Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Peanut oil'

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-35).
Despite the problems with obesity that the United States is facing today, malnutrition, caused in part by severely low dietary fat consumption, remains a problem among many people living in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the World Health Organization, one third of people in developing countries are malnourished as well as vitamin or mineral deficient. While villagers do not have access to commercially produced vegetable oil (a common source of dietary fat), nor are industrial scale oil extraction methods appropriate for small scale production. As a result, they turn to traditional methods, such as a mortar and pestle, to extract oil from peanuts, sunflower seeds, and other oil bearing seeds and nuts. This process is both time and labor intensive, and still does not yield sufficient amounts of oil to satisfy the need for it. The need for a small scale press is clear. This thesis introduces a simple design which achieves a yield of 46.9 mL per cup (U.S.) which matches the yield produced using industrial technologies. This corresponds to 153% increase in yield and 38.5% increase in rate over using traditional methods such as a mortar and pestle. The design consists of two fixed plates connected by four rods, with a third plate which slides along the four guide rods.
(cont.) A standard scissor jack is the mechanism by which the necessary pressure of 800-1000 psi is generated to extract the oil. A peanut container with a removable bottom holds the peanuts as they are pressed, and holes drilled into its cylindrical face allow the oil to spill out into a collection dish underneath the container. The entire design is compact, with a footprint of one square foot and a height of 22 inches. This is 12 times smaller than the Beilenberg ram press, the standard for small scale presses currently used in developing countries. Experimental results of the loading profile as function of time show that the jack does not need to be turned continuously once the oil begins to appear. This requires significantly less strength than current methods of oil extraction. Although future work is recommended to further develop and improve the press, it shows promise of alleviating the need for such a device in many impoverished parts of the world.
by Neera Jain and Somin Lee.
S.B.

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-29).
One of the causes of malnutrition among the rural inhabitants of Sub-Saharan Africa is the high cost of dietary fats that are necessary to maintain normal body functions. Though the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN recommends an annual intake of 9.6 liters of dietary fats a year per person, some areas of Africa consume only about 1.5 liters annually. Many members of these communities lack the resources to purchase imported edible oils; locally produced peanut oil would provide a cheaper alternative. In addition, peanut production is particularly beneficial to farmers, as peanut plants enrich the soil they grow in. Once they have a steady supply of peanuts, the problem facing farmers is the inability to efficiently extract the oil from the nuts. The current design for human-powered rapid extraction is the Bielenberg ram press, which uses a lever to generate the required pressure needed to extract the oil. However, this design is not optimal for two reasons: it requires significant upper body strength to operate, and also, incorrect operation of the lever leads to only a fraction of the peanuts' oil content being extracted. For these reasons, this thesis focuses on a design modification originally proposed by a team in D-Lab Spring 2006.
(cont.) While the oil extracting mechanism was kept intact, the lever was replaced by a cam-and-follower system driven by treadles. By moving the driving motion from the upper body to the lower body of the user, the new design aims to address the ergonomics issue present in the Bielenberg ram press. The cam also allows optimization of the pressure profile for the peanuts. Research performed by Ravi Patel in 2007 has shown that a rapid buildup followed by a long period of followed by a gradual advancing of the piston will create the desired pressure characteristics to maximize output. An earlier attempt to convert the Bielenberg ram press into a treadle design yielded several insights into how the design could be improved. These insights have led to many design modifications, which are incorporated into the proposed redesign. This redesign is aimed at improving performance, reducing cost, and increasing the manufacturability of the press.
by Daipan Lee.
S.B.

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-33).
The manual processing of food products has become a substantial part of the daily routine of a typical household in the developing world. Consumption of oil is an essential part of an individual's diet and thus, the production of oil is an essential activity. In many communities, this oil is obtained by manually pressing it from peanuts. In order to more efficiently and easily express oil from peanuts, a design for a treadle-powered peanut oil press was created. My thesis work will attempt to further increase the amount of oil extracted by optimizing the design of this peanut oil press. The press transfers the motion of the treadle to the horizontal motion of a piston that presses the peanuts via a rotating cam. The focus of this thesis will be optimizing the design of the cam with respect to oil yield. The shape of the cam determines the displacement profile of the piston's compression of the peanuts. I will determine the optimal profile by designing and performing experiments on a variety of different displacement profiles and measuring the amount of oil extracted from the pressed peanuts. The results of these experiments will then determine the optimal cam design.
by Ravi M. Patel.
S.B.

Studies have demonstrated the cardiovascular protective properties of peanuts and peanut oil through the reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) while maintaining healthy levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The cardiovascular protective effects of fat free peanut flour have never been evaluated despite the fact flour contains arginine, flavonoids, folates and other compounds beneficial to cardiovascular health. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting unsaturated fatty acids and arginine may promote bone strength. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of fat free peanut flour and other peanut components on plasma cholesterol risk factors for cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis and bone strength in male Syrian golden hamsters. Seventy-six hamsters were randomly divided into four groups and each group was fed a different isocaloric diet for twenty-four weeks. Each experimental diet was a modification of the high fat and high cholesterol control diet. Modifications to the control diet were made by substituting fat free peanut flour (<0.5% oil), peanut oil or whole peanuts for similar metabolic components. Randomly selected hamsters from each diet group were euthanized at 0, 12, 18 and 24 weeks at which point blood plasma, aortas and femurs were collected. Plasma was analyzed for total plasma cholesterol (TPC) and lipoprotein distribution by high-performance gel chromatography. Aortic total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC) and cholesteryl ester (CE), a metabolic atherosclerosis indicator, were determined as mg/g protein. Hamsters consuming diets containing fat free peanut flour, peanut oil or whole peanuts had significantly lower TPC and LDL-C than the control group. There were no significant differences in HDL-C among any of the diet groups. Aortic TC, FC and CE were significantly lower in the fat free flour, peanut oil and peanut diet group hamsters compared to those in the control group. Results indicated peanuts, peanut oil and fat free peanut flour in diets reduced blood chemistry risk factors and slowed the development of atherosclerosis, as indicated by low levels of CE, in male Syrian golden hamsters fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet. The results for bone strength were variable and overall the effects of fat free peanut flour, peanut oil and whole peanuts on bone strength were inconclusive.

In North America, outbreaks of Salmonella in recent years have been linked to low-water activity (aw) foods, such as tree nuts, peanut butter and chia seed powder. The unusual emergence in microenvironments that should otherwise limit bacterial survival highlights the need for the elucidation of mechanisms that enhance Salmonella survival in low aw foods, which are currently poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of Salmonella enterica to two stressors commonly encountered in low-aw food processing, desiccation and heat treatment. Five strains representing different serotypes of S. enterica were inoculated onto food matrices with varying aw: peanut oil (aw 0.521 ± 0.003), peanuts (aw 0.321 ± 0.20) and chia seeds (aw 0.585 ± 0.003) to identify survival characteristics in low-aw environments. To assess the effect of stress pre-adaptation on survival, peanut oil-desiccated cells and/or cells shocked at 45°C were subsequently subjected to 70°C. Lastly, the relative expression levels of five stress response or virulence genes (i.e. invA, fadA, otsB, rpoE and dnaK) were assessed following heat treatment or desiccation using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). S. enterica exhibited long-term survival in the low-aw foods (up to 105 days) and showed a strain-specific response. S. Hartford and S. Thompson were identified as persistent in these low-aw foods, while Typhimurium was identified as the least persistent serotype. Furthermore, cells pre-exposed to six days of desiccation in peanut oil and/or 45°C heat for three minutes exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher resistance to 70°C heat treatment. qPCR revealed various degrees of up- and down-regulation amongst the characterized genes and across different strains under the desiccation and heat treatments. Serotypes Hartford and Thompson displayed the highest up-regulation in otsB and fadA, genes vital in desiccation response, consistent with their persistence in the survival assays. Moreover, differential expression of dnaK, a gene important for heat-tolerance was also observed across all Salmonella strains. The current research emphasizes the adaptable nature of S. enterica to stresses encountered in low-aw food processing. Additionally, unique stress response characteristics among Salmonella strains highlight the need for tailored mitigation strategies regarding high-risk Salmonella strains in the food industry.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

