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Journal articles on the topic 'Peace of Westphalia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Borshch, Irina Valer'evna. "The peace of Westphalia and religion in the context of the evolution of public law in Europe." Contemporary Europe, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020170832301014x.

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The article describes the consequences of the «post-secular turn» in social sciences, in particular, in the history of law and the theory of international relations as applied to the study of the Congress of Westphalia and the Peace Treaty of 1648. The author shows how new approaches in the international theory (from realism to constructivism and neorealism) contributed to the criticism of the «secular myth of Westphalia». The author considers new perspectives on the religious issue at the Westphalian Peace Congress in terms of the evolution of public law in Europe. Westphalia is seen as a set of religion ideas, which caused a revolution in the concept and practice of sovereignty and Westphalia as the last Christian Peace. The article discusses the role of the legal principles of religious freedom and the confessional truce of the XVII century in the formation of the Westphalian system of security guarantees in Europe. The changes in the role of the Pope in international law during and after the Westphalian negotiations and the consequences of the Treaty for protestant and catholic conditions are indicated. The study reveals how various Christian denominations participated (ideologically and politically) in the Westphalian negotiations, while discussing the «special case» of Orthodoxy, taking into account the diplomatic rapprochement of Moscow, Stockholm and Paris before the Westphalian Peace Congress.

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Nefedov, B. "The critique of the Westphalian peace narrative." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 6–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2022.20.3.70.3.

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The article studies perceptions of the Peace of Westphalia that were formed in the fields of international relations history and the general theory of international law as a result of conflicting doctrines, with some claiming the Westphalian treaties of 1648 are of universal significance for these scientific fields, and others, conversely, denying that these treaties had any sort of influence on the formation of a modern system of international relations and the formation of international law as a legal system. The article concludes that the treaties of the Peace of Westphalia does not actually contain many of the provisions attributed to them. These norms often arise only from their interpretation. However, the critics of the treaties’ significance for the history of international relations and their international legal regulationwho focused their attention only on the verbatim text of these documents while ignoring the historical conditions surrounding their development and adoption, failed to properly assess their impact. The Westphalian Congress was the first congress in world history that was pan-European in character. Its widely representative nature, the lengthy period of time during which it was held, the content of the treaties and the universally binding nature of their provisions, as well as the protocol rules, allow us to claim that the states of this world region started to identify themselves as part of a single pan-European international community. Moreover, the Congress also saw the creation, in a relatively short time, not only of treaties, but also of customary norms of general international law that were of fundamental importance for the formation of a new system of international relations. Despite the fact that most of the provisions of the Peace Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 havean applied nature, it is by no means an insignificant medieval treaty, the only virtue of which lies in it ending the Thirty Years' War. The Peace of Westphalia is an example of the first pan-European international treaty in world historywhich formulated a number of binding norms for all states of this part of the world. To sum up, the Westphalian Peace Treaty was, a historic breakthrough the creation of treaty norms of general international law, and therefore the it should be deemed a historical milestone in the creation of international law as a legal system.

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3

Parrott, David. "The Peace of Westphalia." Journal of Early Modern History 8, no. 1 (2004): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570065041268979.

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4

Cerf, Vinton G. "The peace of westphalia." Communications of the ACM 61, no. 9 (August 22, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3242093.

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5

Krivokapić, Boris. "Significance of the Peace of Westphalia (1648) for international law." Revija Kopaonicke skole prirodnog prava 5, no. 1 (2023): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/rkspp2301047k.

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The Peace of Westphalia (1648) is often cited as a turning point in the development of international law, with some believing that this law was born there, others claiming that it was then that modern or at least universal law was born, while others, giving the periodization of the development of international law, rely on Westphalian conference as an important event. The author gives a critical review of those views, proving that international law was created parallel to the emergence of the first states, that it was rather developed even before the Peace of Westphalia, that the solutions of that peace were essentially nothing really new, that these solutions were not of importance for countries outside the circle of Western European states, etc. However, he also notes that in the last few years, the essence of what is known as the so-called Westphalian system, and especially the understanding that states are sovereign and therefore equal and that intervention in the affairs of other states is prohibited. The author points out that such attitudes are often a function of the policy of demolishing the existing one and establishing some kind of new, significantly different order, in which the vast majority of states would not be sovereign and in which all power would be concentrated in only one center. He concludes that a sober criticism of the attitude that "everything started" from the Congress of Westphalia seems justified and necessary, but that one should not go to the other extreme, especially not if it is motivated by political reasons.

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6

Croxton, Derek. "The Historical Context of “A Westphalia for the Middle East?”." Journal of Applied History 2, no. 1-2 (June 16, 2020): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25895893-bja10004.

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Abstract This article considers the fit of the “Westphalia for the Middle East” project with the historical Peace of Westphalia. It takes as its point of departure Proudhon’s distinction between the “judgment” and “reasons” of a treaty. The “reasons” behind the Peace of Westphalia include broad participation of interested parties, religious compromise, involvement of external powers in Imperial government, and ending a war. Of these, the involvement of external powers in another state’s government presents the greatest problem mapping to the Middle East, chiefly because the project proposes to treat the Middle East as a whole like the Holy Roman Empire in the Peace of Westphalia.

