of both RSA (heritability estimates range from 25 to 71 percent) and PEP (heritability estimates range from 48 to 74 percent) and the genetic variance in these traits seems to further increase under conditions of psychological stress. Identifying the genetic variants that influence parasympathetic and sympathetic activity may increase our understanding of the role of the ANS in cardiovascular disease.
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Stearns, Peter N. Modern Patterns in Emotions History. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038051.003.0002.
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This chapter addresses the question of whether or not emotions and emotional standards change when a society moves toward modernity. It seeks to explore the current status of the issue, to indicate promising lines for renewed attention, and to urge greater priority for analysis and discussion. For emotions history, key initial questions involve whether any emotional changes accompanied the onset of greater modernity, and certainly what emotional shifts the changing economic and social structures would generate. The goal here is to relaunch a discussion, inviting contributions from both premodern and modern sides and with a special plea for work that bridges the two.
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SERGEEV, E. A., N. N. ANDREEVA, N. V. VAVKINA, and T. G. ALEKSANDROVA. BITTER VETCH, OR ERVIL (VICIA ERVILIA (L.) WILLD.): EVALUATION OF ACCESSIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENTS OF TAMBOV PROVINCE, RUSSIAN FEDERATION. N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/978-5-907145-74-0.
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The catalogue contains the evaluation data for 267 bitter vetch accessions from the collection held by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), grown in 2010–2016 and 2021 at Yekaterinino Experiment Station of VIR. The study covered bitter vetch accessions of diverse geographic origin from 23 countries. The testing of Vicia ervilia accessions in years with different weather conditions showed the variability of the main agrobiological characteristics in the studied accessions: duration of the growing season, and seed yield per 1 m². The catalogue is addressed to plant breeding experts.
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Schertzer, Robert, and Eric Taylor Woods. The New Nationalism in America and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197547823.001.0001.
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Across the West, there has been a resurgence of ethnic nationalism, populism, and anti-immigrant sentiment—a phenomenon that many commentators have called the “new nationalism.” This book seeks to understand why the bastions of liberalism are proving to be fertile ground for a decidedly illiberal ideology. To do so, it examines three of the most successful exemplars of the new nationalism: Donald Trump in the US, Marine Le Pen in France, and Brexit in the UK. To understand the success of these new nationalists, it looks at the role of white majorities, their cultures, and their histories. Through a careful analysis of the social media campaigns of Trump, Le Pen, and the Brexit campaigners, the book shows how today’s new nationalists are cultivating support from white majorities by drawing from long-standing myths and symbols to construct an image of the nation as an ethnic community. This multidisciplinary approach—combining elements of political science, sociology, history, and communication and media studies—shows how leaders today are updating the historical foundations of ethnic nationalism for the digital age. This analysis helps us see that the success of Trump, Le Pen, and Brexit are only puzzling if we accept the myth that America, France, and Britain are liberal, civic nations. As the book demonstrates, each of these political communities has long been defined by a tradition of ethnic nationalism that continues to shape politics today. In short, the new nationalism is not so new.
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Nielsen, Karen Margrethe. Spicy Food as Cause of Death: Coincidence and Necessity in MetaphysicsΕ 2–3. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805762.003.0008.
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In this paper I consider Aristotle’s argument involving ineluctable causal chains in Metaphysics E 3, and maintain that it seeks to establish the existence of coincidental causes. The thesis that Aristotle targets for refutation is not, as has frequently been assumed, efficient-causal determinism, but rather the view that everything that happens has a per se cause which produces its effects by way of a teleological process. I argue that Aristotle’s endorsement of coincidental causes is compatible with efficient-causal determinism. While eating spicy food is a coincidental cause of dying from violence, there could still be efficient-causal chains leading from eating spicy food to dying in this way. The paper considers the parallel argument in Metaphysics K 8 in support of this interpretation.
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Keshav, Satish, and Alexandra Kent. Chronic diarrhoea. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0029.
