Journal articles on the topic 'Peace medal'

The results of the study of electronic resources «Great deed of the people in 1941–1945», «Memory of the people in 1941–1945» of presentation for the award and awarding of medical officers with Navy medals during the Great Patriotic War have been considered. Two unique cases of awarding medical officers with the Order of Nakhimov have been described. It is shown that holders of award A. I. Katkov and A. G. Shishov greatly contribute to national med-icine due to their work in time of peace and war.

Baron Pierre de Coubertin purported to follow the traditions of the ancient Olympic Games, but adapted them to fit his own political, social, and sporting conceptions. From their very beginning, the modern Games have had aspirations that have extended beyond sport. After brief comments on corruption, philosophy of life, and spectacle, this essay examines the Olympic Games in terms of amateurism and professionalism; winning and the joy of participation; nationalism and ultra-nationalism; the medal count; war, violence, and peace; performance-enhancing drugs; women and minorities; and the Americanization of the Games.

The Kazan branch of the Red Cross medical nurses was established in 1886. Its’ purpose was to professionally train women for further care for wounded soldiers at wartime, and for civil population care in hospitals at peace-time. The Kazan branch of medical nurses had started with a six students living in a shared flat. It was reported to the local Red Cross branch and was funded by it. All theoretical and practical classes were held according to the studying plan approved by the Russian National Federation of Red Cross on February 19th, 1882. After graduation all nurses were obliged to work as a nurse for at least two years, and to arrive to the Red Cross branch in case of war to be sent for military service. Nurses could also care for patients in private houses for a pay. Nurses were patient and zealous caring for ill and wounded, which wasn’t an easy job, indicating a true love and willingness for care among medical nurses. A selfless activity of medical nurses during a wartime, starvation and epidemics improved the image of a medical nurse and attracted community’s attention. During the plague and cholera epidemics in 1889-1892 15 nurses of the Kazan branch of the Red Cross were granted the medal for diligence. By the beginning of the XX century a skilled service of nursing care has been formed in the Kazan Province, becoming a prototype of modern nursery practice.

Professor Semyon Semyonovich Girgolav was born on February 2 (14), 1881 in Tiflis (Tbilisi) in a large family of the hereditary honorary citizen of St. Petersburg Semyon Gavrilovich Girgolav. In 1899, he graduated from the Second St. Petersburg Classical Gymnasium with a silver medal and immediately entered the Imperial Military Medical Academy, from which he graduated with honors in 1904. Under the guidance of M. S. Subbotin, S. S. Girgolav prepared and in 1907 successfully defended his doctoral dissertation «Experimental data on the use of an isolated omentum in abdominal surgery». In 1912, Semyon Semyonovich was elected by the Conference of the Academy as a privatdozent of the general surgery clinic, and in 1914, he was confirmed as a senior assistant of the clinic. In the 1920/21 academic year, S. S. Girgolav introduced mandatory practical classes in general surgery for the first time in our country, where students studied and mastered the methods of asepsis and antiseptics, mastered the methods of examining patients with surgical diseases, methods of applying various bandages and transportation splints, techniques for temporary hemostasis, etc. In 1932, Semyon Semyonovich was appointed Deputy Director for the scientific part of the Leningrad Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (now the Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics named after R. R. Vreden). In the pre-war years, the main direction of scientific research of S. S. Girgolav and his staff in the hospital surgery clinic was the study of the regularities of the wound process and wound healing in surgical pathology. S. S. Girgolav applied much efforts and energy to the problems of traumatology. He developed the technique of a number of original surgical operations for acute fractures of long bones, the habitual dislocation of the shoulder joint. Semyon Semyonovich’s scientific heritage is great and multifaceted. He has published more than 140 scientific papers on general, military and thoracic surgery, traumatology, neurosurgery, surgical endocrinology and oncology, combustiology, pathology and therapy of frostbites and burns. Under the supervision of S. S. Girgolav, more than 20 doctoral and 45 candidate theses were prepared and defended. For outstanding services to the Motherland in peace and war, S. S. Girgolav was awarded two Orders of Lenin, three Orders of the Red Banner, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the Order of the Red Star, many medals and badges of honour. Academician Semyon Semyonovich Girgolav died on January 25, 1957 in Leningrad and was buried at the Bogoslovskoe Cemetery.

This study aims to describe how the implementation of traditional Javanese game models in shaping the social character of children in Perwanis Medan Kindergarten as well as describing what social characters are produced from traditional Javanese games (hide and seek, congklak, crank, and cublak-cublak suweng). This research is a type of qualitative descriptive study, with research subjects namely the school principal, teacher, school committee, and several children at TK Perwanis Medan. Data collection techniques used in the form of; observation, interview and documentation. Analysis of the data used in the form of descriptive analysis, which includes three pathways namely; data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The conclusion obtained is that the implementation of social character formation through traditional games has been going well and optimally, while the indications of each of the basic elements of social character education, including: moral knowing (moral knowledge), moral feeling (feelings about morals), and moral action ( moral action). In addition, the social character contained in every traditional Javanese game, among others: 1) Plot Umpet; honest, love peace, discipline, tolerance, hard work, curiosity, love of the motherland, and responsibility. 2) Congklak; honest, tolerance, discipline, creative, communicative, peace-loving, and responsibility. 3) Engklek; honest, discipline, love the motherland, hard work, and love peace. 4) Suweng sub-sub-groups; honest, hard work, curiosity, and love peace.

The house of worship become an interesting phenomena among the religion community, in recent years. The minority tends very hard to build their houses of worship. This paper aims to describe that houses of worship become battle area among the reliogion community. Seven cases of houses of worship in East Kalimantan are best example for that symbolic battle. Not only between two different religion community but also the same religion community.This paper explains that houses of worship become battle area among the reliogion community was caused by; 1) houses of worship is well known as symbolic and artificial. Not just for pure worship for sure. 2). Syndrome of majority. The majority reject to live side by side in peace. 3). Those people are not ready to live together in multicultural area.

Findings on metal research show an action-oriented, socially competent and less stressed community, opposing the assumption that metal reduces well-being and induces depression. Our study aimed to investigate the stress-reducing effects of metal for its fans and if this is influencing power experience. The idea is based on findings that indicate positive psychological and physical effects of music in general as well as the stress-reducing effects found for open, expansive gestures (e.g. ‘Metal gestures’). After stress was raised, participants listened either to metal or to classical music. While music was played, movements of half of the participants were blocked, thus, metal gestures were not possible. Metal music led to stress reduction of such blocked movements while classical music was found only to reduce stress when movements were not blocked. Stress reduction predicted the experience of power, but metal music and movements did not.

The article presents a comparative political analysis of peace journalism during the end of the Thirty Years’ War and the first decades of the Age of Enlightenment. The author believes that the Early Modern Period became the first peak of peace journalism, and peace congresses were the highest point of international
 communication. The Thirty Years’ War was the first religious-political conflict, during
 which information on military events, both officially propaganda and oppositional
 one, was spread throughout the continent. The article notes that it was peace
 journalism that gave the name to this long and destructive European war. Almost
 half a century later, from peace congresses in Ryswick (1697), and in Utrecht
 (1713), a new «medial type» appeared, which purpose was to periodically familiarize
 European society with the development of the negotiation process and comment
 on the events taking place. To convey events to the reading public and for propaganda
 the activities of sovereigns and governments, materials of peace congresses
 began to be published shortly after their conclusion.
 In general, by the Age of Enlightenment, the peace press had obviously changed, new international publications appeared, peace projects had been created, and the periodicals became more open and full of discussion. Many years of the
 conflict had contributed to the growing perception of Europe as an international
 community, and performative nature and congress journalism emphasized European character of peace and the protopatriotic moods evoked by the concept «Europe ». The author comes to the conclusion that the peace journalism of the studied period was a form of communication that perfectly reflected the contradictions and
 transformations in European society before, during and after the conclusion of
 peace, and, in general political terms, the developed the function of «enter» that characterized the subject political culture. It was like an indicator showing the level of political competition and helped contemporaries and descendants to look at the ongoing international transformations objectively.

The formation of the first state system in Europe took place from the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, as a result of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), to the Utrecht (1713), Rastatt-Baden (1714) and Nystad Congresses (1721) which finished the end of the war of the Spanish Succession and the Northern war. The legal fixation of the Westphallian system was accompanied by its public perception and acceptance. First of all, this was demonstrated by International Congresses, which were not only a common negotiation process, but also a place of representation of the significance and culture of each state. In fact, the European Congress was a carefully designed triumph of Рeace within the continent, which required considerable funds, was widely covered in the press and glorified in celebrations, paintings, plastic art, release of commemorative medals, poetry and even fashion. The article presents the most striking examples of iconography of Peace Congresses. The author believes that their performative nature and iconography, emphasizing the European character of Peace and the protopatriotic moods that it evoked, made a significant contribution to the civilization heritage of Europe.

The roles of genetic makeup and `orchard environment' on fruit skin discoloration (SD) were studied on peaches and nectarines. Our data showed that the SD incidence (SDI) varied among cultivars in the same orchard and orchards with the same cultivar. Differences in SD susceptibility were examined on whole fruit and skin disks by using SD-inducing treatments including combinations of physical injury and dipping in different solutions (pH, and metal ions). High SDI was associated with physical injury, high pH, and high metal ion concentration. With the exception of N, the amount of macro- and micronutrients in unwashed fruit skin was not correlated with the SDI. Preharvest sprays influenced the SDI. The peach variety with the highest SDI had the highest total soluble phenols. Total soluble phenols and anthocyanins, however, did not show a strong relationship with the SDI among all cultivars studied. Lack of correlation with total soluble phenols does not exclude the possibility that SD may relate to specific phenol(s).

There exists serious heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils in China. It is not only time- and labor-intensive to monitor soil contamination, but it also has limited scope when using conventional chemical methods. However, the method of the heavy metal monitoring of soil based on vegetation hyperspectral technology can break through the vegetation barrier and obtain the heavy metal content quickly over large areas. This paper discusses a highly accurate method for predicting the soil heavy metal content using hyperspectral techniques. We collected leaf hyperspectral data outdoors, and also collected soil samples to obtain heavy metal content data using chemical analysis. The prediction model for heavy metal content was developed using a difference spectral index, which was not highly satisfactory. Subsequently, the five factors that have a strong influence on the content of heavy metals were analyzed to determine multiple regression models for the elements As, Pb, and Cd. The results showed that the multiple regression model could better estimate the heavy metal content with stable fitting that has high prediction accuracy compared with the linear model. The results of this research provide a scientific basis and technical support for the hyperspectral inversion of the soil heavy metal content.

The implementation of the Community Partnership Program (PKM) aims to provide guidance and assistance to partners of micro handicraft entrepreneurs in implementing and implementing internet marketing as a means of business promotion to improve competitiveness and be able to manage business management that has an impact on expanding market aspects. This PKM program is held in 12 (twelve) months. The stages in implementing this PKM begin with Preparation, Direct Practice, Self-training, Implementation, Evaluation, and Development. The approach method used is the Learning Needs Based Method, Learning Goals and Objective, and Participant Center. The results achieved at this PKM are that Partners already have an Online Shop Website, scientific publications in community service journals, Publications on mass media / online, increased understanding, and business management skills and internet marketing, increased competitiveness, increased science, and technology in society and improved governance community value in the form of peace.