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7

Filho, Marcílio Toscano Franca. "Westphalia: a Paradigm? A Dialogue between Law, Art and Philosophy of Science." German Law Journal 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 955–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200006118.

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On 23rd June 2007, after three years of uncertainty, European Union leaders agreed on relaunching the old idea of a Magna Charta for Europe (now called “the Reform Treaty”), a normative structure based on the old ideas of deference to national identities, sovereignty and equality. To many authors, the first time that juridical equality between states was solemnly stated was in the aftermath of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), in the Westphalia Peace Treaties, representing the beginning of modern international society established in a system of states, and at the same time, “the plain affirmation of the statement of absolute independence of the different state orders.” In fact, under an Eurocentric conception of political ideas (which envisages England as an isolated island and Iberia as Maghreb, north of Africa), the modern state emerges with the Westphalia Peace Treaties. However, under a broader conception, the modern nation-state (under the form of absolute monarchy) emerged long before the Westphalia Peace Treaties, in Iberia and England. Nevertheless, it is in these documents which lies the “birth certificate” of the modern sovereignty nation-state, base of the present democratic state, and “founding moment” of the international political system. Far beyond this merely formal aspect, the importance of the Westphalia Peace Treaties is so great to the understanding of the notion of state that Roland Mousnier, in describing the 16th and 17th centuries in the General History of the Civilizations, organized by Maurice Crouzet, asserts that those treaties symbolized a real “constitution of the new Europe,” a multifarious Europe, plural and very distant from the religious unit of Christianity, from the political unit of the Holy Roman Empire, and from the economical unit of the feudal system. Constitutions are especially important because they establish the rules for the political authority, they determine who governs and how they govern: “[I]n codifying and legitimating the principle of sovereign statehood, the Westphalian constitution gave birth to the modern states-system.”

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8

Belyaev, M. P. "PEACE OF WESTPHALIA AND THE FORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL ECO- NOMIC LAW." Vestnik of the Russian University of Cooperation, no. 3(45) (October 10, 2021): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.52623/2227-4383-3-45-14.

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The article examines the influence of the Peace of Westphalia on the formation of international economic law. The author examines the economic situation in which the Holy Roman Empire found itself as a result of the Thirty Years' War. New customs and road taxes were introduced and old customs tariffs were raised. All continental trade was paralyzed. The decisions of the Westphalian Congress were based on the concept of freedom of trade. All customs duties, taxes and other restrictions that were arbitrarily introduced without the consent of the emperor and the electors were abolished. Even before the outbreak of the war, debt obligations had reached significant proportions. For the period of the signing of the Peace of Westphalia, moratoriums were introduced for 5 years on the payment of interest and repayment of debts. At the Regensburg Reichstag in 1654, proposals for compensation at the regional level, on the settlement of loan agreements and payment of interest on contributions, on a decrease in interest on current contributions were developed.

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9

ZREIK, MOHAMAD. "THE WESTPHALIA PEACE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE MODERN EUROPRAN STATE." Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 2, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v2i1.41.

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This paper addresses the Westphalia peace, which came after the Thirty Years War as a solution to the crisis among European groups. European history as a whole is black and has many wars, in addition to the division between religious groups such as Protestants and Catholics. The Westphalia peace came to lay the foundation for a modern European state, it helped the emergence of international law, which was based on many international principles and laws that regulate international relations between states in order to control the deteriorating situation and prevent the use of power. It stressed the principle of international balance and made it a necessity, and thus this principle will create a balance between States and prevent the use of the policy of violence and power and domination in international relations. This paper has been divided into historical parts, beginning with European history before the Treaty of Westphalia and focusing on the Thirty Years War, and then identifying what the Westphalia peace was and what it produced.

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10

Wolf, Albert. "The Iran Nuclear Crisis, the Lessons of Westphalia and the Value of Biased Mediation." Journal of Applied History 2, no. 1-2 (September 28, 2020): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25895893-bja10008.

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Abstract In this paper, I examine one component of the Peace of Westphalia: the use of biased or non-neutral mediators. Biased mediators made a significant, but not the only, contribution to the Peace of Westphalia. Contrary to the received wisdom, biased mediators can be effective in forging peace because they have a vested interest in the success or failure of a settlement, whereas neutral mediators do not have the same stakes at play. I examine the role biased mediators may play in the ongoing nuclear crisis between the U.S. and Iran.

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11

Hutton Ferris, Daniel. "Democratic Peace beyond Westphalia: Kang and Kant." Comparative Political Theory 3, no. 1 (May 11, 2023): 32–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26669773-bja10042.