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Four to five per cent of the Western population suffers from chronic diarrhoea (defined as the passage of >3 stools per day, for >4 weeks), with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) being the commonest cause in 20–40-year-old patients. It is the commonest reason for referral to secondary care gastroenterology clinics. The list of possible causes of chronic diarrhoea is long but, in the absence of rectal bleeding, loss of weight, or abnormal blood tests, it is unlikely to be due to a serious illness. Laboratory investigations should include serum glucose, electrolytes, renal and liver tests, full blood count, thyroid tests, a coeliac antibody test, C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement to check for systemic inflammation, faecal fat and elastase estimation to check pancreatic exocrine function, faecal microscopy, and culture, although this is insensitive for giardiasis. In young patients with typical features of IBS, these laboratory investigations can be abbreviated to include only glucose, electrolytes, the coeliac antibody test, CRP measurement, and thyroid tests. Endoscopic examination of the large and small intestines is generally only required where there is a suspicion of coeliac disease, chronic giardiasis, microscopic colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, or colorectal cancer. A therapeutic trial of metronidazole for giardiasis is justified where this seems a likely diagnosis.
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Bohlmann, Heinrich, and Rod Crompton. The impact on the South African economy of alternative regulatory arrangements in the petroleum sector. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/910-5.
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This paper adds quantitative analysis to the study by Crompton et al. (2020), in which various alternative regulatory arrangements regarding the petrol price in South Africa were explored. We use a multi-sector dynamic computable general equilibrium model for South Africa to conduct our economic impact analysis. Five scenarios are modelled, first individually to correctly calibrate the shocks, and then cumulatively to find the overall economy-wide effects of the proposed reforms. Under the most comprehensive set of reforms to the determination of petrol prices, which seeks to emulate market forces, the South African economy is seeing substantial benefits. GDP is expected to rise by 0.67 per cent and real wages by over 1.1 per cent relative to the baseline. Refineries are assumed to shrug off reforms targeted at removing pure profits earned via the import parity price (Basic Fuel Price) methodology by accepting a slightly lower rate of return, enabling them to meet the expected increase in demand for petrol on the back of the lower consumer prices achieved via the reforms. Whilst job losses at fuel service stations may be expected as a result of reduced revenues and margins, increased activity and job opportunities in the rest of the economy, facilitated through cheaper trade and transport margins, will more than offset those losses.
24
Mitchell Sommers, Susan. The College for Instruction in Elementary Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687328.003.0005.
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Ebenezer Sibly returned to London in 1787–90. He followed many enthusiasms, trying to make his interests turn a quick profit. “Quick” seems to have been the operative term—he displays very little patience, flitting from one money-making scheme to the next. None were very successful. In 1788, Sibly joined John Bell, a mesmerist, and Stephen Freeman, a quack doctor, in a failed attempt to set up a school for esotericism. Sibly continued to work on the “numbers” of his work on astrology, perfecting his technique as a plagiarist. He used this skill to publish yet another revival of Nicholas Culpeper’s popular The English Physician. Thus, by 1789 it becomes apparent that Sibly had changed direction: no longer an astrologer per se, he took a series of very deliberate steps to become a quack doctor.
25
Oldrup, Helene, and Signe Frederiksen. Are the Children of Prisoners Socially Excluded? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810087.003.0007.
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This chapter seeks to build on and extend the increasingly child-oriented perspective on prisoners’ children. It does so by focusing on the social exclusion experienced by this particular group of children, as social relationships are crucial to child well-being. The study is set in Denmark, where it is estimated that five to six per cent of every birth cohort experiences parental imprisonment during childhood and that the share of children facing this strain is similar to that of children taken into care or living in poverty. Thus, the chapter examines whether the child is socially excluded from important relationships in children’s lives, and less on the child’s encounter with the criminal justice system. This is done not only by adopting a child-centred perspective, but also by using children as informants in a survey from a representative sample of Danish children of prisoners.
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Taber-Thomas, Bradley, and Koraly Pérez-Edgar. Emerging Adulthood Brain Development. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.15.
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Emerging adulthood (EA) is marked by a prolonged developmental transition to adulthood, dynamic personal and environmental circumstances, and unique patterns of vulnerability to psychological dysfunction. Neurodevelopment in childhood and adolescence has been studied extensively, but EA has not yet received its due attention from developmental cognitive neuroscience. The existing evidence shows that neurodevelopment continues throughout EA in support of emerging adult roles. The data suggest a frontolimbic fine-tuning model of brain development in EA that holds that adult functions are promoted through the strengthening of prefrontal regulation of limbic function and a newly emerging balance between prefrontal subregions involved in modulating approach and avoidance. Considering the overlap between these neurodevelopmental processes and the peak incidence of numerous psychological disorders in EA, it seems that individual differences in the dynamics of emerging adulthood neurodevelopment may not only underlie differences in functioning, but also risk for psychological disorder.
