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1
Newman, Peter. "Beyond Peak Oil: Will Our Cities Collapse?" Journal of Urban Technology 14, no. 2 (August 2007): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10630730701531666.
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Newman, Peter, Timothy Beatley, and Heather Boyer. "Resilient cities: Responsing to peak oil and climate change." Australian Planner 46, no. 1 (January 2009): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2009.9995295.
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Piercy, E., R. Granger, and C. Goodier. "Planning for peak oil: learning from Cuba's ‘special period’." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning 163, no. 4 (December 2010): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/udap.2010.163.4.169.
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Raju, P., V. Nandanan, and Sunil K. N. Kutty. "A Study on the Use of Castor Oil as Plasticizer in Natural Rubber Compounds." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 23, no. 3 (August 2007): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060702300302.
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Mechanical properties and thermal degradation of natural rubber compounds containing castor oil were studied to evaluate its suitability as plasticizer. Naphthenic oil was used as a reference plasticizer. The cure time was marginally lower in the case of castor oil mixes, probably due to the presence of free fatty acids in it. The tear strength and modulus were better in the case of mixes containing castor oil, while most of the other mechanical properties were comparable to the mixes containing naphthenic oil. The heat build up and compression set were higher than that of the naphthenic oil mixes. Thermal studies showed an increase of 8 °C in the temperature of initiation of degradation and an increase of 6 °C in the temperature at which the peak rate of degradation occurred. The peak rate of degradation was comparable to that of the reference compound
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Raju, P., V. Nandanan, and Sunil K. N. Kutty. "Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil as Plasticizer in Natural Rubber Compounds." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 25, no. 2 (May 2009): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060902500203.
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Mechanical properties and the thermal degradation characteristics of natural rubber compounds with calophyllum inophyllum oil were compared to that of the control compound containing naphthenic oil. The compounds containing calophyllum inophyllum oil showed improved tensile strength, tear strength, modulus, compression set, abrasion resistance and resilience. Cure time was higher than the naphthenic oil mixes. Thermal studies showed an increase of 8 °C in the temperature of initiation of degradation and an increase of 6 °C in temperature at which the peak rate of degradation occurred. The peak rate of degradation was comparable to the control mix containing naphthenic oil.
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Schmitt, Cannon. "Peak Freedgood." Victorian Literature and Culture 47, no. 3 (2019): 651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150319000275.
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The allusion in my title, of course, is to Marion King Hubbert's theory of “peak oil,” that moment in history when petroleum production reaches maximum output and then begins to decline. But Peak Freedgood is not Time's fool. It is an ever-fixèd mark: a quality or an intensity rather than a quantity; a stretch of Elaine Freedgood's work in which she is most like herself—when Elaineness production reaches maximum output. Such passages can be encountered in every book and article she's ever published, but the one I'll start with appears in a 2010 New Literary History essay called “Fictional Settlements” focused on Catharine Parr Traill's Canadian Crusoes (1852).
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Li, Minqi. "Peak oil, the rise of China and India, and the global energy crisis." Journal of Contemporary Asia 37, no. 4 (November 2007): 449–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472330701654451.
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Miller, Evonne. "“My hobby is global warming and peak oil”: sustainability as serious leisure." World Leisure Journal 60, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2018.1496528.
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Fingas, Mervin, Ian Bier, Mark Bobra, and Sandra Callaghan. "Studies on the Physical and Chemical Behavior of Oil and Dispersant Mixtures." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-419.
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ABSTRACT Laboratory studies on dispersant effectiveness were conducted to assess the effects of several variables and to determine the action mechanisms of dispersants. The variables examined were temperature, salinity, and dispersant quantity. Dispersant effectiveness was measured as a function of the five oil bulk components: asphaltenes, aromatics, polar compounds, saturate compounds, and waxes. The effect of water temperature variation is logarithmically correlated with dispersant effectiveness. With regard to salinity, effectiveness is at a peak when salinity is about 40%c (parts per thousand) of typical commercial dispersant formulations and falls to nearly 0 as salinity decreases to 0. Effectiveness also falls to 0 as salinity rises from 40 to 80%o. This behavior is explained by the necessity for a certain level of ionic strength to stabilize the surfactant between the oil droplet and the water. Dispersant quantity was also found to be an important factor. Dispersant-to-oil ratios greater than about 1:40 or 1:60 result in very low dispersant effectiveness. Effectiveness is logarithmic with respect to dispersant-to-oil ratio. Dispersion experiments wee conducted to investigate the effects of oil composition. Dispersant effectiveness is positively and strongly correlated with the saturate concentration in the oil and is negatively correlated with aromatic, asphaltene, and polar compound contents of the oil. Dispersant effectiveness is only weakly correlated with oil viscosity. Dispersant effectiveness is primarily limited by oil composition.
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Atkinson, Adrian. "Where do we stand? Progress in acknowledging and confronting climate change and ‘peak oil’." City 14, no. 3 (June 2010): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2010.482284.
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Zeibots, Michelle Elaine, and David Robert Bell. "Peak oil and the advent of demand destruction: implications for transport and access in Australian cities." Australian Planner 47, no. 4 (December 2010): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2010.526953.
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Liu, Hong-sheng, Jing-qin Wang, Li Yang, Dong-yang Jiang, Chang-sen Lv, Chang-yu Cui, and Si-yuan Gao. "Studies on a Foam System of Ultralow Interfacial Tension Applied in Daqing Oilfield after Polymer Flooding." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/105274.
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In order to study the effects of oil displacement by a foam system of ultralow interfacial tension, the interfacial activities and foam properties of a nonionic gemini surfactant (DWS) were investigated under Daqing Oilfield reservoir conditions. Injection methods and alternate cycle of the foam system were discussed here on the basis of results from core flow experiments. It was obtained that the surface tension of DWS was approximately 25 mN/m, and ultralow interfacial tension was reached between oil and DWS with a surfactant concentration between 0.05wt% and 0.4wt%. The binary system showed splendid foam performances, and the preferential surfactant concentration was 0.3wt% with a polymer concentration of 0.2wt%. When gas and liquid were injected simultaneously, flow control capability of the foam reached its peak at the gas-liquid ratio of 3 : 1. Enhanced oil recovery factor of the binary foam system exceeded 10% in a parallel natural cores displacement after polymer flooding.
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Kutter, Karin. "Ölreserven und Ölinteressen. Wie glaubwürdig sind die Angaben zu den weltweiten Örlreserven?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 34, no. 137 (December 1, 2004): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v34i137.617.
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Many studies, like the influential BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2004, notice a worlwide growth of oil-reserves. But there are many reasons to mistrust the official data: They use their own questionable definitions of "oil reserves", mixing conventional and unconventional reserves. Moreover the growth of oil-reserves, which is shown in the statistics, is based more or less on a reassesment of the existing but not on a discovery of new oil-fields. Due to these deceptive practices, the "Assosiation for the Study of Peak Oil" has published a new study with the result that it can find only 780 billion barrels of proved oil worldwide, instead of the 1147,7 billion barrels that BP claims in its statistics.
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Taygfeld, Pazit. "Exploring the stance of state and local government departments in South East Queensland (SEQ) towards peak oil." Australian Planner 43, no. 4 (December 2006): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2006.9982518.
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Rasizade, Alec. "Azerbaijan's Prospects in Nagorno-Karabakh with the End of Oil Boom." Iran and the Caucasus 15, no. 1-2 (2011): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338411x12870596615755.