Sectarian violence continues in Iraq affecting regional and world security. Neuroscience techniques are used to assess the mentalizing process and counter-arguing in response to videos designed to prevent extremist radicalization. Measurement of neural activity in brain Regions of Interest (ROI) assists identification of messages which can promote favorable behavior. Activation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) is associated with message adoption and behavior change. Public Service Announcements (PSAs) have not been effective in reducing violence in Iraq. This study demonstrates that the four PSAs investigated in this study do not activate the MPFC. The RLPFC is a brain ROI associated with counter-arguing and message resistance. This study demonstrates that reduction in activity in the Right Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (RLPFC) is associated with decreased sectarianism. Engagement was measured and is associated with activity in the frontal pole regions.We introduce Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure the neural activity of highly sectarian Iraqis in response to these anti-sectarian messages. Neural activity was measured while viewing three PSAs and a fourth unpublished video. All four videos are intended to reduce sectarianism. A novel sectarianism scale is introduced to measure sectarian beliefs before and after the messages. This sectarian scale has high internal consistency as measured by Cronbach’s alpha. Measured activation of brain ROIs are correlated with changes in the sectarian scale. Twelve Sunni and twelve Shi’a Iraqis participated in the study. Subjects were shown the four videos in randomized order, while equipped with a fNIRS neural imaging device. All four videos produced significant engagement. None of the videos reduced sectarianism nor caused brain activation of adoption. This is consistent with the widely held Iraqi public perception that the PSAs are ineffective. Only one video, which was un-published, caused reduced sectarian beliefs. This un-published fourth video was associated with decreased counter-arguing. Counter-arguing is associated with message resistance.

AbstractIron oxides and oxyhydroxides are commonly of considerable importance in the sorption of ions onto rocks, soils and sediments. They can be the controlling sorptive phases even if they are present in relatively small quantities. In common with other oxides and clay minerals, the sorption pH-edge of metals is directly linked to their hydrolysis: the higher the residual charge on the metal ion, the lower the pH-edge. Modelling of this process has been successfully carried out using different microscopic or macroscopic definitions of the interface (e.g. surface complexation or ion exchange models that may or may not include mineralogical descriptions). The influence of organic material on the sorption of many metals is of significant. This organic material includes simple organic molecules and more complex exopolymeric substances (e.g. humic substances) produced by the decay of natural organic matter. Sorption of this organic material to mineral surfaces has been the subject of a large body of work. The various types of organic substances do not share the same affinities for mineral surfaces in general, and for iron oxides and oxyhydroxides in particular. In those cases in which successful models of the component binary systems (i.e. metal–surface, metal–organic, organic–surface) have been developed, the formation of mixed surface complexes, the evolution of the surface itself, the addition order in laboratory systems, and the evolution of natural organic matter fractions during sorption, have often precluded a satisfactory description of metal–surface–organic ternary systems over a sufficiently wide range of parameter values (i.e. pH, ionic strength, concentration of humic substances). This manuscript describes the reasons for some successes and failures in the modelling of the ternary systems. Promising recent advances and possible methods of providing more complete descriptions of these intricate systems are also discussed.

Abstract Unfortunately, people can’t live in peace in this century: many wars and terrorist attacks have been witnessed even within the last year. In the case of such attacks, both the people and the civil infrastructure is in danger [1-3]. The modern age (infrastructure) provides electrical networks and communication networks for the citizens. Without electricity and/or communications (e.g. the internet), urban life is paralysed. Explosions create heat and shock waves and their effects can potentially damage the wall and cables of a building as changes in the material structure occur. In this article, the authors introduce a blast load effect testing method in an empirical way. The metal microstructure deformation level is measurable by changes in resistance, because resistance is a physical property which depends on the crystal structure of the metal.

The purpose of law enforcement is to harmonize the relationship of the values that are outlined in the rules, and to create, maintain and preserve peace in social life. Women and children are very vulnerable to becoming victims in all forms of violence or criminal acts, including violence in the domestic sphere. This research is descriptive analysis because it only explains about legal arrangements, law enforcement, as well as barriers and efforts to enforce the law by Medan Police against perpetrators of criminal acts of domestic violence (Research Study at Medan Police).The regulation of domestic violence law is contained in the Article 4 of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2004 concerning Domestic Violence which states that the purpose of domestic violence is to prevent all forms of domestic violence, protect victims, take action against perpetrators, and maintain the integrity of the household. The application of the law by the police against the perpetrators of criminal acts of domestic violence prioritizes prevention, protection of victims, and maintaining household integrity. Barriers and efforts in law enforcement are that the regulations contained in PKDRT Law have not been integrated with other statutory regulations for law enforcement against criminal acts of domestic violence, so that the police strive to deal with restorative justice in order to improve and maintain the integrity of the households of the people dealing with the law.Keywords: Law Enforcement, Perpetrator, Criminal Acts, Domestic Violence

This study investigated whether emotional responses to a music genre could be predicted by stereotypes of the culture with which the music genre is associated. A two-part study was conducted. Participants listened to music samples from eight distinct genres: Fado, Koto, Heavy Metal, Hip Hop, Pop, Samba, Bolero, and Western Classical. They also described their spontaneous associations with the music and their spontaneous associations with the music’s related cultures: Portuguese, Japanese, Heavy Metal, Hip Hop, Pop, Brazilian, Cuban, and Western culture, respectively. Results indicated that a small number of specific emotions reported for a music genre were the same as stereotypical emotional associations of the corresponding culture. These include peace and calm for Koto music and Japanese culture, and anger and aggression for Heavy Metal music and culture. We explain these results through the stereotype theory of emotion in music (STEM), where an emotion filter is activated that simplifies the assessment process for a music genre that is not very familiar to the listener. Listeners familiar with a genre reported fewer stereotyped emotions than less familiar listeners. The study suggests that stereotyping competes with the psychoacoustic cues in the expression of emotion.

The presence of trace, heavy metals in foodstuffs is of intense public interest. The aim of this study was to determine the metal contents in most known commercial fruit juices present on the Romanian market. The multielement analysis was made using the ICP-MS technique, after appropriate dilution, using the external standard calibration method. Multifruit, mango, and kiwi juice have recoded the highest concentration of Cu, while apple and pear juice has recoded the lowest concentration, and in the case of Zn, peach juice has recoded the highest concentration. Concerning Pb, Cd, and As concentration, apple, peach, and multifruit juices recorded the highest levels of concentration. The concentration of Zn, Cu, Co, and As generally, was higher in the juice samples packed in boxes, while Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd recorded the highest values in the juice packed in plastic bottles.

PURPOSE: Comparative morphologic study of utilization of castor oil polymer in dogs joints, as an alternative technique to autogenous graft, in surgical correction of medial patella luxation. METHODS:Twelve adult dogs, of both sexes, were randomly allocated to two different groups of six animals each. Group I (biopolymer) consisted of the deepening of the right femoral troclea, with the implantation of the biopolymer prothesis, and compared to group II (control) which consisted of the conventional trocleoplastia technique with wedged cut of the left femoral troclea. The dogs were sacrified after 30 or 90 days and the anathomic peaces were analyzed macro and microscopically. Qui square and Wilcoxon tests were used for the statistic analyses of the results, considering probability of 5%. RESULTS: It was not observed bony integration on the castor oil polymer group. There was resorption of the graft along experimental period and absence of inflammatory cells in the studied periods. CONCLUSION: Castor oil polymer assisted cicatrisation process, was biocompatible without inflammation, and it can be used in joints as an alternative for bony filling.

In the last decade, the pollution made by anthropogenic sources has reached large amounts with special attention on heavy metals because of their high toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation tendency. Since the conventional methods for their removing are either too expensive or create large quantities of toxic sludge, the great attention has been paid to the new technologies such as biosorption, technology that use cheap, abundant, organic waste for sequestering pollutants from contaminated mediums. Among the other factors that affect biosorption process, pH value is one the most important because it directs both the metal solution chemistry as well as the activity of the biomass functional groups. In this paper the influence of pH value on biosorption of Cu (II) by unmodified low-cost lignocellulose biosorbent - peach shell (PS) particles, have been studied. The chemical composition of PS, point of zero charge (pHPZC) as well as its surface morphology is also presented. Results have showed that this biosorbent contains mainly cellulose and lignin, the components that carry the functional groups responsible for metal binding. Its multilayer surface contains many pores and channels that help diffusion in deeper layers and force biosorption process. Point of zero charge determination was performed with three different KNO3 ionic strengths: 0,1M, 0,01M and 0,001M. The obtained value for pHPZC was 4,75?0,1 and showed that this biosorbent is non-sensitive to ionic strength of electrolyte applied. Biosorption experiments were done with peach shell particles whose diameter was -0,5+0,1mm at 25oC . The initial copper (II) concentration was 50 mg/dm3 while the biosorbent concentration was 10g/dm3. Experiments were done with and without keeping pH constant. The influence of pH on biosorption process was examined in 2-6 pH range. The percentage of Cu (II) removed by PS, reaches its maximum at pH 6, with the 90,43% removing but this percentage can also be attributed to precipitating of metal at this pH value. However, under the same operational conditions, but at pH 2, the retention of copper is equal to 2,62%. The results also indicate that it is necessary to lead the biosorption process with keeping pH constant all the time, since the copper removal was about 46 % less when the pH value was not kept constant during the biosorption process. The pH value obtained as optimal was slightly higher than pHPZC value which indicates that electrostatic attraction is one of the possible binding mechanisms in biosorption process. The results have showed that the removal of Cu (II) with peach shell particles is very sensitive to solution pH and that this parameter should be thoroughly investigated and strongly controlled during the whole removal process.

In this paper, we report a simple, feasible and low-cost method to fabricate self-standing metallic materials using cellulose-based biomass as sacrificial templates. This process involves the impregnation of metallic precursors to the cellulose fibers of biomass templates and the transformation of the precursors to corresponding metals or metal oxides (as well as the removal of the cellulose framework) at an elevated temperature. The structures of the metallic materials as fabricated take the form of architectures of biomass templates (e.g., chromatography paper, medical absorbent cotton, catkins of reed, seed balls of oriental plane, and petals of peach blossom), and the various kinds of metals and metal oxides fabricated with these templates include silver, gold, anatase, cupric oxide, zinc oxide, etc. We have demonstrated photocatalytic and bactericidal applications of such metallic materials, and they should find more applications in electronics, catalysis, energy storage, biomedicine and so on.