27
Boyle, Katherine. The zooarchaeology of complexity and specialization during the Upper Palaeolithic in Western Europe. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.2.
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Over the last twenty years attempts have been made to determine the nature of Upper Palaeolithic hunting specialization. This chapter traces assemblage structural ‘specialization’, where faunal assemblages are dominated by a single species, vs ‘diversity’, in which all recorded species are well represented, between 45,000 and 10,000 bp (Châtelperronian to Azilian), and demonstrates regularity in the archaeozoological record. It moves away from the assumption that assemblages with at least 90% of bones attributable to a single species result from specialized hunting strategies, and seeks explanations for patterns of diversification. The study also deals with the Late Glacial Maximum with its narrowing resource base and the Magdalenian of southwest France, when specialized reindeer hunting is traditionally considered of paramount importance. The chapter uses measures of diversity and evenness to quantify variation observed through time, highlighting a peak in single-species exploitation during the Middle Upper Palaeolithic. Finally, interpretations are offered for future consideration.
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Conway, Stephen. Ambitions and Opportunities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808701.003.0004.
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This chapter tries to explain why continental Europeans wanted to take up the opportunities that the British Empire presented. Two main motives operated. The first was religion; the second the desire for personal and familial advancement. Successive sections of the chapter consider these two spurs to foreign involvement, with some attention being given to a third, more difficult to assess—sexual opportunity. The final part seeks to account for the particular lure of the mid- to late-eighteenth-century British Empire. It was not the only option, either for the British and Irish, or other Europeans. So why did so many continental Europeans gravitate towards the British Empire? While its growing strength excited some hostile reactions from continental commentators, who thought that the British were becoming too powerful and needed to be brought down a peg or two, to others the expansion of British territories and influence merely made the attraction greater.
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Keshav, Satish, and Alexandra Kent. Gastrointestinal tumours. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0204.
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Gastrointestinal (GI) tumours can affect any part of the GI tract, and colorectal cancer is the most common. Throughout the GI tract, chronic inflammation seems to promote the development of neoplasia: for example, chronic reflux oesophagitis is linked to oesophageal adenocarcinoma; chronic Helicobacter pylori infection is linked to gastric cancer; chronic pancreatitis is linked to pancreatic cancer; cirrhosis is linked to hepatocellular cancer; chronic biliary inflammation is linked to cholangiocarcinoma; untreated coeliac disease is linked to intestinal lymphoma; and chronic inflammatory bowel disease is linked to colorectal cancer. Symptoms depend on the location of the tumour, and occur as a result of local anatomical disruption, with consequent functional consequences and, less frequently, as a result of hormonal, metabolic, and immune effects. Weight loss is a common symptom seen in the gastroenterology outpatient clinic, given the high overall incidence of GI tumours. Often, the associated symptoms will direct the doctor to the site of a possible underlying cancer. Anaemia is another non-specific finding with a strong association with luminal cancers. Patients with anaemia with or without weight loss will normally undergo upper and lower GI investigations, usually via oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy (either CT or endoscopic colonoscopy). In tumours that are difficult to identify or assess the malignant potential, PET scanning can provide a large amount of information. PET scanning is a nuclear medicine scanning technique that utilizes 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which is taken up by metabolically active tissue. When combined with CT scanning it can provide information about both anatomical and metabolic activity. FDG is rapidly taken up by malignant tumours and, as a result, is often used for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring response in cancers.
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Narang, Gopi Chand. The Urdu Ghazal. Translated by Surinder Deol. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190120795.001.0001.