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AbstractModern Azerbaijan is a typical Middle-Eastern petrostate ruled by a classical Middle-Eastern despotia, where political (and economic) power is concentrated and inherited within the ruling Family. Since the death of Heydar Aliev in 2003, tensions between Armenia and Azerbaijan took a turn for the worse when his son, the new Azeri president Ilham Aliev, threatened to resort to force to take Nagorno-Karabakh back. Azerbaijan's recent military compact with Turkey, signed on 17 August 2010, also suggests that Baku is preparing for war. These preparations escalated in 2008 with Kosovo's declaration of independence from Serbia, recognised by the West, and Abkhazia's from Georgia, recognised by Russia, which led to fears in Baku that an unwanted precedent has been set. Azerbaijan completely depends on oil revenue in its standoff against Armenia. However, the second Baku oil boom of 2005-2013 is doomed to end in a few years without any significant economic achievement, as all the petrodollar revenue is being squandered in a construction frenzy. In these circumstances, due to its impending economic and strategic insignificance to the West after the peak of oil production in 2010, Azerbaijan needs to become more realistic in its claim to Nagorno-Karabakh as its ability to persuade the great powers is set to dwindle synchronously with the depletion of oil reserves in 2011-2019.
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Huang, Zhenkai, Maowen Li, Quanyou Liu, Xiaomin Xie, Peng Liu, Tingting Cao, Qigui Jiang, and Zhiming Li. "Hydrocarbon generation and evolution of the source rocks of the lower Es3 and upper Es4 members of the Shahejie Formation in the Niuzhuang Sub-sag, Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China." Interpretation 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): SN11—SN21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2018-0013.1.
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Systematic organic petrology and geochemistry analyses have been conducted in the source rocks of the lower Es3 and upper Es4 members of the Shahejie Formation in the Niuzhuang Sub-sag, Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China. The results indicate that the main organic types of shale and nongypsum mudstone in the lower Es3 and upper Es4 member are I-II1 kerogen, and the predominant ([Formula: see text]) activation energy frequencies range from 57 to [Formula: see text]. The similar distribution characteristics in the two source rocks indicate that they have a similar hydrocarbon maturation process. An extensive pyrolysis analysis indicates that the source rocks of the upper Es4 member do not have an obvious double peak hydrocarbon generation model. Previous studies indicate that the hydrocarbon index peak at a depth of 2500–2700 m is affected by migrating hydrocarbon. Major differences are not observed in the hydrocarbon generation and evolution process of the shale and nongypsum mudstone. The primary oil generation threshold of the lower Es3 and upper Es4 members is approximately 3200 m, and the oil generation peak is approximately 3500 m. The activation energy distribution of the gypsum mudstone of the upper Es4 member is wider than that of the shale and nongypsum mudstone, and lower activation energies account for a larger proportion of the activation energies. The above factors may lead to a shallower oil generation threshold for gypsum mudstone compared with that for shale and nongypsum mudstone.
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Zhang, Fuying, Junmei Yang, Haoche Shui, and Chengcheng Dong. "Effect of roughness on sealing performance of oil seals with surface texture." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 4 (July 17, 2019): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-03-2019-0069.
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Purpose This paper aims to obtain the film thickness, friction torque and pumping rate and analyze the effects of roughness and surface micro-dimple texture (circular, square and equilateral triangle) on the performance of the oil seal. Design/methodology/approach On the basis of elastohydrodynamic lubrication and the pumping mechanism of rotating shaft seal, this paper establishes a numerical model of hybrid lubrication of oil seal in sealing area. The model is coupled with fluid mechanics, rough peak contact mechanics and deformation analysis. Findings The results show that surface texture significantly improves the lubrication properties of the oil seal. The oil seal with the square texture has the largest oil film thickness, while the equilateral triangle texture has a better effect on the pumping rate. Originality/value To get closer to the real working environment of the oil seal, based on the surface roughness, this paper studies the effect of the texture shapes applied to the oil seal lip surface on the performance of the oil seal. The critical roughness and rotational speed values with zero pumping rate are obtained, which provides a theoretical basis for the correct selection of oil seals.
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Hasmadi, M., M. Merlynda, A. H. Mansoor, I. Salwa, M. K. Zainol, and M. H. A. Jahurul. "Comparative studies of the physicochemical and functional properties of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) flour." Food Research 5, no. 4 (July 25, 2021): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(4).610.
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This study aimed to determine the proximate compositions and functional properties of sweet potato flour from different varieties cultivated in Sabah, Malaysia, namely Jepun, Kairot and Kaladi. The results showed that the moisture content of all flour samples was below 14%. The fat and protein content of Jepun sweet potato variety were significantly different (p<0.05) as compared with Kairot and Kaladi sweet potato varieties. The ash and dietary fibre content of Kairot sweet potato flour were higher (p<0.05) compared to Jepun and Kaladi flours. In addition, Kaladi sweet potato had the highest carbohydrate content (82%). There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the values of L*, a* and b* for all sweet potato flours. The Jepun sweet potato flour had the highest foaming capacity, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling power and viscosity. Rapid Visco analyser revealed that significant differences were observed for pasting parameters such as peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity and setback viscosity. The gelatinisation properties showed that Kairot sweet potato flour had the highest onset temperature, conclusion temperature and enthalpy while Kaladi sweet potato flour had the highest peak temperature.
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Guenfaf, L., and S. Allaoua. "Performance Studies of Linear Quadratic AMD Controller for Civil Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 346 (August 2013): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.346.95.
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In this paper a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) with and without actuator dynamic model for an electric-type active mass driver (AMD) system for structural vibration control has been developed. The electric-type active mass driver (AMD) system is composed primarily of an electric servomotor and a ball screw, the electrical AMD system is free from noise problems, oil leakage, and labor-intensive maintenance that commonly are associated with hydraulic AMD systems. The desired stroke amplification of the mass and the power demand of the servomotor can be adjusted via the ball screw pitch, which affects the effectiveness and efficiency of the system. The AMD system performances without and with introduction of the actuators dynamic model are explored. The reductions of the peak responses can reach as high as 65% if the actuator is properly chosen. And the proposed system is recommended for practical implementation.
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Williams, Christine M., F. Moore, L. Morgan, and J. Wright. "Effects ofn-3 fatty acids on postprandial triacylglycerol and hormone concentrations in normal subjects." British Journal of Nutrition 68, no. 3 (November 1992): 655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920123.
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The present study reports results from two investigations to determine effects of a 6-week period of moderaten-3 fatty acid supplementation (2.7 g/d) on fasting and on postprandial triacylglycerol and metabolic hormone concentrations in response to standard test meals. In the first study postprandial responses were followed for 210 min after an early morning test meal challenge; in the second study responses to an evening test meal were followed during the evening and overnight for a total period of 12 h. In both studies postprandial triacylglycerol responses to the test meals were significantly reduced after compared with before fish-oil supplementation. In the second study the triacylglycerol peak response seen between 200 and 400 min in subjects studied before supplementation with fish oils was almost completely absent in the same subjects after 6 weeks ofn-3 fatty acid supplementation. Analysis of fasting concentrations of metabolites and hormones was carried out on the combined data from the two studies. There were no significant differences in total, low-density-lipoprotein- or high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations during fish-oil supplementation, although there was considerable individual variation in cholesterol responses to the supplement. Concentrations of Apo-B and Apo-A1 were unchanged during supplementation with fish oils. Fasting and early morning postprandial GIP concentrations were lower in subjects taking fish oils, possibly due to acute effects of fish-oil capsules taken on the evening before the studies. In both studies fasting insulin and glucose and postprandial insulin concentrations remained unchanged following fish-oil supplementation. The results do not support the view that triacylglycerol-lowering effects ofn-3 fatty acids are due to modulation of insulin secretion mediated via the enteroinsular axis. Further studies are required to determine the precise mechanism by which fish oils reduce both fasting and postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations.
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Bao, Li-Hong, Li-Hong Bao, and Hai-Teng Ma. "Preparation of Temperature-Sensitive Polyurethanes Based on Modified Castor Oil." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 25 (June 30, 2017): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1686.
