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Journal articles on the topic 'Peace officers'
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1
Neely Jr., Phillip R., and Joseph Cillo JD. "UNDERSTANDING THE LEGAL ASPECT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT HIRING AND RETENTION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i8.2019.680.
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Law enforcement agencies struggle to hire officers. Law enforcement agencies are compelled to hold applicants to higher standards. Often, due to the danger that may occur, some applicants feel the pay is not worth the risk. Other applicants cannot complete the series of test such as physical agility, psychological, background checks and their criminal history. Even after an officer is hired, they are held to certain standards they must maintain to remain employed. In the State of Georgia, the Peace Officer Standard Training keeps a record of each officer in Georgia that provides the citizens with qualified, professional, trained, ethical and competent peace officers in law enforcement. Any violations could result in the officer certification being suspended or revoked and will show if a person has been fired or quit voluntarily. Hiring and Retention of law enforcement officers will need to be addressed. Police officers or Deputy Sheriffs are needed to maintain order, investigate crimes whether misdemeanors or felonies and crimes against children or the elderly. If agencies cannot retain officer’s criminals would not have consequences for their actions and society would revert to the days of outlaws and common law citizens. Not being able to hire and retain officers can have an impact externally and internally. If officers are not hired or retain the following could cause long term problems such as; officer burnout due to the overtime, case overloads for investigators or detectives, new recruits using the agency as a steppingstone until another job is found.
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Durán, Robert J. "NO JUSTICE, NO PEACE." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 13, no. 1 (2016): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x16000059.
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AbstractThis article provides a thematic overview of a subset of controversial officer involved shootings that have occurred in Denver, Colorado during a period of thirty years (1983-2012). Determining whether a shooting was legally justified involved multiple participants, including local, national, and international representatives. The primary stakeholders were City and County District Attorneys regarding whether to file criminal charges against the officer, and Managers of Safety for whether officers acted within police departmental policy. Although most cases were processed without conflict, a small number were challenged by members of the community based on thematic reasons of shooting individuals who had not committed a crime, violating continuum of force standards, and entrusting law enforcement officers with the power to use deadly force both off-duty and while working secondary jobs. Despite outcome legitimacy vested in a small number of public officials, community members often reported a lack of justice and accountability. They struggled to get public officials to take notice and implement systematic change. Reviewing controversial shootings highlights the multiple issues involved in protecting law enforcement officers from encountering criminal charges, and in essence the procurement of colonial control. Critical Race Theory (interest convergence and storytelling), Social Dominance Theory, along with the historical framework of W. E. B. Du Bois, were utilized to explore a number of officer-involved shootings that continue to produce disparate outcomes by race, class, and gender.
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Wehr, Kevin. "Agency culture and the banality of risk." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 38, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 539–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-03-2015-0025.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role that agency culture, training, and supervision play in the rates of on-the-job seatbelt use among peace officers, as well as other officer safety-related driving concerns such as cell phone use, Mobile Data Terminal use, and other sources of distraction. Design/methodology/approach – Based on semi-structured interviews with California peace officers. Findings – This study found an array of agency culture issues related to on-duty collisions, including distraction, failure to follow policy or procedure, fatigue, self-selection processes among officers and agencies, supervision and field training processes, morale issues, and family/lifestyle issues. Originality/value – To explain these agency culture findings, this paper introduces the concept of the “banality of risk” to understand why many officers choose not to use risk-attenuating equipment. The findings are suggestive of a set of best practices that agencies could consider regarding in-vehicle officer safety.
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Hiatt, Deirdre, and George E. Hargrave. "MMPI Profiles of Problem Peace Officers." Journal of Personality Assessment 52, no. 4 (December 1988): 722–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5204_11.
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Haron, Munain. "Non-Government Organization Practices on Peace Building Process." JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research 38, no. 1 (October 8, 2019): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v38i1.735.
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Generally, this study aimed to determine the influence and contribution of the socio-demographic profile of the NGO officers and practices on the peace-building process. Specifically, it aimed to determine the socio-demographic profile of the NGO officers, the level of practices of NGO activities, the level of conduct of different initiatives on the peacebuilding process, and the effect of the socio-demographic profile and NGO practices on the peacebuilding process. 47 NGO officers who served as respondents of the study. Percentage and frequency were used to describe the socio-demographic profile of the officers. Mean was used to determine the level of practices of NGO and peace-building processes; multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses of the study. It was found out that most of the NGO officers were under the age bracket of 26 – 30 years old male, Maguindanaon, married, primary and high school graduate in Arabic and English Education, had 11,000 – 20,000 monthly income and gave 600 – 1,500 weekly to support the operation of the organization. Findings further revealed that the NGO officers fully practiced relational dimension, peace-building agents, and communication and consultation.
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Varghese,, Anu Achamma, Farhana Mutharintavida,, Fathima Ubaida,, Fathima Sherin, and Rashmi P. "Coping Strategies, After Death Misconceptions and Paranormal Phenomenon amongst Police Officers of Ernakulam, Kerala handling Deceased: A cross sectional study." Journal of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology 6, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/jfct.2454.9363.6120.1.
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Police officers help to maintain peace and security in any nation and checks whether people abide by law of the country and instrumental in bringing justice all over the world. But they go through thick and thin during their career. The aim of the present study is to find out the coping strategy, misconceptions of after-death and paranormal phenomena amongst police officers who handle dead bodies. Participants consisted of Police officers within the age group of 25–60 years. Total of 32 samples were collected from different police stations across Ernakulam District in state of Kerala. Method used was Interview and the data was qualitatively analyzed. The study explored that certain police officers had belief in paranormal phenomenon and misconceptions about after death, other reported that belief in rebirth was based on their religious background. Coping strategies varied in each police officer.
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Hoy, Benjamin. "Dispensing Irregular Justice: State Sponsored Abductions, Prisoner Surrenders, and Extralegal Renditions Along the Canada–United States Border." Law and History Review 35, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 321–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248017000098.