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The Urdu ghazal is a marvel of the magnetic dynamism of husn o i’shq filled with innovative imagery. It is a celebration of life and love in an ambiance of pure ecstasy. It has a profound capacity for joy as well as pain. It is the soul of Urdu verse and the play of creativity at its peak. No other poetic genre is as innately musical as the ghazal. The book presents unique flowering of the Urdu ghazal as a by-product of India’s composite culture that evolved from intermixing of Indian and foreign value systems. This never-before narrated story of the evolution of the Urdu ghazal is documented in eight chapters divided into three parts. It explores a variety of influences, including Sufism, Bhakti movement, and infusion of Rekhta and Persian languages and culture. The book explains classical ghazal forms that blossomed from the seeds sown by Amir Khusrau in the fourteenth century to great heights of literary excellence achieved during the next 300, notably in the works of great poets like Mir and Ghalib. Different socio-political and cultural demands of changing times are expounded towards the end, primarily how the ghazal provided new creative models to deal with literary movements like progressivism, modernism, and postmodernism. This book includes samples of works of thematically related poets. It also covers works of twentieth-century pioneering innovators like Firaq Gorakhpuri and Faiz Ahmed Faiz, and postmoderns like Gulzar and Javed Akhtar.
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Webb, Mark, ed. Australian Native Plants. CSIRO Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643106994.
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Australian Native Plants provides a comprehensive guide to the horticulture of our native plants. Based on nearly 50 years of experience at Kings Park and Botanic Garden in Perth, the book describes the necessary growing conditions for mainly Western Australian native plants and covers some of the more technical aspects such as plant propagation and grafting, the use and benefits of tissue culture, methods of seed collection and storage, and the role of smoke in improving germination.
Western Australia is home to about five per cent of the world’s vascular plants and contains Australia’s only terrestrial ‘biodiversity hotspot’. Written by experts with an in-depth knowledge of how to grow these plants outside their natural habitat, Australian Native Plants provides the more technically minded professional or enthusiast with information based on decades of research, experimentation and application. It aims to encourage the growing of Australian plants so that they can be used more widely and contribute to interesting, attractive and diverse private gardens and public landscapes in a changing environment.
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Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. The Netherlands: Not Quite the First Modern Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0006.
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In this chapter, we look at four cases: Genoa, Venice, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Genoa, Venice, and Portugal acted as transitional agents over a five- to six-hundred-year period, creating sea power and trading regimes to move Asian commodities and innovations to and from European markets. While Genoa and Venice were primarily Mediterranean-centric, Portugal led the breakthrough from the constraints of the inland sea and inaugurated Europe’s Atlantic focus. None of these actors possessed the power of China nor subsequent global actors, but for their age, they were critical technological leaders, providing a technological bridge from the eastern zone of Eurasia to the western zone. The Netherlands fits into this narrative by combining Baltic and Atlantic activities to construct a European trade regime that greatly overshadowed the earlier transitional efforts. Buttressed by the development of agrarian and industrial technology and a heavy reliance on peat and wind as energy sources, the Dutch case seems idiosyncratic. Most critically, its energy transition was only partial. Although the Netherlands made clear advances in some power-driven machinery and technological innovation , the heat and energy that were expended remained constrained by the inherent limitations of the energy sources.
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Hale-Dorrell, Aaron T. Corn Crusade. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190644673.001.0001.
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Almost everyone has long misinterpreted Nikita Khrushchev’s ten-year crusade to propagate the cultivation of corn, a crop important across the globe but previously rare across the vast, environmentally diverse Soviet Union. Launched in 1953, this campaign comprised a large part of the new leadership’s efforts to remedy agrarian crises inherited from Iosif Stalin. Khrushchev pressured collective and state farms to increase plantings of corn from an insignificant proportion of their crops to a peak of nearly 20 percent. Expected to feed livestock that were to yield meat and dairy products, corn promised to enrich citizens’ meager, monotonous diets and thereby make good on Khrushchev’s infamous pledges that the Soviet Union was soon to “catch up to and surpass America” in the Cold War “peaceful competition” between communism and capitalism. Echoing Khrushchev’s former comrades, who denounced corn as “harebrained scheming” when ousting him in 1964, scholars have ridiculed it as “an irrational obsession.” Newly available archival documents reveal a more complex and interesting story of how Khrushchev borrowed industrial-farming methods from the United States. Following experts’ advice, he believed that hybrid seeds, machines, agronomy, and other technologies constituting the global trends in farming technology promised even greater increases in productivity under conditions found in the Soviet Union. Yet Khrushchev’s programs achieved only partial success because they could not overcome the entrenched interests, bureaucratic inertia, and competing priorities that encouraged government officials, local authorities, and farmworkers to disregard methods required to grow even modest harvests, let alone the bumper crops that Khrushchev envisioned.