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A series of temperature-sensitive polyurethanes (TSPUs) with polytetrahydrofuran glycol (PTMG), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and maleic anhydride modified castor oil (MCO) as soft segments were prepared in this paper. The morphology of the temperature-sensitive polyurethane films was characterised by SEM, DSC and WAXD. SEM studies were also carried out to investigate the surface structure of coated and uncoated fabrics. The water vapour permeability of the coated and uncoated fabrics were measured as well. The results showed that a nonporous TSPU layer was formed on the coated fabric surface. The tailor -made TSPUs had one to three soft segment crystal melting point temperatures, with the the lower peak temperature Tpm1 belonging to the soft segment PTMG and the higher peak temperature Tpm2 to the hydropilic soft segment PEG2000. The water vapour permeability of TSPUs coated fabrics increased with an increase in PEG2000 concentration and PEG molecular weight, but decreased with an increase in the hard segment content, and triggered around the soft segment crystal melting point temperature of TSPUs.
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Zhang, Ke, Xianchao Wu, Xiaotian Bai, Zinan Wang, Defang Zou, and Jie Sun. "Effect of the Lubrication Parameters on the Ceramic Ball Bearing Vibration in Starved Conditions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041237.
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The thickness of the oil film in ceramic ball bearings varies greatly at starved lubrication conditions, thus leading to non-uniform contact between the balls and raceways in the circumference. The lubrication parameters have a direct impact on the thickness of the oil film and then affect the dynamic characteristics of the ceramic ball bearings. A nonlinear dynamic model of ceramic ball bearing with limited lubrication is presented in this paper, and parametric studies on the effect of lubrication parameters are conducted. In starved conditions, the uneven contact between the ball and ring leads to changes in vibration, and the inner ring vibration is applied to evaluate the degree of starved lubrication. The results show that as the oil quantity increases, the bearing stiffness increases and results in increased peak frequency. As the oil quantity decreases, the thickness of the oil film reduces, resulting in the bearing vibration increase. The research findings provide a theoretical reference for ceramic ball bearing design and have guided significance for improving the service performance of ceramic ball bearings.
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Angel, Ross J., Maciej Bujak, Jing Zhao, G. Diego Gatta, and Steven D. Jacobsen. "Effective hydrostatic limits of pressure media for high-pressure crystallographic studies." Journal of Applied Crystallography 40, no. 1 (January 12, 2007): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889806045523.
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The behavior of a number of commonly used pressure media, including nitrogen, argon, 2-propanol, a 4:1 methanol–ethanol mixture, glycerol and various grades of silicone oil, has been examined by measuring the X-ray diffraction maxima from quartz single crystals loaded in a diamond-anvil cell with each of these pressure media in turn. In all cases, the onset of non-hydrostatic stresses within the medium is detectable as the broadening of the rocking curves of X-ray diffraction peaks from the single crystals. The onset of broadening of the rocking curves of quartz is detected at ∼9.8 GPa in a 4:1 mixture of methanol and ethanol and at ∼4.2 GPa in 2-propanol, essentially at the same pressures as the previously reported hydrostatic limits determined by other techniques. Gigahertz ultrasonic interferometry was also used to detect the onset of the glass transition in 4:1 methanol–ethanol and 16:3:1 methanol–ethanol–water, which were observed to support shear waves above ∼9.2 and ∼10.5 GPa, respectively, at 0.8–1.2 GHz. By contrast, peak broadening is first detected at ∼3 GPa in nitrogen, ∼1.9 GPa in argon, ∼1.4 GPa in glycerol and ∼0.9 GPa in various grades of silicone oil. These pressures, which are significantly lower than hydrostatic limits quoted in the literature, should be considered as the practical maximum limits to the hydrostatic behavior of these pressure media at room temperature.
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Paul, Shovan, Sharmin Akhter, Ikramul Hasan, Syed Shabbir Haider, and Md Selim Reza. "Encapsulation of Naproxen in Eudragit RSPO Microsphere system: In vitro Characterization and Compatibility Studies." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (April 15, 2013): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v11i2.14573.
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The present study has been performed to encapsulate naproxen to provide sustained action and to minimize local side effects by avoiding the drug release in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Naproxen was microencapsulated by oil-in-oil emulsification-solvent evaporation technique using Eudragit RSPO. The formulations were prepared by sequential increase in drug loading ranging from 10% to 70%. In-vitro drug release was studied in a paddle type dissolution apparatus (USP type II) for six hours in phosphate buffer having pH 7.4. At 10% and 70% loading the release were 42.89% and 86.33%, respectively. The release mechanisms were explored and explained with zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. The correlation-coefficient values of the trend lines of the graphs showed that the formulations were best fitted with Korsmeyer-Peppas release pattern. Microspheres` surface morphologic study was done by scanning electron microscopy. Drug polymer incompatibility studies were performed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The absence of endothermic melting peak of naproxen in DSC thermogram revealed that the drug might be dispersed in the polymer as solid solution or in a metastable molecular dispersion. But the chemical integrity of Naproxen was not changed or destroyed within the microsphere which was confirmed by FTIR spectral data. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v11i2.14573 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 11(2): 147-155, 2012 (December)
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Akuru, Udochukwu B., and Ogbonnaya I. Okoro. "A Prediction on Nigeria's Oil Depletion Based on Hubbert's Model and the Need for Renewable Energy." ISRN Renewable Energy 2011 (September 12, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/285649.
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The paper examined Nigeria's oil sector in order to get a time point of total depletion. Data for production rate, P, was sourced from 1958–2008 for the study. This research employed Hubbert's Model that based the peaking of oil reserves on the simulation of a bell-shaped curve that rises rapidly to a peak and declines just as quickly. MATLAB tool was employed in the analysis of data. Findings include that there is an imminent decline in Nigeria's oil reserve since peaking could have occurred or just about to occur; this is shown to be in agreement with previous studies, and an account of how oil depletion will affect domestic use of energy is also highlighted. Recommendations amongst others include the immediate adoption of Hirsch Report on the employment of mitigation efforts like alternative energy investments in order to tackle the dire effects which may come as economic, social, and political demands in the wake of a sudden decline, as well as domesticating energy retail by setting up small- and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) which are empowered to provide basic energy source using renewable energy resources.
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Papada, Efstathia, Aristea Gioxari, Charalampia Amerikanou, Nikolaos Galanis, and Andriana C. Kaliora. "An Absorption and Plasma Kinetics Study of Monoterpenes Present in Mastiha Oil in Humans." Foods 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9081019.
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Monoterpenes are bioactive compounds, however studies on their metabolic fate in humans are scarce. The present work aimed to identify and quantify the bioactive monoterpenes myrcene, α- and β-pinene of the Mediterranean product Mastiha Oil, in human plasma after acute consumption of a single dose. This was an open-label, single-arm acute study. After overnight fasting, healthy males were administered with Mastiha Oil. Blood samples were collected on different time-points before and after consumption. A novel GC-MS-MS application was performed to detect and quantify terpenes in MO and in plasma. Serum lipid resistance to oxidation was also determined. Alpha-Pinene, β-pinene and myrcene were identified and quantified in plasma. Alpha-pinene concentration significantly increased after 0.5 h of Mastiha Oil consumption, remaining significantly increased at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h and 24 h. Beta-pinene and myrcene followed similar patterns. The increase in serum lipid resistance to oxidation was significant at 1 h, reached its peak at 2 h and remained significant until 4 h. Conclusively, α-pinene, β-pinene and myrcene that are present in Mastiha Oil are absorbed by humans. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04290312).
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Erofeev, A. A., A. A. Pachezhercev, I. A. Karpov, N. V. Morozov, A. G. Kalmykov, A. N. Cheremisin, E. V. Kozlova, and A. Yu Bychkov. "Evaluation of the thermal effect potential for Bazhenov formation production stimulation based on the experimental data." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2017-4-39-47.
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In this paper the temperature treatment impact on Bazhenov formation core samples are shown. Impact was performed by pyrolysis in a temperature range of 300-480 °C and in the closed autoclave in the presence of water at reservoir pressure. It is shown that as a result of thermal exposure at 400 °C pyrolytic peak S2 is reduced by 90-95% and generation potential of rocks almost completely implemented. The microtomographic samples studies combined with scanning electron microscopy allowed to establish the dependence of permeability and porosity of the rocks. It demonstrated that even at 350 °C the fracture system formed in core samples also the porosity and permeability due to impact may increase from several times to several ten times. The results will allow for a more accurate simulation of enhanced oil recovery treatment on Bazhenov formation rocks to increase oil recovery.