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In 1899, Levi Edwin Dudley, the American consul at Vancouver, complained about the ways that Canadian and American police officers enacted justice along their shared border. During one of Dudley's investigations into alleged abuses, he spoke with a Canadian officer about the ways that local agents on both sides of the border approached their jobs. The officer, speaking under conditions of anonymity, noted that “on the border here we must do things in an irregular way in order to preserve the peace.” The ability of criminals to move back and forth across the line forced American and Canadian officers to “‘stand in’ with each other, [or] we should have the country filled with desperadoes.” American officers transferred criminals over to Canadian agents without proper clearance and Canadian officers later returned the favor. This system of irregular justice utilized informal prisoner exchanges built on local understandings, professional courtesy, and mutual concern to circumvent the slow, uncertain, and expensive extradition process. For Dudley, this kind of behavior threatened the liberty of citizens in both countries. For the officers tasked with policing a region of bisecting jurisdictions, it was a necessary evil.
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Walby, Kevin. "Ottawa’s National Capital Commission Conservation Officers and the Policing of Public Park Sex." Surveillance & Society 6, no. 4 (June 26, 2009): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v6i4.3268.
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The National Capital Commission (NCC) is an organization responsible for so-called ‘beautification’ and land development around Canada’s capital city, Ottawa. This paper examines surveillance of public sex by NCC conservation officers in Ottawa’s parks. Conceptualizing NCC conservation officer work as policing, I analyze conservation officer occurrence reports obtained through federal-level access to information requests to examine how public male with male sexual activity is problematized and criminalized. This case study of NCC conservation officer work demonstrates how notions of so-called ‘appropriate’ sexuality and space usage can be shaped and reinforced through policing and surveillance conducted by governance agents who have peace officer status. Conservation officers have been excluded from studies of policing because of a bias towards conventional municipal officers in the policing literature as well as the marginal status of specialized enforcement agents. Contributing to the literature on policing of public sex, my analysis of conservation officer occurrence reports suggests that even when bylaws and park regulations concerning erotic acts are written in gender-neutral and innocuous language, these bylaws are enforced in ways that discriminate against public homoeroticism. Though NCC officer policing is integral to attempts at purifying urban space, because of their mandate to promote the spirit of Canada in the lands surrounding Ottawa I argue that sexuality is also a matter of national character for the NCC.
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KUĆ, Kamil, and Walentyna TRZCIŃSKA. "PREPARATION OF POLISH POLICE OFFICERS FOR PEACE MISSIONS." Security and Defence Quarterly 23, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35467/sdq/103349.
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Queiros, C., A. P. Melo, and A. Marques. "Stress perception and sensation seeking in portuguese police officers involved in peace keeping mission in East-Timor." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73304-1.
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IntroductionPolicing is a stressful activity. Police officers must deal with aggressive people, delinquents, and danger, or with victims and citizens asking for help. Often they don’t have enough material or human resources and they must decide under stressful conditions. In international peacekeeping missions stressful situations are even more frequent, increased also by hostile reactions of the inhabitants of the country, who sometimes refuse the presence of foreign police forces. Despite those situations, some police officers don’t feel stress and show higher sensation seeking, suggesting that personality traits protect from stress.AimsIdentify levels of stress perception and sensation seeking personality traits in a sample of police officers involved in peace keeping mission in East-Timor, included in United Nations police forces.MethodsData were collected using a translation of Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al, 1983) and Sensation Seeking Scale (Zuckerman, 1994), applied to 70 male police officers from portuguese “Guarda Nacional Republicana”, after comeback from a peace keeping mission (mean age 31.3 years).ResultsThe results reveal that sensation seeking” exists in our sample, confirming that the police officers had a tendency to search for new experiences and adventure. Low levels of emotional exhaustion and low stress perception were identified, and the sample has a high tolerance for boredom.ConclusionsPersonality traits can protect from stress and sensation seeking is typical of some activities, including policing. The knowledge of personality traits can be useful to choose individuals who must deal with stressful situations, such us peace keeping missions.
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Beshir, Abdo. "Public Order Policing During Crisis: A Critical Analysis of Police Response in Crises Affected Areas in Ethiopia." Journal of African Development Studies 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.56302/jads.v9i2.8342.
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Policing is the foundation of a strong state that realizes peace, order, and stability for its citizens. This study attempted to explore public order policing; police response to public disorder in some selected crisis-affected areas in Ethiopia. The study used a qualitative approach with an exploratory research design. Purposive and snowball sampling was employed to select participants for the study. Data were collected through interviews, Focus Group Discussion/FGD, observation, and document review techniques. Regarding participants of the study, 33 key informants from government officials (including prosecutors, experts from peace and security offices in the regions, Human Rights Commission officers, journalists, and police), 20 in-depth interviews with victims and their families, religious and community leaders; and 8 FGDs were conducted with police officers, victims, and community/religious leaders. The data of the study were thematically analyzed. The findings of the study showed that the Police did not play a proactive role because of many factors such as waiting for an order from a higher commandant/ government official, and political infiltration of police officers that immersed them in tricky of partiality. Hence, the crisis resulted in socio-political, economic, and psychological problems in the community of crisis-affected areas. The study concluded that police had minimal preparedness and hence were not successful in managing, preventing, minimizing, or stopping damages. Therefore, police organizations must always do security threat assessments to proactively handle damages due to crises; exercise an empowered decentralized chain of command during a crisis, raise the level of awareness to police officers regarding the police profession, and provide an immediate response to public calls.
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Leštanin, Branko. "Endangering police officers in Serbia: Brief review on criminal law aspect." Bezbednost, Beograd 65, no. 1 (2023): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2301139l.
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The police profession is a very complicated area of social life because police officers perform one of the most complex tasks in society, which includes the fight against crime, maintaining public order and peace, security at sports events and other police work. The author deals with the research of endangering police officers when performing police tasks and in connection with police tasks. The normative method was used to analyze the criminal law aspects of endangering police officers, where the emphasis was placed on the police officer as a passive subject of felony and misdemeanors. An analysis of the content of documents containing statistical indicators on aggravated murders, attacks, and obstruction of police officers for the period 2016-2020 in Serbia was performed. The collected data were first processed and then presented in tables and graphical models in the paper, and certain conclusions were drawn by the method of synthesis and on the basis of performed analyses. The research shows that penal policy is mild, so in the future special programs and projects should be designed in order to make citizens aware of the harmfulness of endangering police officers and at the same time show positive examples of cooperation between the police and the citizens.