ABSTRACT The entire pathway for the biosynthesis of the phycobiliviolin-bearing His-tagged holo-α subunit of the cyanobacterial photosynthetic accessory protein phycoerythrocyanin was reconstituted in Escherichia coli. Cyanobacterial genes encoding enzymes required for the conversion of heme to 3Z-phycocyanobilin, a precursor of phycobiliviolin (namely, heme oxygenase 1 and 3Z-phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase), were expressed from a plasmid under the control of the hybrid trp-lac (trc) promoter. Genes for the apo-phycoerythrocyanin α subunit (pecA) and the heterodimeric lyase/isomerase (pecE and pecF), which catalyzes both the covalent attachment of phycocyanobilin and its concurrent isomerization to phycobiliviolin, were expressed from the trc promoter on a second plasmid. Upon induction, recombinant E. coli used endogenous heme to produce holo-PecA with absorbance and fluorescence properties similar to those of the same protein produced in cyanobacteria. About two-thirds of the apo-PecA was converted to holo-PecA. No significant bilin addition took place in a similarly engineered E. coli strain that lacks pecE and pecF. By using immobilized metal affinity chromatography, both apo-PecA and holo-PecA were isolated as ternary complexes with PecE and PecF. The identities of all three components in the ternary complexes were established unambiguously by protein and tryptic peptide analyses performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.

The influence of damage to metal cans may result in an increase in the food/packaging interactions, resulting in food contamination by the metal present in the package. To simulate these reactions, three conditions of mechanical damage were introduced to metal cans of peaches in syrup in a controlled manner, to determine the evolution of the degree of internal oxidation of these cans as compared to undamaged cans, and to evaluate the possibility of exploiting the contents for consumption by the needy. The cans were classified according to the degree of damage and evaluated by a storage test for a period of 365 days under controlled temperature conditions, 35 °C ± 2 °C, with periodic evaluations of the visual internal appearance of the cans, the chromium, tin and iron concentrations in the product and the internal vacuum level of the can. During the storage period there was a reduction in internal vacuum, but the evaluations of the product showed there was no significant change in dissolution of the metals from the cans into the product, which remained in acceptable conditions, as also the appearance of the inner surface of the can. The study concluded that the damage to the cans of peaches in syrup did not lead to any major changes in product quality, regarding dissolution of the metals iron, tin and chromium.

This study provides examples of cases of children who are in conflict with the law for committing the crime of theft with violence which is carried out together whose case has been decided by the Medan High Court with its decision Number: 6/PID.SUS-ANAK/2017/PT.MDN. The formulation of the problem in the research is how to regulate the diversion of children as perpetrators of the crime of theft with violence? and how is the application of diversion in making decisions against children as perpetrators of violent theft in the Medan High Court Decision Number: 6/PID.SUS-ANAK/2017/PT.MDN?. The research method used by the author is a normative juridical method, which is a research that puts the law as a norm. The system of norms in question is about principles, rules of laws and regulations, court decisions, agreements and doctrines (teachings). Finally, based on the results of the study, the authors conclude that the application of diversion in making decisions against children as perpetrators of violent theft refers to Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Child Criminal Justice System and Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, especially those that regulate regarding the application of diversion to those who are in conflict with the law. In the Medan High Court Decision Number: 6/PID.SUS-ANAK/2017/PT.MDN, it turns out that the judge in his decision was guided by the law above so that the judge decided, even though the child (the defendant) was sentenced to prison for 10 (ten) months, does not need to be carried out by the Child, unless the Child has made peace in writing with the Child Victim or with the family of the Child Victim.

Pendahuluan. Pendekatan holistik di bidang psikosomatik menekankan bahwa faktor spiritualitas dan dukungan padasisi spiritualitas dapat meningkatkan pelayanan serta memperbaiki kondisi psikologis pada pasien. Selama prosedurhemodialisis, respon inflamasi akan meningkat, dibuktikan dengan peningkatan konsentrasi interleukin-6 (IL-6). Aspekspiritual diyakini dapat menurunkan respon inflamasi. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji hubunganantara tingkat spiritual dangan kadar IL-6 pada pasien hemodialisis kronik .Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan studi cross sectional yang dilakukan pada 51 pasien hemodialisis kronik di unit hemodialisisRSUP. H. Adam Malik dan RSU. Dr. Pirngadi Medan mulai bulan Juli-Agustus 2014. Pemeriksaan kadar IL-6 serum diukurdengan metode quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serta dilakukan pengambilan sampel darah.Sementara itu, pengukuran spiritual dilakukan dengan pengisian kuesioner FACIT Sp-12 pada pagi hari, yaitu 30 menitsebelum hemodialisis berlangsung.Hasil. Didapatkan rerata skor subskala meaning (makna) 10,67 (SB 2,66), peace (damai) 9,63 (SB 2,19) dan faith (iman) 11,47 (SB 2,91). Nilai median kadar IL-6 serum pada penelitian ini adalah sebesar 5,63 (1,48-28,88) pg/mL, sedangkan nilai median FACIT Sp-12 adalah 30,00 (18-48). Hasil uji korelasi antara tingkat spiritual dengan kadar IL-6 serum menunjukkan koefisien korelasi (r) sebesar -0,330 dengan nilai p= 0,018, secara statistik menunjukkan korelasi negatif yang lemah.Simpulan. Spiritual pada pasien hemodialisis kronik tergolong tinggi serta terdapat korelasi negatif yang lemah antaraaspek spiritual dengan kadar IL-6 pada pasien hemodialisis kronik.Kata kunci: FACIT Sp-12, hemodialisis kronik, IL-6 Correlation between Spiritual Aspect and Serum Interleukin-6 Level in Chronic Hemodialysis PatientsIntroduction. Holistic approach in psychosomatic focus on spirituality factor and spiritual support is expected to improve services and psychological condition of the patients. Inflammatory response during hemodialisis procedure hence increased with the evidence of increasing level of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6). Further research is still needed to see the spiritual factors that can decrease the inflammatory factors. Methods. Cross sectional study on 51 chronic hemodialisis patients at RSUP. H. Adam Malik and RSU dr. Pirngadi Medan between July-August 2014. Serum IL-6 was measured using quantitative enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Blood samples and spiritual aspect assessment by handing out FACIT Sp-12 questionnaire to patients were taken in the morning, 30 minutes before hemodialisis. Results. Subscale meaning 10.67 (SB 2.66), peace 9.63 (SB 2.19) and faith 11.47 (SB 2.91). Median serum IL-6 level is 5,63 (1,48- 28,88) pg/mL. Median FACIT Sp-12 is 30,00 (18-48). Correlation test between serum IL-6 level and spiritual aspect have shown statistically weak negative correlation (correlation coefficient -0,330, p=0.018). Conclusions: spirituality level in chronic hemodialisis patients are higher. Weak negative correlation between serum IL-6 level and spiritual level on chronic hemodialisis patients was found in this study. Keywords: Chronic hemodialisis, FACIT Sp-12, IL-6

The aims of the study are to find out the process of implementing divorce case in North Sumatera. This study is a qualitative and normative study of PERMA Number 1 of 2016 with its application in the North Sumatra Religious Court as a legal product in the present aspects that applies in testing the success of the regulation being implemented in the North Sumatra Court, especially in (three) 3 big cities namely the Court Medan, Binjai and Tebing Tinggi religion. The result shows that The implementation of peace in divorce cases in the North Sumatra Religious Court is not significant. In the implementation of divorce case mediation in the North Sumatra Religious Court, many factors influence, among others, technical and non-technical factors. The technical factor is the limitations of the Mediator, namely the absence of a list of non-Judge Mediators here will further aggravate the work of the Judge because of his work being double that is as a Panel Judge and Mediator Judge. So that the work of the Judge mediator is very ineffective and so is the non-judge mediator who must have an official certificate from the Supreme Court so that the training costs are large and the costs of the mediator are not protected by the Regulation

This study aims to analyze the legal aspects of the implementation of the Supreme Court Regulation No. 1 of 2016 on Mediation Procedures in Courts (Study of Rantauprapat Religious Court Decision No. 487 / Pdt.G / 2020 / PA-RAP Jo Medan High Court Decision No. 73 / Pdt.G / 2020 / PTA-MDN. This research is Normative Empirical, which is research by looking at conditions in the field by linking the source of laws and regulations in force in the Republic of Indonesia. The benefits that will be received from the results of this study are to find out and analyzing the legal position of the Supreme Court Regulation Number 1 of 2016 concerning Mediation Procedures in Courts and To find out and analyze the Implementation of the Supreme Court Regulation Number 1 of 2016 concerning Mediation Procedures in Courts in the Rantauprapat Religious Court Decision No.487 / Pdt .G / 2020 / PA-RAP Jo Medan High Court Decision No.73 / Pdt.G / 2020 / PTA-MDN. The results of the research show that the provisions of the Regulation of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2008 and / or Regulation of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2016 concerning Mediation Procedures in Courts in article 02 paragraph 04 states that "Judges in consideration of the decision of a case must state that the case concerned has strived for peace through Mediation by stating the name of the Mediator for the case concerned. The position of Mediation as stated in the Regulation of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2016 is one of the steps that must be taken in carrying out the Judicial system which is based on the decision of the Medan High Court Panel of Judges declaring that to completely reject the Plaintiff's Lawsuit with the Consideration that the case has been taken through the Mediation route although not maximally and His legal consideration is that the position of the witnesses presented by the Plaintiff is a witness who did not see the Plaintiff and Defendant fighting, but only told the story of the Plaintiff. Keywords: Implementation, Procedure, Mediation

Damir Mukhetdinov got his higher education at the Institute of Arabic Language of Umm al-Qura University in Mecca (Saudi Arabia). Then he graduated from the Department of International Relations of Nizhny Novgorod State University and got a master’s degree, then - PhD (Political Science). He is the first deputy chairman of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Russian Federation, a member of the Presidium of the Council of Muftis of Russia, a member of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation, rector of the Moscow Islamic Institute, professor of St. Petersburg State University, a member of the Commission on Improving Legislation and Law Enforcement Practice of the Council for Cooperation with Religious Associations under the President of the Russian Federation, a member of the working group of the Commission on Religious Associations under the Government of the Russian Federation, a member of the Public Council of the Federal Agency for Nationalities. He was awarded the medals of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the European part of Russia “For Merit” and “For Spiritual Unity”; by Mufti Ravil Gainutdin decree was awarded the highest award of Muslims of Russia - the Order of Honor “Al-Fakhr”, the Order of Muslims of Russia “For Merit”. The interview comprehends the role of Islam in the modern world, including its role in maintaining peace and stability in regions of Islam. Particular attention is paid to cooperation and development of relations between the Russian Federation and the Eastern countries, including the CIS states, through religious channels. Damir Mukhetdinov emphasizes the importance of improving Islamic education in Russia, as well as the development of such scientific areas as Oriental studies, Islamic studies, Theology.

The occupation of the Suwałki Region by the Germans in years 1915-1919 is an often forgotten period in the history of this region. It is all the more amazing that the activities of the occupation forces were aimed at plunder and repression of the local population. In those years, the Polish-Lithuanian conflict also intensified, which resulted in the outbreak of the Sejny Uprising, which was victorious for Poles. When Warsaw, Kraków, or Poznań exulted with regaining their independence - terror was still going on in the Suwałki region. That is why I wrote this article, to revive the memory of those events. The impulse to write the text was that I became acquainted with the minutes of the session of the Peace Court in Sztabin, which was held on 11th June 1919. On that day, German soldiers entered the building where the court was sitting. They started beating the people who were there and they almost took Judge Leopold Zatryb's life. The angry soldiers first wanted to stab him with a bayonet and then smash the judge's head with a metal crucifix. Only the reaction of the German officer prevented more bloodshed. The mentioned minutes is the most important source that I have used. It is in the collection of the State Archives in Suwałki, along with the rest of the documents relating to the activities of German soldiers. Moreover, the memories of Jakób Rółkowski - the parish priest in Sztabin, who was persecuted by the Occupant, were also very helpful. I also used the works of, among others, G. Ryżewski and S. Buchowski.

