Journal articles: 'Peak shaving'

1

Ohn, Sungmin, Jung-Su Kim, Hwachang Song, and Byunghoon Chang. "Fuzzy LP Based Power Network Peak Shaving Algorithm." Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 22, no. 6 (December 25, 2012): 754–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2012.22.6.754.

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Rana, Md Masud, Mohamed Atef, Md Rasel Sarkar, Moslem Uddin, and GM Shafiullah. "A Review on Peak Load Shaving in Microgrid—Potential Benefits, Challenges, and Future Trend." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 2278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062278.

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This study aims to review the potential benefits of peak load shaving in a microgrid system. The relevance of peak shaving for a microgrid system is presented in this research review at the outset to justify the peak load shaving efficacy. The prospective benefits of peak shaving in microgrid systems, including technological, economic, and environmental advantages, are thoroughly examined. This review study also presents a cost–benefit numerical analysis to illustrate the economic viability of peak load shaving for a microgrid system. Different peak shaving approaches are briefly discussed, as well as the obstacles of putting them into practice. Finally, this review study reveals some potential future trends and possible directions for peak shaving research in microgrid systems. This review paper lays a strong foundation for identifying the potential benefits of peak shaving in microgrid systems and establishing suitable projects for practical effectuation.

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Cheng, Xianliang, Suzhen Feng, Yanxuan Huang, and Jinwen Wang. "A New Peak-Shaving Model Based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming with Variable Peak-Shaving Order." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040887.

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Peak-shaving is a very efficient and practical strategy for a day-ahead hydropower scheduling in power systems, usually aiming to appropriately schedule hourly (or in less time interval) power generations of individual plants so as to smooth the load curve while enforcing the energy production target of each plant. Nowadays, the power marketization and booming development of renewable energy resources are complicating the constraints and diversifying the objectives, bringing challenges for the peak-shaving method to be more flexible and efficient. Without a pre-set or fixed peak-shaving order of plants, this paper formulates a new peak-shaving model based on the mixed integer linear programming (MILP) to solve the scheduling problem in an optimization way. Compared with the traditional peak-shaving methods that need to determine the order of plants to peak-shave the load curve one by one, the present model has better flexibility as it can handle the plant-based operating zones and prioritize the constraints and objectives more easily. With application to six cascaded hydropower reservoirs on the Lancang River in China, the model is tested efficient and practical in engineering perspective.

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Zhu, Lingkai, Qian Wang, Ziwei Zhong, Yue Han, Zhiqiang Gong, Wei Zheng, Panfeng Shang, and Junshan Guo. "Study on an on-line monitoring method for peak shaving capacity of thermal power unit." E3S Web of Conferences 358 (2022): 02055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235802055.

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Relying solely on pure condensing units can not meet the demand for power grid peak shaving, and thermoelectric units must also participate in peak shaving. In view of the dynamic change of peak shaving capacity of thermoelectric units with steam extraction, an on-line monitoring method of thermoelectric units is proposed in this paper. The upper and lower limits of peak shaving capacity of thermoelectric units under different steam extraction are calculated in real time, and the peak shaving capacity of thermoelectric units is evaluated on-line, so as to provide data support for scientific dispatching of power grid.

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Li, Hongwei, Qing Xu, Shitao Wang, and Huihui Song. "Peak Shaving Methods of Distributed Generation Clusters Using Dynamic Evaluation and Self-Renewal Mechanism." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 25, 2022): 7036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197036.

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As one of the power auxiliary services, peak shaving is the key problem to be solved in the power grid. With the rapid development of DGs, the traditional peak shaving scheduling method for centralized adjustable energy is no longer applicable. Thus, this paper proposes two-layer optimization methods of allocating the peak shaving task for DGs. Layer 1 mainly proposes four evaluation indexes and the peak shaving priority sequence can be obtained with modified TOPSIS, then the DG cluster’s task is allocated to the corresponding DGs. On the basis of dynamic evaluation and the self-renewal mechanism, layer 2 proposes a peak shaving optimization model with dynamic constraints which assigns peak shaving instructions to each cluster. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by using the real DGs data of a regional power grid in China based on the MATLAB simulation platform. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods can simply the calculation complexity by ranking the DGs in the peak shaving task and update the reliable aggregate adjustable power of each cluster in time to allocate more reasonably.

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Lin, Li, Bingqian Xu, and Shiwei Xia. "Multi-Angle Economic Analysis of Coal-Fired Units with Plasma Ignition and Oil Injection during Deep Peak Shaving in China." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 10, 2019): 5399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245399.

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What China committed in the Paris Agreement encourages the penetration of renewable energy in power grid. To consume more renewable energy, coal-fired units undertake the most part of peak shaving task and are usually operated at a low-load level during off-peak hours. However, deep peak shaving has harmed the benefits of thermal power plants and also brought about environmental problems. To improve the peak-shaving capacity and operation efficiency of coal-fired units, the government encourages the flexibility retrofits for coal-fired units. In this paper, peak-shaving related cost functions are proposed for the multi-angle economic analysis of coal-fired unit with plasma ignition (UPI) and oil injection (UOI), respectively. First, the operation characteristic is analyzed for three stages of peak shaving, and then the peak-shaving costs related to these three stages are proposed in terms of the coal consumption cost, wear-and-tear cost, combustion-supporting cost, and environmental cost. Afterwards, a peak-shaving cost-based economic dispatch model is presented with consideration of the curtailed wind penalty, and an environmental efficiency index is defined to evaluate the environmental benefits. Finally, in the case study, quantitative economy analysis is performed from the aspects of thermal power plants, wind power plants, and the environment separately, and the simulation results indicate that UPI has better peak-shaving economy and environmental efficiency than UOI.