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Suwannasri, Krongrath, Tiziana Vanorio, and Anthony C. Clark. "Data-driven elastic modeling of organic-rich marl during maturation." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): MR11—MR23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0883.1.
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The elastic modeling of source-rock reservoirs during maturation must incorporate microstructural and geochemical alterations. The common challenge is calibrating the volumetric proportion between each form of organic porosity along with the changes in the bulk and shear moduli of kerogen as a function of maturity. Two forms of organic porosity have generally been observed: (1) spongy and bubble pores inside kerogen and (2) low-aspect-ratio pores or gaps at the interface between shrinking kerogen bodies and the matrix. We have constructed a rock-physics model of organic-rich marl during maturation and calibrated it using rock-physics data sets from controlled pyrolysis experiments of organic-rich marl under stress. We chose these pyrolysis data because the samples provide subsequent changes in porosity and P- and S-wave velocities as a function of maturity, while evidencing minimal grain sliding and mechanical compaction due to their stiff matrix. Our calibration results indicate that spongy and bubble pores should be used as the predominant form in the model regardless of maturity. Our results also indicate a competing effect between increasing kerogen porosity and the increasing moduli of solid kerogen. Kerogen porosity mainly develops throughout the oil windows. Whereas the moduli of solid kerogen increase by a factor of two in the early-peak oil window and remain relatively constant afterward. Consequently, the effective moduli of kerogen experience minimal changes in the early-peak oil window and rapidly decrease to half of the immature values in the late oil window. These calibration results are consistent with several petrophysical and nanoindentation studies on kerogen. Finally, we used the calibrated model to build a rock-physics template of organic-rich marl during maturation. The template was tested with pyrolyzed and naturally matured samples, which showed that our model can be used to characterize reservoir properties across different maturity windows.
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Marty, Gary D., David E. Hinton, Jeffrey W. Short, Ronald A. Heintz, Stanley D. Rice, Donna M. Dambach, Neil H. Willits, and John J. Stegeman. "Ascites, premature emergence, increased gonadal cell apoptosis, and cytochrome P4501A induction in pink salmon larvae continuously exposed to oil-contaminated gravel during development." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 989–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-120.
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Development of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) incubating in gravel contaminated with weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil was retarded at concentrations as low as 55.2 μg oil/g gravel. Larvae exposed to various levels of oil contamination were sampled 4 weeks before emergence, at emergence, and 13 days after emergence for histopathology (quantitative and semiquantitative) and cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) induction (using immunohistochemical staining). A subset of postemergent fish was not fed. Hydrocarbon analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy revealed that tissue uptake of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was mediated by oil's dissolution in water, with significant biological effects when the peak total PAH concentration in water was as low as 4.4 μg/L. Oil-related effects included induction of CYP1A, development of ascites, and increased mortality. Several oil-related changes were indicative of premature emergence. Compared with control fish, for example, exposed fish of the same age and emerging on the same day had greater amounts of yolk and hepatocellular glycogen, increased apoptosis of gonadal cells and midventral skin cells, and less food in the gastrointestinal tract. Histological features were similar within groups of larvae sampled 4 weeks before and 13 days after emergence, and oil-induced changes were not affected by feeding during the first 13 days after emergence. Increased gonadal cell apoptosis may be related to later reproductive impairment documented in field studies of pink salmon up to 4 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
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Moore, P. S., B. J. Burns, J. K. Emmett, and D. A. Guthrie. "INTEGRATED SOURCE, MATURATION AND MIGRATION ANALYSIS, GIPPSLAND BASIN, AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 32, no. 1 (1992): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj91025.
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Biomarker geochemistry, maturation modelling and migration pathway analysis have been used in a new, integrated analysis of the Gippsland Basin. The analysis has resulted in the development of a predictive model for hydrocarbon charge and oil versus gas split. The study was carried out in 4 parts: analytical geochemistry, source distribution mapping, maturation modelling and migration pathway analysis.New geochemical biomarker studies confirm a non-marine source for the oils, but place peak oil generation in the upper part of the traditional oil window. Gas in the basin is mainly derived from overmature source rocks. Coals were recognised to contribute significantly to oil generation.The source rock thickness and distribution for the entire basin were mapped using analytical techniques plus wireline log analysis, coupled with seismic structural mapping and facies analysis. Prime oil-prone source rocks were found to be located in the lower coastal plain depositional environment. Extrapolations were necessary for older rocks, using stratigraphic models.Maturation modelling modelling of selected wells and synclines was carried out and an overall basin model constructed. Post-structuring yields of oil and gas were also derived. A key result was the lack of post-structuring overmature gas generation in the oil prone southeastern part of the basin, owing to high palaeo-temperatures associated with earlier rifting.Analysis of present day and palaeo-migration pathways gave an excellent match between predicted oil versus gas ratios and discoveries, both geographically and stratigraphically. The tool is now being used in a predictive mode to highgrade basin prospectivity.
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Dai, Jianbo, Chengtao Hu, Li Wang, and Guidi Zhang. "Shaking Table Test on the Seismic Response of Buried Oil and Gas Pipelines under the Bidirectional Nonuniform Seismic Excitation." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (July 8, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5437728.
Full textAbstract:
This paper studies the seismic response of buried oil and gas pipelines under the bidirectional nonuniform excitation. Based on the bidirectional shaking table array test, the loading and testing scheme is designed and developed, analyzing the strain response of the buried oil and gas pipeline under the bidirectional uniform and nonuniform seismic excitation, as well as the acceleration response and displacement response characteristics of the pipeline and the surrounding soil body and their change rule by the test. The test proves to show that the developed bidirectional laminar shear continuum model soil box can meet the requirements of the bidirectional nonuniform seismic excitation and continuous laminar shear deformation of the soil. The peak strains of the pipeline in axial and bending caused by nonuniform excitation are larger than those of the pipeline under uniform excitation, the degree of unevenness in the distribution along the axial direction is greater, and the strain curves are large in the middle and small at both ends along the axial direction of the pipe. The acceleration responses of the pipeline and the soil body under the bidirectional nonuniform excitation are larger than those under the uniform excitation. The acceleration response of both the pipe and the soil under the nonuniform excitation is larger than that under the uniform excitation, and the differences are shown in the transverse and axial directions, the peak acceleration response of the soil body under the nonuniform excitation is about three times that of the transverse direction, and more peak points appear in the axial and transverse acceleration responses of the pipe under the nonuniform excitation as the loading level increases, the peak displacement response of the soil body increases gradually with the height, but the fluctuation range of the peak displacement of the soil body nearby the pipe is larger. The soil displacement curve starts to smooth out when the loading level reaches 1.0 g, and the axial displacement decreases, which indicates that the interaction between the pipe and soil is more intense and the relative motion between the pipe and soil is more obvious under the nonuniform excitation, and the soil is more likely to be damaged and enter the nonlinear stage. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and design the seismic performance of buried pipes considering the nonuniform seismic excitation.
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Eseyin, Anthonia E., El Barbary Hassan, and Emad, M. El-Giar. "Comparative analyses of Nigerian and US corn Stalks, using PY-GC/MS." International Journal of Advanced Chemistry 3, no. 1 (April 2, 2015): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v3i1.4328.
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<p>Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) studies were carried out on the Nigerian and US corn stalks at 500 °C. Analyses of the fast pyrolysis products showed that the Nigerian corn stalks produced more diverse compounds like: acetaldehyde, acetic acid methyl ester, 2,3-pentanedione, 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, butanedial, phenol and vanillin. On the other hand, the pyrolyzed US corn stalks produced compounds like: furfural, phenol, 2-methoxy, 2-methylbenzaldehyde, and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol which had significantly high peak area percentages. Few anhydrous sugars were detected in the pyrolysis products of both samples. Both samples were found to be good biomass for the production of bio-oil and chemicals. However, the Nigerian corn stalks seem to be more suitable for the production of bio-oil while the US corn stalks seem to be more suitable for the production of valuable chemicals.</p>
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Zhou, Daping, Haijun Wei, Shuye Xue, Ye Qiu, Shen Wu, and Haijie Yu. "Investigating the Compatibility of Various Components in Marine Low-Sulfur Fuel Oil by Molecular Dynamics Simulations." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (September 16, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3000079.