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Weems, Robert E. The Merchant Prince of Black Chicago. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043062.001.0001.
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Anthony Overton is widely regarded as one of the twentieth century’s most significant African American entrepreneurs. Overton, at his peak, presided over a Chicago-based financial empire that included a personal care products company (Overton Hygienic Manufacturing Company) a bank (Douglass National Bank), an insurance company (Victory Life Insurance Company) a popular periodical (the Half-Century Magazine), and a newspaper (Chicago Bee). This impressive business portfolio contributed to Overton being the first businessman to win the NAACP’s Spingarn Medal in 1927, as well as him currently being acknowledged in the Harvard University Business School’s database of “American Business Leaders of the Twentieth Century” as the first African American to head a major business conglomerate. Nevertheless, despite Overton’s noteworthy entrepreneurial accomplishments, he remains a mysterious figure. The most readily apparent reason for this is the unavailability of his business records and personal papers. Still, because of Anthony Overton’s prominence, a large body of scattered alternative primary and secondary sources were available to construct this biography. Along with examining Anthony Overton and his accomplishments, this book places his activities in the context of larger societal occurrences in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America. Moreover, by recounting Overton’s life story, this biography seeks to more fully illuminate the role of business and entrepreneurship in the African American experience.
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Taking Stock of Global Democratic Trends Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.66.
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This GSoD In Focus provides a brief overview of the global state of democracy at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy globally in 2020. Key findings include: • To address the COVID-19 pandemic, starting in March 2020, more than half the countries in the world (59 per cent) had declared a national state of emergency (SoE), enabling them to take drastic temporary (and in most cases necessary) measures to fight the pandemic. These measures have included in most cases temporarily curbing basic civil liberties, such as freedom of assembly and movement, and in some cases postponing elections. • International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights finds that more than half the countries in the world (61 per cent) had, by the end of November 2020, implemented measures to curb COVID-19 that were concerning from a democracy and human rights perspective. These violated democratic standards because they were either disproportionate, illegal, indefinite or unnecessary in relation to the health threat. • Concerning developments have been more common in countries that were already non-democratic prior to the pandemic (90 per cent) and less common, although still quite widespread, in democracies (43 per cent). • The democracies that have implemented democratically concerning measures are those that were already ailing before the pandemic. More than two-thirds were democracies that were either backsliding, eroding or weak prior to the pandemic. • Almost a year since the first outbreak of COVID-19, the pandemic seems to have deepened autocratization in most of the countries that were already non-democratic. However, in at least 3 of those countries (Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand), the pandemic has also tapped into existing simmering citizen discontent and may have been the tipping point in unleashing massive protest waves demanding democratic reform. The pandemic has also seemingly deepened democratic backsliding processes and exposed the democratic weakness and fragility of new or re-transitioned democracies (Malaysia, Mali, Myanmar, Sri Lanka). In a few cases, the pandemic has also exposed countries that showed no apparent sign of democratically ailing prior to the pandemic, but where concerning democratic developments have occurred during the pandemic and which risk seeing a significant deterioration in their democratic quality as a result (i.e. Argentina, El Salvador). • The aspects of democracy that have seen the most concerning developments during the pandemic are freedom of expression, media integrity, and personal integrity and security. However, the freedoms that have been restricted across most countries are freedom of movement and assembly. Another core democratic process that has been heavily affected by the pandemic is the electoral, with half the elections scheduled between February and December 2020 postponed due to the pandemic. • The pandemic has also shown democracy’s resilience and capacity for renovation. Innovation through accelerated digitalization has occurred across most regions of the world. And democratic institutions, such as parliaments, courts, electoral commissions, political parties, media and civil society actors, have fought back against attempts at executive overreach and democratic trampling or collaborated to ensure effective responses to the pandemic. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.
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Ramakrishna, Kumar. Extremist Islam. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197610961.001.0001.