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Liu, Daobing, Zitong Jin, Huayue Chen, Hongji Cao, Ye Yuan, Yu Fan, and Yingjie Song. "Peak Shaving and Frequency Regulation Coordinated Output Optimization Based on Improving Economy of Energy Storage." Electronics 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010029.

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In this paper, a peak shaving and frequency regulation coordinated output strategy based on the existing energy storage is proposed to improve the economic problem of energy storage development and increase the economic benefits of energy storage in industrial parks. In the proposed strategy, the profit and cost models of peak shaving and frequency regulation are first established. Second, the benefits brought by the output of energy storage, degradation cost and operation and maintenance costs are considered to establish an economic optimization model, which is used to realize the division of peak shaving and frequency regulation capacity of energy storage based on peak shaving and frequency regulation output optimization. Finally, the intra-day model predictive control method is employed for rolling optimization. An intra-day peak shaving and frequency regulation coordinated output optimization strategy of energy storage is proposed. Through the example simulation, the experiment results show that the electricity cost of the whole day is reduced by 10.96% by using the coordinated output strategy of peak shaving and frequency regulation. The obtained further comparative analysis results and the life cycle economic analysis show that the profit brought by the proposed coordinated output optimization strategy is greater than that for separate peak shaving or frequency modulation of energy storage under the same capacity.

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Liu, Dunnan, Mengjiao Zou, Yue Zhang, Lingxiang Wang, Tingting Zhang, and Mingguang Liu. "Market clearing price forecast for power peak shaving auxiliary service." E3S Web of Conferences 237 (2021): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123702007.

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The use of new energy to generate electricity in the power system and the large-scale increase of new energy grid connection has led to increasingly insufficient power system regulation, in order to solve this problem, the peak shaving auxiliary service market came into being.This article comprehensively analyzes the factors those affect the market clearing price of power peak shaving auxiliary services: The macro factors include energy economic policies (renewable energy and electric energy substitution), technological innovation, market operation rules, etc., and the micro factors include the quotation and demand of thermal power plants and wind power generation.The power peak shaving auxiliary service market is an important part of the power market. Its appearance makes the grid operation safer and more reliable, and the reasonable fluctuation of clearing prices and total market costs reflects the market’s sensitivity to peak shaving resource demand.This paper uses the BP neural network model to select 31 consecutive days of peak shaving auxiliary service clearing price data in North China for prediction.

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Liu, Qi, Jie Zhao, Youguo Shao, Libin Wen, Jianxu Wu, Dichen Liu, and Yuhui Ma. "Multi-Power Joint Peak-Shaving Optimization for Power System Considering Coordinated Dispatching of Nuclear Power and Wind Power." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 4801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174801.

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The matching characteristics of wind power output and nuclear power peak shaving are studied and the influence of coordinated dispatching of wind power and nuclear power on peak shaving flexibility and cost of the power grid is analyzed. Taking the lowest total operation cost of the system as the objective and considering the operation constraints, peak shaving cost of nuclear power units and the abandoned wind cost, a multi-power dispatching model for power system is proposed. In addition, in order to accurately optimize the output of nuclear power, a method of subdividing the peak shaving depth of nuclear power to linearize the constraint of nuclear power peak shaving is proposed. The analysis of example shows that the multi-power dispatching model considering the coordinated operation of wind and nuclear power has a high operation economy and can significantly reduce the amount of wind abandonment. The daily load tracking mode can be used for the participation of nuclear power units in daily peak shaving and the feasibility and necessity of coordinated wind-nuclear dispatching are verified.

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Chua, Kein Huat, Yun Seng Lim, and Stella Morris. "Energy storage system for peak shaving." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 10, no. 1 (April 4, 2016): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-01-2015-0003.

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Purpose – The main purpose of this study is to provide an effective sizing method and an optimal peak shaving strategy for an energy storage system to reduce the electrical peak demand of the customers. A cost-savings analytical tool is developed to provide a quick rule-of-thumb for customers to choose an appropriate size of energy storage for various tariff schemes. Design/methodology/approach – A novel sizing method is proposed to obtain the optimum size of energy storage for commercial and industrial customers based on their historical load profile. An algorithm is developed to determine the threshold level for peak shaving. One of the buildings at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Malaysia, is chosen for this study. A three-phase energy storage system rated at 15 kVA is developed and connected to the low-voltage electrical network in the building. An adaptive control algorithm is developed and implemented to optimize the peak shaving. Findings – The sizing analysis shows that the customer under the C2 tariff rate yields the highest saving, followed by E2, C1 and E1. The experimental results presented indicate that the proposed adaptive control algorithm has effectively optimized the peak demand to be shaved. Research limitations/implications – This study demonstrates the potential of energy storage in reducing the peak demand and cost of electricity. One of the main challenges of real-time peak shaving is to determine an appropriate threshold level such that the energy stored in the energy storage system is sufficient during the peak shaving process. Originality/value – The originality of the paper is the optimal sizing method of the energy storage system based on the historical load profile and adaptive control algorithm to optimize the peak demand deduction.

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11

Johnson, Matthew P., Amotz Bar-Noy, Ou Liu, and Yi Feng. "Energy peak shaving with local storage." Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 1, no. 3 (September 2011): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2011.05.001.