ISIS uses the term “marriage jihad” narrative to attract new recruits, especially among women. Although ISIS was declared defeated in 2016, the seeds of the “jihadi brides” narrative can still be found in some acts of terrorism around the world even today. Hence, the study of “marriage jihad” is seen very relevant and urgent to be conducted. “Marriage jihad” narrative, according to them, emphasizes the importance of expecting mothers who will deliver warriors and soldiers who involved in their holy war. On the other hand, this narrative is also used to legitimize biological motives of ISIS combatants. Based on human rights perspective, this narrative is the kind of women slavery who are perceived as sexual objects. This is often wrapped in religious terminology, such “for the sake of Islam”. The “marriage jihad”phrase which has never been found in the history of Islamic discourse is analyzed through the perspectives of the Qur’an based on Ma’na Cum Maghza approach. According to the Qur’anic perspectives, both jihad and marriage have the same goal, that is to build a vision of peace and compassion. So the narrative of the “marriage jihad” initiated by ISIS is certainly at odd with the Islamic principles.
 ISIS menggunakan narasi “jihad nikah” untuk menarik calon anggota baru, khususnya perempuan. Meskipun ISIS sudah dinyatakan kalah pada 2016, benih-benih narasi “jihadi brides” masih bisa ditemui dalam aksi-aksi terorisme di seluruh dunia bahkan hingga saat ini. Hal ini yang membuat kajian tentang narasai “jihad nikah” menjadi relevan dan urgen. Artikel ini membahas tentang eksploitasi terminologi agama dalam agenda propaganda ISIS yaitu “jihad nikah”. Narasi ini, menurut mereka, menekankan pentingnya perempuan untuk dihamili agar kelak anak-anak yang lahir menjadi pejuang dan prajurit yang memperjuangkan mereka. Di sisi lain, narasi ini juga digunakan sebagai legitimasi kebutuhan syahwat para kombatan ISIS yang sedang berada di medan perang. Frase jihad nikah tidak pernah ditemukan dalam sejarah diskursus Islam. Tulisan ini mengupas narasi jihad nikah dalam perspektif al-Qur’an dengan pendekatan Ma’na Cum Maghza. Menurut sudut pandang tafsir al-Qur’an, jihad dan nikah mempunyai tujuan yang serupa yaitu membangun visi perdamaian dalam kasih sayang. Maka narasi jihad nikah yang diprakarsai oleh ISIS tersebut tentu bertolak belakang dengan prinsip-prinsip Islam.

Every human being has certain rights to live with dignity and peace and should not be discriminated. However, history of human civilization tells us there have been discrimination on many counts. Otherwise, there won’t have been words like slavery, untouchability, exploitation, patriarchy existing. Women are no exception to discrimination and exploitation. Human rights of women have been violated, they have been deprived of their respect, economic, social and political status and the basic principle of equality (equality with her counterpart, i.e., men). The question of human rights becomes very pertinent when it comes to gender and gender justice. This has given birth to feminist movements. The author here wishes to testify the march of the human rights of women, the journey and the progress made after struggle by all the feminist movements and more importantly the economic and social status of women in the present era. The author has tried to show how the matriarchy in early development of civilization was demolished and how there was a downfall of women after advancement of patriarchy through the personification of power by men inside and outside of the family. In fact, the notions of property and inheritance put an end to the foundations of matriarchy and consequently they were converted to objects belonging to the father, the husband and the family. The author could also find several other reasons, old customs in the patriarchal society for their exploitation and violation of their human rights. Further the role of U.N. and its organs was very vital and important as the problems of women were considered in their social aspect from time to time. Today we find women in all fields of national life: engineers, doctors, pilot, professors, diplomats, artists who have won gold medals in sports, etc. But it took a very long time to finally see women acceding to highest posts in the Parliament. March of human rights of women is progressing constantly as efforts have been made but a lot needs to be done as discriminations, inequalities, injustice and harassment of all kinds will not disappear overnight.

Insect pheromones fit well into the modern concept of integrated plant protection, the main purpose of which is not the complete destruction of insect pests, but the management of their number without affecting or affecting to a minimum extent all other organisms in the biocenosis. Since pheromones are produced in insect organisms most often in nanogram quantities, the only way to obtain them for practical purposes is through multi-stage chemical synthesis. In connection with the achievements of metal complex catalysis, a number of oligomers, co-oligomers, and telomeres of lower 1,3-dienes of regular structure became available, therefore, the study of the chemo-, stereo-, and regioselective pathways for the conversion of these substrates into practically important low-molecular insect bioregulators is relevant. The author’s review presents the results of studies of the laboratory of insect bioregulators of the Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the use of available synthetic telomeres of 1,3-butadiene with water and carbon monoxide – 2E,7-octadiene-1-ol and isopropyl-3E,8-nonadienoate, respectively, with E-stereoisomeric purity of not less than 98% in the directed synthesis of mono- and diene components of the acetogenin and macrolide structure of a number of pheromones of economically important harmful insects of the orders Lepidoptera and Coleoptera (sex pheromone of Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata, fruit-tree leafroller moth Archips argyrospilus and meadow moth Loxostege sticticalis, Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor, beet moth Scrobipalpa ocellatella, European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana, of females lackey moth Malocosoma neustra L., silkworm Bombyx mori, currant borer moths Synanthedon tipuliformis and wood leopard moth Zeuzera pyrina, the melon fly Dacus cucurbitae, the peach twig borer moths Anarsia lineatella, the turnip moth Agrotis segetum) and 9-oxo-2E-decenoic acid – the multifunctional queen pheromone of the honeybee Apis mellifera L., using at key stages reactions of hydride reduction, hydroboration- or hydroalumination-oxidation, catalyzed cross-coupling, Wittig olefination, etc.

Actual strategies and rules in peace keeping mission have led to an intensive use of helicopters exposing the aircraft and the crew to significant risks. Typical missions in fact involve low altitude flights in hostile environment where many threats can cause severe damages, leading eventually to the loss of the machine and the crew. According to this scenario, the tail rotor power transmission is one of the most critical components for its fundamental role to ensure flight stability and for its vulnerability, being very exposed during flight manoeuvre. In addition light weapons are wide spread, due to their cheapness and manoeuvrability. So the impact of 7.62x61 NATO ball 9.5 g bullet is an event anything but remote. This projectile is a full metal jacket bullet, with a brass jacket and a lead alloy core. Due to its mechanical characteristics, the soft lead core undergoes to high deformations and failures (mushroom and debris) during the impact, causing a large and extensive damaged area. Several researches have been developed to investigate the ballistic impact of conventional bullet against typical thin and lightweight aeronautical structure. As usual in this field, a complete methodology with experimental tests and numerical approaches has been carried on. In particular Finite Element analyses, although require complicate calibrations and validation which can be only made through indispensable experimental tests, represent a key resource. Very detailed numerical models are an extremely powerful tool to investigate the damage generated during an impact and allow simulating complex and extreme cases. With this premises direct impact between a 7.62x51 NATO ball 9.5 g bullet with a tube simulating an Helicopter drive shaft has been investigated by the authors in a previous work both with experimental and numerical activities with good agreement. However, considering the huge effect of bullet deformation verified during this activity, the modification of the bullet due to a preliminary impact with the surrounding frame (around the shaft in the real helicopter) could influence in a remarkable way the damage shape and extension in the shaft. This is an issue that is worth to further investigation and this is the aim of this paper. Basing only on a numerical procedure, previously assessed, an investigation of the impact of a NATO 7.62x51 mm ball 9.5 g bullet into an Al-6061-T6 pipe and its protection is presented. In particular the work will focus on the influence of the frame panel, which covers the transmission shaft, on the impact conditions. Analysis are carried out using the Finite Element commercial code ABAQUS/Explicit. Advanced materials’ descriptions, constitutive law and fracture criterion are introduced within the numerical model of the shaft and protection; projectile has been modelled as deformable body. Different impact conditions have also been tested in order to identify the worst impact condition.

Liparid fishes of the genus Allocareproctus Pitruk & Fedorov were collected throughout the Aleutian Islands during surveys conducted by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center, U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, and represent the first documented records of this genus in North America. Based on this material, we revised the genus and recognized four new species described herein. Allocareproctus is distinguished from all other liparid genera by the following characters: anterior 4–8 dorsal-fin rays with tips exserted from the fin membrane, papillae associated with some pores of the cephalic lateralis system, and symplectic extending to the medial aspects of thequadrate and metapterygoid. Allocareproctus jordani (Burke), the type species of the genus, is uniformly pink-red in coloration, with a dark peritoneum, simple teeth, a pigmented nasal papilla, and a single lobe on the orobuccal valve. It ranges from Sagami Bay, the type locality, north through the Kuril Islands, and east to Umnak Island of the Aleutian Islands, at depths of 75 to 495 m. Allocareproctus ungak n. sp. is most similar to A. jordani, differing in having trilobed teeth, an unpigmented nasal papilla, and higher counts of median-fin rays and vertebrae. It is found only between Seguam Pass and Samalga Pass in the east-central Aleutian Islands at depths of 318 to 461 m. Allocareproctus kallaion n. sp. is also known only from Seguam Pass and Samalga Pass at depths of 278 to 450 m and is distinguished from all other species of Allocareproctus by its blotchy red body color in life and dusky head coloration in life and in preservation, high gill raker count, high precaudal vertebrae count, and comb-like orobuccal valve. Allocareproctus tanix n. sp. is most similar to A. unangas n. sp. and is distinguished by its orange-peach coloration, pale peritoneum, absence of an interorbital papilla, and greater body depth. It is found only in the central Aleutians at depths of 104 to 650 m. Allocareproctus unangas n. sp. is also found only in the central Aleutians at similar depths of 210 to 465 m and is distinguished by its trilobed teeth, absence of a nasal papilla, and dark peritoneum. Based on our examination of holotypes, Careproctus pycnosoma Gilbert & Burke and C. curilanus Gilbert & Burke are valid species and not synonymous with A. jordani.

Since early of twentieth century mass media is one of the professional jobs which they done By Minangkabau People, both as journalist or auhtor and publisher. Beside as teacher carier, It seems that the mass media is the professional field that done ealiest of them. Establishing of Minangkabau identity is closely ralated to existence of mass media; with mass media progressing and having dialectic. The intelectual richness of Minangkabau since the early 20th century was known at national level is also not separated from the existence of mass media. Their identity also determained by the mass media; locality, nationalism and globalization influences are processed in mass media to form different Minangkabau world from time to time. This paper presents the establishing of the identiy of Minangkabau people through the mass media on various problem in a historical perspective, mainly after 1950’s.
 