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This book seeks to understand why, despite almost two decades of strong law enforcement and security force pressure since the October 2002 Bali terror attacks, terrorist networks in Southeast Asia motivated by violent extremist interpretations of Islam remain resilient and dangerous. Arguing that focusing on the physical threat posed by terrorism has failed to address the totality of the problem, the book—through detailed case studies of four Southeast Asian extremists—encourages a shift away from the threat groups themselves, to a focus on the wider ideological ecosystems of closely interlocking persons, places, and platforms that sustain such groups and their acolytes. Challenging controversial notions that Islam per se is a “religion of violence,” the book argues that the theological-ideological amalgam of what has been called “Salafabism” is the more useful lens for recognizing closed-minded extremist currents in Islam. It argues that supposedly nonviolent, soft Salafabist Islamists do not actually counter, but complement and potentially sustain, violent hard Salafabist, Salafi Jihadis—because both constituencies share a common extremist ideological DNA. That said, the book carefully distinguishes between relatively open-minded Salafabist radicals—whom governments and civil societies can co-opt and embrace—and the system-subverting, closed-minded Salafabist extremists of the aforementioned soft and hard varieties, who should rightly attract policy concern. The book concludes by outlining a comprehensive strategy for promoting theologically sound yet culturally authentic alternative narratives to Salafabist extremism—thereby defending the complex, richly textured tapestry of the moderate Islam Nusantara of Southeast Asia.
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2030 Agenda for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Look from the Human Rights Perspective. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275121115.
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This document was inspired by the need to promote comprehensive actions in the management of water and sanitation services with a human rights focus within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) related to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean; in addition, it ratifies the results reported in a PAHO study (2016) on the profound inequalities between urban and rural areas in access to water and sewage services, and the correlation with characteristics such as gender, age, income, education, among others. This report assumed this challenge using a methodology based on the Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation (HRWS) analytical framework. This report seeks to provide the most up-to-date overview of the SDG targets 6.1 and 6.2 situation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Besides outlining the general situation of countries, it presents some elements regarding human rights and the targets 6.1 and 6.2 that have been neglected in the initial monitoring of the 2030 Agenda, above all, the dimensions of inequality and affordability. This report presents four case studies, one per sub-regional block, with a more detailed characterization of the national and subnational situations of Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. The results of this study show that a significant proportion of the Latin American and Caribbean population still lacks adequate access to water and sanitation services. Only 65% of the population has access to safely managed water services, a percentage lower than that reported worldwide, which is 71%. With regard to safely managed sanitation services, the situation is even more critical, with an access level of 39% worldwide being reported, compared to 22% in our Region.
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Voinescu, Alexandra, Nadia Wasi Iqbal, and Kevin J. Martin. Management of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0118_update_001.
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In all patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–5, regular monitoring of serum markers of CKD-mineral and bone disorder, including calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and alkaline phosphatase, is recommended. Target ranges for these markers are endorsed by guidelines. The principles of therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism include control of hyperphosphataemia, correction of hypocalcaemia, use of vitamin D sterols, use of calcimimetics, and parathyroidectomy. of hyperphosphataemia is crucial and may be achieved by means of dietary P restriction, use of P binders, and P removal by dialysis. Dietary P restriction requires caution, as it may be associated with protein malnutrition. Aluminium salts are effective P binders, but they are not recommended for long-term use, as Aluminium toxicity (though from contaminated dialysis water rather than oral intake) may cause cognitive impairment, osteomalacia, refractory microcytic anaemia, and myopathy. Ca-based P binders are also quite effective, but should be avoided in patients with hypercalcaemia, vascular calcifications, or persistently low PTH levels. Non-aluminium, non-Ca binders, like sevelamer and lanthanum carbonate, may be more adequate for such patients; however, they are expensive and may have several side effects. Furthermore, comparative trials have failed so far to provide conclusive evidence on the superiority of these newer P binders over Ca-based binders in terms of preventing vascular calcifications, bone abnormalities, and mortality. P removal is about 1800–2700 mg per week with conventional thrice-weekly haemodialysis, but may be increased by using haemodiafiltration or intensified regimens, such as short daily, extended daily or three times weekly nocturnal haemodialysis. Several vitamin D derivatives are currently used for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In comparison with the natural form calcitriol, the vitamin D analogue paricalcitol seems to be more fast-acting and less prone to induce hypercalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia, but whether these advantages translate into better clinical outcomes is unknown. Calcimimetics such as cinacalcet can significantly reduce PTH, Ca, and P levels, but they have failed to definitively prove any benefits in terms of mortality and cardiovascular events in dialysis patients. Parathyroidectomy is often indicated in CKD patients with severe persistent hyperparathyroidism, refractory to aggressive medical treatment with vitamin D analogues and/or calcimimetics. This procedure usually leads to rapid improvements in biochemical markers (i.e. significant lowering of serum Ca, P, and PTH) and clinical manifestations (such as pruritus and bone pain); however, the long-term benefits are still unclear.