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12

Mineiro Sá Junior, Edilson, Sérgio Daher, Fernando Luiz Marcelo Antunes, Cícero Marcos Tavares Cruz, Kátia Maria Silva, and Antônio Ribamar Figueira. "Photovoltaic System For Supplying Public Lighting As Peak Demand Shaving." Eletrônica de Potência 12, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18618/rep.2007.2.113120.

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13

Son, Subin, and Hwachang Song. "Generation of Daily Load Curves for Performance Improvement of Power System Peak-Shaving." Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 24, no. 2 (April 25, 2014): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2014.24.2.141.

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14

Shamim, Nimat, Edwin C. Thomsen, Vilayanur V. Viswanathan, David M. Reed, Vincent L. Sprenkle, and Guosheng Li. "Evaluating ZEBRA Battery Module under the Peak-Shaving Duty Cycles." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 2280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092280.

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With the recent rapid increase in demand for reliable, long-cycle life, and safe battery technologies for large-scale energy-storage applications, a battery module based on ZEBRA battery chemistry is extensively evaluated for its application in peak shaving duty cycles. First, this module is tested with a full capacity cycle consisting of a charging process (factory default) and a discharging process with a current of 40 A. The battery energy efficiency (discharge vs. charge) is about 90%, and the overall energy efficiency is 80.9%, which includes the auxiliary power used to run the battery management system electronics and self-heating to maintain the module operating temperature (265 °C). Generally, because of the increased self-heating during the holding times that exist for the peak shaving duty cycles, the overall module efficiency decreases slightly for the peak-shaving duty cycles (70.7–71.8%) compared to the full-capacity duty cycle. With a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle, the overall energy efficiency increases from 71.8% for 7.5 kWh energy utilization to 74.1% for 8.5 kWh. We conducted long-term cycling tests of the module at a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle with 7.5 kWh energy utilization, and the module exhibited a capacity degradation rate of 0.0046%/cycle over 150 cycles (>150 days).

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Rana, Md Masud, Akhlaqur Rahman, Moslem Uddin, Md Rasel Sarkar, Sk A. Shezan, Md Fatin Ishraque, S. M. Sajjad Hossain Rafin, and Mohamed Atef. "A Comparative Analysis of Peak Load Shaving Strategies for Isolated Microgrid Using Actual Data." Energies 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010330.

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Peak load reduction is one of the most essential obligations and cost-effective tasks for electrical energy consumers. An isolated microgrid (IMG) system is an independent limited capacity power system where the peak shaving application can perform a vital role in the economic operation. This paper presents a comparative analysis of a categorical variable decision tree algorithm (CVDTA) with the most common peak shaving technique, namely, the general capacity addition technique, to evaluate the peak shaving performance for an IMG system. The CVDTA algorithm deals with the hybrid photovoltaic (PV)—battery energy storage system (BESS) to provide the peak shaving service where the capacity addition technique uses a peaking generator to minimize the peak demand. An actual IMG system model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink software to analyze the peak shaving performance. The model consists of four major components such as, PV, BESS, variable load, and gas turbine generator (GTG) dispatch models for the proposed algorithm, where the BESS and PV models are not applicable for the capacity addition technique. Actual variable load data and PV generation data are considered to conduct the simulation case studies which are collected from a real IMG system. The simulation result exhibits the effectiveness of the CVDTA algorithm which can minimize the peak demand better than the capacity addition technique. By ensuring the peak shaving operation and handling the economic generation dispatch, the CVDTA algorithm can ensure more energy savings, fewer system losses, less operation and maintenance (O&M) cost, etc., where the general capacity addition technique is limited.

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Liang, Hui Shi, Hai Tao Liu, and Jian Su. "Optimal Planning of Distribution System Considering Distributed Generators." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 2022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2022.

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This paper presents a methodology for substation optimal planning considering DG for peak shaving. Utility can take effective demand-side management (DSM) to encourage customer-owned DG to participate in peak load shaving, and it can also construct utility DG to meet the peak load demand. In this paper, the impact of DG on peak load shaving is analyzed, and DG is taken as a complement to T&D system to meet load demand, which is considered in the substation planning. Substations sizing and location and new-built utility DG capacity is optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), in which supply area of each substation is obtained by Voronoi diagram method. Case study shows that planning result considering DG for peak shaving can defer T&D system expansion so that considerable investment can be saved. Especially for those areas with high cost of T&D system construction, constructing DG to meet peak load demand would be a more economic way.

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Luo, Huanhuan, Yang Zhao, Tianhang Wang, Yifan Wang, Hao Wang, Weichun Ge, Chuang Liu, and Yibo Wang. "Dynamic paid peak shaving benchmarks and bidding strategies adapted to the high proportion of new energy system." E3S Web of Conferences 218 (2020): 02027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021802027.

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This article mainly analyze the shortcomings of the inherent peak shaving auxiliary service mechanism in the high-proportion of new energy access scenarios in Northeast China, which restricts the enthusiasm of thermal power units to participate in peak shaving. For this reason, a dynamic peak shaving compensation benchmark is proposed which follows load changes. At the same time, in order to standardize market behavior and facilitate market supervision, a guiding formula is proposed for quotation of thermal power units. Based on the above, a dynamic auxiliary service market mechanism is established which used actual operating data of Liaoning province power grid as a calculation example to verify that the mechanism can effectively improve the enthusiasm of thermal power units to participate in peak shaving, which is conducive to market operation and supervision as well.