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Computer- und Videospiele sind heute ein selbstverständlicher Bestandteil der Lebenswelt vieler Kinder und Jugendlicher, aber auch von (jüngeren) Erwachsenen, die mit diesen neuen Medien aufgewachsen sind. Lange Zeit haben elektronische Bildschirmspiele allenfalls sporadische Beachtung gefunden. Weder in der Medienforschung oder Medienpädagogik noch in der breiteren Öffentlichkeit waren sie ein Gegenstand von breiterem Interesse.* In den letzten knapp zehn Jahren sind Video- und Computerspiele allerdings zunehmend in den Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit gerückt. Dabei sind in der massenmedial vermittelten Öffentlichkeit vor allem Amokläufe in Schulen in einen direkten Zusammenhang mit den Vorlieben (der Täter) für bestimmte Computerspiele gebracht worden. Die auch von prominenten Politikern aufgegriffene These lautete, dass gewalthaltige Spiele wie der First Person Shooter «Counterstrike» ein virtuelles Trainingsprogramm für das Töten und daher als wesentliche Ursache solcher Schulmassaker anzusehen seien. Auf der Basis dieser kausalen Wirkungsannahmen bzw. der unterstellten negativen Lern- und Trainingseffekte werden seither immer wieder Forderungen nach einem Verbot solcher «Killerspiele» oder gar nach der Verbannung aller Bildschirmmedien aus den Kinderzimmern abgeleitet. Neben solcher skandalisierter Thematisierung ist aber zunehmend auch eine nüchterne wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung zu konstatieren. So haben sich seit Beginn des neuen Jahrtausends die «digital game studies» als interdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld etabliert. Im Jahr 2000 wurde innerhalb der Gesellschaft für Medienwissenschaft z.B. die AG Games gebildet, die sich zu einem wichtigen deutschsprachigen Forum für die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit Computerspielen entwickelt hat, und im Jahr 2002 entstand die internationale Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA), die im September 2009 ihre vierte grosse Konferenz nach 2003, 2005 und 2007 durchgeführt hat (vgl. www.digra.org). Seit 2001 gibt es mit der «Game Studies» eine primär kulturwissenschaftlich ausgerichtete Online-Zeitschrift (vgl. gamestudies.org), und daneben sind zahlreiche Publikationen zu verzeichnen, die zur Strukturierung und Systematisierung des Forschungsfeldes beigetragen haben, etwa die transdisziplinär angelegten Sammel- und Tagungsbände von Wolf & Perron (2003); Fritz & Fehr (2003), Copier & Raessens (2003), Neitzel, Bopp & Nohr (2004), Raessens & Goldstein (2005), Kaminski & Lorber (2006), Vorderer & Bryant (2006), de Castell & Jenson (2007), Kafai et al. (2008), Quandt, Wimmer & Wolling (2008). Ausserdem liegen Monografien vor, die sich um Orientierung sowie empirische oder theoretische Klärungen bemühen (etwa Fromme, Meder & Vollmer 2000, Newman 2004, Juul 2005, Klimmt 2005, Mäyrä 2008, Pearce & Artemesia 2009). Diese wissenschaftlichen Entwicklungen und Arbeiten zeigen, dass die Phase der blossen Skandalisierung oder akademischen Ignorierung der Computerspiele zu Ende geht. Stattdessen kann von einer zunehmenden Normalisierung und Ausdifferenzierung der akademischen Auseinandersetzung mit diesen neuen Medien und ihren Verwendungsweisen ausgegangen werden, wie sie bei anderen, etablierteren Gegenstandsbereichen (etwa der Film- oder Fernsehforschung) schon länger selbstverständlich ist. Zur Normalisierung und Differenzierung der Debatte soll auch dieses Themenheft der Online-Zeitschrift «MedienPädagogik» auf www.medienpaed.com beitragen, das sich mit den digitalen Spielen und Spielkulturen aus einer primär medienpädagogischen Perspektive befasst und nach den Chancen und Potentialen für informelle wie auch formelle Lern- und Bildungsprozesse fragt. Die Beiträge fokussieren in diesem Spannungsfeld von Spielen und Lernen, von Unterhaltung und Bildung unterschiedliche Aspekte. Die Mehrzahl greift dabei aktuelle Diskussionen über Einsatzmöglichkeiten digitaler Spiele im Bereich des Lernens und der Ausbildung auf, die unter dem Label «Serious Games» oder auch «Game-based Learning» geführt werden (Petko; Bopp; Berger/Marbach; Lampert/Schwinge/Tolks; Malo/Neudorf/Wist; Pfannstiel/Sänger/Schmidt). Daneben widmen sich Beiträge der Frage, wie die Lern- und Bildungsrelevanz der medial-kulturellen Praxen, die sich weitgehend unabhängig von pädagogischer Intervention entfalten, untersucht und verstanden, aber auch pädagogisch unterstützt werden können (Fromme/Jörissen/Unger; Schrammel/Mitgutsch). In einem Beitrag geht es schliesslich darum, Computerspiele selbst zum Gegenstand der pädagogischen Reflexion machen (Biermann). Diese Verteilung spiegelt das Gewicht der Schwerpunkte innerhalb des aktuellen Diskurses über den Zusammenhang von Computerspielen und Lernen/Bildung durchaus angemessen wider. Dominik Petko fokussiert auf formelle Lern- und Bildungskontexte und behandelt die Frage, welche didaktischen Potenziale Computerspiele für den gezielten Einsatz in Schule und Ausbildung aufweisen. Ausgangspunkt ist die Überlegung, dass es für den schulischen Bereich nicht ausreicht, die allgemeinen Lernpotenziale der Spiele auszuweisen und die Muster des spielimmanenten Lernens nachzuzeichnen, wie dies in einigen Publikationen der letzten Jahre geschehe. Um einen Schritt weiterzukommen und zu erreichen, dass digitale Spiele tatsächlich vermehrt in den Unterricht integriert werden, komme es darauf an, den Lehrpersonen zu zeigen, dass der Einsatz solcher Spiele einerseits mit einem vertretbaren Aufwand möglich ist und andererseits zu einem erkenn- und begründbaren Mehrwert führt. Dazu sei im ersten Schritt eine genauere Analyse und Typisierung der Spiele und anschliessend eine Konkretisierung der didaktischen Strategien und Arrangements für die sinnvolle Einbettung in den Unterricht erforderlich. Der Beitrag vermittelt einen ersten systematischen Überblick über entsprechende mediendidaktische Ziele und Ansätze für den Einsatz von Computerspielen in Schule und Unterricht. Matthias Bopp geht aus von der Überlegung, dass Computerspiele die Spielenden generell mit Aufgaben und Herausforderungen konfrontieren, die nur im Rahmen von spielbezogenen Lernprozessen bewältigt werden können. Zudem unterstützen aktuelle Spiele die Spielenden in der Regel systematisch beim Erwerb der erforderlichen Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten, weisen also ein (zumindest implizites) didaktisches Design auf. Wenn man in Rechnung stellt, dass Video- und Computerspiele für Kinder, Jugendliche und zunehmend auch Erwachsene trotz – oder gerade wegen – der hohen Anforderungen, die sie stellen, höchst faszinierend und motivierend sind, dann bietet es sich an, die Lehr-Lern-Designs digitaler Spiele genauer zu untersuchen, um ihre erfolgreichen Prinzipien auf Lernspiele zu übertragen. Der Beitrag konzentriert sich in diesem Kontext auf die Frage, welche Bedeutung zum einen Rahmengeschichten (Storytelling) und zum anderen parasoziale Interaktionen zwischen Spielenden und virtuellen Spielfiguren für die Spielmotivation haben und welche Rolle ihre gezielte Verwendung beim Design von Lernspielen zur Steigerung oder Aufrechterhaltung der Lernmotivation spielen kann. Daraus werden Empfehlungen für die Gestaltung motivierender Lernspiele abgeleitet und abschliessend an Hand zweier Beispiele veranschaulicht. Johannes Fromme, Benjamin Jörissen und Alexander Unger plädieren dafür, die Bildungspotenziale von Computerspielen – und der neuen, computerbasierten Medien überhaupt – nicht nur in ihrer Verwendung bzw. Verwendbarkeit als didaktische und motivationssteigernde Hilfsmittel für die Vermittlung dieser oder jener Lehrinhalte zu sehen, sondern die Perspektive in verschiedenen Hinsichten zu erweitern. Eine prinzipielle Erweiterung bestehe darin, bei der Frage nach Bildungspotenzialen in der Tradition der humanistischen Bildungstheorie nicht primär den Wissenserwerb, sondern die Steigerung von Reflexivität im Selbst- und Weltverhältnis in den Blick zu nehmen und somit zu fragen, in welcher Weise der Umgang mit Medien hierzu beitragen kann. Und weil Bildung in dieser Tradition grundsätzlich als Selbstbildung verstanden werde, liege es nahe, neben der formellen, institutionalisierten Bildung dem Bereich der informellen Bildung eine entsprechende Beachtung zu schenken. Der Artikel fragt daher nach dem Beitrag, den Computerspiele – und vor allem community-basierte Praxen – für eine Flexibilisierung von Selbst- und Weltsichten sowie für den Aufbau von Orientierungswissen leisten können, und diskutiert