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WATSON, ALEXANDER. "Managing an ‘Army of Peoples’: Identity, Command and Performance in the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1914–1918." Contemporary European History 25, no. 2 (April 12, 2016): 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000059.
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AbstractThis article examines the officers who led the Habsburg Army during the First World War. It highlights the complexity of their identities, demonstrating that this went well beyond the a-national – nationalist dichotomy in much historiography. It also argues that these officers' identities had a profound impact on how their army functioned in the field. The article first studies the senior command in 1914–16, showing how its wartime learning processes were shaped by transnational attitudes. These officers had belonged in peace to an international military professional network. When disaster befell their army at the outset of the First World War, it was natural for them to seek lessons from foreign armies, at first from their major enemies, the Russians, and later their German allies. The second half of the article explores the changing loyalties of the reserve officers tasked with frontline command in the later war years. It contends that the officer corps' focus on maintaining social and educational standards resulted in an influx of middle-class junior leaders whose conditional commitment to the Empire and limited language skills greatly influenced the Habsburg Army's record of longevity but mediocre combat performance.
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Ana, Otto Santa, Layza López, and Edgar Munguía. "Framing Peace as Violence." Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 35, no. 1 (2010): 69–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/azt.2010.35.1.69.
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This study examines two successive days of U.S. television news coverage of the May 1, 2007, immigration rights rally in Los Angeles. As thousands of demonstrators appealed peacefully for comprehensive immigration policy reform, they were assailed by 450 police officers firing munitions and using truncheons. We evaluated fifty-one television news reports from three networks and five local stations using three complementary analyses (framing, visual coding, and critical spoken discourse analysis). News reporters on the ground at the time framed the events as a police attack. On the following day, however, news media blamed the victims by reframing the event as a violent provocation. We argue that the television news seized political agency and manipulated public opinion about domestic immigration policy.
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Ina’am Eid Zaatreh, Iyad Abdullah Lafy, Ina’am Eid Zaatreh, Iyad Abdullah Lafy. "Community police role in maintaining security and supporting police institutions in the suburbs of Jerusalem Governorate: واقع الشرطة المجتمعية في حفظ الأمن كمساند للمؤسسة الشرطية في ضواحي محافظة القدس." مجلة العلوم الإنسانية و الإجتماعية 5, no. 14 (November 27, 2021): 89–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.m080421.
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This study aims at examining the community police role in maintaining security in the suburbs of Jerusalem governorate. The study, used a descriptive exploratory approach. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to the study sample of (52) employees working in government institutions in the suburbs of Jerusalem, after verifying its validity and stability. its final form consisted of (37) paragraphs distributed over five axes. The study’s most important results were: The police community ability to promote faith and loyalty got the highest arithmetic averages of (73.3), followed by their ability to maintain peace in community which got an arithmetic averages of (72.1). Finally their success factors got an arithmetic averages of (71.2). The study recommended the following: Establishing mobile offices for the community police. The inclusion of crime prevention in the education curriculum, that should be taught by police officers. Creation of Civil Peace units in the Palestinian governorates, and to headed by graduates of law or Social Science.
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Sotelo, Gabriela Areli Cruz. "Competences on Culture of Peace and Human Security." Journal of Business and Economics 10, no. 1 (January 20, 2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/01.10.2019/006.
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Human security is related to the culture of peace to a personal level because the individual has to work on himself, has to know his rights, being empowered by them, overcoming adversity and demand respect from authorities to his human dignity. The methodology is mixed, by means of interviews to human security experts, culture of peace experts, police officers. Quantitatively there is a survey applied to 208 law students from the University of Ixtlahuaca, to know their concept of peace and human security, some of the most important conclusions are: social participation through social networking sites, educational institutions at all levels for their important function on reinforcing values, generating the competences on culture of peace, resilience, empowering, solidarity and conflict resolution.
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Grasis, Janis. "Legal status of the honorary consular officers: Theory and practice in Latvia." SHS Web of Conferences 68 (2019): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196801023.
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Honorary consuls are not professional diplomats, it means, they do not make a living as diplomats. They usually do live and work as well as pay taxes in the country where they operate while they do represent their native country on a voluntary/not-salaried/ basis until their appointments are revoked. Honorary consuls have limited authorization to act and conduct on behalf of their native country; they have the honour to serve their respected country and they are usually selected/appointed by their merits. Legal regime relating to honorary consular officers and consular posts headed by such officers is regulated by Vienna Convention on Consular Relations from 1963. According to the Article 59 of the mentioned convention the receiving State shall take such steps as may be necessary to protect the consular premises of a consular post headed by an honorary consular officer against any intrusion or damage and to prevent any disturbance of the peace of the consular post or impairment of its dignity. Similarly, the receiving State is under a duty to accord to an honorary consular officer such protection as may be required by reason of his official position. If criminal proceedings are instituted against an honorary consular officer, he must appear before the competent authorities. Comparative and analytical research methods are used for this paper. The author of this article proposes to introduce a special number sign for cars of the honorary consuls in Latvia, thereby showing special respect for foreign honorary consuls.
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So, Byungchun. "A Study of Establishing an International Ecological Peace Park in Korean DMZ." International Area Review 8, no. 1 (March 2005): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590500800104.
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This article explores an international ecological peace park such as a transboundary biosphere reserve of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere (MBA) or transborder protected areas of IUCN(International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource), and carries out a feasibility study on establishing an international ecological peace park in the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The main purpose of this study is to make good use of the Korean DMZ not only as a natural environmental treasure but also as a peace education site. It takes a comparative case study of Poland, through field trips and interviews with local officers, and an international legal analysis regarding the legal status of the DMZ as well.