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Papadopoulos, Vasileios, Jos Knockaert, Chris Develder, and Jan Desmet. "Peak Shaving through Battery Storage for Low-Voltage Enterprises with Peak Demand Pricing." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051183.

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The renewable energy transition has introduced new electricity tariff structures. With the increased penetration of photovoltaic and wind power systems, users are being charged more for their peak demand. Consequently, peak shaving has gained attention in recent years. In this paper, we investigated the potential of peak shaving through battery storage. The analyzed system comprises a battery, a load and the grid but no renewable energy sources. The study is based on 40 load profiles of low-voltage users, located in Belgium, for the period 1 January 2014, 00:00–31 December 2016, 23:45, at 15 min resolution, with peak demand pricing. For each user, we studied the peak load reduction achievable by batteries of varying energy capacities (kWh), ranging from 0.1 to 10 times the mean power (kW). The results show that for 75% of the users, the peak reduction stays below 44% when the battery capacity is 10 times the mean power. Furthermore, for 75% of the users the battery remains idle for at least 80% of the time; consequently, the battery could possibly provide other services as well if the peak occurrence is sufficiently predictable. From an economic perspective, peak shaving looks interesting for capacity invoiced end users in Belgium, under the current battery capex and electricity prices (without Time-of-Use (ToU) dependency).

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Cong, Yunhua, Feng Zuo, Tongqing Li, Miaozhao Shen, Jin Li, and Lei Zhu. "Optimal Peak Shaving Analysis of Power Demand Response Considering Unit Uncertainty." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2310, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2310/1/012087.

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Abstract With the increasingly prominent environmental problems and the promotion of the “double carbon” goal, the participation of demand-side response resources in load peak shaving and valley filling is of great significance to the development of the power industry. In this paper, based on the background that demand-side response is being rapidly developed in China, we firstly consider the uncertainty of generating units and the operating constraints of power system and units, and construct the day-ahead output model of generating units by using stochastic production simulation and day-ahead optimal scheduling. Then, based on this model, we consider the impact of demand response on system peak shaving and build a demand response power system optimal scheduling model with unit uncertainty. Finally, the power supply and demand of the IEEE30 node system on two typical days of peak shaving considering demand response are analysed by MATLAB, and the minimum service cost of demand response and the amount of pull-out limit are derived, which clarify the important role of demand response in the process of power system peak shaving.

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Yesilyurt, Ozan, Dennis Bauer, Alexander Emde, and Alexander Sauer. "Why should the automated guided vehicles’ batteries be used in the manufacturing plants as an energy storage?" E3S Web of Conferences 231 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123101004.

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This paper examines to what extent automated guided vehicles’ (AGV) batteries can be used as a mobile electrical energy storage to increase energy flexibility and reduce peak loads in manufacturing plants. First, it is indicated, what demand response and peak shaving in manufacturing mean. Then, existing battery applications for peak shaving are presented. Finally, the benefits and potential of using AGVs as energy storage to reduce peak loads in the company are illustrated, after an approximate cost calculation for peak shaving of a company with AGV batteries are performed in a use case scenario considering AGV availability during manufacturing. The results of the approximate cost calculation show that it can be beneficial for companies to use AGV batteries as an energy storage in manufacturing plants to reduce their peak loads.

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Uddin, Moslem, Mohd Fakhizan Romlie, Mohd Faris Abdullah, Syahirah Abd Halim, Ab Halim Abu Bakar, and Tan Chia Kwang. "A review on peak load shaving strategies." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82 (February 2018): 3323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.056.

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Parise, Giuseppe, Luigi Parise, Andrea Malerba, Francesco Maria Pepe, Alberto Honorati, and Peniamin Ben Chavdarian. "Comprehensive Peak-Shaving Solutions for Port Cranes." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 53, no. 3 (May 2017): 1799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2016.2645514.

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Zakeri, G., D. Craigie, A. Philpott, and M. Todd. "Optimization of demand response through peak shaving." Operations Research Letters 42, no. 1 (January 2014): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orl.2013.12.001.

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Luca, Ionut. "BI-CRITERIA MODELS FOR PEAK LOAD SHAVING." Journal of Academy of Business and Economics 18, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/jabe-18-3.4.

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Martins, Rodrigo, Holger Hesse, Johanna Jungbauer, Thomas Vorbuchner, and Petr Musilek. "Optimal Component Sizing for Peak Shaving in Battery Energy Storage System for Industrial Applications." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082048.

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Recent attention to industrial peak shaving applications sparked an increased interest in battery energy storage. Batteries provide a fast and high power capability, making them an ideal solution for this task. This work proposes a general framework for sizing of battery energy storage system (BESS) in peak shaving applications. A cost-optimal sizing of the battery and power electronics is derived using linear programming based on local demand and billing scheme. A case study conducted with real-world industrial profiles shows the applicability of the approach as well as the return on investment dependence on the load profile. At the same time, the power flow optimization reveals the best storage operation patterns considering a trade-off between energy purchase, peak-power tariff, and battery aging. This underlines the need for a general mathematical optimization approach to efficiently tackle the challenge of peak shaving using an energy storage system. The case study also compares the applicability of yearly and monthly billing schemes, where the highest load of the year/month is the base for the price per kW. The results demonstrate that batteries in peak shaving applications can shorten the payback period when used for large industrial loads. They also show the impacts of peak shaving variation on the return of investment and battery aging of the system.