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Abstract This piece brings into dialogue two philosophically profound and hugely influential texts on the nature and requisites of international peace: Immanuel Kant’s “Towards Perpetual Peace” (zum Ewigen Frieden) and Kang Youwei’s 康有为 Book of Great Unity 大同书. Both texts articulate bold visions of a world without international war and embed concrete institutional plans for establishing peace within strongly progressivist philosophies of history. But Kang and Kant disagree in some crucial respects. Most significantly: whilst Kant imagines a liberal peace between sovereign states, Kang argues that enduring pacification would have to be enforced by a communitarian and deliberative democratic polity spanning the earth. Reading the Book of Great Unity alongside “Perpetual Peace” raises timely and challenging questions for contemporary Kantians and, more generally, for liberal internationalist political theorists and scholars of international relations.

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12

Pickering, Steve. "Divide and Conquer: The Impact of “Political” Maps on International Relations." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 20, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 461–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2014-0012.

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AbstractFor researchers and students of International Relations (IR), one date looms larger than all others: 1648. The end of the Thirty Years War, formalized by the signing of the Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, led to a period known as the “Peace of Westphalia.” Westphalia represented a fundamental change in the power balance of European politics: instead of the Holy Roman Empire holding supreme authority, power would now rest with states themselves, manifested in terms of sovereignty, territory and equality. One of the chief ways in which these “Westphalian” states would cement this authority was through the use of maps. Before 1648, there was little on a European map to indicate where one country ended and another one began. But after 1648, this all changes: these new Westphalian states are represented with bright colors and clearly marked boundaries, defining borders and becoming an important part in creating the state and justifying its sovereignty. The role which maps have played in the spread of the Westphalian state is only just beginning to be researched. Yet the limited efforts to date have all focussed on Europe. This is unfortunate, as today, while Europe has, according to some observers, moved into a stage in which Westphalia is no longer a useful model with which to understand the state and the ways in which it relates to sovereignty, government, power and the individual, the old Westphalian model of the state has more recently been exported all around the world. This paper presents the first part of a project which aims to look at this expansion. The European angle will be presented in this paper; future research will be carried out in China, Japan and Taiwan.

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13

Clingan, C. Edmund, Derek Croxton, and Anuschka Tischer. "The Peace of Westphalia: A Historical Dictionary." German Studies Review 27, no. 3 (October 2004): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4140990.

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14

Sandberg, Brian, Derek Croxton, and Anuschka Tischer. "The Peace of Westphalia: A Historical Dictionary." Sixteenth Century Journal 35, no. 1 (April 1, 2004): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20476883.

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15

Parrott, D. "The Peace of Westphalia: A Historical Dictionary." English Historical Review 118, no. 477 (June 1, 2003): 792–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/118.477.792.

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16

Wilson, Peter H. "Derek Croxton. Westphalia: The Last Christian Peace." American Historical Review 120, no. 3 (June 2015): 1130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.3.1130.

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17

Topić, Marko, Zrinka Erent-Sunko, and Miran Marelja. "Legal Duality of the Peace of Westphalia." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci 44, no. 2 (2023): 335–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30925/zpfsr.44.2.2.

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Westfalski mir vratio je stabilnost Europi, okončavši Tridesetogodišnji rat (1618. - 1648.), koji se odvijao pretežno na području Svetog Rimskog Carstva te Nizozemski ustanak, poznat i kao Osamdesetogodišnji rat (1566. - 1648.) između Španjolske i Nizozemske. Nakon uvodnog razmatranja Westfalskoga kongresa, u radu se analiziraju najbitnije odredbe mirovnih ugovora koje im pridaju važnost ustavnopravnog akta Carstva, poput odredbi o vjerskim pitanjima, opće amnestije i prava zemalja Carstva. Na ove ustavnopravne odrednice nadovezuje se pitanje jamstva i zaštite izvršenja sadržanih prava i sloboda. Pritom se vanjske implikacije mirovnog ugovora zaokružuju raščlambom te kritikom koncepta westfalske suverenosti. Upravo će očuvanje krhke ravnoteže proizašle iz političke slabosti Carstva omogućiti razvoj novoga međunarodnog političkog (i pravnog) okvira u Europi.

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Régibeau, Julien. "Beyond Protest." Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 103, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qufiab-2023-0016.

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Abstract The systematic protests by the nuncio Fabio Chigi against the peace treaties negotiated during the Congress of Westphalia (1643–1649) have long been interpreted as a papal diplomatic failure, at a time when the ideal of Christianity was definitively giving way to a Europe made up of states. This paper seeks to move away from this categorical interpretation of the phenomenon. By studying the correspondence of the nuncios stationed in Madrid, Paris, Brussels and Vienna, the aim is to analyse how the peace of Westphalia was received, and determine whether this reception differs from the protest politics pursued by Fabio Chigi in Münster. It emerges that the nunciatures had varied reactions to the negotiations and the treaties, within fragmented contexts where the peace in Germany was just one of many current events, which were dominated by ongoing conflicts. The primary characteristic of these reactions is that they result from the local activities of each nuncio. By focusing on the variety of reactions, this study offers a polycentric and interconnected understanding of papal diplomacy at the time of the Congress of Westphalia. It aims to provide a better comprehension of the ‚agency‘ of the apostolic nuncios in redefining the diplomatic culture of the Holy See, through their differing receptions, practices and uses of the notion of peace.