Die Erdnussallergie ist für 25-28 % der Lebensmittelallergien verantwortlich (Owusu-Apenten, 2002) und es wird angenommen, dass 0,6-1,0 % der Bevölkerung von Industrieländern allergisch gegenüber Erdnüssen reagiert (Al-Muhsen et al., 2003). In Deutschland tritt die Erdnussallergie bei 0,6 %, in Schweden bei 2,4 % und in den USA bei 1,1 % der Bevölkerung auf (EFSA, 2013; Östblom et al., 2008; Zuberbier et al., 2004; Sicherer et al., 1999). Dabei ist vor allem bei Kindern eine Zunahme zu beobachten (Sicherer et al., 2010; Grundy et al., 2002). Bereits geringe Mengen von 2 mg Erdnussprotein können zu objektiven allergischen Reaktionen führen (Hourihane et al., 1997b). Dies stellt im Gegensatz zu anderen Nahrungsmittelallergenen wie beispielsweise Milch (165 mg Protein), Sojabohnen (1000 mg Protein) oder Haselnüssen (168 mg Protein) eine sehr geringe Menge an benötigtem Allergen dar (Ortolani et al., 2000; Norgaard & Bindslev-Jensen, 1992; Bock et al., 1978). Weiterhin kommt es im Falle der Erdnussallergie im Vergleich zu anderen Nahrungsmittelallergien besonders häufig zu anaphylaktischen Schocks (Bock et al., 2007; Bock et al., 2001). Auffallend ist, dass Erdnüsse in westlichen Ländern, wie beispielsweise den USA ein Hauptnahrungsmittelallergen darstellen, wohingegen dies in asiatischen Ländern nicht der Fall ist (Beyer et al., 2001; Hill et al., 1997). Da die Verzehrsmengen an Erdnüssen und Erdnussprodukten in beiden Ländern mit jeweils 3 kg pro Einwohner und Jahr vergleichbar sind und die Ursache auch nicht auf einen eventuell unterschiedlichen Genpool zurückgeführt werden konnte (Beyer et al., 2001), wird angenommen, dass die jeweiligen Zubereitungsformen einen Einfluss haben könnten (Cong et al., 2008; Beyer et al., 2001). Der Verzehr erfolgt in den USA vor allem in gerösteter und in asiatischen Ländern überwiegend in gekochter oder frittierter Form (Cong et al., 2008; Beyer et al., 2001). Studien, die sich mit dem Einfluss der Zubereitungsart auf das allergene Potential beschäftigten, betrachteten das Immunglobulin E- (IgE-) Bindungsvermögen, wobei die Ergebnisse allerdings widersprüchlich sind (Blanc et al., 2011; Vissers et al., 2011; Mondoulet et al., 2003; Maleki et al., 2000a; Koppelman et al., 1999). Als Folge der Röstung von Erdnüssen wurden Lysinabnahmen von bis zu 42 % festgestellt, wovon allerdings nur 10 % durch bekannte Maillard-Reaktionsprodukte erklärbar waren (Wellner et al., 2012b). Weiterhin bestand kein Zusammenhang zwischen einer gezielten Glykierung und dem allergenen Potential (Wellner et al., 2012a). Als mögliche Ursache für den hohen Anteil an nicht erklärbarer Lysinderivatisierung wurden Reaktionen mit Carbonyl-verbindungen aus der Lipidperoxidation angenommen („Lipierung“). Erkenntnisse über Lipierungsreaktionen stammten bisher vor allem aus physiologischen Modelluntersuchungen. Über entsprechende Reaktionen in Lebensmitteln war zu Beginn der Untersuchungen nur sehr wenig bekannt. Weiterhin waren bisher keine Daten bezüglich eines Zusammenhangs entsprechender Reaktionen und dem allergenen Potential von Erdnüssen verfügbar. Deshalb wurde zunächst die Bildung ausgewählter und potentiell reaktiver Sekundärprodukte, die als Folge der Erdnussröstung entstehen können, verfolgt. Hierzu wurden Erdnuss-röstexperimente bei 170 °C für 20 und 40 min durchgeführt sowie natives Erdnussöl unter den gleichen Bedingungen erhitzt. Des Weiteren wurden für Acrolein, Malondialdehyd (MDA) und 4 Hydroxynon-2-enal (4 HNE) Quantifizierungsmethoden mittels GC MS (EI) für die Probenmatrices Erdnussöl und Erdnüsse etabliert. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Acrolein-, MDA- und 4 HNE-Gehalte als Folge der Erhitzung des Erdnussöls zunahmen. In den Erdnussproben kam es hingegen nur zu einer Zunahme des Gehalts an Acrolein, wohingegen die Gehalte an MDA und 4 HNE abnahmen. Eine Weiterreaktion mit Aminosäureseitenketten innerhalb des Erdnussproteinverbands war somit als Folge der Erdnussröstung naheliegend. In Modelluntersuchungen wurden nachfolgend die Reaktivitäten der Sekundärprodukte Hexanal, 2 Heptenal, Acrolein, MDA und 4 HNE gegenüber Aminosäureseitenketten nativer Erdnussproteine sowie die proteinquervernetzenden Eigenschaften untersucht. Dabei führten alle Sekundärprodukte zu einer Aminosäureabnahme, wobei Lysin diejenige Aminosäure darstellte, die bevorzugt modifiziert wurde. Die Reaktivitätsreihenfolge der Sekundärprodukte lautete unter Berücksichtigung der Abnahmen aller Aminosäuren und der Eigenschaften zur Proteinquervernetzung wie folgt: Acrolein > 2 Heptenal = 4 HNE > MDA > Hexanal. Zur Identifizierung potentieller Lipierungsprodukte, die durch die Reaktion mit der ɛ Aminogruppe des Lysins hervorgehen, wurde Nα-Acetyl-L-lysin mit den ausgewählten Sekundärprodukten Hexanal, 2 Heptenal, Acrolein, MDA und 4 HNE umgesetzt. Mittels LC ESI MS/MS wurden anhand von CID-Experimenten 14 Lipierungsprodukte identifiziert, davon 6 Verbindungen erstmalig. Weiterhin wurden 7 ausgewählte Verbindungen (Nɛ Hexyllysin, LHP 1, LHP 2, (Z) BPP, (E) BPP, MP-Lysin, 2-PPL) als Referenzsubstanzen dargestellt und chemisch charakterisiert, wovon LHP 2 sowie (Z)- und (E) BPP erstmalig dargestellt werden konnten. Zusätzlich wurden die stabilisotopenmarkierten Verbindungen Nɛ Hexyllysin-d12 und LHP 1 d29 erstmalig dargestellt. Die Lipierungsprodukte Nɛ-Hexyllysin, LHP 1, LHP 2, (Z) BPP, (E) BPP, MP-Lysin und 2 PPL konnten nach Etablierung von Quantifizierungsmethoden mittels LC-ESI-MS/MS durch Vergleich mit entsprechenden Referenzsubstanzen erstmalig massenspektrometrisch in modifizierten Erdnussproteinextrakten quantifiziert werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass bei geringen und somit lebensmittelrelevanten Gehalten an Sekundärprodukten die Lysinderivati-sierung vor allem auf die Bildung der Lipierungsprodukte (Z)- und (E)-BPP, MP-Lysin und 2 PPL zurückführbar war. In den Erdnussproben konnten ebenfalls mittels LC-ESI-MS/MS erstmalig die Lipierungsprodukte Nɛ Hexyllysin, LHP 1, MP-Lysin und 2 PPL quantifiziert werden. Dabei stellte sich MP Lysin als mögliche Markerverbindung zur Beurteilung des Oxidationsstatus eines Lebensmittels heraus. Im Vergleich zu den Maillard-Reaktionsprodukten Nɛ Fruktosyllysin, Pyrralin und Nɛ Carboxymethyllysin waren die Gehalte der quantifizierten Lipierungsprodukte deutlich geringer. Der erklärbare Lysinverlust unter Berücksichtigung der Lipierungs- und Maillard-Reaktionsprodukte wurde für die 20 und 40 min gerösteten Erdnüsse jeweils zu 17 % und 11 % bestimmt. In Modelluntersuchungen wurde gezeigt, dass es zur Bildung heterogener Lipierungsprodukte, die neben dem ursprünglichen Nukleophil aus mehreren unterschied-lichen Carbonylverbindungen aufgebaut sind, kommen kann. Weiterhin wurde gezeigt, dass Lipierungsreaktionen des oxidativ gespaltenen Fettsäurerests möglich sind. Somit ist davon auszugehen, dass als Folge der Erdnussröstung eine Vielzahl an Lipierungsprodukten entstehen kann, deren Einzelbeiträge zum Gesamtlysinverlust vermutlich relativ gering sind, in der Summe allerdings einen erheblicheren Beitrag leisten könnten. Mittels ELISA und Western Blots wurde gezeigt, dass eine gezielte Lipierung der Erdnuss-proteine mit 4 HNE das Antikörperbindungsvermögen nicht beeinflusste. Allerdings wurde mittels SDS-PAGE in Abhängigkeit des Modifizierungsgrades die Ausbildung kovalent quervernetzter Proteinaggregate beobachtet, welche im Vergleich zu den nicht modifizierten Proteinen resistenter gegenüber einem simulierten gastrointestinalen Verdau waren. Weiterhin ergab sich anhand eines simulierten gastrointestinalen Verdaus die Verdaubarkeit der unterschiedlich zubereiteten Erdnüsse wie folgt: native Erdnüsse > gekochte Erdnüsse > geröstete Erdnüsse. Lipierungs-induzierte Proteinquervernetzungen könnten somit zu einer langsameren Verdaubarkeit gerösteter Erdnüsse im Vergleich zu gekochten Erdnüssen führen. Auf Grund einer hieraus resultierenden längeren Verweilzeit von Peptiden mit intakten Epitopen im Gastrointestinaltrakt könnte die Wahrscheinlichkeit zur Sensibilisierung ansteigen und somit eine mögliche Ursache für das unterschiedlich häufige Auftreten der Erdnussallergie in China und den USA darstellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Lipierungsreaktionen vor allem bei der thermischen Behandlung von Lebensmitteln ablaufen und im Falle der Erdnüsse einen Einfluss auf das allergene Potential haben könnten. Vor dem Hintergrund einer in China im Vergleich zu den USA geringeren Prävalenz der Erdnussallergie wurden Hinweise erhalten, dass die unterschiedlichen Zubereitungsarten (China: Kochen, USA: Rösten) vor allem die Verdaubarkeit der Proteine beeinflussen und hierüber einen direkten Einfluss auf die Sensibilisierung haben könnten.