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Liu, Shuangquan, Zhenyu Zhao, Jianjian Shen, Ran Zhang, and Yue Wang. "Method for Day-head Operations of a Large Hydropower Plant Considering Peak-shaving Demands of Multiple Provincial Power Grids." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2224, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2224/1/012135.

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Abstract Large hydropower plants in China are usually required to transmit power to multiple provinces and meet their complex peak-shaving demands. How to model and solve this problem is challenging. Based on a Hydropower Project in southwest China, this study proposed a method for day-head operations of large hydropower plant considering peak-shaving demands of two provincial power grids. A short-term peak-shaving model for multiple power grids is constructed, which takes the minimum sum of the squares of the remaining loads of each power grid. This model considers complex constraints such as the operation of hydropower plants and the requirements of power transmission. The multi-objective optimization is transformed into a single-objective problem and solved by a group search algorithm based on the genetic algorithm. Two cases which respectively consider different loads and objective weights are presented to test the model. It is found that the large hydropower plant can simultaneously respond to different peak loads for multiple power grids. It should be also noted that different objective weights may have a significant effect on peak-shaving results.

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Liao, Shengli, Yan Zhang, Benxi Liu, Zhanwei Liu, Zhou Fang, and Shushan Li. "Short-Term Peak-Shaving Operation of Head-Sensitive Cascaded Hydropower Plants Based on Spillage Adjustment." Water 12, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): 3438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123438.

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There are many cascaded hydropower plants with poor regulation performance and sensitive water heads accompanied by water spillage during the wet season. Faced with the increasing load peak–valley differences, it is necessary to tap the peak-shaving potential of such head-sensitive cascaded hydropower plants (HSCHPs) because relying solely on hydropower plants with better regulation performance for peak shaving is inadequate. To address the modeling, solving, and water spillage treatment difficulties posed by HSCHPs, a new short-term peak-shaving method based on spillage adjustment is introduced. First, fuzzy cluster analysis is used to determine when to release more water spillage by automatically identifying valley periods of the daily load curve. Furthermore, a spillage adjustment strategy, implemented through an easy gate operation, is adopted to readjust the water release during each period of the load curve. The ratio of the water spillage released in advance in a certain period to its total water spillage is defined as the water spillage ratio (WSR) of the period. Finally, a mixed-integer linear programming model linearized by special ordered sets of type two is solved to determine the optimal WSRs, which achieves the optimal peak-shaving effect. HSCHPs in the Hongshui River Basin during the wet season were selected as case studies. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve a good peak-shaving effect without significantly reducing the power generation and adding additional water spillage.

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Liu, Runzhong, Zhi Cai, and Linxian Hu. "Quotation Strategy of Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine Considering Flexibility and Start-Stop Peak Shaving." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2404, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2404/1/012003.

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Abstract This paper proposes a bilevel optimal scheduling model considering the flexibility and peak shaving benefits of gas-steam combined cycle units, which realizes “thermoelectric decoupling” and the flexibility of the unit by configuring electric boilers, and adds the benefit of peak shaving to the upper model to maximize the profit of the unit. Among them, the upper model is the unit optimal bidding model considering flexibility and peak shaving benefits, and the lower model is the power market-clearing model considering the maximization of social welfare. The bilayer model is transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming problem through KKT conditions and other solution methods. The effectiveness and rationality of the model are verified by the analysis of examples. The results of examples show that “thermoelectric decoupling” and start-stop peak shaving can effectively improve the profit of the gas-steam combined cycle unit and the wind power consumption capacity of the system. Finally, the strategic bidding behavior of gas-steam combined cycle units in different periods of the power market is explored.

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Zou, Siyu, Puyan Zheng, Qunzhi Zhu, Tianyu Bai, Qingyuan Wei, and Guoqing Wei. "Application of extraction steam graded heat storage in peak shaving of condensing units." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2087, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2087/1/012013.

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Abstract In order to alleviate the peak shaving pressure of power grid and further improve the deep peak shaving capacity of coal-fired units, this paper applies staged heat storage to condensing units. Under the condition of constant boiler load, the heat of regenerative steam extraction is stored to reduce the electrical load output of the unit. Taking a 660MW ultra-supercritical unit as an example,30%THA,40%THA and 50%THA were taken as the initial conditions of heat storage respectively to discuss the peak shaving range and power regeneration efficiency of different extraction steam positions for heat storage. The results show that the “storage 1# HP heater extraction steam” scheme with “two-stage three tank” heat storage and release structure has the largest peak shaving range of 37.3%~56.9% under 50% initial conditions. When the “two-stage three tank” heat storage and release structure selects the “storage 1# HP heater extraction steam ”scheme under 40% initial working condition, the “power regeneration efficiency” reaches the highest——78.3%. And the “power regeneration efficiency” of “two stage three tank” storage structure are always higher than the “single-stage” storage structure.

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Wallberg, Alexander, Carl Flygare, Rafael Waters, and Valeria Castellucci. "Peak Shaving for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure—A Case Study in a Parking Garage in Uppsala, Sweden." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13080152.