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Tkachuk, V. A., and V. V. Voronov. "NAVAL FLIGHT SURGEONS - HOLDERS OF NAVY MEDAL." Marine Medicine 6, no. 5(S) (January 20, 2021): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2413-5747-2020-6-s-61-63.
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The results of the study of electronic resources «Great deed of the people in 1941–1945», «Memory of the people in 1941–1945» of presentation for the award and awarding of medical officers with Navy medals during the Great Patriotic War have been considered. Two unique cases of awarding medical officers with the Order of Nakhimov have been described. It is shown that holders of award A. I. Katkov and A. G. Shishov greatly contribute to national med-icine due to their work in time of peace and war.
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Ecker, Kenneth R. "The Effects Of Stress On Cardio-reactivity In Minnesota Peace Officers." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000493522.10367.91.
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Gulam Rasul Zahid. "Role of Technology by Police to Maintain Peace During Muharram." International Journal for Electronic Crime Investigation 8, no. 1 (March 13, 2024): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/ijeci.2024.0801190.
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Over the past several decades, policing agencies have implemented an array of technological advancements to improve operational efficiency. Pakistan has increased security measures across the country for muharram processions carried out for Ashura. Security has been enhanced across the country for the peaceful observance of Ashura due to wave of religious terrorism from previous few decads. For this, a huge personnel of regular police officers, along with an additional reserve officers, are deployed to guard mourning processions and gatherings across the country and to keep the law and order situation under control. Role of police in providing peace during muharram is very significant. Police personel perform their duties for late nights with great spirit during 1st week of Muharram under harsh weather (usually hot days), and danger of terrorism despite limited resources. Good behavior, determination, dedication of police force during the muharram duties is praise worthy and exemplary and it ensured maintenance of atmosphere of law and order work with diligence and commitment. Police officers remain alert to counter any untoward incident and keep keen eye on sensitive areas during Ashura. Police sealed many parts of inner as part of security for Ashura. They blocked roads and streets leading to these places. cellular phone signals remained suspended as part of upgraded security. Checkpoints are kept functional across the country and additional security personnel is served during 9th and10th muharram. District police personnel, bomb disposal units, Scouts, platoons of Constabulary and soldiers are deployed to protect processions and sacred places and authorities took extraordinary measures to confirm the security of people and religious gatherings during Ashura. Police installed closed circuit television cameras (CCTV) along the procession routes. Police champions bear tough circumstances and nothing can down the determination of the of Police force. We hope that the law enforcement agencies would continue to perform their duties in the same way to ensure the protection of life and property of the citizens across the country.
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Kadiri, Kehinde Kadijat, Adetola Kehinde, Adeyinka Tella, and Raji Khalid. "Usage of Social Media for 2019 Electoral Peace Campaign by Non-Governmental Organizations in Kwara State, Nigeria." Jurnal Pengajian Media Malaysia 22, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jpmm.vol22no1.3.
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There is a growing interest in the ways non-governmental organisations (NGOs) can ensure that electorates have access to information that could improve comprehension of the electoral process and reinforce tranquil relations between the electorates and political stakeholders. This study examined the usage of social media for 2019 electoral peace campaign by NGOs in Kwara State, Nigeria. The study adopted a qualitative research method and multistage sampling technique was adopted as sampling technique. The study focused mainly on four LGAs i.e. Asa, Ilorin South, Ilorin West and Ilorin East Local Government Areas. In these four LGAs, 15 NGOs with vested interest in electoral peace campaigns were purposively selected. Unstructured interview was used to collect data from the social media handlers of theses NGOs. The data collected were recorded and transcribed. The gathered data were arranged in themes following the approach of manual thematic analysis. Findings from this study showed that NGOs in Kwara State used social media for electoral peace campaign during 2019 general elections. Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, Instagram and LinkedIn were the most used social media platforms among NGOs in Kwara State during 2019 general elections; however, there level of usage is average. The motivation for social media usage among NGOs in Kwara State during 2019 general elections can be attributed to the wider coverage and reach of social media. Lastly, during 2019 general elections, NGOs in Kwara State embarked on peace campaigns before elections, some do it during and few do it post electoral peace campaign. Among several recommendations, the study recommended that the electoral umpire in Nigeria, Independent National Electoral Commission should include training of officers in their electoral briefings on the viability of social media use during elections by officers.
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Revutska, Svitlana, Kyrylo Parkhomenko, Olha Molchaniuk, and Oksana Palchуk. "Lines of Research in Communication in Professional Dimension." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University 1, no. 1 (339) (2021): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-1(339)-1-209-220.
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The article substantiates the need to study the problems of communication in the professional dimension and to apply information about the general mechanisms of communication to the professions of NGU officer and doctor. The choice of these professions is determined by the following factors: the importance of communicative competence for the representatives of these professions to ensure the peace of social community (citizens – in relation to a NGU officer) and individuals (patients – in relation to a doctor); great social responsibility: demonstration of the domination of law and order (in relation to NGU officers) and responsibility for a human life (in relation to doctors); low research level of these issues. Analysis of discursive practices of these professions representatives, common and distinctive features of their communication, questionnaires and surveys confirmed the need to develop these problems. The main research directions were substantiated for law enforcement officers (strategies in communication with offenders; ways of conflicts neutralization; communicative tactics of providing support in communication; peculiarities of interaction with mass media representatives; negotiation; specifics of persuasion for various target audiences; peculiarities of communication in social networks; resistance to manipulative influence) and for doctors (strategies in communication with a patient; maxims of quantity, quality, tact, generosity, etc.; creating a climate of support in communicative interaction; strategies and tactics in communicating with patients of different ages and psychological characteristics).