Orientador: Kil Jin Park
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de biodiesel em rota etílica à partir de quatro matérias-primas. A primeira etapa do trabalho foi avaliar o processo de prensagem para extração de óleo de amendoim em casca, algodão com línter e girassol. Para isso foi utilizado um planejamento experimental, avaliando a influência da temperatura (25 a 110oC) e teor de umidade (4 a 13,95%) dos grãos e da rotação da prensa (85 a 119rpm), no rendimento em óleo bruto e também na qualidade do óleo para ser utilizado como matéria-prima para a produção de biodiesel. Para a extração do óleo de amendoim, a melhor condição obtida foi para a faixa de rotação entre 80 e 90rpm, temperatura entre 40 e 50oC e teor de umidade entre 8 e 12%, com 95,74% de óleo removido. Na prensagem do algodão, o melhor rendimento foi de 75,38% em óleo bruto, para rotação de 85rpm, teor de umidade de 9% e temperatura do grão entre 110 e 120oC. O maior rendimento em óleo bruto de girassol, 68,38%, para rotação da prensa entre 100 e 115rpm, temperatura do grão entre 25 e 30oC e teor de umidade próximo de 7%. A etapa seguinte foi a de transesterificação dos óleos brutos filtrados em laboratório, avaliando a influência da razão molar etanol:óleo e da concentração de catalisador metilato de sódio, no rendimento em biodiesel bruto. Para o biodiesel bruto de amendoim, o maior rendimento alcançado foi de 96,82% para razão molar de 9:1 e 3% de catalisador. A produção de biodiesel de algodão foi prejudicada pela alta acidez do óleo, que inviabilizou a reação química nas condições experimentais previstas neste trabalho. A transesterificação etílica do óleo de girassol apresentou rendimento máximo de 98,39% em biodiesel bruto para razão molar de 9:1 e 3% de catalisador. O óleo refinado de soja também foi utilizado, apresentando rendimento máximo em biodiesel bruto de 97,08% para razão molar de 15:1 e 3% de catalisador. Os pontos críticos obtidos em laboratório foram utilizados na transesterificação em reator piloto e o biodiesel produzido foi purificado por lavagem com água acidificada, sílica e por destilação, avaliando a qualidade do produto final conforme legislação da ANP. A destilação foi o melhor método de purificação para todas as amostras de biodiesel. Dentre as oleaginosas aqui estudadas, pode-se afirmar que o girassol foi a melhor para produção de biodiesel, apresentando um bom desempenho durante a prensagem, com bom rendimento em óleo, facilidade na transesterificação e na purificação. O cultivo do girassol contribui para o melhoramento do solo e a torta resultante da prensagem é rica em proteínas, com possibilidade de comercialização
Abstract: The present work had as aim to evaluate biodiesel production using ethanol and four types of raw materials. In the first part of the study, the oil expression of hole peanut grain, cottonseed and sunflower was evaluated. A experimental design with two variables was used to estimate the influence of the independent variables: grain temperature (25 to 110oC), grain moisture content (4 to 13.95%) and expeller rotation (85 to 119rpm) on the crude oil and oil quality for its use in biodiesel production. The best condition for peanut oil expeller was: rotation from 80 to 90rpm, grain temperature from 40 to 50oC and grain moisture content from 8 to 12%, with a maximum oil recovered of 95.74%. For cottonseed oil expeller, the best oil yield was 75.38%, for 85rpm of expeller rotation, 9% of grain moisture content and grain temperature ranged from 110 to 120oC. Sunflower crude oil best results, 68.38%, was achieved for rotation ranged from 100 to 115rpm, grain temperature from 25 to 30oC and moisture content around 7%. The follow study was the transesterification of crude oils, evaluating the influence of molar ratio ethanol:oil and catalyst concentration sodium methylate, on the unpurified biodiesel yield. The higher unpurified peanut biodiesel yield was 96.82% using molar ratio of 9:1 and 3% of catalyst. Cottonseed biodiesel production was affected by oil high acid value so the chemical reaction not occurs in the experimental conditions provided in this work. Sunflower oil ethanolysis had the higher yield of 98.39% for a molar ratio of 9:1 with 3% of sodium methylate. Refined soybean oil was also used in biodiesel production; the maximum biodiesel yield was 97.08% for a molar ratio of 15:1 and 3% of catalyst. Critical experimental conditions obtained in laboratory scale were applied in small reactor and the biodiesel produced was purified with acid water, silica and distillation. All biodiesel samples had quality aspects evaluated concerning Brazilian legislation. Distillation was the best purification method for all biodiesel types. Amongst all oilseeds evaluated, sunflower had the best performance in all studies: oil expeller, oil yield, biodiesel production and biodiesel purification. Sunflower cultivation contributes for soil improvement and the cake resulting from oil expeller has a higher protein level and has market value
Doutorado
Tecnologia Pós-Colheita
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

O creme de amendoim é um produto popular no Brasil pelo seu excelente sabor e características nutricionais. No entanto, apesar de seu consumo consagrado e de seguir padrões rigidamente estabelecidos de processos e qualidade, pode ocorrer alteração na consistência e diminuição de características de espalhamento, diminuindo a qualidade sensorial. Como forma de procurar controlar estes problemas, são normalmente usados ingredientes gordurosos como promotores de melhoria de estabilidade e consistência, como óleo de palma, estearina de palma, oleína de palma, óleos hidrogenados, monoacilgliceróis e diacilgliceróis. O projeto teve como objetivo a formulação de cremes de amendoim com óleo de amendoim, óleo de palma e estearina de palma em várias proporções, visando a obtenção de produtos mais estáveis e consistentes, que sejam equivalentes aos produtos comerciais de largo consumo por consumidores no mercado nacional. Foram realizadas as seguintes análises nas gorduras e suas misturas: composição em ácidos graxos e triacilgliceróis, índices de iodo e de peróxido, acidez, consistência, conteúdo de gordura sólida e análise térmica de cristalização e fusão. Os ácidos graxos saturados foram predominantes na estearina e óleo de palma, principalmente o ácido palmítico, enquanto o óleo de amendoim tem como principal constituinte o ácido oleico. À medida que aumenta a proporção de óleo de amendoim nas misturas, aumentam a quantidade de ácidos graxos insaturados e o índice de iodo e diminui a quantidade de ácidos graxos saturados. Os pontos de fusão , entalpia total de fusão, consistência e conteúdo de gordura sólida aumentaram nas misturas que apresentavam maior proporção de estearina e óleo de palma, em função do aumento no teor de triacilgliceróis trissaturados. Para a consistência (mistura de gorduras e cremes formulados), o conteúdo de gordura sólida, a entalpia total de cristalização e fusão e o ponto de fusão das misturas de gorduras foi aplicado um modelo de regressão múltipla, procurando evidenciar a influência das gorduras nas propriedades do produto final. As interações entre as gorduras foram do tipo eutético, caracterizando incompatibilidade no estado sólido. O modelo de regressão múltipla foi considerado preditivo para a consistência dos cremes, o conteúdo de gordura sólida e para as os resultados da análise térmica. Os resultados mostraram que as misturas de maior potencial para a consistência ideal de cremes espalháveis (200-800 gf/cm2) na faixa da temperatura de uso, ou seja, desde temperatura de conservação em geladeira até temperatura de mesa (15 - 25°C), foram as seguintes: 50% de óleo de palma e 50% de estearina de palma; 66,6% de óleo de palma, 16,7% de óleo de amendoim e 16,7% de estearina de palma; 16,7% de óleo de palma, 16,7% de óleo de amendoim e 66,6% de estearina de palma. Portanto, estas amostras apresentavam larga faixa de presença de óleo de palma e/ou estearina de palma na formulação. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a simples mistura é uma forma eficaz para modificar as propriedades físicas e químicas de estearina de palma, óleo de amendoim e óleo de palma. As misturas permitiram a obtenção de gorduras com vários graus de consistência ,de conteúdo de gordura sólida e ponto de fusão, possibilitando a obtenção de cremes de amendoim formulados a partir delas, que eram mais estáveis e firmes, porém plásticos e consistentes o suficiente para garantir efetiva espalhabilidade e correspondência ao padrão observado nas melhores marcas de cremes de amendoim do mercado.
The peanut cream is a popular product in Brazil for its excellent flavor and nutritional characteristics. However, despite its huge consumption and to follow strict patterns of quality and processes, some alterations may occur in consistency that can reduce spread characteristics, lowering the sensorial quality. As a way to try to control these problems, fatty ingredients are typically used as promoters to improve stability and consistency, as palm oil, palm stearin, palm olein, hydrogenated oils, monoacylglycerols and diacylglycerols. The project aimed to formulate creams with peanut oil, palm oil and palm stearin in various proportions in order to obtain a more stable and consistent product, equivalent to the best commercial creams widely consumed in the brazilian market. The following analyzes were performed on fats and their blends: fatty acids and triacylglycerols composition, iodine and peroxide values, acidity, consistency, solid fat content and thermal analysis of melting and crystallization. Saturated fatty acids have been prevalent in palm stearin and palm oil, particularly palmitic acid, while peanut oil has at its main constituent the oleic acid. As peanut oil increases in the blends, increases the amount of unsaturated fatty acids and the iodine value and reduces the amount of saturated fatty acids. Fat blends with a high proportion of saturated fatty acids (palm stearin and palm oil), showed higher melting points, total enthalpy of melting, consistency and solid fat content, due to the increase of the content of trisatured triacylglycerols. For the consistency (fats blends and formulated creams), solid fat content, total enthalpy of melting and crystallization and melting point of the fat blends, a multiple regression model was applied in order to show how fats influence the properties of the final product. Interactions between fats were eutectic, showing incompatibility in the solid state. The multiple regression model was considered predictive for the consistency of the cream, solid fat content and results of the thermal analysis. The results showed that the mixtures of higher potential for optimal consistency of spreadable cream (200 to 800 gf/cm2) in temperature range from the storage at a refrigerator temperature up to the ambient temperature (10 - 25 °C) were: 50% palm oil and 50% palm stearin, 66.6% palm oil, 16.7% peanut oil and 16.7% palm stearin; 16.7 % palm oil, 16.7% peanut oil and 66.6% palm stearin. Therefore, these samples had a broad range presence of palm oil and / or palm stearin in the formulation. The results obtained showed that a simple mixture is an effective way to modify physical and chemical properties of palm stearin, peanut oil and palm oil. The mixtures enabled to obtain fats with various degrees of consistency, solid fat content and melting point parameters, making it possible to obtain peanut creams made from them which were more stable and firm but plastic and consistent enough to ensure effective spreadability and correspondence to the pattern observed in the best brands of peanut creams of the brazillian market.