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The need for a more flexible usage of power is increasing due to the electrification of new sectors in society combined with larger amounts of integrated intermittent electricity production in the power system. Among other cities, Uppsala in Sweden is undergoing an accelerated transition of its vehicle fleet from fossil combustion engines to electrical vehicles. To meet the requirements of the transforming mobility infrastructure, Uppsala municipality has, in collaboration with Uppsala University, built a full-scale commercial electrical vehicle parking garage equipped with a battery storage and photovoltaic system. This paper presents the current hardware topology of the parking garage, a neural network for day-ahead predictions of the parking garage’s load profile, and a simulation model in MATLAB using rule-based peak shaving control. The created neural network was trained on data from 2021 and its performance was evaluated using data from 2022. The performance of the rule-based peak shaving control was evaluated using the predicted load demand and photovoltaic data collected for the parking garage. The aim of this paper is to test a prediction model and peak shaving strategy that could be implemented in practice on-site at the parking garage. The created neural network has a linear regression index of 0.61, which proved to yield a satisfying result when used in the rule-based peak shaving control with the parking garage’s 60 kW/137 kWh battery system. The peak shaving model was able to reduce the highest load demand peak of 117 kW by 38.6% using the forecast of a neural network.

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Forouzi Feshalami, Behzad. "Optimal operating scenario for Polerood hydropower station to maximize peak shaving and produced profit." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7, no. 3 (December 15, 2018): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.3.233-239.

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This paper deals with the optimization of the daily operation of Polerood hydropower station being constructed in the north of Iran. Dynamic Programming method (DP) is applied as the preferred optimization tool owing to the fact that it guarantees the optimal solution and is applicable to the present problem. Produced profit and peak-shaving are the two objectives considered separately in this study. The results show that the optimal water management of the case study through charging and discharging the reservoir at the appropriate times led to 4% increase in the produced profit. In another part of this study, the optimal performance strategies regarding to the two objectives (produced profit and peak-shaving) are compared. The observed similarity between the two performance strategies implies the substantial dependence of the electricity price and the network demand level. The paper ends with the profitability study of the project and the sensitivity analysis of the results to various economic parameters. Article History: Received December 15th 2017; Received in revised form April 18th 2018; Accepted September 16th 2018; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Feshalami, B.F. (2018) Optimal Operating Scenario for Polerood Hydropower Station to Maximize Peak Shaving and Produced Profit. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(3), 233-239.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.3.233-239

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Verda, Vittorio. "Thermal peak load shaving through users request variations." International Journal of Thermodynamics 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5541/ijot.5000175955.

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OSMAN, M. G. "Electric Utility Energy Storage Systems for Peak Shaving." Electric Machines & Power Systems 10, no. 2-3 (January 1985): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07313568508909118.

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Shaikh, Muzaffar A. "A ‘Peak shaving’ approach to project staff reallocation." Computers & Industrial Engineering 35, no. 1-2 (October 1998): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-8352(98)00037-0.

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SARTAWI, MITHQAL. "Photovoltaic System for Electrical Peak Shaving: Kuwait Case." Energy Sources 13, no. 2 (April 1991): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908319108908981.

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Levron, Yoash, and Doron Shmilovitz. "Power systems’ optimal peak-shaving applying secondary storage." Electric Power Systems Research 89 (August 2012): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2012.02.007.

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Pajot, Camille, Benoit Delinchant, Yves Maréchal, and Damien Frésier. "Impact of Heat Pump Flexibility in a French Residential Eco-District." Buildings 8, no. 10 (October 19, 2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8100145.

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This paper investigates the impact of load shedding strategies on a block of multiple buildings. It particularly deals with the quantification of the factors i.e., peak shaving, occupants’ thermal comfort or CO 2 emission reduction and how to quickly quantify them. To achieve this goal, the paper focuses on a new residential district, thermally fed by heat pumps. Four modeling approaches were implemented in order to estimate buildings’ response towards load shedding. Two schemes were combined in order to study an overall load shedding. This strategy for the neighborhood has proved itself efficient for both peak shaving and thermal comfort. Most of the clipped heating load during the peak period is shifted to low-consumption periods, providing an effective peak shaving. The thermal comfort is guaranteed for at least 96% of the time. For CO 2 emissions reduction, the link between consumption reduction and CO 2 emissions savings should be realized carefully, since shifting the consumption could increase these emissions.

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Valant, Christopher, Gabrielle Gaustad, and Nenad Nenadic. "Characterizing Large-Scale, Electric-Vehicle Lithium Ion Transportation Batteries for Secondary Uses in Grid Applications." Batteries 5, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010008.

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Lithium ion battery modules have significant capacity left after their useful life in transportation applications. This empirical study successfully tested the used modules in secondary grid applications in laboratory conditions. The selection of the secondary application was based on the construction features of the modules and the growing need for storage in grid operations. Description of the laboratory setup is provided in the context of a critical practical constraint where the battery management system and the usage and health history are not available to the secondary battery integrator. Charge and discharge profiles were developed based upon applications for peak shaving and firming renewables. Techno-economic analysis was focused on peak shaving at the utility level, considering a growing need for an affordable and environmentally friendly replacement to the traditional solutions based on environmentally costly peaker plants. The analysis showed strong evidence that near-term and future storage markets will be characterized by a large mismatch between the demand and supply of reused batteries from automotive primary applications for peak-shaving purposes in the generation side. The paper includes a discussion on successful adoption of cascaded use of batteries and their potential to reduce both economic and environmental cost of peak shaving.

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Guo, Hai Jiao, Chun Hua Sun, Cheng Ying Qi, Feng Yun Jin, and Liang Zhang. "Optimization Settings Application Analysis of Peak-Shaving Heat Source in Large Scale Flow Loop Heating Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 3072–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.3072.

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Set up the optimized target function by theoretical analysis of peak-shaving heat source optimization settings, determined optimal locations of peak-shaving heat source and capacity matching relation by comparison analysis. Concluded and analyzed optimal locations and heat capacity matching rule of each heat source when multiple heat sources worked jointly. Results and conclusions provide a valuable reference to the formation on combined economic operation pattern in large scale loop network using multiple heat sources.