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Berchev, Daniel. "Navigating the Legacy of Westphalia: The European Union’s Role in Managing Russian-Ukrainian Relations." Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics 4, no. 1 (July 3, 2024): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2024.1.02.

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This article explores how the principles established in the Treaty of Westphalia continue to shape contemporary geopolitics, particularly in the context of the EU’s efforts to maintain stability in its eastern neighbours. Focusing on the volatile relationship between Russia and Ukraine in the 1998-2021 period, this article aims at analysing the complex dynamics between the Westphalian concept of international order, the EU and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, shedding light on the complexities of contemporary European geopolitics. Ensuing from the research goal is the threefold research focus: 1/ Assessment of the influence of the Westphalian principles on modern European geopolitics; 2/ Assessment of EU efforts and policies to mediate conflicts and promote dialogue between Russia and Ukraine; 3/ Identification of challenges and opportunities faced by the EU in its aspirations to promote peace, stability and democracy in the region. The study puts forth the hypothesis that while the Westphalian concept of state sovereignty continues to influence international relations, the supranational model of the EU offers a unique approach to managing conflicts and promoting cooperation between European nations. By early 2022, the EU, through its diplomatic initiatives, legal mechanisms and integration efforts, is said to play a central role in mediating Russian-Ukrainian tensions and promoting the principles of peace and democracy in Eastern Europe. Methodologically, the study builds upon a comparative approach to analyse the historical context, political frameworks and diplomatic commitments related to the role of the EU in Russian-Ukrainian relations.

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Krasner, Stephen D. "Rethinking the sovereign state model." Review of International Studies 27, no. 5 (December 2001): 17–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210501008014.

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The Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648, is generally understood as a critical moment in the development of the modern international system composed of sovereign states each with exclusive authority within its own geographic boundaries. The Westphalian sovereign state model, based on the principles of autonomy, territory, mutual recognition and control, offers a simple, arresting, and elegant image. It orders the minds of policymakers. It is an analytic assumption for neo-realism and neo-liberal institutionalism. It is an empirical regularity for various sociological and constructivist theories of international politics. It is a benchmark for observers who claim an erosion of sovereignty in the contemporary world.

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21

Straumann, Benjamin. "The Peace of Westphalia as a Secular Constitution." Constellations 15, no. 2 (June 2008): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00483.x.

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22

von Friedeburg, Robert. "Westphalia: The Last Christian Peace, by Derek Croxton." English Historical Review 130, no. 547 (December 2015): 1560–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cev294.

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23

MENDELSOHN, BARAK. "God vs. Westphalia: radical Islamist movements and the battle for organising the World." Review of International Studies 38, no. 3 (February 21, 2012): 589–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210511000775.

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AbstractThis article presents the operation of al-Qaeda and Hizb ut-Tahrir, two of the most radical Islamist movements, through the lens of the relationship between religion as an organising principle for world politics and the state-based logic. It examines these groups in the context of repeated attempts by religious actors throughout history to render religion the dominant and constitutive element in world politics. Prior to the Peace of Westphalia, religion had a critical role in shaping the political landscape, but Westphalia relegated religion to a secondary position. While it accepted religion's role in the domestic affairs of the units in the international system, the Westphalian order kept religion subordinated to the logic of the state system. But religion maintained its ability to provide an alternative organisation for world politics. While al-Qaeda and Hizb ut-Tahrir are highly unlikely to bring about systemic change, their ascendance should remind scholars that the existing order is not inevitable and that the resurgence of religion in international politics also involves the resurrection of interpretations of religion that compete with and challenge the logic of the state-based system.

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조용석. "The Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia." THEOLOGICAL THOUGHT ll, no. 184 (March 2019): 323–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35858/sinhak.2019..184.012.

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Osiander, Andreas. "Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth." International Organization 55, no. 2 (2001): 251–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/00208180151140577.

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The 350th anniversary of the Peace of Westphalia in 1998 was largely ignored by the discipline of international relations (IR), despite the fact that it regards that event as the beginning of the international system with which it has traditionally dealt. By contrast, there has recently been much debate about whether the “Westphalian system” is about to end. This debate necessitates, or at least implies, historical comparisons. I contend that IR, unwittingly, in fact judges current trends against the backdrop of a past that is largely imaginary, a product of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century fixation on the concept of sovereignty. I discuss how what I call the ideology of sovereignty has hampered the development of IR theory. I suggest that the historical phenomena I analyze in this article—the Thirty Years' War and the 1648 peace treaties as well as the post–1648 Holy Roman Empire and the European system in which it was embedded—may help us to gain a better understanding of contemporary international politics.

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Ivonina, Liudmila. "Iconography of Peace Сongresses during the Formation of the Westphallian System." Eikon / Imago 10 (February 8, 2021): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/eiko.74157.