abschliessend, inwiefern solche informellen Bildungspotenziale pädagogisch aufgegriffen und unterstützt werden können. Florian Berger und Alexander Marbach gehen davon aus, dass es angesichts der Popularität und hohen Motivationskraft der Computerspiele zwar nahe liege, ihre pädagogische Verwertbarkeit zu prüfen, dass für den pädagogischen Einsatz der digitalen Spiele aber bisher weder theoretisch fundierte Konzepte noch eine hinreichende Forschung existiere. Insbesondere würden Fragen der technischen Machbarkeit zu wenig beachtet, wobei die Schwierigkeit darin bestehe, dass der jeweilige «State of the Art» für Lernspiele als Massstab schon wegen der begrenzten (finanziellen) Ressourcen ausscheide, andererseits aber ein Mindeststandard erreicht werden müsse, um die notwendige Akzeptanz beim Anwender zu finden. Vor diesem Hintergrund geht der Beitrag zunächst der Frage nach, was die technische, die kulturelle und die pädagogische Qualität eines digitalen Spiels ausmacht, um dann – aus einer primär ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Perspektive – zu diskutieren, wie bei der Gestaltung von Lernspielen eine gute Balance erreicht werden kann. Ralf Biermann betrachtet Computerspiele in seinem Beitrag nicht aus mediendidaktischer, sondern aus medienpädagogischer Perspektive und stellt ein Konzept vor, mit dem die digitalen Spiele selbst zum Gegenstand einer lernorientierten Auseinandersetzung werden. Die leitende Idee ist es, Wege aufzuzeigen und zu erproben, wie Computerspiele in den Bereich der aktiven, projektorientierten Medienarbeit eingebunden werden können, die sich dieser neuen Medien – im Unterschied zu Radio, Presse oder Film – bisher kaum angenommen hat. Das Konzept des Video Game Essays knüpft an der Film- und Videoarbeit an, erweitert es aber um einige neue Elemente, die mit den technischen Besonderheiten der Spiele zu tun haben. Der Ansatz kann als innovative Form der Medienanalyse angesehen werden, bleibt aber bei der Analyse nicht stehen, sondern eröffnet auch weitergehende Handlungs- und Lernpotenziale. Als Einsatzgebiete des Video Game Essays werden die ausserschulische Medienarbeit, die Schul- und die Hochschulausbildung genauer betrachtet. Claudia Lampert, Christiane Schwinge und Daniel Tolks zeichnen in ihrem Beitrag die bisherigen Entwicklungen im Bereich der Serious Games nach, die von anderen Ansätzen des mediengestützten Lernens wie E-Learning, Edutainment und Game-Based Learning abgegrenzt werden, und arbeiten den aktuellen Diskussions- und Forschungsstand auf. Die Potenziale und Grenzen werden am Beispiel zweier Spiele aus dem Gesundheitsbereich (Games for Health) detaillierter diskutiert, für die auch erste empirische Befunde vorliegen. Serious Games gewinnen zwar – nach Ansicht der Autoren/innen vor allem aus Marketinggründen – zunehmend an Bedeutung, allerdings bestehe noch ein erheblicher Forschungs- und Evaluationsbedarf. Sabrina Schrammel und Konstantin Mitgutsch kritisieren, dass im medienpädagogischen Diskurs über Computerspiele der Umstand vernachlässigt werde, dass Spielen eine kulturell geprägte, aktive Auseinandersetzung mit einem Spielgegenstand sei. Ihnen geht es im vorliegenden Beitrag daher darum, die spezifische medial- kulturelle Praktik des Computerspielens zu erfassen bzw. dafür einen geeigneten methodischen und theoretischen Zugang zu entwickeln und vorzustellen. Das Spielen von Computerspielen wird in Anlehnung an den internationalen Diskurs als Transformation und Produktion kultureller Erfahrungen interpretiert, auch um aus den Engführungen der im deutschsprachigen Raum noch dominierenden Mediennutzungs- und Medienwirkungsforschung herauszugelangen. Für die pädagogische Auseinandersetzung wird daraus abgeleitet, dass nicht die didaktische Nützlichkeit, sondern die bildungstheoretische Bedeutung von Computerspielen zu fokussieren sei. Den bisher vorherrschenden teleologischen Lernkonzepten wird hier ein genealogischer Ansatz gegenübergestellt, bei dem die Erfahrungen und Lernprozesse im Zuge der Spielhandlungen selbst thematisiert werden. An einem Beispiel wird abschliessend verdeutlicht, wie das theoretisch-methodische Vorgehen einer hierauf ausgerichteten Analyse ausgestaltet und wie bei einer solchen Analyse die medial-kulturelle Praktik des Computerspielens pädagogisch rekonstruiert werden kann. Steffen Malo, Maik Neudorf und Thorben Wist ordnen ihren Beitrag in den Kontext des Game-based Training (GBT) ein und berichten über das Projekt Alphabit, bei dem es darum geht, computerbasierte Lern- bzw. Trainingsspiele als ergänzendes methodisches Mittel für Alphabetisierungs- bzw. Grundbildungsprogramme einzusetzen. Vorgestellt werden die im Projekt entwickelten konzeptionellen Überlegungen zu den Rahmenbedingungen, zur Auswahl der Inhalte, zu unterstützenden instruktionalen Hilfen, zu den Entwicklungsprozessen und zu methodischen Aspekten des spielerischen Lernens in virtuellen Umgebungen. Ausserdem werden erste Ansätze für die Umsetzung präsentiert und offene Forschungsfragen aufgezeigt. Auch Jochen Pfannstiel, Volker Sänger und Claudia Schmitz berichten über ein Projekt, das für die Bildungspraxis konzipiert wurde und auch bereits erprobt wird. Hier geht es um Game- based Learning im Hochschulbereich, genauer: um ein Lernspiel, das ergänzend zu einer Pflichtvorlesung in der Informatik eingesetzt wird, um Studierende dazu zu motivieren, sich während des Studiums intensiver und vertiefend mit der Vorlesungsthematik zu befassen. Ziel ist also ein verbessertes und vor allem nachhaltigeres Verständnis der Vorlesungsinhalte durch spielerische Mittel zu erreichen. Der Beitrag beschreibt das dazu entwickelte Lernspiel und berichtet über die bisherigen Erfahrungen und erste Evaluationsergebnisse. * Eine Ausnahme erscheint allerdings erwähnenswert: In der ersten Hälfte der 1980er Jahre gab es in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland eine Debatte (und einige Forschungsarbeiten) zum Videospiel in Spielhallen mit dem Ergebnis, dass 1985 ein geändertes Jugendschutzgesetz in Kraft trat, das den Zugang zu Glücks- und Videospielautomaten in der Öffentlichkeit neu regulierte und unter 18-Jährigen nicht mehr gestattete. Diese Regelung ist – anders als die 2003 obligatorisch gewordenen Altersfreigaben der USK für Computerspiele auf Datenträgern – unabhängig vom Inhalt der Spiele, und sie ist bis heute in Kraft. Literatur Copier, Marinka/Raessens, Joost (Eds.) (2003): Level Up. Digital Games Research Conference, 4–6 November 2003, Utrecht University, Conference Proceedings. De Castell, Suzanne/Jenson, Jennifer (Eds.) (2007): Worlds in Play. International Perspectives on Digital Games Research. New York et al.: Peter Lang. Fritz, Jürgen/Fehr, Wolfgang (Hrsg.) (2003): Computerspiele. Virtuelle Spiel- und Lernwelten. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. Fromme, Johannes, Meder, Norbert; Vollmer, Nikolaus (2000). Computerspiele in der Kinderkultur. Opladen: Leske + Budrich. Juul, Jesper (2005). Half-real. Video games between real rules and fictional worlds. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Kafai, Yasmin B./Heeter, Carrie/Denner, Jill/Sun, Jennifer Y. (Eds.) (2008): Beyond Barbie and Mortal Kombat. New Perspectives on Gender and Gaming. Cambridge, Mass./London: MIT Press. Kaminski, Winfred/Lorber, Martin (Hrsg.) (2006): Clash of Realities. Computerspiele und soziale Wirklichkeit. München: Kopäd. Klimmt, Christoph (2005): Computerspielen als Handlung. Dimensionen und Determinanten des Erlebens interaktiver Unterhaltungssoftware. Köln: Herbert von Halem. Mäyrä, Frans (2008): An Introduction to Game Studies. Games in Culture. Los Angeleos u.a.: SAGE. Neitzel, Britta/Bopp, Matthias/Nohr, Rolf F. (Hrsg.) (2004): «See? I’m real …» Multidisziplinäre Zugänge zum Computerspiel am Beispiel von ‹Silent Hill›. Münster: Lit. Newman, James (2003): Videogames. London/New York: Routledge. Pearce, Celia/Artemesia (2009): Communities of Play. Emergent Cultures in Multiplayer Games and Virtual Worlds. Cambridge, Mass./London: MIT Press. Quandt, Thorsten/Wimmer, Jeffrey/Wolling, Jens (Hrsg.) (2008): Die Computerspieler. Studien zur Nutzung von Computergames. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. Raessens, Joost; Goldstein, Jeffrey (2005) (Ed). Handbook of Computer Game Studies. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Vorderer, Peter; Bryant, Jennings (2006) (Ed). Playing Video Games. Motives, Responses, and Consequences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Wolf, Mark J./Perron, Bernard (Eds.) (2003): The Video Game Theory Reader. New York/London: Routledge.