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O Brasil possui grande potencial agrícola para produzir óleo vegetal, tanto para fins alimentares como para suprir parte da demanda de energia renovável, porém nos últimos cinco anos tem sido o maior importador de azeite de oliva do mundo, devido aos seus benefícios para a saúde. Neste contexto objetivou-se, com este trabalho, a elaboração de misturas especiais de óleos vegetais para fins alimentícios, com base nos óleos de amendoim, gergelim, maracujá e soja. Os óleos de amendoim e gergelim como alternativa por serem culturas produzidas no Brasil, constituem uma fonte de ácidos graxos e antioxidantes tão pouco explorados na alimentação dos brasileiros, tal como o óleo de maracujá como co-produto, descartado pela indústria de suco e ainda o óleo de soja cuja matéria-prima abundante, tornam o produto acessível aos consumidores de todas as classes sociais. Os óleos de amendoim e gergelim foram extraídos de sementes das cultivares BRS-Havana e BRS-Seda, respectivamente, cedidas pela Embrapa Algodão enquanto o óleo de maracujá foi adquirido no comércio de São Paulo e o de soja no de Campina Grande. As misturas foram elaboradas com base em uma matriz de planejamento experimental e, em seguida, submetidas às análises de composição de ácidos graxos e ensaios físico-químicas (umidade, índice de acidez, índice de iodo, índice de refração, densidade e viscosidade) segundo a metodologia do IAL (2008). As medidas obtidas foram utilizadas para estudar e otimizar a elaboração das misturas de óleos vegetais e como variáveis para predição por espectrometria no infravermelho próximo (NIR) foram utilizados os mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) como metodologia de calibração multivariada. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), à análise de variância multivariada (MANOVA), à análise de correlação canónica e à análise de correlação de Pearson, pelo software SAS 9.1.3; na análise de componentes principais (PCA) e regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) utilizou-se o software Uncrambler 9.8®. Concluiu-se que a mistura equivalente a 40% de óleo de amendoim, 20% de óleo de gergelim, 20% de óleo de maracujá e 20% de óleo de soja apresentou-se como a melhor mistura para fins alimentares, com base na composição de ácidos graxos. Os métodos de predição por NIR foram eficazes para a estimativa não destrutiva, rápida, de baixo custo e direta, dos ácidos graxos palmítico, esteárico, oleico, linoleico, araquídico e linolênico e para as medidas físico-químicas de densidade, índice de refração, viscosidade, índice de acidez e índice de iodo.
Brazil has great potential to produce vegetable oils as a source of raw materiais for food and energy. But in the last five years has been the largest importer of olive oil in the worid due to its health benefits and wide divulgation. In this context, the aim of this work was the development of special blends of vegetable oils as an alternative to olive oils based on peanut, sesame, soy and passion fruit. The peanut and sesame oils because they are a source of fatty acids and antioxidants in the diet of little explored in Brazil, passion fruit oil as co-product of the juice industry, and soybean oil abundant raw material which makes the product available to consumers of ali social classes. The peanut and sesame oils were extracted from seeds of BRS-Seda and BRS-Havana, while passion fruit oil was purchased commercially of city São Paulo-SP and trade soybean in the city of Campina Grande-PB. The mixtures were prepared based on an array of experimental design and then submitted to analysis of fatty acid composition and physico-chemical (moisture, acid value, iodine value, refractive index, density and viscosity). Moreover, were used as reference variables for prediction via infrared spectroscopy (NIR) using the partial least squares (PLS) and multivariate calibration methodology. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), canonical correlation analysis and Pearson correlation analysis by SAS 9.1.3 software, the principal component analysis (PCA) and Partial least squares regression (PLS) was used Uncrambler 9.8 ® softwarlt was concluded that the mixture equivalent to 40% peanut oil, 20% sesame oil, 20% passion fruit oil, and 20% soybean oil was presented as the best mix for food composition based on fatty acids. The prediction by NIR methods were effective for estimating non-destructive, rapid, inexpensive and direct fatty acids palmitic, stearic, oleie, linoleic, linolenic and arachidic and physico-chemical measurements of density, refractive index, viscosity, acid value and iodine value.

Diante do aumento da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares no mundo, oferecer alimentos mais saudáveis ao mercado consumidor tem se tornado uma grande tendência na indústria de alimentos. Ao chocolate amargo 57%, alimento saudável e indulgente, objetivou-se adicionar microcápsulas de óleo de amendoim alto oleico, cujo valor nutricional está associado à presença do ácido oleico, um ácido graxo monoinsaturado considerado fundamental por suas propriedades benéficas na redução da oxidação do LDL-colesterol. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas: produção e caracterização de microcápsulas de óleo de amendoim alto oleico; formulação, produção e caracterização de chocolate amargo adicionado de óleo de amendoim alto oleico microencapsulado (5%, 7,5% e 10%) avaliando-se sua estabilidade ao longo de 112 dias de vida de prateleira, com vistas a um produto com qualidade nutricional e tecnológica. A emulsão preparada para a produção das microcápsulas em spray dryer de escala laboratorial apresentou estabilidade cinética a 18°C, pH de 4,82 ± 0,07, teor de sólidos solúveis totais de 14,7 ± 0,1 °Brix, 0,983 ± 0,010 de atividade de água, comportamento pseudoplástico ajustado ao modelo de Binghan e elevada tixotropia, mostrando-se adequada ao processo pretendido. O processo de microencapsulação apresentou 65% de rendimento em escala laboratorial. Tal qual obtido por outros autores, as microcápsulas de óleo de amendoim alto oleico apresentaram: 3,32% ± 0,03% de umidade, 0,244 ± 0,012 de atividade de água, 0,50 ± 0,02 g·mL-1 de densidade acomodada, e morfologia de superfície amorfa e típica das microcápsulas produzidas por atomização com goma arábica como agente encapsulante, o que indica a formação de um filme contínuo que garante menor permeabilidade a gases e maior proteção e retenção do recheio, indicando processo altamente bem sucedido. O chocolate amargo adicionado de 5% de microcápsulas foi considerado o mais adequado dentre as formulações avaliadas, pois apresentou menor teor de umidade (1,37% ± 0,2%) e maior teor de lipídios (33,95% ± 1,48%) e ácido graxo oleico (33,861% ± 0,014%), nesta fração lipídica, do que as amostras dos demais tratamentos, além de apresentar propriedades reológicas e calorimétricas compatíves à formulação controle, com comportamento pseudoplástico melhor ajustado ao modelo de Casson (R²>0,98) e estabilidade durante a vida de prateleira. As relevantes informações tecnológicas obtidas comprovaram a viabilidade tecnológica para a produção e comercialização de um produto alimentício de importância nutricional.
The increasing of cardiovascular diseases in the world is promoting the interest for science development in healthier foods to the consumer market, which has become a major trend in the food industry. The aim of this study was to add microcapsules of high oleic peanut oil in dark chocolate 57%, a healthy and indulgent food. The nutritional value of the high oleic peanut oil is associated with the presence of oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid considered fundamental for its beneficial properties in reducing oxidation of LDL-cholesterol. The work was divided into two stages: production and characterization of microcapsules of high oleic peanut oil; formulation, production and characterization of dark chocolate with microcapsules of high oleic peanut oil added (5%, 7.5% and 10%) evaluating its stability during 112 days of shelf life, with a view to a product with nutritional and technological quality. The emulsion prepared to produce microcapsules in laboratory scale spray dryer showed kinetic stability at 18°C, pH of 4.82 ± 0.07, total soluble solids content of 14.7 ± 0.1 °Brix, 0.983 ± 0.010 of water activity, pseudoplastic behavior adjusted to the model of Binghan and high thixotropy, being suitable for the intended process. The microencapsulation process showed 65% yield in laboratory scale. As obtained by other authors, the high oleic peanut oil microcapsules were: 3.32% ± 0.03% moisture, 0.244 ± 0.012 water activity, 0.50 ± 0.02 g·mL-1 bulk density, and morphology of the amorphous and typical surface of the microcapsules produced by spray drying with gum arabic as the encapsulating agent, which indicates the formation of a continuous film that provides less permeability to gases and improved protection and retention of the filling, indicating highly successful process. The dark chocolate with 5% of microcapsules added was considered the most suitable among the evaluated formulations, since it presented lower moisture content (1.37% ± 0.2%) and higher lipid content (33.95% ± 1.48%) and oleic acid (33.861% ± 0.014%), in this lipid fraction, than the other treatments, besides having rheological and calorimetric properties compatible to the control formulation, with pseudoplastic behavior better adjusted to the Casson model (R²> 0.98) and stability over the shelf life. The relevant technological information obtained proved the technological feasibility for the production and commercialization of a food product of nutritional importance.

The dissertation thesis deals with the analysis of prospective environmentally compatible electrical insulating fluids for electrical engineering in relation to their chemical structure. The thesis starts with the overview of the current state of the art and of the latest trends in the use of synthetic and biodegradable natural oils. In the experimental part were studied these oils: mineral oils, rapeseed oil, sunflower oils, soybean oil, methyl oleate, peanut oil, MCT oil, castor oil and other. Dielectric properties were measured using LRC meter Agilent 4980A including dielectric liquid test fixture Agilent 16452A and also by the Novocontrol Alpha-A analyzer. Electrical properties are presented in the frequency range 10 mHz – 1 MHz range in the temperature interval 253 K to 363 K. The work goes on with the study of the suitability of individual oils for lower temperature, including the impact of the chemical structure and formulation on electrical properties.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第21312号
農博第2297号
新制||農||1065(附属図書館)
学位論文||H30||N5146(農学部図書室)
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 舟川 晋也, 教授 縄田 栄治, 教授 北山 兼弘
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Holding approximately 89,000 Tg of organic carbon, tropical peatlands are one of the largest pedological sinks of carbon (Page et al., 2011). Waterlogged conditions in undisturbed peatlands reduce heterotrophic respiration and provide environments in which organic matter accumulates (Moore et al., 2013). However, from 1990 to 2010, the forest cover in the peatlands of South East Asia fell from 77% to 36%; at this rate of decline, all of the undisturbed peatlands are likely to have disappeared by 2030 (Li et al., 2007; Koh et al., 2011; Miettinen et al., 2011). Land-use changes in these ecosystems can have important consequences for carbon (C) budgets (Page et al., 2002; Hooijer et al., 2010). Recently a number of studies have been carried out on tropical peatlands (e.g. Couwenberg et al., 2010; Hergoualc'h and Verchot, 2011; Hirano et al., 2012; Jauhiainen et al., 2005, 2012; Li et al., 2007; Melling et al., 2005; Page et al., 2009), but some parts of the C budget are yet to be quantified. In order to fill these gaps in our knowledge, the goal of this work was to assess heterotrophic and total soil respiration, litterfall, litter decomposition and evaluate peat properties in an intact peat swamp forest, a transitional logged drained forest and an oil palm plantation located on the same alluvial peat plain. This in-situ research lasted two years, and heterotrophic and total soil respiration were separated using the trenching method. Our results from the carbon dioxide flux monitoring in the three land uses showed that the trenched plots provided a good proxy for heterotrophic respiration. The annual integrated total soil respiration was lower in the intact and drained forest than in the oil palm plantation, at 20.2 ±3.4, 18.7 ±1.1 and 26.4 ±1.7 Mg C ha-1 y-1, respectively. A similar pattern was seen in the heterotrophic respiration for the same land uses, 9.6 ±7.7, 15.7 ±1.0 and 22.9 ±2.0 Mg C ha-1 y-1, respectively. When extrapolated to the landscape, the percentage of heterotrophic 4 respiration appeared to have significantly increased following drainage, even before the conversion to oil palm, with percentages of 47.6 ±10.1, 83.9 ±7.3, 86.6 ±1.9 for intact forest, drained forest and oil palm plantation, respectively. The average litterfall in the three land uses was not significantly different, at 26.3 ±4.1, 23.2 ±4.2 and 18.6 ±3.5 kg dry litter ha-1 d-1 respectively. Overall, the C fluxes results produced in this thesis point towards a negative C balance (i.e. net ecosystem loss of C) for the drained forest, a pronounced negative C balance for the oil palm plantation and a near neutral balance for the intact forest. Other relevant findings in the study were: (1) the impacts of N fertilizer application in the oil palm plantation lasted only a few days and were unlikely to have significant consequences on the annual C budget; (2) concerns over the diurnal variability of carbon dioxide fluxes are not particularly pertinent in these tropical peatlands; and (3) the principal soil property affected by drainage and land-use change was the abundance of logs in the soil. In summary, the results produced in this thesis represent noteworthy data about the C budget and C dynamics in tropical peatlands and will help decision making by policy makers and land managers for sustainable use of these ecosystems.