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Asphaltene aggregation and precipitation are one of the major issues for marine low-sulfur fuel oil used on board. Many research studies have been carried out to investigate the aggregation behavior of asphaltene under different conditions, but the mechanism of asphaltene aggregation in low-sulfur fuel oil at the molecular level is still unclear. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to calculate the solubility parameters, intermolecular interaction energies, and radial distribution function (RDF) curves of each component in marine low-sulfur fuel oil to examine their mutual compatibility. Simulation results indicate that the solubility parameter of resin gains the highest value and it is close to asphaltene. The solubility parameters of aromatic, hexadecane, and saturate decrease successively. The interaction energy between resin and asphaltene molecules is higher than that between the same kind of molecules, which means that resin can inhibit the aggregation of asphaltene molecules. Typically, a light distillate component (hexadecane) is added to heavy fuel oil to yield low-sulfur oil, and our calculations reveal that this has a negative effect on asphaltene aggregation. Specifically, asphaltene is more likely to self-aggregate, as shown by the increase in peak height in the radial distribution function of the asphaltene-asphaltene pair. The findings of this study will provide theoretical support for the production of marine low-sulfur fuel.
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Teoh, Yew Heng, Heoy Geok How, Thanh Danh Le, and Huu Tho Nguyen. "Study of Performance, Emissions, and Combustion of a Common-Rail Injection Engine Fuelled with Blends of Cocos nucifera Biodiesel with Diesel Oil." Processes 8, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 1287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101287.
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Renewable alternatives to fossil fuels, such as biodiesel, are necessary to lessen emission of greenhouse gases that are causing climate change. Using a high-pressure, medium-duty, common-rail, turbocharged four-cylinder diesel engine, this work studies the effect of adding Cocos nucifera biodiesel to conventional diesel on exhaust emissions, engine performance, and combustion characteristics. An analysis and characterization of the key physicochemical properties of diesel, biodiesel, and biodiesel–diesel blends were carried out. The engine was fuelled with pure petroleum diesel and blended diesel containing a 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% volume of coconut oil at full throttle and six different speed settings, respectively. The results showed relatively close physicochemical properties between the biodiesel blend and conventional petroleum fuel. Observations made over the entire speed range indicated that a higher coconut oil biodiesel (COB) content lowers the torque and brake power compared to diesel. In the case of engine exhaust gas, a reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke emissions were observed. Notably, COB50 gives out the highest nitrogen oxides (NOx) but it is raised even for other blends. The experimental results also demonstrated that a higher COB content achieves a lower peak pressure while the peak heat release rate (PHRR) was lower than that of conventional diesel as the speed of the engine increases.
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SATENOVA, Dinara Yerbolovna, Zhanat Mukhanbetzhankyzy BULAKBAY, Saule AZYLKANOVA, Rysty Kudaibergenovna BERSTEMBAEVA, Zhibek ABYLKASSIMOVA, and Jamilya SEITKHOZHINA. "Comparative Evaluation of the Efficiency of Regulatory Mechanisms of the Oil and Gas Industry and Industrial Waste Processing." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, no. 7 (November 30, 2020): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.11.7(47).15.
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Many forecasts agree that the volume of the world oil production will soon peak and then begin to decline. Other studies conclude that stocks oils are not running out, they are becoming less available. The future is uncertain, it is impossible to plan it precisely. Nevertheless, this industry is one of the most profitable in the Republic of Kazakhstan, where oil production is constantly increasing, all regulatory mechanisms are in place, and although their effectiveness is not assessed high, however, a mechanism for interaction with all sectors of the economy has been established. Major problems were found in the regulatory and environmental management of the oil industry; however, it can be noted that in the processing industry of manufactured enterprises there is no interaction with many sectors of the economy. The authors proposed to compare the effectiveness of regulatory mechanisms in the oil and gas industry and in the industry of processing of industrial waste. Subsequently, it was revealed that the mechanisms for regulating the industrial waste processing industry were practically not developed, and the problems arising in this industry ignored by government agencies. In this way, avoiding the problems of the industrial waste processing industry brings Kazakhstan to environmental disaster.
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CHIEFFO, LOGAN, JASON J. AMSDEN, JEFFREY SHATTUCK, MI K. HONG, LAWRENCE ZIEGLER, and SHYAMSUNDER ERRAMILLI. "VIBRATIONAL INFRARED LIFETIME OF THE ANESTHETIC NITROUS OXIDE GAS IN SOLUTION." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 01, no. 03 (July 2006): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048006000240.
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The lifetime of the asymmetric fundamental stretching 2218 cm-1 vibration of the anesthetic gas nitrous oxide ( N 2 O ) dissolved in octanol and olive oil is reported. These solvents are model systems commonly used to assess anesthetic potency. Picosecond time-scale molecular dynamics simulations have suggested that protein dynamics or membrane dynamics play a role in the molecular mechanism of anesthetic action. Ultrafast infrared spectroscopy with 100 fs time resolution is an ideal tool to probe dynamics of anesthetic molecules on such timescales. Pump-probe studies centered at the peak of the vibrational band yield a lifetime of 55 ± 1 ps in olive oil and 52 ± 1 ps in octanol. The similarity of lifetimes suggests that energy relaxation of the anesthetic is determined primarily by the hydrophobic nature of the environment, consistent with models of anesthetic action. The results show that nitrous oxide is a good model system for probing anesthetic-solvent interactions using nonlinear infrared spectroscopy.
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Harbach, James A., and Vito Agosta. "Effects of Emulsified Fuel on Combustion in a Four-Stroke Diesel Engine." Journal of Ship Research 35, no. 04 (December 1, 1991): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.1991.35.4.356.
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While the use of emulsified fuel in diesel engines has been an area of much research interest in recent years, the promising results reported in laboratories have not been easy to reproduce in commercial practice. Many of these studies have only measured external effects such as fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. A single-cylinder research engine was operated with water/diesel fuel oil and hydrous ethanol/diesel fuel oil emulsions of varying percentages. Crank angle, cylinder pressure and injector lift were recorded electronically over 50 engine cycles, permitting calculation of the mean and standard deviation of key combustion parameters. The results showed decreased fuel consumption and increased ignition delay, peak cylinder pressure and maximum cylinder pressure rise rate for emulsion operation. While the standard deviation data showed little change in cycle-to-cycle variation for wateremulsion operation, increases of over 200 percent were measured for operation at ethanol amounts over 20 percent.
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Paret, Mathews L., Shiv K. Sharma, and Anne M. Alvarez. "Characterization of Biofumigated Ralstonia solanacearum Cells Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy and Electron Microscopy." Phytopathology® 102, no. 1 (January 2012): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-10-0330.
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Essential oils of palmarosa, lemongrass, and eucalyptus have shown promise as biofumigants for control of the bacterial wilt disease of edible ginger (Zingiber officinale) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum race 4 in previous potting medium studies. Biochemical changes in R. solanacearum cells were evaluated with micro-Raman spectroscopy following treatment with essential oils at different concentrations (0.04, 0.07, and 0.14% [vol/vol] of culture medium) and changes in cell structure were observed using electron microscopy. All treatments except palmarosa oil at 0.04% caused significant reductions in levels of amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as indicated by significant reduction in Raman peak heights at 621, 1,003, and 1,031 inverse centimeters (cm–1) (phenylalanine); 643, 827, 852, 1,158, and 1,172 cm–1 (tyrosine); 758 cm–1 (tryptophan); 725, 782, 1,337, and 1,578 cm–1 (adenine, cytosine plus uracil, adenine, and adenine plus guanine, respectively); 1,097 cm–1 (carbohydrates); and 1,127, 1,450, and 2,932 cm–1 (lipids) compared with untreated controls. Lemongrass oil treatments were the most effective in degrading cellular components. Scanning electron microscopy of palmarosa and lemongrass-oil-treated cells showed rupture of cell walls and cell debris but no degradation was noted for eucalyptus-oil-treated cells. Palmarosa- and lemongrass-oil-treated cells were positively stained with uranyl acetate when viewed by transmission electron microscopy whereas controls and eucalyptus-oil-treated cells were negatively stained, indicating that the cell membranes were intact. The viability of eucalyptus-oil-treated cells was confirmed by cell culture following treatment. Micro-Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool which can be further employed to better understand effects of fumigants and other bactericides on bacterial cells.