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The formation of the first state system in Europe took place from the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, as a result of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), to the Utrecht (1713), Rastatt-Baden (1714) and Nystad Congresses (1721) which finished the end of the war of the Spanish Succession and the Northern war. The legal fixation of the Westphallian system was accompanied by its public perception and acceptance. First of all, this was demonstrated by International Congresses, which were not only a common negotiation process, but also a place of representation of the significance and culture of each state. In fact, the European Congress was a carefully designed triumph of Рeace within the continent, which required considerable funds, was widely covered in the press and glorified in celebrations, paintings, plastic art, release of commemorative medals, poetry and even fashion. The article presents the most striking examples of iconography of Peace Congresses. The author believes that their performative nature and iconography, emphasizing the European character of Peace and the protopatriotic moods that it evoked, made a significant contribution to the civilization heritage of Europe.

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Lazareva, Arina. "“Great Atlant”: Emperor Ferdinand III (1637—1657) as a German National Hero." ISTORIYA 14, no. 7 (129) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027473-9.

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The article deals with the appearance of the image of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III as a national hero in German journalism. There are still not many works devoted to Ferdinand III in historiography. The discussion surrounding his reign continues to highlight the weakness of imperial power during the Congress of Westphalia. The traditions of glorification of rulers were acquired in German printed publications of the middle of the 17th century pronounced national connotation. The Peace of Westphalia gave a new impetus to the development of the German national idea. Despite the emperor’s loss of some important prerogatives during the Congress of Westphalia, Ferdinand III turned on the pages of printed matter into a “German hero” who ended the Thirty Years’ War (1618—1648), who recreated the unity of the Empire and became its full head. The emperor is presented in the writings of the era as the defender of the German nation, thanks to whom the Empire was not only able to withstand thirty years of military chaos, but proved its viability and even reached a new peak. Constructing the image of a national hero, the authors addressed both the real political possibilities of the imperial power after the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia, and the moral arsenal of virtues, which the emperor had. The ideas of his inherent patriotism and his desire to care for the Fatherland constituted the main components of the image of the ideal ruler and national hero and firmly entered the national discourse. During his lifetime, publicists turned Ferdinand III into a symbol of the German nation and laid the foundation for similar writings in subsequent eras.

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Ivonina, L. I. "Sacralization of Peace by the Choice of Dates for Conclusion of International Treaties within Westphalian System." MGIMO Review of International Relations 14, no. 6 (December 29, 2021): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2021-6-81-140-152.

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The issues of peace have always been important for historical science. However, in recent years, international historiography began to pay attention to Peace congresses' symbolism and socio-cultural design. The symbolic power of "special days" whether it is a Christian holiday or an event of exceptional significance allowed people of early Modernity to express their attitude to reality and power. An analysis of the choice of the dates for the conclusion of Peace by adversary states within the Westphalian system demonstrates three persistent variants of the dates. The first is signing a peace treaty on Saturday, Sunday, or a Christian holiday. The most striking example of this option is the signing of the Peace of Westphalia itself (treaties in Münster and Osnabrück on October 24, 1648), on Saturday the day before the second Sunday after Trinity. The second option involves a reference to an important event in the past. For example, the Peace in Passarovitz between the Holy Roman Empire and Porta (1718) and the Russian-Turkish Peace in Kuchuk-Kaynardzhi (1774) were signed on the same date July 21, the date when Istanbul and Peter the Great signed the Prut Peace Treaty in 1711. Since the age of the Enlightenment, when the "Right of Peace" began to compete with the "Right of War" in political theories, the date of Peace could be directly determined by the end of negotiations. Sometimes the conclusion of the Peace became a Christian holiday. Peter the Great decided to consecrate the day of the conclusion of the Nystad Peace Treaty by transferring the relics of the Holy Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky from Vladimir to the new Russian capital St. Petersburg. Conclusion of the Peace was used as a tool of social constructivism, implemented through modeling. The political idea was symbolically grounded in significant historical or religious dates. Combining the historical precedent, the Christian holiday and the end of the war emphasized the sacred nature of Peace as the highest social value.

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Rose, Margaret A. "The Peace of Westphalia and nineteenth century German history painting." Global Intellectual History 5, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23801883.2019.1586781.

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Philpott, Daniel. "The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations." World Politics 52, no. 2 (January 2000): 206–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887100002604.

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The Protestant Reformation was a crucial spring of modern international relations. Had it lever occurred, a system of sovereign states would not have arrived, at least not in the form or at he time that it did at the Peace of Westphalia. This is the counterfactual the author seeks to sustain. He first advances an elaborated but qualified defense of the conventional wisdom that Westphalia is the origin of modern international relations. He then accounts for how Protestant deas exerted influence through transforming identities and exercising social power. Structural heories, emphasizing changes in material power, are skeptical of this account. The author roots lis empirical defense of ideas in the strong correlation between Reformation crises and polities' interests in Westphalia. A description of the historical causal pathways running from ideas to political interest then follows. Germany and France are brought as cases to illustrate two of these pathways. Finally, the author shows the evidentiary weakness of alternative structural material explanations.

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Ivonina, Liudmila. "The Triumph of Peace: International Congresses and European Society in the Time of Courts and Alliances." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018801-0.