Iceland plays a key role in the circumpolar context. The research investigates the fields of both the icelandic cultural landscape perception and the icelandic cultural identity. It considers the book Ultima thule; or, a summer in Iceland and Ólafur Elíasson’s art works as two sides of the same medal: the Iceland on the brain concept (F. Burton). The transition from a cultural identity to a collective landscape identity is investigated by analysing Imagine, J. Lennon’s song which inspired Yõko Ono’s work of art titled Imagine Peace Tower.

According to media conglomerate CNN, John Lennon and Yoko Ono’s peace crusade began in 1971. CNN’s on-line news group Showbiz on June 22, 1997 frames John and Yoko’s campaign for peace: “Former Beatle John Lennon was honoured posthumously Friday for his contributions to world peace at a star-studded ceremony in London for the 22nd Silver Clef awards. Lennon’s song “Imagine” has been a leading anthem for the peace movement”. This is a rather limited selection that overlooks a number of earlier (and more radical) possibilities in the Lennon-Ono musical arsenal. A 1969 article in Newsweek entitled “The Peace Anthem” records the phenomenal success of “Give Peace a Chance” in mobilizing the protesting masses against the war in Vietnam. Newsweek relates how “Chance” became the chant for anti-war protestors in Washington on November 15, 1969. On that day, 250,000 marchers demonstrated at the American nation’s capitol for a Moratorium to stop the fighting in Vietnam. Led by folk singer Pete Seeger, the crowd was swept up in the endless repetition of the Lennon dictum, “All we are saying is give peace a chance.” When Lennon tuned into the signals from Washington, he dubbed it one of the “biggest moments of my life” (Wiener 97). Dodging the immigration authorities that would not let John and Yoko physically into the United States, John and Yoko’s anti-war signals had been transmitted over the border from the “Bed-in” in Montreal where the song originated, to rally the masses marching on the mall in Washington. The story concluded: “The peace movement had found an anthem” (Newsweek 102). “Give Peace a Chance”—and the Vietnam War against which it raised its voice—have been deleted from CNN’s selective memory. Its brand of political dissent and anti-war activism does not fit the rubric of a 90’s Showbiz column. Yet, this is how the avant-garde performance artist and the hippie rock and roller conceived their peacemaking efforts—as the invasion and intervention of “showbiz” and media hype into the space of mass politics. In their fight for peace, the newly wed John and Yoko staged a series of art and media events in the form of interviews, songs, ads, concerts, demonstrations and happenings. Many of these media-savvy events took place in Canada in 1969. For example, John and Yoko’s The Plastic Ono Band played Varsity Stadium in Toronto in September at the concert known as “Live Peace” which included performances of “Give Peace a Chance” and Yoko’s intense lament “John, John (Let’s Hope for Peace).” With these events, Yoko’s avant-garde strategies of Fluxus and Conceptual art combined forces with John’s energies of rock and roll rebellion to forge a program of media activism and political dissent. Biographer Jon Wiener recalls that John and Yoko’s anti-war campaign represented a new chapter in New Left politics and its relation to mass media. Rather than reject newspapers and TV as “exclusively instruments of corporate domination,” John and Yoko sought “to work within the mass media, to use them, briefly and sporadically, against the system in which they functioned” (89). Umberto Eco pointed to this in his 1967 essay “Towards a Semiological Guerrilla Warfare,” suggesting that “the universe of Technological Communication” (i.e., mass media) be patrolled by “groups of communications guerrillas” who would engage in “future communications guerrilla warfare” to restore a critical dimension involving “the constant correction of perspectives, the checking of codes, and the ever renewed interpretation of mass messages” (143-144). Eco’s formulation provides a possible frame of reference for John and Yoko’s media war and their series of events countering, checking and, to quote Yoko, “criticizing the establishment” and its pro-war propaganda (Giulano 71). The 1969 “Bed-Ins” were media events that used the publicity around John and Yoko’s honeymoon as a lure for the press to report on their anti-war campaign. The first took place in Amsterdam in late March and John and Yoko staged a second honeymoon in Montreal in late May. As non-stop salespeople for their peace product, John and Yoko gave ten hours of press interviews every day invoking the media maxim that repetition induces belief. Blurring art and life, the “Bed-Ins” illustrate the strategies of happenings and Fluxus performance at the heart of Yoko’s aesthetic. At the Amsterdam press conference, Yoko framed their work as an avant-garde performance piece electrified by mass communications media. “Everything we do is a happening. All of our events are directly connected with society. We would like to communicate with the world. This event is called the ““Bed Peace”, and it’s not p-i-e-c-e, it’s p-e-a-c-e. Let’s just stay in bed and grow hair instead of being violent” (Giulano 46). The word plays of “Bed Peace” and “Hair Peace” pasted above their nuptial bed appealed to both Yoko and John’s punster sensibilities, their express aim being to play the world’s clowns for peace and mobilize the subversive power of laughter. The “Bed-Ins” must be situated against the background of the sit-ins on American college campuses at that time of anti-Vietnam war protests. Indeed, John referred to the event as “the bed sit-in” showing that this connection was in his mind. The direct links to the student revolt were further underscored in the telephone exchange between John and Yoko in Montreal and the rioters in People’s Park in Berkeley when Lennon played peace guru, encouraging the demonstrators to avoid violence at all costs (Wiener 92-93). Around the same time, John and Yoko also began their playfully named “Nuts for Peace” campaign by sending acorns to fifty heads of state and asking them to plant them as a symbolic gesture for peace. Another John and Yoko media blitz took over billboards as the sites to wage communications guerrilla warfare. When asked at a press conference to explain the “War is Over Poster Campaign”, the peace PR man stated: “It’s part of our advertising campaign for peace” (Giulano 83). This particular aspect of the media war recalls the international dissemination of the poster “War is Over! If You Want It. Happy Christmas from John and Yoko” in twelve urban centres. Since the mid-sixties, Beatle John had been delivering promotional peace and good will messages on vinyl to his fans at Christmas. In 1969, he and his new partner in art prepared a visual Christmas card using public space to blur the boundaries between art, activism, and advertising. The glaring headline stated the fantasy as if already fulfilled (War is Over!). This was followed by the empowering call to mass action reminding the viewer of what was needed to attain the goal (If You Want It). To kick off the campaign, the international peace politicos gave a “Christmas for Peace” charity concert in London for the United Nations Children’s Fund. When asked about the costs of the poster, Lennon sidestepped the issue, saying he didn’t want to think about it, but joking, “I’ll have to write a song or two to earn me money back” (Giulano 83). The critics attacked this statement as evasive and not willing to own up to how the promoters were direct beneficiaries of the marketing of peace. Rather than focusing on how this campaign would afford free publicity to John and Yoko and promote further demand for their products, Lennon focused on extensive outlays of capital. This recalls another rather hostile exchange at a November 1969 press conference having the look of an all-out media war on the occasion of Lennon returning his M.B.E. Medal of Honour to the Queen. Lennon’s letter read in part: “Your Majesty, I am returning this M.B.E. in protest against Britain’s involvement in the Nigeria-Biafra thing, against our support of America in Vietnam, and against ‘Cold Turkey’ slipping down the charts” (Wiener 106). Numerous critics sought to deflate Lennon’s claim that this was an act of political protest in the fight for peace, characterising it as a mere self-serving publicity stunt for his latest single. John: “Well, we use advertising.” Reporter: “You’re an advertisement.” John: “Will you shut up a minute!” (Giulano 109) In the heat of exchange, Lennon breaks his cool at the reporter who underscores that there is no way to differentiate between the use of advertising to promote peace and to promote John and Yoko. This concurs with Graeme Turner’s argument in Fame Games that “the celebrity’s ultimate power is to sell the commodity that is themselves” (Turner 12). At the point that would convert this speaking subject into a walking advertisement, the hippie peacenik snaps and reveals a violent temper not befitting someone who would follow Gandhi’s way of non-violence. Engaging with the mass media, John and Yoko’s media war packaged and promoted their peace product as art and advertising, as information and entertainment, as a discourse of political dissent and of self-promotion. With a slogan like “War is Over! If You Want It,” these two media warriors supplied youth culture at the end of the 60’s with the peace product and process that was lacking. Their consuming images and anthems anticipated the “collusional critique” of eighties art and its appropriation of media images that function as “both critical manifesto and the very commodity it critiques” (Sussman 15). In this case, John and Yoko’s media war provided a critique of the official war program while capitalizing upon the very commodity against which war had been declared. For if John seriously wanted to “make peace big business for everybody” (Newsweek 102), this could be achieved only in a parasitic relationship with a war economy making John and Yoko both peace prophets and profiteers. But even if one acknowledges the profit motive in the peace campaign—and this assumes that John was not misappropriated as a “peace capitalist” by the establishment press—there was something else fluxing up the media machine and the war program. John and Yoko understood how their star power and international celebrity gave them a privileged and almost unlimited access to a mass media that wanted to soak up their Pop star aura to satisfy its own instrumentalist agenda. The press and the public wanted John and Yoko, and these two media stars fed this desire and then some. They complied with the pop star demand, but spiked it with the dangerous supplements of political dissent and subversive humour. They fed this desire with a feedback loop and interventionist strategy, with an anti-war army surplus provided at no extra charge. The year 1969 concluded with another savvy media event that lent John and Yoko’s media war more political credibility and gave the American establishment something they had not bargained for: a photo-op and peace dialogue with Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau of Canada. Once again, John and Yoko’s media war had added an extra twist and an extra shout that the war programmers would have preferred not to hear, the message “War is Over (If You Want It!)” and “War is Over” whether they wanted it or not. Imagine that. Works Cited “The Peace Anthem,” Newsweek, December 1, 1969. Eco, Umberto. Travels in Hyperreality, San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987. Giulano, Geoffrey and Brenda. The Lost Lennon Interviews, Holbrook, MA: Adams Media Corporation, 1996. Sussman, Elizabeth. On the Passage of a Few People Through a Brief Moment of Time: The Situationist International 1957-1972, Boston: M.I.T. Press and Institute of Contemporary Art, 1989. Turner, Graeme, Frances Bonner and David Marshall. Fame Games: The Production of Celebrity in Australia, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Wiener, Jon. Come Together: John Lennon in His Time (New York: Random House, 1984). Links http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/9706/21/lennon.award Citation reference for this article Substitute your date of access for Dn Month Year etc... MLA Style Kaplan, Louis. "“War is Over! If You Want It”" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 6.1 (2003). Dn Month Year < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0302/06-warisover.php>. APA Style Kaplan, L., (2003, Feb 26). “War is Over! If You Want It”. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 6,(1). Retrieved Month Dn, Year, from http://www.media-culture.org.au/0302/06-warisover.html

Nataliе’s Ramonda, a symbol of Armistice Day – November 11 in Serbia, is a new memorial symbol constructed and promoted by politicians in 2012. The Armistice Day was celebrated then as a national holiday in Serbia. The reception of this symbol has been explored over a five-year period, both in a public discourse and on a representative sample of first year students at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade. In public discourse, as well as among students of the Faculty of Philosophy, Natalie’s Ramonda is perceived as an emblem, a badge, and most often as a symbol.
 It was seen as an emblem on the lapel of public and media figures, inaccessible to broad commercial promotion and sales. In public discourse and among students at the Faculty of Philosophy, Natalie’s Ramonda was perceived in several answers as a medal, and is also recognized as a flower that symbolizes the suffering of the Serbian people in World War One; symbol of the nation’s rebirth – the flower phoenix, as a mark of peace and freedom.
 As a newly constructed symbol of the Armistice Day in Serbia, for the past seven years, Natalie’s Ramonda has been a mediator in the public culture of remembrance and in the ongoing process, by becoming a part of cultural memory.

Представляем интервью с Наиной Величко, художником, дизайнером, педа гогом, автором исследований по русской декоративной росписи, популяризатором русского народного искусства. Наина Величко – обладатель медали и диплома Союза дизайнеров России, участник международных фестивалей и выставок. Работала в Австралии и Новой Зеландии, Голландии, Китае, Болгарии, Франции. Наина Величко родилась в Баку в армянской семье. Окончила Минский институт культуры. Живет в Москве с 1983 года. Автор книг «Русская роспись», «Мезенская роспись», «Роспись в стиле Лубок» и др. Помимо профессиональных достижений, Наина Величко невероятно интересная, открытая и свободная личность, человек мира и красоты. We present an interview with Naina Velichko, an artist, designer, teacher, author of studies on Russian decorative painting, and popularizer of Russian folk art. Naina Velichko is a holder of a medal and diploma from the Russian Union of Designers and is a participant of some international festivals and exhibitions. She worked in Australia and New Zealand, Holland, China, Bulgaria and France. Naina Velichko was born in Baku to an Armenian family. Graduated from the Minsk Institute of Culture. Has been living in Moscow since 1983. The author of the books «Russian paintings», «Mezen painting», «Paintings in the style of Lubok» and others. In addition to her professional achievements, Naina Velichko is an incredibly interesting, open and free person, a person of peace and beauty.

In the spring of the year 1758 John Dollond (F.R.S., 1761) first came on the market with his new telescope object-glass, in which both the chromatic and spherical aberration were corrected: the small firm of Peter and John Dollond became famous very quickly. On 19 April 1758, Dollond was issued a patent for the duration of 14 years, and later in the year he was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. However, soon after this, a rumour spread in optical circles that Dollond had stolen the new construction from Chester Moor Hall, the real inventor. Who was Chester Moor Hall? Unfortunately we have very little knowledge of him. He was born in late 1704 on the estates of Moor Hall in Sutton, near Rochfort, in the county of Essex. His baptism took place on 9 December 1704. His parents were well- off and promoted his studies to become a lawyer. He opened a law office and became a bencher of the Inner Temple, an old London legal institution. In 1733, he was one of the subscribers to Dr Jebb’s new edition of Roger Bacon’s Opus Majus , which indicates his extensive scientific education. Later on, he occupied the position of Justice of the Peace on his estates in Essex. Hall never published any information about his research on the achromatic object glass. The only written documents to survive him are some signatures on judicial files. He died on 17 March 1771. Because John Dollond was also very reticent about his methods and train of thought, the invention of the achromatic telescope objective has remained in some mystery and nebulous darkness. The author of this paper is now in possession of three telescopes from the middle of the eighteenth century, of which the object glasses have all the same construction, but differ very much from the normal construction of English object glasses from this time. I shall describe the main optical research on these three objectives. The results of these measurements give us insight into the thoughts and the practical methods of their inventor. In this short paper, some of the details may not be intelligible to readers who are not familiar with theoretical and practical optics. I would, however, be pleased to explain any problems which may occur, for interested readers.