O presente estudo traz para discussão as ações educativas destinadas aos trabalhadores, no âmbito do licenciamento ambiental das atividades de perfuração e exploração de petróleo e gás offshore - à luz dos referenciais teórico metodológicos de uma Educação Ambiental (EA) crítica. Muito embora as pesquisas em EA no Brasil tenham alcançado um elevado grau de maturidade, produzindo reflexões profícuas e embasando a elaboração tanto de diretrizes quanto instruções normativas; ainda hoje, importantes eixos de atuação e públicos de interesse específicos - a exemplo de trabalhadores alocados em unidades de perfuração, produção e embarcações de apoio - carecem de uma reflexão aprofundada que questione tanto o substrato epistemológico empregado quanto o tipo de práxis educativa que vem sendo construída. Neste sentido o estudo analisa o Projeto de Educação Ambiental dos Trabalhadores (PEAT) elaborado por duas grandes empresas de consultoria, sediadas no Rio de Janeiro, com o objetivo de avaliar em que medida seus projetos pedagógicos incorporam os princípios da EA instituídos pela Política Nacional de Educação Ambiental. Ademais são observados os pontos críticos (contradições) para a operacionalização do Projeto e o embate entre discursos antagônicos, que buscam a hegemonia material e simbólica do campo da EA, tomando por base a análise de discurso a partir de entrevistas realizadas com os principais atores envolvidos na elaboração do PEAT: empreendedor-consultoria-órgão ambiental. Como resultado observamos: (i) uma deficiência (por parte das consultorias) em incorporar os fundamentos teóricos da EA ao PEAT submetido para aprovação do órgão ambiental licenciador; (ii) uma inadequação das concepções metodológicas do PEAT, com consequentes advertências por parte do órgão ambiental e (iii) o engendramento de uma situação de incoerência na qual o órgão ambiental licenciador aprova um documento escrito (PEAT submetido) e desaprova as práticas educativas por este desencadeadas.
This study starts the discussion of educational actions designed for workers, under the environmental licensing process of exploration and production of oil and gas from the perspective of the theoretical methodological references of critical Environmental Education (EE). Even though research in EE in Brazilhas reached an elevated degree of maturity, producing fruitful reflections and providing basis for the elaboration of guidelines as well as normative instructions; even today, important areas of action and target publics of specific interests as is exemplified by workers allocated in drilling and production units and supply vessels lack a deeper reflection that questions not only the epistemological basis used but also the kind of educational praxis that is being constructed. In this way, this study analyses the Environmental Education Project for Workers (PEAT) elaborated by two large consulting companies, based in Rio de Janeiro, so as to evaluate in what way their pedagogical projects incorporate the principles of EE put forth by the National Environmental Education Policy. Critical points (contradictions) for the operationalization of the Project are also observed as well as the shock between conflicting discourses that look for material and symbolic hegemony in the EE field, by analyzing the discourse from interviews carried out with the main actors involved in the elaboration of the PEAT: the company consulting company environmental agency. As a result, we see: (i) a deficiency (on the part of the consulting companies) in incorporating the theoretical foundations of EE into the PEAT submitted for approval by the environmental agency responsible for the licensing process; (ii) inadequate methodological conceptions of the PEAT, with subsequent warnings from the environmental agency and (iii) the creation of a situation of incoherencies in which the environmental agency approves a written document (the submitted PEAT) and disapproves of the educational practices that this document propagates.

Pas de résumé
The aim of the study was to evaluate in controlled retinal risk LED lighting conditions compared to other common household lighting such as CCFL or CFL, in standard lighting conditions, on different animal species pigmented and non-pigmented. At first, we characterized the conditions of adaptation before enlightenment. We found that housing conditions before the light exposure is a source of artifact. Indeed, the location of the cages in a ventilated cabinet and the period before stalling before illumination generates a variable response to retinal light toxicity. Then, we tested the relative sensitivity of the albino strains and pigmented. After 3 weeks of stabulation, the animals were exposed for 24 hours to cold white LED at a luminance of 6000 lux, with dilation of pupils, and the retinas were examined in a week. In these extreme illumination conditions, retinas showed a significant loss of photoreceptors in superior retina, not only in albino animals, but also in pigmented animals. In another experiment, we tested different luminance in cages provided for this purpose. We have used as control a compact fluorescent lighting at 500 lux, with a homogeneous on the floor of the cage. An illumination of 24 hours dilation was performed after the time of dark adaptation. A luminance of 500 lux is a classic condition of a good visual quality domestic lighting. Unlike a compact fluorescent lighting at 500 lux, white LEDs result in a significant loss of photoreceptor nuclei of retinal pigmented rats (LE) 500 lux with an increasing toxicity in function of the luminance of the LED lighting. Finally, to assess the effects prolonged exposure we exposed the rats for one week or one month, but in alternating illumination only during the day, and without dilated pupils (day / night cycle 12h / 12h, no dilated pupils) with LED different spectra. We have compared these lighting conditions to a compact fluorescent lighting at 500 lux and non-illuminated rats. After one week, only albino rats showed a loss of photoreceptors and only after exposure to blue LEDs. These results show that the blue LEDs are more toxic than the white LEDs confirming the effects of short wavelengths. After 1 month of illumination, a significant loss of photoreceptors is observed in the retinas of non-pigmented rats, not only with the blue LEDs, but also with green LEDs and cool white LEDs. An increase of the exposure time under standard conditions leads to a loss of photoreceptors accumulated suggesting a potentially toxic effect of LED light, not observed with a compact fluorescent lighting even luminance

Après une introduction brève de l’historique de l’imagerie dermatologique non invasive, ce travail est divisé 3 parties. 1) Présentation d’un projet de développement d’un tomographe à cohérence optique miniaturisé, peu onéreu devant permettre une diffusion de cette technique aux dermatologues exerçant en dehors des hôpitaux. Il s’agi d’un projet ANR DOCT-VCSEL Portable Optical Coherence Tomography with MEMS-VCSEL swept- sources for skin analysis ANR 2015 / Défi sociétal « Vie, Santé et Bien-Etre » Axe 13 « Technologies pour la santé » 2) Présentation d’un projet dont le but est l’identification de lésions cutanées cancéreuses au moyen d’un nouvel OCT haute définition développé par la société DAMAE, issue de l’Institut supérieur d’Optique de Palaiseau. Il s’agit d’un dispositif qui sera dans un premier temps réservé aux centre d’excellence en imagerie dermatologique. 3) la reprise des 52 publications ayant trait à l’imagerie cutanée auxquelles j’ai participé et référencées dans les bases de données internationales au 31 décembre 2016. Ce travail couvre l’ensemble de l’imagerie non invasive dermatologique moderne et aborde des sujets qui n’avaient jamais été étudié de la sorte. Notamment les muqueuses et l’appareil oculaire antérieur mais aussi l’identification par microscopie confocale des marge chirurgicales ou l’association microscopie confocale spectrométrie Raman
After a brief introduction to the history of non-invasive dermatological imaging, this work is divided into 3 parts. 1) Presentation of a project for the development of a low-cost miniaturized optical coherence tomograph to allow dissemination of this technique to dermatologists practicing outside hospitals. This is an ANR project: DOCT-VCSEL Portable Optical Coherence Tomography with MEMS-VCSEL swept-sources for skin analysis ANR 2015 / Societal Challenge "Life, Health and Welfare" Axis 13 “Technologies for Health" 2) Presentation of a project whose goal is the identification of cancer skin lesions by means of a new high definition OCT developed by the company DAMAE, resulting from the Higher Institute of Optics of Palaiseau. It is a device that will initially be reserved for centers of excellence in dermatological imaging. 3) Presentation of 52 publications related to skin imaging, in which I participated, and referenced in the international databases as of December 31, 2016. This work covers all modern dermatological non-invasive imaging and addresses Subjects that had never been studied in this way. Notably the mucous membranes and the anterior ocular apparatus but also the identification by confocal microscopy of the surgical margins or the association confocal microscopy Raman spectrometry