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Gardiner, Christie. "College cops: a study of education and policing in California." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 38, no. 4 (November 16, 2015): 648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-02-2015-0015.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the state of police education in California. There is limited national data on the topic and this study aims to improve our knowledge by studying the state with the highest number of law enforcement officers in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 162 local law enforcement agencies (police and sheriffs’ departments) in California completed a 32-question electronic survey about police education and training. Findings – Findings reveal that California agencies are more likely than agencies nationwide to offer incentives to encourage officers to pursue higher education. Although most departments require only a high school diploma, 35 percent of sworn officers are college graduates. Most college-educated officers are employed by medium and large sized agencies in urban counties which pay above-average salaries. Research limitations/implications – This paper demonstrates how the prevalence of educated police officers varies and that higher education requirements do not adversely affect the hiring of female officers. It also provides insight from police managers regarding their concerns about requiring a four-year degree and perceptions of whether college-educated officers are actually better officers than non-college-educated officers. Practical implications – Research findings may be instructive to police managers wanting to increase the number of sworn officers in their agency who hold a college degree. Originality/value – It adds to the literature by describing the education level of police officers in California and providing information about the educational requirements and incentives offered to officers by law enforcement agencies. No previous study has addressed this topic, even though California employs 12 percent of all sworn peace officers in the USA.
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Stevenson, Renae M. "Psychonautical engineering: Synergizing the magic of mindfulness, mushrooms, and mindsets for police officer well-being." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 8, no. 3 (September 14, 2023): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.339.
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The setting of policing exposes its officers to a host of negative health outcomes physiologically, psychologically, and spiritually. Policing mindsets around accessing mental health are far from fixing the epidemic of its mental health crisis or being able to sustain a healthy workforce. Policing is losing the battle with a misguided and a scientifically misinformed war on drugs. Canadian legislators are shifting mindsets from decriminalizing substance use towards applying a public health lens to the mycelium underlying its root causes. So too should its peace officers—not just to restore peace in society—but also in their own minds and in their dysregulated nervous systems by synergizing psilocybin’s neural benefits with mindfulness-based psychotherapy. Western science’s exploration into the healing magic of mushrooms and mindfulness is in its infancy compared with the centuries of wisdom from both Indigenous science and eastern contemplative traditions. Not only does their fusion amplify hope for those suffering but perhaps it offers a scientific key to the neurogenesis of resilience. This is a pracademic trip driven by a retired and now reformed agent from Canada’s War on Drugs.
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Saati, Abrak, and Malin Eklund Wimelius. "Building peace abroad and coming back home: experiences of Swedish police officers." Policing and Society 28, no. 9 (January 4, 2017): 1050–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2016.1276181.
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Whitelaw, Brian, Ron Smith, and Stephen Hansen. "Policing disorder: Calgary Transit peace officers and the Alberta law enforcement framework." Canadian Public Administration 55, no. 3 (September 2012): 411–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-7121.2012.00230.x.
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Chrzanowski, Robert, and Ryszard Piwowarczyk. "Security of Polish penitentiary units of the Prison Service in the face of the COVID-19 virus." Przegląd Nauk o Obronności, no. 13 (February 1, 2023): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/pno/159602.
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ObjectivesThe aim of the article is do demonstrate the importance of the roles and tasks of officers and civil servants of the Prison Service, who in the face of the COVID-19 virus take actions which affect on peace and safety inside penitentiary units, which translates into internal state security.MethodsThe publication uses a method for examining documents and literature.ResultsThe analysis of documents and literature has revealed the principles of the functioning of individual organizational units in prisons and detention centers in times of pandemic. Logistics activities, which are carried out by officers and civilian staff of the Prison Service have been identified, starting with a wide range of tasks relating to the provision of social and living conditions, penitentiary, protective, accountancy activities, through appropriate medical care.ConclusionsThe Prison Service, despite the constantly changing pandemic reality, continues to be guided by the values and principles set out in the legislation. One of the key laws in the law of 9 April 2010 on Prison Service and the law of 6 June 1997 on the Code of Criminal procedure. Officers and civil servants, who by following the number of regulations and also information and guidelines – published by the Main Sanitary Inspector and also orders issued by superiors to prevent COVID-19 spreading – protect the lives and health of people in prisons. The tasks performed translate into peace and security in penitentiary units and have a significant impact on the internal security of the State.
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Anyik, Daniel. "KINERJA ANGGOTA SATUAN PERLINDUNGAN MASYARAKAT DALAM MENCIPTAKAN KEAMANAN, KETENTRAMAN DAN KETERTIBAN DI KECAMATAN MALINAU KOTA KABUPATEN MALINAU." Jurnal Administrative Reform 7, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52239/jar.v7i2.3084.
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The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the performance of the Community Protection Unit Officers in creating Security, Peace, and Order in Kecamatan Malinau Kota, Malinau District. This type of research includes descriptive with a qualitative approach. Primary data is derived from interviews with informant selected purposively and direct observation, supported by secondary data derived from written data owned by the agency. The conclusion of the research was conducted through interactive model data analysis. The results showed that the work of Satlinmas members in creating security, peace, and order in Kecamatan Malinau Kota as measured by several performance instruments, including the ability to finish the task, the quality of the work, the attitude of work discipline, creativity in working, and cooperation with the community showed good work results, but not optimal.Keywords: Performance, Community Protection, Security, Peace, Order
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den Heyer, Garth. "Police as Nation Builders: Distinguishing between Countries that Contribute Police Officers to United Nations Peace Operations." Journal of International Peacekeeping 17, no. 1-2 (2013): 74–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-1702003.
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The involvement of police in post-conflict peacekeeping has experienced exceptional growth. As a result, the countries contributing police officers to United Nations and European Union Missions is increasing. The countries that have contributed police officers to the 24 United Nations Missions that took place between January 2006 and December 2012 are examined and compared with those of military peacekeeping contributing countries. The countries identified as contributing police to peacekeeping missions during this period are different from those contributing military forces and are principally developing nations. These results raise questions in regard to the form of policing being introduced in post-conflict nations and the depriving of the contributing countries of their limited resource.