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The formation of the first state system in Europe took place from the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, as a result of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), to the Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt-Baden (1714) Congresses which finished the end of the war of the Spanish Succession. The legal fixation of the Westphallian system was accompanied by its public perception and acceptance. First of all, this was demonstrated by International Congresses, which were not only a common negotiation process, but also a place of representation of the significance and culture of each state. In fact, the European Congress was a carefully designed triumph of peace within the continent, which required considerable funds, was widely covered in the press and glorified in celebrations, paintings, the release of commemorative medals, poetry and even fashion. The article presents the most striking examples of the analysis of the representation forms of Peace Congresses. The author believes that negotiations between states and the conclusion of peace made a significant contribution to the civilization heritage of Europe. The factor of transition from war to peace was the strongest stimulus for the transformation of the government structure in line with the monopolization of power, the development of trade, the banking system, productive forces and culture, which changed people's attitude to their own personality and environment. The publicity of International Congresses can also be considered as incentive for the development of the Law of Nations and as an act of humanitarian diplomacy. Peace Congresses were designed to minimize the heavy legacy of military conflicts in the historical memory.

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Beeuwkes, Peter, and Paul Meerts. "The Utrecht Negotiations in Perspective: The Hope of Happiness for the World." International Negotiation 13, no. 2 (2008): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180608x320180.

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AbstractThe Peace Negotiations in the Dutch city of Utrecht (1712–13) and its preliminaries settled the Spanish War of Succession and were used to deal with leftovers of the Westphalia Treaties. More importantly, the peace talks in Utrecht gave the major West European powers the opportunity to create an international framework enhancing stability and cooperation in Europe. The Utrecht talks are analyzed to assess the evolution of the negotiation process. The discussion enhances our understanding of international interstate negotiation processes of the past and, thereby, of the present.

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Belyaev, Mikhail P. "Recognition of Sovereignty of the Netherlands and the Peace of Westphalia." History of state and law 8 (July 24, 2019): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3805-2019-8-3-9.

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Croxton, Derek. "The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the Origins of Sovereignty." International History Review 21, no. 3 (September 1999): 569–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1999.9640869.

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ASCH, RONALD G. "Religious toleration, the Peace of Westphalia and the German territorial estates." Parliaments, Estates and Representation 20, no. 1 (January 2000): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02606755.2000.9522099.

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Wilson, Peter H. "War in German Thought from the Peace of Westphalia to Napoleon." European History Quarterly 28, no. 1 (January 1998): 5–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026569149802800101.

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Belyayev, Michail. "THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNITED PROVINCES POLICY AT THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA CONGRESS AND THE PEACE OF MÜNSTER CONCLUSION." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 1 (49) (May 26, 2020): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-49-1-211-226.

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The Northern Netherlands fought for liberation from Spanish rule for 80 years. The country needed peace and confirmation of sovereignty. Spain, weakened by the war, was also interested in a peace treaty conclusion. Dutch-Spanish negotiations at the Peace of Westphalia Congress had not been held until January, 1646. The parties relatively quickly agreed on the basic terms of the agreement. They managed to resolve the issues of colonial conquest, trade, and the closure of the Scheldt. The contradictions, remained unresolved, concerned the position of the Catholic religion on the Lands of the Generality. However, there was no unity regarding the conclusion of peace in the republic itself. The province of Zeeland opposed the conclusion of the treaty. Despite this fact, in January 1647 a preliminary peace agreement was signed. It should come into force in case of signing the same Franco-Spanish agreement. In accordance with the Franco-Dutch Union Treaty, its parties undertook not to conclude a separate peace. However, France and Spain could not come to an agreement. As a result of the internal political struggle in the republic, the victory was won by the supporters of the separate peace conclusion. On January 30, 1648 the Peace of Münster was concluded between Spain and the Republic of the United Provinces. On May 15, 1648 the parties exchanged instruments of ratification. At the end of May, 1648 the province of Zeeland agreed to the peace concluded.

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Nugroho, Nugroho. "REFORMASI PROTESTAN DAN PERANG AGAMA PERANCIS." Jurnal Ilmu Agama: Mengkaji Doktrin, Pemikiran, dan Fenomena Agama 20, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/jia.v20i1.3600.

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Protestant Reformation emerged in the 16th century in Europe caused economic factors, politics, nationalism, individualism, renaissance, as well as the practice of indulgences. This study is library research and analyzed with descriptive analytic. Protestant Reformation led to divisions and wars in Christianity that is so terrible that resulted in the sacrifice of life. Resolutions taken the result of the reform protestanya The Peace of Westphalia.

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Ku, Charlotte. "Catholicism, the peace of Westphalia, and the origins of modern international law." European Legacy 1, no. 2 (April 1996): 734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848779608579476.

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Whaley, J. "Book Review: La Paix de Westphalie (1648). Une histoire sociale, XVIIe-XVIIIe siecles; The Peace of Westphalia. A Historical Dictionary." German History 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635540402200107.

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Vasetsky, V. Y. "The influence of socio-political events in Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries on the development of legal doctrine of Modern history." INTERPRETATION OF LAW: FROM THE THEORY TO THE PRACTICE, no. 12 (2021): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2021-12-23.