Les problèmes d’hyperpigmentation cutanée sont caractérisés par l’apparition de taches brunes foncées, distribuées irrégulièrement sur la peau, généralement sur les zones photo-exposées. Ce problème largement répandu est la conséquence de plusieurs perturbations cutanées d’une ampleur autant physiologique qu’esthétique. Les rayonnements ultraviolets (UV) jouent un rôle important dans la mélanogenèse mais sont aussi à l’origine de plusieurs dérèglements physiologiques des mélanocytes induisant ainsi leur mal-fonctionnement.L’application d’un écran solaire est un moyen très efficace pour la protection contre les UV et la prévention des problèmes d’hyperpigmentation cutanée. Pour la première fois, nous avons pu mettre en place une nouvelle méthode in vitro pour la détermination du facteur de protection solaire (SPF) d’un écran en utilisant le film Gafchromic® EBT3 comme substrat et en se basant sur le changement de couleur du substrat. La variation de couleur est évaluée par spectroscopie ultraviolet-visible et est rapportée à l’absorbance du film après son exposition à un simulateur de soleil.En plus, nous nous sommes intéressés à la recherche de principes actifs extraits de plantes pour la régulation des problèmes d’hyperpigmentation cutanée. Pour ce, des huiles essentielles (HE) ont été extraites à partir de cinq plantes indigènes ou endémiques au Liban et leur composition analysée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (GC-MS). Leurs effets moléculaires sur les structures cutanées ont été déterminés par analyses in tubo et in vitro. Les analyses enzymatiques in tubo ont permis de détecter une activité anti tyrosinase importante des deux HE d’Origanum syriacum et Origanum ehrenbergii. Cette activité a été liée à la composition phytochimique de chaque HE et a été attribuée au composé majoritaire, le carvacrol. Les études in vitro sur des cultures de mélanocytes ont permis de déterminer une diminution significative de la production de la mélanine en présence des HE et du carvacrol. Nous avons pu établir un lien entre les deux études pour déterminer le mécanisme d’action du carvacrol. Il s’agit d’une inhibition compétitive où le carvacrol se lie à la tyrosinase pour suivre une série d’oxydations enzymatiques bloquant ainsi l’oxydation de la tyrosine et causant un dérèglement de la mélanogenèse.Notre étude est la première à démontrer l’activité anti tyrosinase des HE d’O. syriacum et d’O. ehrenbergii. La complémentarité entre les tests d’efficacité et les analyses GC-MS nous a permis d’attribuer l’activité anti tyrosinase au carvacrol qui agit par inhibition compétitive.Ainsi, l’application de protecteur solaire associée à l’application cutanée de régulateurs de la mélanogenèse pourrait être une solution efficace pour les problèmes d’hyperpigmentation cutanée
Hyperpigmentation disorders are characterized by an irregular distribution of dark spots on the skin, mainly on photo-exposed skin areas. This widespread problem is the result of several skin disorders leading to many physiological and aesthetic perturbations. Ultraviolet (UV) radiations play an important role in melanogenesis. However, they are also the source of several physiological disorders that induce a malfunctioning of melanocytes.The application of sunscreen is a very effective UV protection method and it is considered a main factor in the prevention of skin hyperpigmentation problems. One of the novelties in our research is that, for the first time, we were able to establish a new in vitro method for the determination of the sun protection factor (SPF) of a sunscreen, using EBT3 Gafchromic® film as a substrate. Our method relied on the color change of the substrate that was evaluated by UV-visible spectrophotometric measurements and valued by the absorbance of the film exposed to a solar simulator.In addition, we were interested in discovering new plant-derived active ingredients for the regulation of skin hyperpigmentation disorders. For this process, five essential oils (EO) of indigenous or endemic plants to Lebanon were extracted and their composition was studied by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We studied as well their molecular effects on cutaneous structures by in tubo and in vitro analysis. In tubo enzymatic analysis allowed us to identify an important anti tyrosinase activity of the two EO of Origanum syriacum and Origanum ehrenbergii. This activity was linked to the phytochemical composition of the EO and was assigned to the presence of their main component, carvacrol. In vitro cell cultures of melanocytes enabled us to determine a significant reduction in the melanin production in the presence of the EOs and carvacrol. Furthermore, we were able to define the mechanism of action of carvacrol by linking both in tubo and in vitro studies: carvacrol binds to tyrosinase and undergoes a series of oxidation reactions, thus preventing the oxidation of tyrosine. This mechanism is called competitive inhibition and it disturbs the regular pathway of melanogenesis.Our study is the first to demonstrate the anti tyrosinase activity of the EO of O. syriacum and O. ehrenbergii. The complementarity between efficacy tests and the phytochemical GC-MS analysis was our tool to discover that tyrosinase inhibition is mainly due to the presence of carvacrol that acts by competitive inhibition.Thus, the application of a sunscreen paired with the application of cutaneous melanogenesis regulator could be an effective solution for skin hyperpigmentation disorders

La résistance aux antimicrobiens est un problème mondial majeur de plus en plus préoccupant. Le développement de nouveaux antimicrobiens classiques remplaçant les agents rendus inefficaces est certes l’une des stratégies les plus prometteuses visant à diminuer son ampleur. Mais cette solution demeure malheureusement momentanée. En fait tout agent antimicrobien sera tôt ou tard vaincu par la propagation des souches résistantes favorisée par le phénomène de pression de sélection exercée par l’agent lui-même. Il est donc nécessaire d’envisager toutes les alternatives possibles aux approches classiques, cela afin de diversifier l’arsenal thérapeutique antimicrobien.Les huiles essentielles utilisées par les plantes dans leur défense contre les pathogènes sont naturellement composées d’un mélange de constituants les rendant capables d’agir sur plusieurs cibles de l’organisme. De ce fait, même les pathogènes les plus résistants ne vont pouvoir échapper à leurs actions et le développement des résistances sera par conséquent limité. Dans le cadre de la présente thèse des plantes aromatiques libanaises sélectionnées en se basant surtout sur des indications ethno pharmacologiques ont été récoltées de différentes régions libanaises. Elles ont été par la suite hydrodistillées pour produire une vingtaine d’huiles essentielles qui ont été analysées par GC/MS et éventuellement par RMN, et évaluées contre une gamme de pathogènes responsables d’infections cutanées chez l’homme. L’analyse de la composition chimique des HEs a été marquée par l’isolement et la caractérisation pour la première fois du santolinoïdol, un sesquiterpène du type bisabolène qui a été retrouvé dans l’huile essentielle d’Achillea santolinoides subsp. wilhelmsii. Presque la moitié des HEs ont été actives sur au moins un des pathogènes. L’origine de l’activité des huiles les plus actives, l’effet de leurs associations avec des antimicrobiens commerciaux ainsi que leurs cytotoxicités ont été également investigués
Antimicrobial resistance is a major global problem and a growing concern. The development of new conventional antimicrobial agents replacing inefficient ones is certainly one of the most promising strategies aiming to reduce its extent. But this solution remains unfortunately momentary. In fact, any antimicrobial agent will eventually be defeated by the spread of resistant strains favored by the selection pressure phenomenon exerted by the agent itself. It is therefore necessary to consider all possible alternatives to conventional approaches in order to diversify the antimicrobial arsenal.Essential oils used by plants in their defense against pathogens are naturally composed of a mixture of components making them able to act on several targets of the organism. Thus, even the most resistant pathogens will not be able to escape their actions and the development of resistance will be therefore limited.In this thesis, Lebanese aromatic plants selected based mainly on ethnopharmacological indications were collected from various Lebanese regions. They were subsequently hydrodistillated producing twenty essential oils analyzed by GC / MS and eventually by NMR, and assessed against a range of pathogens that cause skin infections in humans. The analysis of the chemical composition of the EOs was marked by the isolation and characterization for the first time of santolinoïdol, a bisabolene type sesquiterpene that was found in the essential oil of Achillea santolinoides subsp. wilhelmsii. Almost half of the EOs have been active on at least one pathogen. The origin of the activity of the most active oils, the effect of their associations with commercial antimicrobials and their cytotoxicities were also investigated

Caracterisation d'expressions geniques liees au chromosome x, de 6 sequences genomiques humaines liees au chromosome x; localisation du syndrome coffin-lowry par analyse de linkage et de la dysplasie ectodermique anhidrotique

碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
103
In the oil Products, sesame oil and peanut oil are the important in catering food. In recent years, several commercial oil contaminated event, the traditional oil row spring up again. The experiment will test the use of PCR to detect the DNA in the presence of oil or not, to find out if there are contained in the target of sesame and peanuts. The samples were taken in place of the traditional press line oil and commercial oil. Standard: peanuts and sesame seeds. Target gene: peanut ITS1, sesame 2S albumin. Introduction group uses: PF / PR (peanuts, 181bp), SesF / SesR (sesame, 146bp). DNA extraction method with oil separately announcement PCR peanut and sesame oils qualitative detection, using 2% agar electrophoresis run, and finally the use of UV Fluorescence Imaging System and analyzed. The results, regardless of flavor blending peanut oil, cold press oil extraction of oil or traditional, can be because the contents have been detected in the presence of peanuts, but there are shades of DNA fragments of the points. Sesame oil is obviously significant differences. The resulting DNA fragment shading sesame oil and peanut oil or the presence or absence inference might extraction methods, storage methods, extraction methods. The purpose of this experiment is to use PCR method to detect sesame oil and peanut oil, with 100% oil and mixed oil to detect DNA fragments and DNA concentration is significantly high and low, to discuss commercial oil labeled correctly, and then apply the inspects of food oil products.