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Adewole, Jimoh K., and A. S. Sultan. "A Study on Processing and Chemical Composition of Date Pit Powder for Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery." Defect and Diffusion Forum 353 (May 2014): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.353.79.
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Studies were conducted on method of processing and chemical compositions of date pit for possible applications in enhanced oil recovery. Date seed from the eastern province of Saudi Arabia were washed by sonication and sun dried. The dried seeds were ground, de-oiled and made into solutions using alkaline. Physicochemical properties and chemical compositions of the de-oiled date seed powder were investigated using SEM and FTIR. The properties of the powder solutions were investigated by evaluating their viscosifying properties. Results of elemental analysis showed that the powder contains 57.41 - 65.84% carbon and 34.16 - 41.35% oxygen. The peak values in the range 3369.6 - 3417.3cm-1 obtained from FTIR are indicative of the presence of OH functional groups. The results obtained from viscosity measurement revealed that date seed be utilized as viscosity modifier to alter the mobility ratio in enhanced oil recovery processes. In addition, the multiple hydroxyl functional groups contained in date pit powder can be made available for organic reactions to produce surfactants and polymeric polyols that can be used for wettability and interfacial tension (IFT) alteration as employed in enhanced oil recovery operations. Furthermore, more studies need to be done to investigate and improve other relevant properties of the powder solution so that it can be used in near reservoir conditions. Accordingly, future work will be focused on detailed investigation on the use of the powder to alter mobility ratio, wettability and IFT.
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Lau, Beatrice Y., Val Andrew Fajardo, Lauren McMeekin, Sandra M. Sacco, Wendy E. Ward, Brian D. Roy, Sandra J. Peters, and Paul J. LeBlanc. "Influence of high-fat diet from differential dietary sources on bone mineral density, bone strength, and bone fatty acid composition in rats." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 35, no. 5 (October 2010): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h10-052.
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Previous studies have suggested that high-fat diets adversely affect bone development. However, these studies included other dietary manipulations, including low calcium, folic acid, and fibre, and (or) high sucrose or cholesterol, and did not directly compare several common sources of dietary fat. Thus, the overall objective of this study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diets that differ in fat quality, representing diets high in saturated fatty acids (SFA), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), or n-6 PUFA, on femur bone mineral density (BMD), strength, and fatty acid composition. Forty-day-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were maintained for 65 days on high-fat diets (20% by weight), containing coconut oil (SFA; n = 10), flaxseed oil (n-3 PUFA; n = 10), or safflower oil (n-6 PUFA; n = 11). Chow-fed rats (n = 10), at 105 days of age, were included to represent animals on a control diet. Rats fed high-fat diets had higher body weights than the chow-fed rats (p < 0.001). Among all high-fat groups, there were no differences in femur BMD (p > 0.05) or biomechanical strength properties (p > 0.05). Femurs of groups fed either the high n-3 or high n-6 PUFA diets were stronger (as measured by peak load) than those of the chow-fed group, after adjustment for significant differences in body weight (p = 0.001). As expected, the femur fatty acid profile reflected the fatty acid composition of the diet consumed. These results suggest that high-fat diets, containing high levels of PUFA in the form of flaxseed or safflower oil, have a positive effect on bone strength when fed to male rats 6 to 15 weeks of age.
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Röll, A., F. Niu, A. Meijide, A. Hardanto, A. Knohl, and D. Hölscher. "Transpiration in an oil palm landscape: effects of palm age." Biogeosciences 12, no. 19 (October 5, 2015): 5619–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5619-2015.
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Abstract. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations cover large and continuously increasing areas of humid tropical lowlands. Landscapes dominated by oil palms usually consist of a mosaic of mono-cultural, homogeneous stands of varying age, which may be heterogeneous in their water use characteristics. However, studies on the water use characteristics of oil palms are still at an early stage and there is a lack of knowledge on how oil palm expansion will affect the major components of the hydrological cycle. To provide first insights into hydrological landscape-level consequences of oil palm cultivation, we derived transpiration rates of oil palms in stands of varying age, estimated the contribution of palm transpiration to evapotranspiration, and analyzed the influence of fluctuations in environmental variables on oil palm water use. We studied 15 two- to 25-year old stands in the lowlands of Jambi, Indonesia. A sap flux technique with an oil palm specific calibration and sampling scheme was used to derive leaf-, palm- and stand-level water use rates in all stands under comparable environmental conditions. Additionally, in a two- and a 12-year old stand, eddy covariance measurements were conducted to derive evapotranspiration rates. Water use rates per leaf and palm increased 5-fold from an age of 2 years to a stand age of approx. 10 years and then remained relatively constant. A similar trend was visible, but less pronounced, for estimated stand transpiration rates of oil palms; they varied 12-fold, from 0.2 mm day−1 in a 2-year old to 2.5 mm day−1 in a 12-year old stand, showing particularly high variability in transpiration rates among medium-aged stands. Comparing sap flux and eddy-covariance derived water fluxes suggests that transpiration contributed 8 % to evapotranspiration in the 2-year old stand and 53 % in the 12-year old stand, indicating variable and substantial additional sources of evaporation, e.g., from the soil, the ground vegetation and from trunk epiphytes. Diurnally, oil palm transpiration rates were characterized by an early peak between 10 and 11 a.m.; there was a pronounced hysteresis in the leaf water use response to changes in vapor pressure deficit for all palms of advanced age. On the day-to-day basis this resulted in a relatively low variability of oil palm water use regardless of fluctuations in vapor pressure deficit and radiation. We conclude that oil palm dominated landscapes show some spatial variations in (evapo)transpiration rates, e.g., due to varying age-structures, but that the temporal variability of oil palm transpiration is rather low. The stand transpiration of some of the studied oil palm stands was as high or even higher than values reported for different tropical forests, indicating a high water use of oil palms under yet to be explained site or management conditions. Our study provides first insights into the eco-hydrological characteristics of oil palms as well as a first estimate of oil palm water use across a gradient of plantation age. It sheds first light on some of the hydrological consequences of the continuing expansion of oil palm plantations.