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In the history of the country’s development there are periods in which significant changes in social, political and economic life take place. These undoubtedly include the period of the European Reformation of the XVI-XVII centuries. Socio-political events in critical periods are at the same time the source of development in the legal sphere, when often in the struggle crystallize new, necessary for the development of the state, legal provisions of a doctrinal nature. The aim of this paper is to analyze the socio-political events in Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries, the results of the Thirty Years’ War and the significance of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 in terms of influencing the development of legal doctrine of Modern history, and also to provide a comparison with the peculiarities of the socio-political situation that took place in the Ukrainian lands of that time. It is noted that since the beginning of the XVI century. almost the entire world of that time was covered by the Reformation. First of all, it was a broad socio-political movement that took the form of a struggle with the Catholic Church. Against this backdrop of socio-political and economic change, Protestantism has become widespread throughout Europe, associated with the names of Martin Luther, Jean Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli. At the same time, the Catholic Church and the Jesuits opposed the Reformation and led the Counter-Reformation. The result of this confrontation was the Thirty Years’ War - the first pan-European war of 1618 – 1648 between the Catholic Union and the coalition of Protestant states. In European history, this war has remained one of the most terrible European conflicts. Historians estimate that more than 2 million military and more than 6 million civilians were killed. Thirty Years’ War in Europe in the XVII century. ended with the signing in 1648 at the same time in Münster and Osnabrück peace treaty, which was called the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. It is emphasized that the Peace of Westphalia contains a number of provisions of a doctrinal nature. It is made conclusion that this treaty was the source of modern international law and had a long-term impact on the development of relations between states. Among the most important principles of doctrinal nature are the following: state sovereignty has become a universally recognized legal category; the principle of freedom of conscience is recognized with certain restrictions; the idea of sovereignty and independence of each state was opposed to the idea of a single Christian community; proclaimed the idea of ensuring certain human rights, especially the principle according to which private property and the rights of citizens of a hostile state could not be changed by war. Ukrainian ties with European events of that era also took place. This was reflected in the text of the Treaty of Osnabrück, where Ukrainians are noted as allies of Sweden, and the Treaty determined the relevant international legal status of Transylvania at that time. It is noted that the period of the Reformation coincides with the events in Ukraine, as a result of which the Ukrainian Liberation War began, led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Keywords: European Reformation, Peace of Westphalia, legal doctrine, origins of law, the Revolution of Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

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Milton, Patrick. "The Mutual Guarantee of the Peace of Westphalia in the Law of Nations and Its Impact on European Diplomacy." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d’histoire du droit international 22, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340132.

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Abstract This paper seeks to investigate how the mutual guarantee clauses of the treaties of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years War in 1648, affected European diplomacy until the late eighteenth century. It will first analyse the reception and impact of the guarantee of the Peace of Westphalia in the European Law of Nations and in subsequent treaty law. Secondly, it will assess the practical impact of this feature of the Law of Nations on European diplomacy, and how this influence changed over time. This will also include an analysis of how diplomacy and shifting power-political currents altered the content of the guarantee in the Law of Nations. In analysing the guarantee’s influence on diplomacy, the paper places a particular emphasis on Franco-Imperial and Swedish-Imperial relations, as well as the perception of the guarantee among diplomats and other political actors during political, constitutional and confessional conflicts within the Holy Roman Empire.

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Boucher, David. "Resurrecting Pufendorf and capturing the Westphalian moment." Review of International Studies 27, no. 4 (October 2001): 557–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210501005575.

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In this article I intend to give more attention to Pufendorf's ideas than has been the custom among international relations theorists. The main focus will be upon Pufendorf's distillation and conceptualization of the implications of Westphalia in terms of sovereignty and the integrity of states. Furthermore, his extension of the Aristotelian classification of types of state, and his attempts to go beyond Bodin's and Hobbes's theories of sovereignty, provide the vocabulary and concepts in terms of which the different international actors of the late seventeenth century could be understood. In this respect the focus is altogether different from Linklater. My emphasis upon the historical and emblematic character of the Peace of Westphalia, the personification of the state and its animation by sovereignty, which serves to facilitate Pufendorf's exploration of the idea of a system of states, and my suggestion that his ideas are not wholly redundant and may be used to explore some facets of a modern states system, serve considerably to extend Forsyth's brief analysis.

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Vasetsky, Viacheslav. "Changes in the legal sphere as a result of large historical Events." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 34 (August 1, 2023): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/1563-3349-2023-34-129-138.