博士
國立中興大學
食品科學系
90
The aim of this study is to investigate the safety of oil fume produced from peanut oil heated to its smoke point. The mutagenicity, genotoxicity and possible mechanisms of the oil fume were evaluated, and mutagens present in oil fumes were identified. The peanut oil was then refined and treated with addition of antioxidants in order to reduce the mutagenicity of the oil fumes from heated oil. The first part of this study focuses on investigation of the Seven commercial edible oils including soybean oil, corn germ oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, blend peanut oil, calola oil and lard were investigated for their physical and chemical properties as well as for the mutagenicity of oil fumes by applying the Ames test. The smoke points of those oils were 118, 119, 95, 98, 107, 138 and 137 oC, respectively. Lard had the best oxidative stability among those seven oils as determined by the Rancimat method. Peanut oil produced the largest amount of fume. The oil fumes of these edible oils showed various degrees of mutagenicity toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 (p<0.05). According to the undesirable fumes formation of peanut oil at relatively low temperature, which is the major edible oilproduced in Taiwan. The mutagenicity of fumes obtained from heating peanut oil was studied and the mutagenic compounds was identified. The result revealed that the peanut prepared from roasted peanut kernel (ROPO) showed a lower smoke point, less unsaturated fatty acids, more fume formation and stronger mutagenicity than that from unroasted kernel (UROPO). Further investigation of mutagenic compounds was performed by the Ames test and GC/MS analysis. Amoung the twelve compounds identified from the neutral fraction of methanol extract four compounds at a dose of 10 g per plate were mutagenic to Salmonella TA98 and TA100 cells in the order trans-trans-2,4-decadienal (t-t-2,4-DDE) >trans-trans- 2,4-nonadienal (t-t-2,4-NDE) >trans-2-decenal (t-2-DCA) >trans-2-undecenal (t-2-UDA). Results report the enal compounds formed as the mutagens in the fumes of peanut oil and indicate that inhaling cooking fumes might cause carcinogenic risk. The cytotoxicity of peanut oil fumes (POF) and their genotoxicity using single-cell electrophoresis (comet assay), and their induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human A-549 cells were investigated. POF was found to show cytotoxicity to A-549 cells and DNA damage. The glutathione (GSH) content in cell and the activity of GSH antioxidative enzymes were reduced. t-t-2,4-DDE at 37 oC could produce superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and form intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A-549 cells which was determined by dichlorofluorescein assay. Moreover, t-t-2,4-DDE caused a significant (p<0.05) oxidative damage of 8-hydroxy-2’ deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)to 2’-deoxyguanosine in A-549 cells. While increasing damage of t-t-2,4-DDE and reaction time, the results demonstrated that the DNA damage in A-549 cells induced by t-t-2,4-DDE was related to the formation of ROS. The influence of degumming treatment of peanut oil on the contents of mutagenic compounds in fumes from heated peanut oil was investigated. The results indicated that the peanut oil prepared from roasted peanut kernels underwent degumming treatment had lower free fatty acid (FFA) content and higher smoke point, was more clear in color, and produced less fumes when heated at smoke point. Moreover, when compared to untreated peanut oil, the mutagenicity of oil fumes of degummed peanut oil toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 was reduced to 81 and 73% (p<0.05), respectively. The degummed peanut oil which was obtained by adding 3% water and heating at 60℃ for 20 min produced the least amount of mutagenic fume. The contents of four mutagenic compounds, t-t-2,4-DDE, t-t-2,4-NDE, t-2-DCA,and t-2-UDA in oil fumes of degummed peanut oils were drastically decreased (p<0.05), especially the t-t-2,4-DDE. The results also indicated that FFA content had a high linear correlation with mutagenicity (r2 = 0.9978) and content of t-t-2,4-DDE (r2 = 0.7685). Moreover, there was a correlation (r2 = 0.7816) between the content and the mutagenicity of t-t-2,4-DDE. The decrease of FFA by degumming might explain the reduction of mutagenic alkenal compounds and mutagenicity of fumes from heated peanut oil. The preventive effects of various antioxidants on the mutagenicity and the formation of enal mutagenic compounds in degummed peanut oil (DPO) fumes were investigated. The mutagenicity of the DPO fumes was significantly reduced (p< 0.05) by various antioxidants added before heating. The addition of antioxidants increase the smoke point and oxidative stability of DPO, and decreased the yield of oil fumes and the amount of mutagens. Synthetic antioxidants including butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) were more effective in reducing the mutagenicity and the amount of four enal compounds in fumes from DPO than natural antioxidants such as -tocopherol, catechin, and rosemary extracts. Adding appropriate antioxidants not only reduced the mutagens but also improved the physical and chemical properties of DPO. The results obtained in this study might be useful for developing edible cooking oils with high smoke point, lesser fume, and lower mutagenicity with the addition of antioxidants. In this study, the oil fumes from heated oil were found to be mutagenic and genotoxicity. After fractionation, 4 mutagens including t-t-2,4-DDE, t-t-2,4-NDE, t-2-DCA and t-2-UDA were identified. The ROS present in oil fumes could lead to the cleavage of DNA as well as the mutations of base pairs in the DNA. It was found that both the degumming process and the addition of antioxidants could generally improve the physico-chemical properties of peanut oil, reduce the content of all four mutagens present in the oil fumes, and therefore decrease the potential health hazards to household women exposed to the oil fumes.

碩士
國立中興大學
植物病理學系所
99
The rust disease of peanut caused by Puccinia arachidis is a destructive disease of major economic importance in almost all peanut growing areas of the world. Although several fungicides have been found to give good control of the disease, high concern for adverse effects of pesticides on human health and the environment makes the development of alternative methods for disease management an urgent need. In this study, 15 edible oils were emulsified by high speed trituration and tested for their ability to control peanut rust. Result showed that all the edible oils tested were able to reduce the rust incidence and pustule number. Among them, flaxseed oil was best followed by peanut oil and wheat germ oil. At 2000 ppm, flaxseed oil suppressed the disease development completely. Even at 500 ppm, flaxseed oil was able to reduce the rust incidence and pustule number more than 50%. Ability of flaxseed oil to reduce rust incidence and pustule number after being applied to peanut leaves remained unchanged for 16 days, the longest time tested. Flaxseed oil on peanut leaves was very effective in reducing rust disease at the inoculum concentrations ranging from 10 to 40 urediospores/μl. In the greenhouse trials, flaxseed oil at 2000 ppm completely suppressed the rust in Exp. 1 and nearly completely in Exp. 2. In the field trials, flaxseed oil was as effective as the fungicide chlorothalonil in the control of peanut rust in both Exp. 1 and Exp. 2. Flaxseed oil was effective in rust control when applied to peanut leaves before inoculation but not after inoculation, indicating that it functions as a protectant. On glass slide and peanut leaves, flaxseed oil did not inhibit germination, but reduced germ tube length and prevent appressorium formation. Therefore, the mode of action of flaxseed oil is prevention of appressorium formation which in turn prevents the penetration of the rust fungus into the host tissue.

碩士
大仁科技大學
食品科技研究所
105
Peanut oil (PO) is well-known for its’ high content of nutrients and strong aroma. Because of this, the price of PO is relatively higher than common oil products and some dishonest manufacturers will mix low-quality oil or artificial flavoring agents with PO to make fake pure PO products. This deceptive behavior not only makes huge illegal profits but also causes the violation of consumer’s rights. Therefore, it is methods to recognize the counterfeit PO products are crucial to be developed. The peanut Tainan #9 was chosen to be the material for making PO and subject to the boron trifluoride method in the preparations of methyl esters of fatty acids. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used to extractions of volatile components of PO: CAR/PDMS fiber was selected to adsorbed the volatile components of PO under 60℃ water bath for 30 minutes. The analysis results showed that oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) are two most abundant fatty acids in PO(top two) which account for 40% & 35% respectively. Additionally, there also exists other fatty acids in PO, such as palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), arachidic acid (C20:0), eicosaenoic acid (C20:1), behenic acid (C22:0) andtetracosanoic acid (C24:0) etc.In consistent with previous studies, our result also indicated the typical oleic/linoleic acid ratio is between 0.93 and 1.16. In addition to the volatile aldehyde and phenol compounds of PO, pyrazine is also one kind of major volatile molecule in PO. Methyl pyrazine and2,5-dimethyl pyrazine are the major pyrazine compounds in PO; in most cases, amount of latter is higher than former in PO no matter in different batches or roast levels of peanuts.For simulation, we mixed PO with 0% to 40% salad oil and then analyzed the fatty acid content. The result indicated when the percentage of salad oil is over 20%, oleic/linoleic ratio will drop under 0.93. Also, amount of total volatile compounds decreased because of adding salad oil; however, the most abundant volatile compound was still 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine and the second one was methyl pyrazine. The oleic/linoleic ratios of commercial blending PO products are significantly different with pure PO; besides, the most abundant volatile compound is methyl pyrazine not 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine. There are four commercial PO products which have standard oleic/linoleic ratios from 0.93 to 1.16; yet, three of four commercial ones have a higher amount of methyl pyrazine rather than 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, which suggested the possibility of mixing PO with sesame oil in order to have better flavor and color. The other commercial product contained more 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine than methyl pyrazine; however, abnormal high amount of furfural and benzaldehyde were detected, which suggested artificial flavoring agents were added.