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Tūtlys, Vidmantas, Jonathan Winterton, and Odeta Liesionienė. "Integrating retired military officers into the civilian labour market." European Journal of Training and Development 42, no. 5/6 (July 2, 2018): 319–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-12-2017-0105.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate issues affecting the integration of retired military officers into civilian work using a competence model as an analytical framework. Design/methodology/approach The paper combines literature review with empirical study. The primary method of data collection was a series of in-depth, face-to-face interviews with 25 retired army officers in Lithuania. Findings Despite evidence that a career as an officer in the military develops valuable competencies that have obvious potential in the civilian labour market, the integration of retired army officers into the civilian labour market is fraught with difficulties. Apart from the obvious inappropriateness of specific competencies associated with armed combat for civilian occupations, even competencies acquired in military service that align closely with those required in civilian jobs do not necessarily translate because of different contexts and different value systems. Research limitations/implications The empirical basis is limited to army officers in Lithuania, and the authors urge caution in extrapolating to other military personnel and other countries. To the extent that the approach has generic value, there are clearly implications for demobilisation after major conflicts or return to civilian life of personnel involved in international peace-keeping. Practical implications This exploratory research suggests that a competence framework can identify limits and possibilities of aligning competencies acquired in military service with those required in civilian occupations, provided context and values are incorporated as part of the analysis. The approach piloted in this paper could be useful more widely for facilitating mobility between sectors and occupations arising from the adoption of disruptive technologies. Originality/value The paper demonstrates the value of a structured approach to comparing competencies in context and the mediating role of values in moving from military to civilian occupations.
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Suwarni, Suwarni, and Marliyah Marliyah. "Analysis of the Role of the Supervision Task Force of the North Sumatra Province Cooperatives and SMEs Office in Supervising Savings and Loans Cooperatives." Jurnal Fokus Manajemen 2, no. 1 (April 22, 2022): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37676/jfm.v2i1.2154.
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Cooperatives are part of the economic structure, this means that in their activities cooperatives take part in achieving a prosperous economy, both for people who are members of the association itself and for the surrounding community. This research uses descriptive qualitative research with secondary data collection techniques using interview, observation, and documentation techniques. The results of the author's research found that the obstacles faced in carrying out the supervisory task force at the cooperative and UKM service in the province of North Sumatra in supervising problematic savings and loan cooperatives were: 1. Cooperatives were less coopera tive in reporting the progress of the peace agreement implementation process to its members. 2. Mismatch of payments in terms of timeliness and nominal payments to cooperative members in accordance with the peace agreement scheme. 3. Disagreements of some members who do not agree to peace but are still bound by the peace agreement. 4. There are summons by law enforcement officers against members and administrators who hinder the peace process. 5. The process of asset liquidity is hampered for the purpose of paying cooperative obligations to members due to economic conditions due to the pandemic
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Mateaş, Florian. "GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SECURITY SYSTEMS FOR OBJECTIVES, GOODS, VALUABLES AND PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 9, no. 3 (October 9, 2015): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v9i3.2113.
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The local police operate as a public institution with legal personality for the interest of citizens, which provides services for the security of goods, participates in the defence of public order and peace, of the life and integrity of individuals, and other rights and legitimate interests of the community.The organization and carrying out of the guarding of the goods and valuables of any kind owned, their transportation and other security services, and participation in the defence of public order and peace are done on the basis of contracts concluded between the local Police and mayors, public or private economic operators, institutions, associations of any kind, natural or legal persons as appropriate.The security provided by local police officers is carried out according to the security plan drawn up by local police commanders and beneficiaries, approved by the local committee and with the expert’s approval from the local police. In their work for performing the service at the objectives entrusted to them, the local police officers have a number of obligations including cooperation with the police bodies and the notification thereof when finding crimes committed which might damage public and private property, acts directed against individuals, fire occurrence, calamities.
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Breva Jr., Domingo. "Evaluation of the Peace and Order and Public Safety Plan: Its Relation to the Crime Prevention Priority Issues of the Province of Albay." JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research 41, no. 1 (July 10, 2020): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v41i1.790.
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Peace is described as an environment where individuals and communities are able to develop their potentials fully and attain progress and freely exercise their rights with due regard for others while being equally mindful of their responsibilities. The Peace and Order and Public Safety Plan is a three-year plan consisting of programs and activities to promote peace and order and public safety in a particular locality and consolidated Integrated Area/Community Public Safety Plan of the cities and municipalities within the province as specified in DILGMC no. 2015-128. A quantitative descriptive approach was used to examine the relevance and effectiveness of the POPS Plan in addressing the problems of criminality in the province of Albay. Members of the community, police officers of the province, and barangay officials were the respondents. Results revealed that the peace and order councils’ action on the efforts of the government to address the crime problems is relevant. With this belief, the respondents participate in the effective implementation of the POC’s POPS Plan to address the problems of criminality. Hence, it is recommended that the policy planners of the government should seek criminological knowledge from criminologists in formulating dependable peace and order and public safety plan.
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Figueiredo, Ane Cristina, Calum Dean, and Sean Byrne. "Peacebuilding Interventions." Journal for Peace and Justice Studies 28, no. 2 (2018): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/peacejustice201828217.
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This article examines the perceptions and experiences of 120 participants interviewed in Northern Ireland and the Border Counties in 2010 regarding community peacebuilding, and the future of community-based projects. The respondents shared their thoughts on the projects and program initiatives funded by the European Union Peace and Reconciliation or Peace III Fund and the International Fund for Ireland. They discussed the impacts of external aid on the community peacebuilding process as well as the long-term sustainability of projects. This study explores the narratives of community leaders and program development officers from Derry and the Border Counties. The findings emphasize that while the participants noted that the external aid contributed to promoting community peacebuilding, there is a lot more to be addressed in terms of cross-community interaction. Additionally, there is an uncertainty regarding the sustainability of many project initiatives once the funds end. As a result of such insecurity, there is a concern regarding the stability of peace in the region.
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Bocharnikova, I. S. "Social portrait of a modern police officer formed in a professional environment." Kazan Socially-Humanitarian Bulletin, no. 4 (61) (September 11, 2023): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2079-5912.2023.4.4-7.
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This article discusses the socio-group features of the modern Russian police, from the point of view of the professional community itself. A social portrait of a Russian policeman was compiled based on the methodology of E.A. Shatskaya. The professional activities of police officers were analyzed, its main components, features, risks were identified. The study confirmed that the professional activities of police officers belong to the category of complex ones. They are subject to very high demands. The fate of many people and peace in society as a whole depend on the decisions they make. Most of the police consider their profession prestigious and are ready to perform their duties regardless of the time of day and place of residence.