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Röll, A., F. Niu, A. Meijide, A. Hardanto, A. Knohl, and D. Hölscher. "Transpiration in an oil palm landscape: effects of palm age." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 12 (June 19, 2015): 9209–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-9209-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations cover large and continuously increasing areas of humid tropical lowlands. Landscapes dominated by oil palms usually consist of a mosaic of mono-cultural, homogeneous stands of varying age, which may be heterogeneous in their water use characteristics. However, studies on the water use characteristics of oil palms are still at an early stage and there is a lack of knowledge on how oil palm expansion will affect the major components of the hydrological cycle. To provide first insights into hydrological landscape-level consequences of oil palm cultivation, we derived transpiration rates of oil palms in stands of varying age, estimated the contribution of palm transpiration to evapotranspiration, and analyzed the influence of fluctuations in environmental variables on oil palm water use. We studied 15 two- to 25 year old stands in the lowlands of Jambi, Indonesia. A sap flux technique with an oil palm specific calibration and sampling scheme was used to derive leaf-, palm- and stand-level water use rates in all stands under comparable environmental conditions. Additionally, in a two- and a 12 year old stand, eddy covariance measurements were conducted to derive evapotranspiration rates. Water use rates per leaf and palm increased 5-fold from an age of two years to a stand age of approx. 10 years and then remained relatively constant. A similar trend was visible, but less pronounced, for estimated stand transpiration rates of oil palms; they varied 12-fold, from 0.2 mm day−1 in a 2 year old to 2.5 mm day−1 in a 12 year old stand, showing particularly high variability in transpiration rates among medium-aged stands. Confronting sap flux and eddy-covariance derived water fluxes suggests that transpiration contributed 8 % to evapotranspiration in the 2 year old stand and 53 % in the 12 year old stand, indicating variable and substantial additional sources of evaporation, e.g. from the soil, the ground vegetation and from trunk epiphytes. Diurnally, oil palm transpiration rates were characterized by an early peak between 10 and 11 a.m.; there was a pronounced hysteresis in the leaf water use response to changes in vapor pressure deficit for all palms of advanced age. On the day-to-day basis this resulted in a relatively low variability of oil palm water use regardless of fluctuations in vapor pressure deficit and radiation. We conclude, that oil palm dominated landscapes show some spatial variations in (evapo)transpiration rates, e.g. due to varying age-structures, but that the temporal variability of oil palm transpiration is rather low. Stand transpiration rates of some studied oil palm stands compared to or even exceed values reported for different tropical forests, indicating a high water use of oil palms under certain site or management conditions. Our study provides first insights into the eco-hydrological characteristics of oil palms as well as a first estimate of oil palm water use across a gradient of plantation age. It sheds first light on some of the hydrological consequences of the continuing expansion of oil palm plantations.
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Dinsdale, E. C., J. Kaludjerovic, and W. E. Ward. "Isoflavone exposure throughout suckling results in improved adult bone health in mice." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 3, no. 4 (March 6, 2012): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174412000116.
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Exposure to isoflavones (ISO), abundant in soy protein infant formula, for the first 5 days of life results in higher bone mineral density (BMD), greater trabecular connectivity and higher peak load of lumbar vertebrae (LV) at adulthood. The effect of lengthening the duration of exposure to ISO on bone development has not been studied. This study determined if providing ISO for the first 21 days of life, which more closely mimics the duration that infants are fed soy protein formula, results in higher BMD, improved bone structure and greater strength in femurs and LV than a 5-day protocol. Female CD-1 mice were randomized to subcutaneous injections of ISO (7 mg/kg body weight/day) or corn oil from postnatal day 1 to 21. BMD, structure and strength were measured at the femur and LV at 4 months of age, representing young adulthood. At the LV, exposure to ISO resulted in higher (P < 0.05) BMD, trabecular connectivity and peak load compared with control (CON). Exposure to ISO also resulted in higher (P < 0.05) whole femur BMD, higher (P < 0.05) bone volume/total volume and lower (P < 0.05) trabecular separation at the femur neck, as well as greater (P < 0.05) peak load at femur midpoint and femur neck compared with the CON group. Exposure to ISO throughout suckling has favorable effects on LV outcomes, and, unlike previous studies using 5-day exposure to ISO, femur outcomes are also improved. Duration of exposure should be considered when using the CD-1 mouse to model the effect of early life exposure of infants to ISO.
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Kaufman, R. L., C. S. Kabir, B. Abdul-Rahman, R. Quttainah, H. Dashti, J. M. Pederson, and M. S. Moon. "Characterizing the Greater Burgan Field With Geochemical and Other Field Data." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 3, no. 02 (April 1, 2000): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/62516-pa.
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Summary This paper describes recent results from an ongoing geochemical study of the supergiant Greater Burgan field, Kuwait. Oil occurs in a number of vertically separated reservoirs including the Jurassic Marrat reservoir and Cretaceous-Minagish, -Third Burgan, -Fourth Burgan, -Mauddud, and -Wara reservoirs. The Third and Fourth Burgan sands are the most important producing reservoirs. Over 100 oils representing all major producing reservoirs have been analyzed using oil fingerprinting as the principal method, but also supported by gravity, sulfur, and pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) measurements. From a reservoir management perspective, an important feature of the field is the approximately 1,200-ft-long hydrocarbon column which extends across the Burgan and Wara reservoirs. Oil composition varies with depth in this thick oil column. For example, oil gravity varies in a nonlinear fashion from about 10°API near the oil/water contact to about 39°API at the shallowest Wara reservoir. This gravity-depth relationship makes identification of reservoir compartments solely from fluid property data difficult. Including oil geochemistry in the traditional mix of PVT and production logging data improves the understanding of compartmentalization and fluid flow in the reservoir, both in a vertical and lateral sense. The composition of reservoir fluids is controlled by a number of geological and physical processes. We attempted to identify unique sets of geochemical parameters that were sensitive to specific oil alteration processes. One set of geochemical properties correlated strongly with gravity and is, therefore, related to the gravity-segregation process. A second set of parameters showed essentially no correlation with gravity or depth but established unique oil fingerprints for most of the major producing reservoirs and identified a number of different oil groups within the Burgan and Wara reservoirs. We interpret the presence of these oil groups to indicate reservoir compartments owing to laterally continuous shales and faults which act as seals on a geologic time frame. More tentative is the identification of production time frame barriers from the fluid composition data. The oil fingerprint data have been used to distinguish oils from the major producing reservoirs and evaluate hydrocarbon continuity within the reservoirs. Introduction This article describes a geochemical study of oils from the Greater Burgan field, Kuwait. During this study, we examined the compositional variation of oils within the field to evaluate reservoir continuity. This study is part of a larger project to describe the producing characteristics of the major reservoirs in the Burgan field en route to applying the best practices in the overall reservoir management program. In Phase I of this study,1 approximately 60 oils from the Burgan, Magwa, and Ahmadi areas of the Greater Burgan field were analyzed using oil fingerprinting. The objective was to determine if oils from the Wara, Third Burgan, and Fourth Burgan reservoirs had unique oil fingerprints and to evaluate oil mixing because of wellbore communications. In Phase II, a larger suite of wells was sampled to broaden the coverage of the field, both areally and stratigraphically, as shown in Fig. 1. Even though a considerably larger number of wells were sampled in Phase II, the sampling density still remains rather coarse in this supergiant field, spanning 320 sq mile. A variety of different techniques are available for reservoir geochemistry studies.2 The principle method used in this study is whole-oil gas chromatography; sometimes referred to as oil fingerprinting. This method has been described before3 and is, therefore, summarized only briefly here. Oil samples were collected at the wellhead, at atmospheric conditions, and analyzed using capillary gas chromatography. A standard of about 200 calibrated peak heights was developed and from this about 30 standard peak height ratios were calculated. These ratios were selected based on their ability to separate the oils into uniquely different groups. Two different multivariate statistical techniques were used to analyze the chromatography data: cluster analysis and principal components analysis. Both techniques were used to identify groups of similar oils based on the peak height ratios. Petroleum is a very complex natural product whose composition is controlled by various geologic processes which occur both before and after fluid accumulation. In our geochemical studies of the Burgan field, we have used the composition of the produced oil to study the hydrocarbon connectivity of different reservoirs. Some measurements, such as oil gravity, gas/oil ratio and bubblepoint data, characterize the bulk properties of the fluid. Other measurements, such as the hydrocarbon fingerprint, are based on the molecular composition of the fluid. Both types of data are necessary to completely characterize a petroleum reservoir, but the molecular composition data are frequently a more sensitive measure of the reservoir connectivity. Where available, both types of data have been used in this study of the Burgan field. The identification of reservoir compartments, both vertical and lateral, is a necessary component of efficient reservoir appraisal and management. Reservoirs are compartmentalized when barriers to fluid flow are present which prevent fluid communication between different parts of the reservoir. Smalley and Hale have discussed the need for early identification of reservoir compartments well in advance of dynamic production measurements.4 Some barriers are effective on a geologic time scale and frequently result in separate oil pools with unique oil/water contacts and initial pressure gradients. Other barriers may become effective on a production time frame. These are typically identified only after the field is put on production. Reservoir fluid composition data have most frequently been interpreted as indicators of geologic time-frame compartments, but it may provide an early indication of production time-frame compartments in some cases. The Greater Burgan Field The Greater Burgan oil field lies within the Arabian basin in the state of Kuwait. General reviews of the geology and producing history of the field are described by Brennan,5 Kirby et al.,6 and Carman.7 The field is subdivided into the Burgan, Magwa, and Ahmadi sectors based on the presence of three structural domes as shown in Fig. 1. The boundary between the northern Magwa/Ahmadi and the Burgan sectors is the Central Graben fault complex, as shown in Fig. 2.