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The paper presents the results of a study of the impact of large-scale historical events on significant changes in the legal field. Today, an event of such a scale is the war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which, after the undoubted defeat of the Russian Federation in many spheres, will have significant consequences, including in the legal sphere. The war in Ukraine has all the signs of an event of aglobal scale. Socio-political events in the turning points of history are at the same timethe source of development in the legal sphere. This trend can be observed at almost all historical stages, and therefore research in this direction is an urgent problem. The purpose of the paper is to study the impact of significant events in certain turning points in Modern and Recent history that took place on the European continent, which were the origin of changes in the legal sphere and had a long-term eff ect. Sinceit is currently impossible to predict exactly what changes will occur after the defeat of the Russian Federation, which legal institutions and in what direction they will apply, what consequences such changes will lead to in interstate relations and within the country, the above consideration is limited only to some historical events, which can be considered as an example of the origins of significant changes in the legal sphere of a doctrinal nature. The socio-political events in Europe in the XVII centuries, the results of the Thirty Years' War and the significance of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 in terms of influencing the development of legal doctrine of New history is analyzed. Thirty Years 'War in Europe in the XVII century ended with the signing in 1648 at the same time in Münster and Osnabrück peace treaty, which was called the Peace of Westphalia in1648. It is emphasized that the Peace of Westphalia contains a number of provisions of a doctrinal nature. This treaty was the source of modern international law and had along-term impact on the development of relations between states. Large-scale historical events of the late 18th - early 19th centuries in Europe are undoubtedly associated with France. This is the Great French Revolution of 1789-1794, this is also the period of the Napoleonic Wars, finally, this includes the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815, at which, after the defeat of Napoleonic France, the winners under the slogan of returning to the continent of peace and tranquility and the desire to restore monarchies redrawn the continental political map of Europe. The lawmaking activity of Napoleon is noted, on whose initiative and under his leadership alarge volume of codification works was carried out. Civil (1804), Commercial (1807), Criminal Procedure (1808) and Criminal (1810) codes were adopted. It is noted that French civil law and the principles implemented by it significantly influenced civil-lawrelations in Europe. In modern history during the 20th century events took place, the result of which were changes aimed at preventing the horrors of the First and Second World Wars in the future. But the creation of the relevant institutions, organizations, legal framework and other factors was not enough to prevent the threat of a new world conflict, to guarantee danger not only for Ukraine, but also for the whole world. In the light of the events in Ukraine, based on historical analogies, a conclusion is made about the expectation of significant changes in the legal sphere for future security in the world and in our country. Key words: Aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, origins of law,historical analogies, Peace of Westphalia, French Civil Code.

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Lesaffer, Randall. "The Westphalia Peace Treaties and the Development of the Tradition of Great European Peace Settlements prior to 1648." Grotiana 18, no. 1 (1997): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187607597x00064.

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Stec, Stephen. "Humanitarian Limits to Sovereignty: Common Concern and Common Heritage Approaches to Natural Resources and Environment." International Community Law Review 12, no. 3 (2010): 361–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197310x513743.

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AbstractThe Peace of Westphalia released forces leading to the Industrial Revolution, ultimately freeing sovereign states to develop competing systems of economic development that had in common the uncontrolled exploitation of the environment. Over time, a law of humanity developed in response to the failings of a law of sovereign states in two main spheres: that of the dignity of the individual and that of matters of “common concern” that require a global, humanitarian response. Environmental issues have moved to the forefront of the latter, as can be demonstrated by an examination of terms used in international law to describe environmental matters, and have given rise to new forms of international and transnational cooperation. By being reminded that humanitarian issues of common concern were at the root of the Westphalian shift itself, we see that it is the radical form of sovereignty that developed in the 19th and 20th centuries that in fact proved inadequate. The key questions, therefore, are what the global environmental challenge teaches us about the potential for sovereignty to be “reclaimed” for humanity, and how and whence authoritative norms to modulate sovereignty will arise.

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Mayes, David. "Divided by Toleration: Paradoxical Effects of the 1648 Peace of Westphalia and Multiconfessionalism." Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte - Archive for Reformation History 106, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 290–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.14315/arg-2015-0111.

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Skorobogatov, Andrey. "Peace of Westphalia 1648 and the Formation of Sovereign Statehood in Western Europe." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 18, no. 5 (January 2, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/jflcl.2022.059.

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Tang, Zixin. "The Evolution of State Sovereignty under International Institutions Led to Less Use of Force and More Efficient Dispute Settlement." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/4/20220223.

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The continuous amelioration of the principle of state sovereignty by international law and through international institutions has reduced states' use of military force since the Peace of Westphalia. This paper will focus on why and how the evolution of is state sovereignty contributes to the maintenance of peace and security around the globe. The first part will discuss why states respect and comply with the principle of equal sovereignty under the United Nations Charter. The second part reviews the amelioration of the right of self-defense and how it is significant in constraining aggressions. The third part will examine how the affirmation of independence and sovereignty helps resist colonial ideas and behaviors. Lastly, some challenges and controversies on the principle of sovereignty will be brought up and discussed.

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Esser, Raingard. "Contested Space in a Contested Border Area: The Sint Jan in ‘s Hertogenbosch - Or: From Bosch to the Ten Commandments." Entangled Religions 7 (July 27, 2018): 46–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/er.v7.2018.46-77.

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This article investigates contemporary perceptions of church space in the border town of ‘s Hertogenbosch in the aftermath of the Peace of Westphalia. Through a close reading of two chorographies, the study sheds light on ways in which historians can try to grasp contemporary views on what mattered in a church interior in the contested border areas of the Generality Lands, regions in the Dutch Republic, where the Calvinist political elite remained a minority. The study alerts us to the temporality of changes to church interiors and its embeddedness in local and regional circumstances.

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