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Campos, Leonard P. "Adverse Impact, Unfairness, and Bias in the Psychological Screening of Hispanic Peace Officers." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 11, no. 2 (May 1989): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07399863890112002.
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Scott, Adrian J., Jane Tudor-Owen, Paul Pedretti, and Ray Bull. "How Intuitive is PEACE? Newly Recruited Police Officers' Plans, Interviews and Self-Evaluations." Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 22, no. 3 (August 28, 2014): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2014.949397.
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Malega, Ron, and Joel H. Garner. "Sworn Volunteers in American Policing, 1999 to 2013." Police Quarterly 22, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 56–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611118785168.
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This study describes changes in the use of sworn volunteers among the nation’s local law enforcement agencies and identifies those state-level certification, community, and agency characteristics associated with agencies using such volunteers in 2013. Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics data from 1999 through 2013 were analyzed to document trends in both the number of sworn volunteers and the prevalence of agencies using sworn volunteers. While there has been a modest decline in the use of sworn volunteers since 1999, in 2013, about 36% of all local law enforcement agencies used sworn volunteers; furthermore, these volunteers comprised 7% of all local sworn personnel having arrest authority nationwide in 2013. A survey of peace officer standards and training agencies found that approximately two thirds of states required state-level certification of sworn volunteers. Multivariate analyses of state-level certification standards, census data, and agency characteristics found that agencies were more likely to use sworn volunteers if they (a) are a sheriff's office, (b) serve jurisdictions with larger populations, (c) have greater levels of social disadvantage, (d) do not require recruits to have more than a high school education, or (e) are located within states offering graduated levels of sworn volunteer certifications. Agencies were less likely to use volunteer officers if they (a) hire part-time sworn officers, (b) have a greater entry-level salary, or (c) are accredited.
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Anwir, Anwir, Filo Leonardo Tinggogoy, and Muh Rapi. "Motivasi Kerja Aparatur Bidang Ketentraman Dan Ketertiban Umum Di Dinas Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja Kabupaten Pasangkayu." PARADIGMA : Jurnal Administrasi Publik 2 (December 30, 2023): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.55100/paradigma.v2si.58.
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The purpose of this research is to determine the work motivation of officers in the field of peace and public order in the civil service police unit in Pasangkayu Regency. The informants in this research were officials from the Civil Service Police Unit Office. Apart from that, to determine work motivation, this research data consists of primary data and secondary data obtained directly through field research (interviews). The data was analyzed using the results of interviews with the Civil Service Police Unit Service. Head of Service, Service Secretary, General and Civil Service Sub-Division, Peace and Public Order Section and Staff. The results of the research show that to determine the work motivation of officers in the field of peace and public order in the civil service police unit in Pasangkayu Regency. The author chose a theory that is considered more suitable to be applied to government organizations, in this case the Pasangkayu Regency Civil Service Police Service, if implemented simultaneously, good service quality will be realized, is David McClelland's theory in Mangkunegara (2001: 97 - 98), namely: The need for Achievement, Need for Power, and Need for Affiliation. What was highlighted by the informants from the results of interviews with the apparatus itself was that work motivation which was considered not yet optimal in its implementation was the need for achievement and the need for will power while the indicators/dimensions of Affiliate Needs whose results are still not being implemented well. The influencing factors are the capability of human resources which is an important aspect of the smooth running of public services in the organization.
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Aggabao, Lewis Josel D., Angelica Nicole S. Agramos, Lore-ann F. Batallang, Aerone S. Calatan, Diana T. Elong, Leira Joy N. Gabon, Bien Gallego, et al. "Quarter-Life Crises of Police Officers in Baguio City Police Office." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. VI (2023): 1112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7695.
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Not all heroes wear capes. You can see some of them in police uniforms, managing the traffic flows, maintaining peace and order, and protecting the innocent lives of everyone. However, our modern heroes also had to deal with struggles to develop stronger and better characters. This paper deals with the findings on the professional crises experienced by the Baguio City Police Officers. The study’s main objective is to explore the quarter-life crises of Police Officers in Baguio City Police Office and how it affects their work performance. This study has used a qualitative research method through an interpretative phenomenological research design. The key informants of this research were twenty (20) police officers aged 25-30 years old in Baguio City Police Station. The major instrument used for data collection was an interview guide. Using the axial coding technique, the related data revealed codes, categories, and subcategories grounded within the participants’ experiences. The findings revealed that the professional crises experienced by police officers include organizational workload, lack of work-life balance, conflict of ideas, superiority complex, police-citizen encounters, and financial problems. Moreover, the above-mentioned have led them to low morale, low self-esteem, mental strain, weakened police-community ties, career disappointment, poor work performance, and inconsistent sleeping and eating routines.
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Bachtiar, Youna Chatrine, Linda Purnamasari, and Silvia Ratna Juwita. "Crisis Communication Strategy as a Solution to Bridge the Peace Agreement Between Kopassus and OPM in West Papua." Journal of Sosial Science 3, no. 5 (September 28, 2022): 1101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jss.v3i5.418.
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The security crisis in West Papua is getting hotter in recent days, although the escalation of the conflict is sometimes high and sometimes low. The shooting of TNI officers assigned there is often the target of gunfire by armed criminal groups in West Papua, as well as innocent local people who are also victims of these incidents. So, it is necessary to hold a mutual peace agreement to reduce losses due to shooting incidents. The crisis communication strategy is considered to be a solution to produce a peace agreement between Kopassus as an institution that represents the Indonesian government and the armed groups or OPM (Free Papua Organization) in West Papua. The crisis communication strategy is considered appropriate to be carried out in the midst of two parties who have different thoughts.
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Ahmad, Shahbaz. "Countering the Hate Design - Facilitating Peace and Harmony." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 12, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v12i1.7814.