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Ait Hmeid, Hanane, Mustapha Akodad, Mourad Baghour, Abdelmajid Moumen, Ali Skalli, Ghizlane Azizi, Hicham Gueddari, et al. "Valorization of Moroccan Bentonite Deposits: “Purification and Treatment of Margin by the Adsorption Process”." Molecules 26, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 5528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185528.
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The main objective of this work was to contribute to the reduction in the contamination of phenolic compounds contained in margin by an adsorption process on two types of raw bentonite. The margin used in the studies was collected from a semi-modern oil mill located in the Nador–Morocco region. The results of the physico-chemical analyses showed that the effluents of the oil mills showed that they are highly polluted, particularly in terms of the total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and iron content of around 154.82 (mg/L), and copper content of 31.72 (mg/L). The mineralogy of bentonites studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals the existence of two types of montmorillonite; theoretically, the diffraction peak (001) of the montmorillonite appears at 15 Å, with a basal spacing that corresponds to a calcium pole, and the diffraction peak (001) appears at 12Å, with a basal spacing that corresponds to a sodium pole. The specific surface area of the bentonite used is characterized by a large specific surface area, varying between 127.62 m2·g−1 and 693.04 m2·g−1, which is due to the presence of hydrated interleaved cations. This surface is likely to increase in aqueous solution depending on the solid/liquid ratio that modulates the degree of hydration. With a high cation exchange capacity (CEC) (146.54 meq/100 g), samples of margin mixed with raw bentonites at different percentages vary between 5% and 100%. The potential of Moroccan bentonite for the phenol adsorption of 9.17 (g/L) from aqueous solutions was investigated. Adsorption tests have confirmed the effectiveness of these natural minerals in reducing phenolic compounds ranging from 8.72% to 76.23% contained in the margin and the efficiency of heavy metal retention through microelements on raw bentonites. The very encouraging results obtained in this work could aid in the application of adsorption for the treatment of margin.
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Sampat, Andjoe, Brenda van Daelen, Martin Lopatka, Hans Mol, Guido van der Weg, Gabriel Vivó-Truyols, Marjan Sjerps, Peter Schoenmakers, and Arian van Asten. "Detection and Characterization of Ignitable Liquid Residues in Forensic Fire Debris Samples by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography." Separations 5, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5030043.
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This study covers an extensive experimental design that was developed for creating simulated fire debris samples under controlled conditions for the detection and identification of ignitable liquids (IL) residues. This design included 19 different substrates, 45 substrate combinations with and without ignitable liquids, and 45 different ILs from three classes (i.e., white spirit, gasoline, and lamp oil). Chemical analysis was performed with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for improved separation and compound identification. The enhanced peak capacity offered by GC×GC-TOFMS allowed the use of a target compound list in combination with a simple binary decision model to arrive at quite acceptable results with respect to IL detection (89% true positive and 7% false positive rate) and classification (100% correct white spirit, 79% correct gasoline, and 77% correct lamp oil assignment). Although these results were obtained in a limited set of laboratory controlled fire experiments including only three IL classes, this study confirms the conclusions of other studies that GC×GC-TOFMS can be a powerful tool in the challenging task of forensic fire debris analysis.
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Antonio Danesi, Davide Ongari, Cristian Poliziani, and Federico Rupi. "Evolution of the Road and Rail Transport of Goods in European Countries before and after the Financial Crises." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 21, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2019.4.3-12.
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The main goal of this paper is to analyse recent trends in freight transport volumes as well as their relation to socio-economic and infrastructural variables, in the case of the following major European countries: France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom. This analysis refers to the period 2005-2016, so that years affected by the global economic crisis, which shows its peak in 2009, are taken into account. This research demonstrated that not all the countries under study show a strong relation between freight traffic and GDP as it could have been expected based on well consolidated experiences and studies. Moreover, other relations are investigated, with mixed results, between the freight traffic volumes and the extension of the rail and road networks as well as oil price data.
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Shojae, Kianoosh, and Majid Mahdavian. "Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils in the Diesel Engine: A Review." Current Biochemical Engineering 6, no. 2 (July 25, 2020): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212711906666200224094505.
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Background: Vegetable oil of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) that is obtained by triglycerides of transesterification in the presence of methanol, recently, has been highly regarded by scholars for use in diesel engines. These oils can be used as biodiesels in diesel engines and have various benefits (these fuels are renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic). Objective: In this work, many studies are reviewed in the field of using vegetable oils as biodiesel in diesel engines. Moreover, a simulation study is conducted to compare oxygen and peak pressure of a diesel engine fueled by three different biodiesels in comparison to diesel fuel. We have examined the chemical ignition delay time and kinetic viscosity of biodiesel in the combustion process of diesel engine and the effects of these factors are evaluated on air–fuel mixing and subsequent combustion.
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Kawase, Tokuzo, Maki Uchita, Tomiko Fujii, and Motoi Minagawa. "Effects of Grafting with Acrylic Acid on Removal of Oily Soil from Polyester Fabric." Textile Research Journal 62, no. 11 (November 1992): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759206201106.
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In a series of studies on the effects of modifying textiles for soil release properties, polyester fabrics were grafted with acrylic acid to vary their surface energies while changing their bulk properties as little as possible. The surface free energies of grafted polyester fabrics were estimated using the relationship between the polar component of surface energies γ sp and the peak area ratios of COONa (1580 cm-1) to COOR (1250 cm-1) by FT-IR measurements. The effects of grafting on soil release were also investigated with washing experiments using squalane, triolein, and oleic acid as oily soils. The effects of grafting on oily soil removal varied depending on the polarity of soil. Results are discussed in terms of the work of adhesion between oil and polyester fabric.
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Wang, Yan, Li, Li, Zhao, Yuan, Sun, and Shan. "GWAS Discovery Of Candidate Genes for Yield-Related Traits in Peanut and Support from Earlier QTL Mapping Studies." Genes 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10100803.
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Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important oil crops worldwide, and its yet increasing market demand may be met by genetic improvement of yield related traits, which may be facilitated by a good understanding of the underlying genetic base of these traits. Here, we have carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) with the aim to identify genomic regions and the candidate genes within these regions that may be involved in determining the phenotypic variation at seven yield-related traits in peanut. For the GWAS analyses, 195 peanut accessions were phenotyped and/or genotyped; the latter was done using a genotyping-by-sequencing approach, which produced a total of 13,435 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Analyses of these SNPs show that the analyzed peanut accessions can be approximately grouped into two big groups that, to some extent, agree with the botanical classification of peanut at the subspecies level. By taking this genetic structure as well as the relationships between the analyzed accessions into consideration, our GWAS analyses have identified 93 non-overlapping peak SNPs that are significantly associated with four of the studied traits. Gene annotation of the genome regions surrounding these peak SNPs have found a total of 311 unique candidate genes. Among the 93 yield-related-trait-associated SNP peaks, 12 are found to be co-localized with the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that were identified by earlier related QTL mapping studies, and these 12 SNP peaks are only related to three traits and are almost all located on chromosomes Arahy.05 and Arahy.16. Gene annotation of these 12 co-localized SNP peaks have found 36 candidates genes, and a close examination of these candidate genes found one very interesting gene (arahy.RI9HIF), the rice homolog of which produces a protein that has been shown to improve rice yield when over-expressed. Further tests of the arahy.RI9HIF gene, as well as other candidate genes especially those within the more confident co-localized genomic regions, may hold the potential for significantly improving peanut yield.