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Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.
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Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.
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Hegetschweiler, Tessa, Boris Salak, Anne C. Wunderlich, Nicole Bauer, and Marcel Hunziker. Das Verhältnis der Schweizer Bevölkerung zum Wald. Waldmonitoring soziokulturell WaMos3. Ergebnisse der nationalen Umfrage. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55419/wsl:29973.
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The relationship of the Swiss population to the forest has been investigated in surveys since 1978, and in 1997 for the first time as part of the so-called “Sociocultural forest monitoring” or “Waldmonitoring soziokulturell” WaMos. This report describes the results of the national Wa- Mos3 survey 2020. The online panel of the market research institute LINK was used for the sur- vey. In addition to the representative survey of the adult population, a sample of 156 adolescents was also interviewed. The self-assessed level of information on forest topics has declined since WaMos2 (2010), with older people feeling better informed than younger people. The level of knowledge regarding the increase in forest area in Switzerland and the management of mountain forests for protection against natural hazards is also lower among younger people than among older ones. Today, the population attributes greater importance to most forest functions for society than in WaMos2. In particular, the ecological function, the production function and the recreational function have gained importance. More people than in WaMos2 (2010) assume that forest health has deteriorated. Changes due to climate change, such as drought damage, are perceived by the population. The majority of the population is in favour of active forest management for climate adaptation. With regard to the ecological function of the forest, most people know that biodiversity has decreased. Accor- dingly, the acceptance of forest reserves is high, as is that of large carnivores. Climate change, the expansion of settlements, introduced animal and plant species and pests are seen as the greatest threats to the forest. Great importance is attached to the protective function of the forest. Nevertheless, knowledge about the interrelation between the management and the pro- tective function of mountain forests is declining. In principle, the population is satisfied with the management of the most frequently visited forest. The felling of trees and closing of roads for logging are well accepted by the population. Leaving branches lying on the ground after logging is controversial, and is either well accepted or not accepted at all. Sustainability criteria have gained in importance when purchasing timber products. In terms of forest preferences, the population likes mixed forests best. The presence of a shrub layer is better liked than in WaMos2 (2010) and the liking of deadwood is also increasing at a low level. However, recreational infrastructure is valued less and less. For the first time, forest photos were also presented to the respondents for assessment. It turns out that already existing forest preferences, motives for visiting the forest, the importance of the forest in childhood and the language region have an influence on visual attractiveness of forest. Forest characteristics such as visibility range, shrub layer cover and cover of berry bushes, stage of stand development, stand structure and the presence of deadwood also have an influence. In order to get a picture of which forests people visit, they were asked to mark the forest they visit most often on a map using PPGIS. Local recreation dominates; the densest cloud of points is found where Switzerland is most densely populated. As always, most people go to the forest frequently. The most frequently cited motives for visiting the forest are “experiencing nature”, “enjoying fresh air” and “escaping from everyday life”. Adolescents go to the forest less often. Their activities in the forest are dominated by barbecues/bonfires/parties, jogging and sports in general. Satisfaction with forest visits has decreased at a high level compared to 2010. Forest attractiveness is rated lower, the visit to the forest is perceived as less restorative and the per- ceived disturbances are increasing. In sum, the Swiss population highly values the forest, as a recreational area, but also in particu- lar as a habitat for plants and animals. Ecological awareness seems to have risen again in the last 10 years, and with it concerns about the state of the forest and biodiversity. On the other hand, satisfaction with forest recreation – at a high level – has somewhat declined.