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Communal riots generally happen due to the previous existence of a communal ideology in the society. The hard-core communalists are hate mongers who, by their fiery speeches and provocative statements create a situation which is very conducive for riots o break. The role of the police during communal riots has not been found to be very satisfactory. But, in spite of all odds, there have been people, bodies and organisations which have exhibited compassion and courage during riots and have saved the lives of people. Such people and organisations are role-models who need to be emulated. In riots, the leadership of the police is very crucial. The Indian Police Service officers need to exhibit more of courage, boldness and grit in helping the poor and the victims of riots. A new riot control culture has to develop. The responsibility of maintaining communal harmony lies with all sections of people and organisations. Each of us need to contribute our might to combat the design of Hate and facilitate Peace and Harmony.
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Frenkel, Luise Marion. "Peace and Harmony at Church Councils and in the Roman Empire under Theodosius II." Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 48, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890433-04801005.
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In fifth-century synods and councils, peace as a value linked to harmony is mentioned mainly in texts linked to the communication between the imperial administration and the bishops. The connection of peace and harmony is not foreign to Christian discourse, insofar as these values are usually expressed in terms that have Scriptural and patristic background related to religious strife to addressees whose identity is prominently Christian. Concurrently, in written communication with imperial officers, the relevance of the issues for the Roman empire and how Roman legislation could be applied to them was at the forefront, and theological or ecclesiastic details were accessory to the argument. In the context of the oral and written discourses and the use of non-verbal communication strategies, the selective appropriation of the elocution proper to the networking with the imperial administration in the core conciliar documentation of minutes and reports contributed to the partiality and incompleteness of the information they convey. Contextualising their rhetoric of peace, shows the influence of the authorial voices in the construction of the narratives.
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Elvianti, Witri, and Meilisa Rusli. "Indonesian Female Police Officer’s Deployment as International Police Officers in United Nations – African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) (2016-2018)." Journal of Islamic World and Politics 5, no. 2 (November 12, 2021): 216–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.v5i2.11648.
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The main purpose is to analyze the role of Indonesian female police deployed as Individual Police Officers in the United Nations peacekeeping operation in Darfur from 2016 to 2018. This research was designed as a qualitative case study that triangulated data from previously published researches, institutional documents, and semi-structured qualitative interviews. Previous scholarly publications were used to observe gender deficit – which is the lack of female personnel in UN peacekeeping missions. Institutional documents, particularly ex-Indonesian female police reports, were analyzed to contribute to data enrichment in this research. Lastly, the authors conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with some ex-female police who have completed their deployment in UNAMID (2016-2018). Concerning the gender equality and counterinsurgency concepts, this research figured out that Indonesian female police could demonstrate their strategic role to provide skill-building activities, trust-building with refugees, and human rights advocacy. The numbers of Indonesian female police in this mission remained higher than other Southeast Asian contributing countries, but the Indonesian female police were also functional in line with the UN gendering peace and security agenda.
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Manyerere, David J. "Youth Perceptions, Use and Effects of Social Media on Peace and Conflicts in Tanzania." Ghana Journal of Development Studies 18, no. 2 (November 3, 2021): 48–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjds.v18i2.3.
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The article focused on examining how youth perception and use of social media (SM) influences peace and conflicts among Tanzanians, using the Dar es Salaam region as a case study. A qualitative approach was used to collect and analyse data. A purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents, whereby youth, local government officers and community residents were interviewed. The findings revealed that SM has both advantages and disadvantages in promoting peace and activating conflicts, depending on users’ perceptions and interests. SM facilitates conflicts due to the Social Media Networks (SMNs) ability to spread fake news quickly, unfounded claims, and rumours. These promote conflicts between political opponents as well as causing mistrust among citizens and their leaders. Some artists, especially comedians, instigate conflicts in society by editing political and religious leaders’ messages. On the other hand, it was revealed that SM promotes peace due to quicker transfer of relevant information that nurtures positive unit values, solidarity, respect and love among the group, society members, and citizens. These values promote good deeds, such as worshipping God, working and living together amicably. However, the study found out that lack of appropriate education on SM’s use and importance among many youths on youth development seems to have hindered SM use in peace promotion. The study calls for strengthening stakeholders’ initiative to educate and mobilise improved use of SM among youth to sustain peace and security, which is a pre-condition for their self-development and prosperity of their country.
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Klein, Albert W. "Attaining Post-Conflict Peace Using the jus post bellum Concept." Religions 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11040173.
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To attain peace after state-on-state war, there must be a belligerent occupation to establish control and security of a defeated state—but that is not enough. There is the concept of jus post bellum concerning the vanquished, which is critically necessary in practice, yet insufficiently developed and understood. Providing the history and tentatively trying to determine the elements that are contained in this concept are the present article’s purpose. Tracing the concept from the earliest Christian writers to the more secular present-day authors will aid in the prospective application of jus post bellum. Scholars, military officers, statesmen, religious leaders, and humanitarians need to understand and accept the basic elements of the concept. A clear understanding of the largely religious history behind these elements should assist in their acceptance and future practical application, once these are agreed upon.
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Berndtsson, Joakim. "Exploring PSC–military relations: Swedish officers and the private security sector in peace operations." Cooperation and Conflict 48, no. 4 (May 3, 2013): 484–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836713482554.
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Hargrave, George E., Deirdre Hiatt, Ernest M. Ogard, and Chadwick Karr. "Comparison of the MMPI and the MMPI-2 for a sample of peace officers." Psychological Assessment 6, no. 1 (March 1994): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.1.27.
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Beaulieu, Marie. "La conduite en état d’ébriété : les impacts des modifications législatives de décembre 1985 tels que perçus par les policiers." Criminologie 22, no. 1 (August 16, 2005): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017272ar.
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Did the legislative changes of December 1985 concerning impaired driving affect the work of the penal agents? The author answers this question on the basis of interviews with peace officers of the various police corps of Greater Montreal. The Act did change their attitudes as well as their methods of enforcing the legislation. There was also a change in their personal and professional attitudes toward drunken driving. The police say they had noted variations in the attitudes and behaviour of the general public.