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Cao, Rui, Jianjian Shen, Chuntian Cheng, and Jian Wang. "Optimization Model for the Long-Term Operation of an Interprovincial Hydropower Plant Incorporating Peak Shaving Demands." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 4804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184804.

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The increasing peak-to-valley load difference in China pose a challenge to long-distance and large-capacity hydropower transmission via high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines. Considering the peak shaving demands of load centers, an optimization model that maximizes the expected power generation revenue is proposed here for the long-term operation of an interprovincial hydropower plant. A simulation-based method was utilized to explore the relationships between long-term power generation and short-term peak shaving revenue in the model. This method generated representative daily load scenarios via cluster analysis and approximated the real-time electricity price of each load profile with the time-of-use price strategy. A mixed-integer linear programming model with HVDC transmission constraints was then established to obtain moving average (MA) price curves that bridged two time-coupled operations. The MA price curves were finally incorporated into the long-term optimization model to determine monthly generation schedules, and the inflow uncertainty was addressed by discretized inflow scenarios. The proposed model was evaluated based on the operation of the Xiluodu hydropower system in China during the drawdown season. The results revealed a trade-off between long-term energy production and short-term peak shaving revenue, and they demonstrated the revenue potential of interprovincial hydropower transmission while meeting peak shaving demands. A comparison with other long-term optimization methods demonstrated the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed model in maximizing power generation revenue.

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Shi, Yu, Minglei Jiang, Xuefeng Gao, Yuanmei Zhang, and Hao Li. "Research on Market Mechanism of Thermal Power Flexible Transformation to Promote Clean Energy Consumption." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2186, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2186/1/012021.

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Abstract By continuously developing a new power system aiming at “double carbon”, the peak shaving pressure of the power system continues to rise and the existing peak shaving ability is slightly weakened. But the historic energy structure in Northeast China has more features of thermal power generation. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the demand for deep peak shaving by a flexible combination of thermal power plants to realize renewable energy consumption. In view of this, this paper analyzes the current power market mechanism in Northeast China, constructs a new energy consumption model for flexible transformation of thermal power, and makes a simulation analysis in the area with wind fire ratio of 1:4. Finally, through flexible conversion of thermal power unit, wind power consumption can be better realized and the problem of wind abandonment can be solved. The research results can provide reference for formulating relevant policies and production models.

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Wang, Jianjun, Jikun Huo, Shuo Zhang, Yun Teng, Li Li, and Taoya Han. "Flexibility Transformation Decision-Making Evaluation of Coal-Fired Thermal Power Units Deep Peak Shaving in China." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 1882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041882.

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According to China’s economic green ecological sustainability development requirement, the energy reform of China is mainly increasing the proportion of renewable energy, and reducing the proportion of fossil energy. It will continue to force China’s thermal power units, especially coal-fired thermal power units, to carry out the flexibility transformation and upgrading of deep peak shaving ability. Due to the different characteristics of coal-fired thermal power units, it is necessary to make flexible transformation decisions by a scientific and reasonable decision-making evaluation method, so as to provide references for the one machine-one policy flexibility transformation of thermal power units. In this paper, a decision-making evaluation index system for the flexibility transformation of coal-fired thermal power units under the demand of deep peak shaving is established. The index system considers the impact of deep peak shaving on the boilers, steam turbines, and auxiliary equipment of coal-fired thermal power units, as well as the effects of the peak shaving. A hybrid evaluation method combined set-valued iteration and GRA-TOPSIS is employed to obtain the weight of the indexes. Finally, an empirical research was conducted based on the index system and the hybrid evaluation method and targeted “one machine, one policy” recommendations were put forward for the flexibility transformation of the coal-fired thermal power units.

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Liu, Sha, and Jiong Shen. "Modeling of Large-Scale Thermal Power Plants for Performance Prediction in Deep Peak Shaving." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 3171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093171.

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To integrate more renewable energy into the power grid, large-scale thermal power plants have to extend their operating ranges and participating in deep peak shaving. In order to improve the thermal economy of large-scale thermal power plants participating in deep peak shaving, and to determine the performance of a thermal system under different conditions, a method of modeling for the performance prediction of large-scale thermal power plants in deep peak shaving is proposed. In the algorithm design of the model, a three-layer iterative cycle logic is constructed, and the coupling relationship between the parameters of the thermal system is analyzed from the mechanism level. All of the steam water parameters and the correction values of the flow rate at all levels of the system after the parameter disturbance are obtained. The algorithm can simulate the response of a thermal power plant under load variation and operation parameter variation. Compare the error between the data given by the prediction model and the test, the accuracy of the proposed prediction model is verified. When the unit participates in deep peak shaving, the prediction model is used to analyze the relative deviation of the unit thermal efficiency caused by cycle parameters and energy efficiency of equipment. It provides a date basis for the performance evaluation and multi-parameter coupling optimization. The research results can be used to determine the operation mode and equipment transformation scheme.

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Du, Ming, Yuguang Niu, Bo Hu, Guiping Zhou, Huanhuan Luo, and Xiao Qi. "Frequency regulation analysis of modern power systems using start-stop peak shaving and deep peak shaving under different wind power penetrations." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 125 (February 2021): 106501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106501.

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Mägi, Marek. "Utilization of Electric Vehicles Connected to Distribution Substations for Peak Shaving of Utility Network Loads." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2013-0007.