Abstract Intergroup bias is a ubiquitous socio-cognitive phenomenon that, while sustaining human dependence on group living, often leads to prejudice, inequity, and violence; yet, its neural underpinnings remain unclear. Framed within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and targeting youth, this study utilized magnetoencephalography to describe intrinsic neural oscillatory processes that represent the intergroup bias and may link with engagement in peacemaking in order to shed further light on the neural mechanisms underpinning intergroup conflict. Across the oscillatory spectrum, from very low to very high frequency bands, the only rhythm found to underlie the intergroup bias was the alpha rhythm. Alpha was continuously activated across the task and integrated a rapid perceptual component in occipital cortex with a top-down cognitive-control component in medial cingulate cortex. These components were distinctly associated with real-life intergroup dialog style and expressed attitudes that promote active engagement in peacemaking. Our findings suggest that the cortical alpha rhythm plays a crucial role in sustaining intergroup bias and address its impact on concrete intergroup experiences. Results highlight the need to provide opportunities for active peace-building dialog to youth reared amidst intractable conflicts.

Bass, Karen. Drummer Girl. Regina: Coteau Books, 2011. Print. Writing for teens is an exercise in walking a tight-rope. Stories must reflect the current realities of their world, which is sometimes difficult for an adult writer to access directly, while offering commentary on that world that avoids didacticism. Karen Bass achieves both feats with ease in her novel Drummer Girl. This multifaceted and nuanced novel tells the story of an intelligent, self-possessed, and spunky girl, Sidney, or Sid for short, who tries to stay true to herself, her friends, and her musical passion in a world where it's hard for a girl to just be herself. "I hate being a girl! It's crap. All of it! The game is made for us to lose and I'm sick of playing it". Sid is a talented drummer who connects with music on a deep level, regardless of genre. Her two favourite styles are heavy metal and jazz. She would be happy to simply play drums all day, but when she tries out for The Fourth Down (TFD), a band composed of guys from the cool crowd at her school, she realizes that image matters too, at least to their group. She turns to her fashion conscious cousin for help. As she struggles to reconcile her new 'sexy' look with her own more casual style, she discovers that guys are only too ready to interpret her dress as an invitation to invade her personal space and pepper her with suggestive innuendo. Sid proceeds with her plan to win over the band, defending herself when necessary with an arsenal of retorts that some readers might recognize as a textbook. But the unfair harassment of the guys, who include another drummer trying out for the spot, drives the narrative in another direction and leads to a episode where Sid is subjected to a sexual assault outside her school. The band gangs up and their leader, Rocklin, forces a violent kiss on her. Her reputation is further undermined when they put a video of the event online. Even her best friend Taylor, a boy wrestling with his own issue of sexual identity, and math-nerd crush Brad, whom Sid has fallen hard for, develop a distorted view of Sid and begin to doubt her. Sid wants to handle the incident herself, but the trajectory of consequences takes it out of her control and out of the hands of the school counselor who is trying to help her. When a special school assembly and police investigation don't deliver public justice, Sid must choose between pursuing a nasty civil suit and finding peace with an indirect justice that the perpetrators meet in the community. After she realizes that she really doesn't want to join TFD after all, Sid decides to start her own all-girl band so she can play on her terms. The romance with awkward but adorable Brad also wends its way to a highly satisfying conclusion. There is no question that Bass is a skillful writer. Intelligent narration and inventive language lets us see the characters clearly as distinct personalities and Bass can quickly deliver an image or idea with a memorable turn of phrase. For instance, when Sid visits a hospital, she sees rooms "filled with people waiting for life to resume and fearing it might not". At the same time, Bass has a strong grasp of a snappy idiom for dialogue that feels authentically youthful. In fact the zing in the language does double duty, as it also fuels the momentum of the well-paced plot, making for a high re-read value. Likewise, musical terminology and description is accurate to a fault–terms like paradiddle and flam will be novel even to many musicians–and band references like Rush are legit. The novel doesn't pull any punches in presenting the ruthless world of high school: gender roles and harassment are topical and difficult issues. However, the resolution of the assault presents a dilemma. If Sid doesn't take up a civil suit, does that make what happened OK? Sid's decision to pick her battles and move on parallels the story arc of her moderation of style in both drumming and fashion. While some may disagree with the author's choice of this outcome, Bass treads carefully. The message she delivers is that the real world is not perfect. Finally, library folks will appreciate the way Bass, herself a former library manager, has subtly characterized the school library as a safe refuge and source of helpful information. A little self-advertising never hurt anyone. Highly Recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: John Huck Editor’s note: Drummer Girl was the recipient of the YA bronze medal in the 2011 Foreword Book of the Year Awards.John Huck is a metadata and cataloguing librarian at the University of Alberta. He holds an undergraduate degree in English literature and maintains a special interest in the spoken word. He is also a classical musician and has sung semi-professionally for many years.

AbstractWell-designed monitoring approaches are needed to assess effects of industrial development on downstream aquatic environments and guide environmental stewardship. Here, we develop and apply a monitoring approach to detect potential enrichment of metals concentrations in surficial lake sediments of the Peace-Athabasca Delta (PAD), northern Alberta, Canada. Since the ecological integrity of the PAD is strongly tied to river floodwaters that replenish lakes in the delta, and the PAD is located downstream of the Alberta oil sands, concerns have been raised over the potential transport of industry-supplied metals to the PAD via the Athabasca River. Surface sediment samples were collected in September 2017 from 61 lakes across the delta, and again in July 2018 from 20 of the same lakes that had received river floodwaters 2 months earlier, to provide snapshots of metals concentrations (Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) that have recently accumulated in these lakes. To assess for anthropogenic enrichment, surficial sediment metals concentrations were normalized to aluminum and compared to pre-industrial baseline (i.e., reference) metal-aluminum linear relations for the Athabasca and Peace sectors of the PAD developed from pre-1920 measurements in lake sediment cores. Numerical analysis demonstrates no marked enrichment of these metals concentrations above pre-1920 baselines despite strong ability (> 99% power) to detect enrichment of 10%. Measurements of river sediment collected by the Regional Aquatics- and Oil Sands-Monitoring Programs (RAMP/OSM) also did not exceed pre-1920 concentrations. Thus, results presented here show no evidence of substantial oil sands-derived metals enrichment of sediment supplied by the Athabasca River to lakes in the PAD and demonstrate the usefulness of these methods as a monitoring framework.

A myriad of traditions underlie the local wisdom of Sasak tribe (the indigenous people in Lombok), namely tradisi merarik (wedding), nenarih (proposing), sorong serah ajikrame (dowry negotiation), langar, begawe (party) , banjar (the community body), begibung (eating together), berayan mangan (eating together), and nyongkolan (wedding parade). Such local customs in general entail the value of mutual concession or tolerance, compassion, dependency, social solidarity, sympathy, communal work for peace, and prosperity. The local wisdoms are strongly relevant to the theory of chemical bonding such as electrostatic stability and configuration, the positive and negative ions, theory of chemical bond formation, polar and nonpolar covalent, coordinate covalent bond, metal bonding, and intermolecular forces comprising hydrogen and Van der Waals bond. The interface and relevance of both are actualized in the religious and social values of Sasak Lombok tradition equivalent to the theory of chemical bonding. Therefore, this paper demonstrates that the theory of chemical bonding is strongly relevantly associated with the tradition of local Islamic wisdom of Sasak Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara.

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a dislocation dynamics simulation of the interaction of a circular dislocation pile-up with a short rigid fiber, say as in metal-matrix composites. The pile-up is composed of glide dislocation loops surrounding the fiber. This problem is treated here as a boundary value problem within the context of dislocation dynamics. The proper boundary condition to be enforced is that of no or zero elastic displacements at the fiber's surface. Such a condition is satisfied by a distribution of rectangular dislocation loops, acting as sources of elastic displacements, meshing the fiber's surface. Such treatment is similar to crack modeling using distributed dislocations and falls under the category of “generalized image stress analysis.” The unknown in this problem is the Burgers vectors of the surface loops. Once those are found, the Peach-Koehler force acting on the circular dislocation loops, and emulating the fiber's presence, can be determined and the dynamical arrangement of the circular pile-up evolves naturally from traditional dislocation dynamics analysis.

Implicaciones Socio-ambientales del Conflicto en Colombia Social and Environmental Implications of the Conflict in Colombia Martha Inés Moreno Medel Politécnico Grancolombiano, Calle 57 N. 3 – 00 Este, Bogotá, Colombia mimorenom@poligran.edu.co DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2016.0016/ Resumen El conflicto genera devastación, desplazamiento, desempleo y crisis alimentaria; en las mesas de negociación se están buscando soluciones, pero también propician conflicto, las personas desplazadas y trabajadoras de escasos ingresos no van a tener los mismos beneficios, esto genera inequidad; uno de los factores que contribuye a superar este impacto es la educación desde el cerebro, mirándolo integralmente. La educación se debe fundamentar en la construcción del cerebro tríadico tetra-nivelado (tres predominancias en cuatro niveles de desarrollo); utilizando programas de capacitación basadas en el desarrollo de competencias del cerebro tríadico; actualmente cada predominancia cerebral busca su propio beneficio y es necesario deshacer conocimientos para poder tener un cambio de mentalidad, donde cada actor del conflicto logre empatizar con quienes fueron sus adversarios tras un bien común, la sobrevivencia en condiciones dignas y la conservación del planeta; los estudios realizados hasta el momento y las estrategias implementadas han sido desde el currículo tradicional. En el conflicto el factor principal es el ser humano; es inviable una paz duradera si no se enfrenta a un proceso de desaprender y adquirir aprendizajes nuevos desde el cerebro integral: la predominancia izquierda lógica que es desde donde se ha venido adelantando el proceso de negociación, derecha para desarrollar la parte afectiva, creativa del entorno y la predominancia central reptiliano donde está la sobrevivencia. Descriptores: Cerebro tríadico tetranivelado, conflicto, postconflicto, inequidad, empatizar, agroecología. Abstract The conflict has generated devastation, forced displacement, unemployment and even food crisis; Solutions are being sought through the peace talks, but these at the same time create other type of conflict because displaced people and workers with limited resources are not going to have the same benefits, which generates inequity. Education should be based on the construction of the triadic brain tetra-level (three predominances in four levels of development); using training programs that use as a base the skills development of the triadic brain; Nowadays each brain predominance looks for their own benefit and it is needed to dissolve some knowledge to be able to have a mentality change, where everyone that has been a victim in conflict is able to empathize with their opponents in search of general welfare, survival in decent conditions and the planet conservation¸ studies and the implemented strategies so far have been from the point of view of the traditional curriculum. In conflict the main factor is the human being; it is unsustainable for peace to last if we don’t face the process to dissolve some knowledge and learn something new from the integral brain: the left logical predominance where all the peace talks have come from, the right one to develop the affective, creative part of the environment and the central reptilian predominance where survival is located. Agroecology forms an innovative tridimensional trend to implement (Science, Practice, Social Movement and/or Political), where the changes of scientific and technologic paradigms act and work in constant reciprocity to achieve a social impact. Keywords: Triadic Brain tetra-level, Conflict, Post-conflict, Inequity, Empathize, Agroecology