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AbstractUse of modern electric vehicles and their effective integration into power grids depends on the technologies applied around distribution substations. Distribution substations equipped with energy storing and V2G capability enable peak load shaving and demand response, which will reduce the need to make new investments into building new power sources or power grids to meet peak demand. This paper presents a distribution substation topology for utilizing electric vehicles as energy resource units for peak shaving of utility network loads. The topology allows bidirectional energy exchange among electric vehicles, battery pack energy storage devices and utility networks. The substation acts as a service provider in a microgrid. Functions of a microgrid application were simulated with MATLAB. The evaluation of the results has shown that electric vehicles can be effectively utilized for peak shaving of utility network loads. The results of the modelling and simulation were used for the development of a microgrid prototype. Assessment of capacities of electric vehicles showed that electric vehicles can provide short term support for the utility network.

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Gliński, Michał, Carsten Bojesen, Witold Rybiński, and Sebastian Bykuć. "Modelling of the Biomass mCHP Unit for Power Peak Shaving in the Local Electrical Grid." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030458.

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In the article, the method and algorithm for a control strategy of the operation of a micro combined heat and power (mCHP) unit and for reducing the power consumption peaks (peak shaving) are proposed and analyzed. Two scenarios of the mCHP’s operation, namely with and without the control strategy, are discussed. For calculation purposes, a boiler fired with wood pellets coupled with a Stirling engine, manufactured by ÖkoFEN, was used. These results were used to analyze two scenarios of the control strategy. In this study, the operation of mCHP was simulated using the energyPRO software. The application of this control strategy to dispersed mCHP systems allows for a very effective “peak shaving” in the local power grid. The results of calculation using the new algorithm show that the electricity generated by the mCHP system covers the total demand for power during the morning peak and reduces the evening peak by up to 71%. The application of this method also allows for a better reduction of the load of conventional grids, substations, and other equipment.

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Zhu, Longfei, Paiyou Si, Shuangbai Liu, ChangYa Xie, Teng Zhang, Yuou Hu, and Xiaozhi Qiu. "The Design of Parameter Modeling Software Applicable for Turbine Control Systems of Power Units Operated at Deep Shaving States." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2076, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2076/1/012106.

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Abstract Against the backdrop of achieving the “dual carbon” reduction goals, the proportion of renewable energy consumption in China is gradually increasing, and more and more thermal power units are gradually being operated at the deep peak shaving states, which puts forward higher requirements for stable operation of the power grid system. In view of the current situation, this paper designs a new type of Python-based parameter modeling software for turbine control systems, including the load selection module, data pre-processing module, parameter identification module, and result output module. To solve the problem that the primary frequency regulation parameters of the units operated at the deep peak shaving states change with the load, the software is designed to set key model parameters of different load segments of the units. The actual measurement results of a unit operated at the deep peak shaving state show that this developed software is convenient and friendly to operate, creates accurate parameter identification results, and has a wider range of applicability.

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Ding, Yafei, Xuhui Shen, Yunting Song, Zheng Li, and Hao Cao. "Energy storage capacity configuration in multi-energy complementary systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2401, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2401/1/012007.

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Abstract To solve the problems of high peak shaving pressure, low energy utilization rate and poor economy of the multi-energy complementary system caused by the integration of wind and solar power into the grid, the research builds a two-layer optimization model of energy storage and routine power peak shaving based on the predicted output and load of wind and solar power on a typical day. The outer layer aims at the maximum annual net profit of the muit energy complementary system, and the inner layer aims at the lowest daily operating cost. The improved PSO and nonlinear programming are used to coordinate and solve the problem to determine the multi-energy complementary system’s intra-day peak-shaving scheduling method, which is reasonable and reasonable. Finally, an example of an actual power grid is analyzed, and the results show that the multi-energy complementary system after optimal configuration of energy storage can greatly raise the level of new energy consumption and has good economy.

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Dejvises, Jackravut. "Energy Storage System Sizing for Peak Shaving in Thailand." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 14, no. 1 (November 30, 2015): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2016141.171094.

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This paper presents a mathematical model of energy storage systems (ESSs) to minimise daily electrical peak power demand in Thailand. A daily electrical load curve on a peak day obtained from Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) is used to analyse the capability of energy storage system for electrical peak power demand reduction with different ESS sizes. It is found that with power rate of 50 percent of the difference between the minimum and the maximum demands of the daily load curve and with energy capacity of 50 percent of the sum of each time step absolute energy difference between the demand and the average demand of the daily load curve, ESS can decrease daily electrical peak demand approximately 7.4 percent and increase daily load factor approximately 9.9 percent.

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Shamim, Nimat, Vilayanur V. Viswanathan, Edwin C. Thomsen, Guosheng Li, David M. Reed, and Vincent L. Sprenkle. "Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery Evaluation under Peak Shaving and Frequency Regulation Duty Cycles." Energies 15, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 3389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093389.

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This work highlights the performance metrics and the fundamental degradation mechanisms of lead-acid battery technology and maps these mechanisms to generic duty cycles for peak shaving and frequency regulation grid services. Four valve regulated lead acid batteries have been tested for two peak shaving cycles at different discharge rates and two frequency regulation duty cycles at different SOC ranges. Reference performance and pulse resistance tests are done periodically to evaluate battery degradation over time. The results of the studies are expected to provide a valuable understanding of lead acid battery technology suitability for grid energy storage applications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Peak shaving'

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