碩士
大仁科技大學
食品科技研究所
106
Although peanut oil (PO) widely consumed has a high nutrition and unique aroma, few manufacturers may mix a low-quality edible oil or even blend some flavors with pure PO in order to make a better profit. Each food lipid composes of its specific fatty acid profile, thus analyzing the compositions of fatty acids is often used to judge its purity or adulteration. Yet this method may not easy to identify its accurate purity or adulterate if the PO is mixed with a small amount of low-quality food oil. PO has a unique flavor, so the analysis combining fatty acid compositions and volatile compounds should have better accuracy. Thus this research was to investigate the fatty acids and volatile components of PO mixed with 0-40% soybean, sunflower seed, cottonseed and 0-10% sesame oils, and furthermore to apply this technique for judging the adulteration of commercial peanut oil products purchased from food market in Taiwan. The results indicated that the ratio of oleic acid/linoleic acid (OA/LA) exceeded a normal range (0.93 - 1.16) as the PO is mixed with 20 % soybean oil, 20% cottonseed oil or 25% sunflower seed oil. Because soybean, sunflower seed, and cottonseed oils had low aroma, the volatile compounds of blended PO mixed with these oils significantly decreased. However, it showed no significant difference in the ratio of 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine/methyl pyrazine (2,5-DMP/MP). As PO mixed with 1-10 % sesame oil, OA/LA ratio of the mixtures remained in a normal range. However, the 2,5-DMP/MP ratio gradually decreased by increasing the amount of sesame oil. When sesame oil was added over 5%, the 2,5-DMP/MP ratio showed lower than 1, which didn't meet reasonable range of pure peanut oil. Compared to PO, PO mixed with 20 % soybean oil, 30% sunflower seed oil, 20% cottonseed oil or 5% sesame oil had similar aroma in consumers’ sensory evaluation. From the analysis of fatty acid composition, it was difficult to identify the difference in the OA/LA ratio between pure PO and PO containing 30% soybean oil plus 5-10% sesame oil. However, the 2,5-DMP/MP ratio of blended PO with >5% sesame oil was obviously lower than that of PO. Two out of five samples from commercial peanut oil products had low OA/LA ratio (< 0.93), and four samples had low 2,5-DMP/MP ratio (< 1). As a consequence, only 20% commercial peanut oil products complied with the standard of pure peanut oil as examining by both OA/LA and 2,5-DMP/MP ratios.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
車輛工程系所
95
The peanut oil is very rich of high fat and high economic value of biodiesel in the plant oil. Therefore, the peanut oil methyl ester bio-diesel that is made by esterification is used in this study. After engine performance experiment, it is shown that BSFC of peanut oil methyl ester bio-diesel is higher than premium diesel about 13.56% and almost no influence in engine performance. For the exhaust gas emissions of peanut oil methyl ester biodiesel, its concentration of NOx is higher than premium diesel about 19.5%, but the concentrations of Smoke, HC are lower than premium diesel about 60.77% and 28.50%, respectively. Although the blending fuel (PE50NF50) which is blended by the peanut oil with naphtha has lower engine performance, and higher BSFC than premium diesel about 7.65%, but the concentrations of Smoke、NOx and HC are lower than premium diesel about 40.53%、12.68% and 55.97%, respectively. Experimental result demonstrated that using peanut oil methyl ester biodiesel or the blending fuel (PE50NF50) to be an alternative fuel in diesel engine is very worthy of consideration and being popularized.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has the potential to become a major source of biodiesel but for market viability, peanut oil yields must increase and specific quality requirements must be met. Oil yield in peanut is influenced by many components, including oil concentration, seed mass, and mean oil produced per seed. All of these traits can be improved through selection as long as there is sufficient genetic variation. Thus, elucidating the genetics of oil concentration, seed mass, and mean oil produced per seed in peanut is essential to advancing the development of genotypes with high oil yields. Additive genetic effects were predominant for oil concentration in two generation means analyses involving a proprietary high oil breeding line and additive genetic variance was highly significant in a complete four-parent diallel analysis. Genetic variance for weight of 50 sound mature kernels (50 SMK) and mean oil produced per SMK (OPS) was additive the diallel analysis. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were high for oil concentration in both the diallel and generation means analyses. Narrow-sense heritability was also high for 50 SMK, but was low for OPS. The low OPS heritability estimate was caused by the negative correlation between oil concentration and seed mass. Consequently, oil concentration and seed mass can be improved through early-generation selection, but large segregating populations from high oil crosses will be needed to identify progeny with elevated oil concentrations that maintain acceptable seed sizes. Increasing the ratio of oleic to linoleic acid (O/L) in peanut oil and reducing the long chain saturated fatty acid concentration (which includes arachidic, behenic, and lignoceric acids) produces high quality, stable methyl esters for biodiesel. Therefore, elucidating the inheritance of these factors and their relationships in peanut populations segregating for high oil is critical. The results from generation means analysis confirm that the high-oleic trait is under simple genetic control and can be manipulated through selection. Oil concentration was negatively correlated with oleic acid concentration in the F2 generations of both crosses and positively correlated with arachidic acid in most of the segregating generations that were evaluated. Therefore, developing a peanut genotype high in oil and oleic acid concentration that has reduced long chain saturates will require the evaluation of large numbers of segregating progeny.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
95
Peanut hull ashes prepared by calcinating ground peanut hull were evaluated as adsorbent for bleaching the water-degummed and alkali-refined soy oil. The calcination conditions were in the range of 300 -1000 ℃ and 45-225 min. Their performances in adsorbing peroxides, phospholipids, pigments, β-carotene and free fatty acids in soy oil were compared with those of peanut hull, rice hull ash, activated clay and regenerated clay. Experimental results indicated that the influence of ashing time on the removal efficiency was not clear. 500 ℃ or 700 ℃ showed potential as a best ashing temperature for preparing effective adsorbent. On the basis of adsorbing peroxides, phospholipids, pigments, β-carotene and free fatty acids, activated clay and regenerated clay were found to be superior adsorbents, except in adsorbing free fatty acids; peanut hull ashes, effective adsorbents；while peanut hull and rice hull ash non-effective ones. Further activation on peanut hull ashes is suggested to obtain a better performance of it. Regenerated clay was found to be a good substituent for activated clay.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
車輛工程系所
97
Oil content and heat values of peanut oil methyl ester biodiesel is higher than soybean oil and rapeseed methyl ester biodiesel, therefore, high oil content can cut down the production cost and high values can reduce the fuel consumption, it is the kind of most worth promoting biodiesel. Because of general biodiesel contain dissolved organic matter and the relationship between the saponified matter and other substances on the long-term used in diesel engines will result in engine parts, lubrication and fuel system damage and should not be pure biodiesel directly to the engine. In this study, peanut oil methyl ester biodiesel mix used in the petrochemical super diesel by engine performance test result shows that the engine performance is not affected situation, mixing ratio 20% of PEME20 and mixing ratio 50% of PEME50 for peanut oil methyl ester Health biodiesel blended fuel than pure peanut oil methyl ester biodiesel, it can reduce the fuel consumption rate of 8.2% and 5.67%, NOx emission concentration for 11.05% and 4.42%, but the concentration in the smoke increased by 58.29% and 30.44%, HC emissions for 19.39% and 11.65%. The results indicated that added the peanut oil methyl ester biodiesel mixing ratio is higher, the fuel oil consumption rate and NOx emission concentrations were more and more increasing, otherwise, emission concentration for smoke and HC were more and more reducing.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
車輛工程系所
96
Each biodiesel characteristics that made from different bio-materials and processes are different; especially that fuel injection pressure for diesel engine is related to the biodiesel density and kinematic viscosity. And such characters effect engine performance, brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions. Thus, B20 peanut oil methyl ester with different fuel injection pressure is operated in this study. The experimental results demonstrated whenever fuel injection pressure is lower than original design, brake specific fuel consumption, the concentrations of smoke and HC emission are decreased 4.96%, 14.71% and 15.36%, respectively, but the concentration of NOx emission is increased 7.09%. On the other hand, the fuel injection pressure is higher, brake specific fuel consumption, the concentrations of smoke and HC emission are increased 2.78%, 17.44% and 21.30%, respectively, but the concentration of NOx emission is decreased 12.71%.

碩士
國立中興大學
生醫工程研究所
107
Astaxanthin (AST) is one of several classes of biologically active compounds that are reported to have stronger antioxidant and anticancer activities. However, human body has a low absorption of AST due to its poor solubility in water. One way to solve these problems is to embed AST in the emulsion system. In this study, we use D-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as emulsifier which help to increase the stability of the nanoemulsion and we also use natural edible oil, formulated and stabilized O/W nanoemulsion loaded with AST (TAP-nanoemulsion). The nanoemulsions were stable without droplet coalescence against thermal treatment, and over a range of pH values (pH 2-8). However, TAP-nanoemulsions were stable at high NaCl concentration (500 mM). The bioaccessibility of AST in nanoemulsion was significantly high in TAP-nanoemulsion, indicating a strong influence of emulsifier on bioaccessibility and release up to 80% of AST in simulated intestinal fluid. The AST, peanut oil and TPGS emulsions do not only have the property of cell nontoxicity for Human foreskin fibroblast cells (foreskin) and are safe to oral administration, but also improve water solubility and stabilize AST. To probe its antioxidant activity, we treated foreskin with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to increase oxidative stress. TAP-nanoemulsion reduced ROS levels in a dose-dependent manner measured by flow cytometer. To further evaluate in vivo experiments, we injected the tail vein of fluorescent melanoma cells (B16F10 cells) into female C57BL/6 mice and then we subjected to treatments for drug group of mice via oral gavage. TAP-nanoemulsion effectively inhibits the metastasis of melanoma, qRT-PCR and western blot demonstrated the nanoemulsions are effective for several signaling pathways, likely cell death pathways (autophagy and apoptosis) (Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, ATM, P21, Cyclin D, Cyclin E, MEK, ERK, NF-κB, MMP-1 and MMP-9). This study is helpful to understand the latest advances in AST research in the development of anticancer drugs.

The Eastern Cape Province of South Africa has climatic conditions which differ from region to region. The groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, as it is the case with other crops, do not always perform equally well in the varying conditions. Abiotic stresses such as drought, extreme temperatures, and high soil acidity restrict plant growth. Lack of studies on adaptability of commercial groundnut cultivars in the Eastern Cape necessitated this study. Abiotic and biotic factors are not the only limiting factors: calcium availability in the soil is also a limiting factor in groundnut production. The aim of the study was to identify best suited cultivars for climatic conditions of Mthatha and Lusikisiki regions of the Eastern Cape. Two similar field experiments were conducted in the two locations with different climatic conditions. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in genotypes with respect to seed yield in both locations. Kwarts produced higher seed yield of 1155 kg ha-1 in Mthatha, while the same genotype produced low seed yield of 630 kg ha-1 in Lusikisiki location. In Lusikisiki the highest seed yield was recorded in Anel (936 kg ha-1) which produced low yield of 692 kg ha-1 in Mthatha. The genotypes that performed well in Mthatha in 2010/11 season included Kwarts, Nyanda, ICGV-SM 95714 and Mwenje. These genotypes were further used to investigate their response to calcium supplementation at flowering stage under conditions of Mthatha in the 2011/12 season. The results were significantly different for calcium absorption (P<0.05). Nyanda, Kwarts and Mwenje responded positively to calcium application at flowering stage producing relatively high yield of 153, 150 and 110 kg ha-1, respectively. Oil content was significantly increased by calcium application at flowering in Nyanda with 27.28% compared to 20.7% without Ca.

Oil sand mining operations in Alberta, Canada produce large quantities of process water and mature fine tailing (MFT) during the bitumen extraction process. Wet landscape reclamation is one of the reclamation strategies proposed to utilize process water and MFT in the creation of aquatic reclamation environments that are economically and environmentally acceptable. In the interest of utilizing nutrient enrichment and peat amendment to improve aquatic flora and fauna colonization in new oil sands aquatic reclamation, this microcosm study was designed to assess the phytoplankton and periphyton growth (summer 2008), as well as benthic invertebrate colonization (summer 2009). Peat amendment significantly increased the growth of phytoplankton and periphyton by providing sufficient nutrients (total nitrogen, total phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon) to the system. In reference wetland, benthic invertebrate colonization was significantly increased by utilizing sand as bottom substrate and decreased by MFT/Sand mixture as bottom substrate. In OSPM-affected wetland, benthic invertebrate colonization was not affected by utilizing MFT/Sand as bottom substrate. In comparison to OSPM-affected wetlands, reference wetland had larger number of benthic invertebrate families and higher total abundance. In this research, experimental microcosms were constructed in three reclamation wetlands with different types of reclamation materials as the bottom substrates (sand, MFT + sand) and amendments (nutrient and/or peat) added to optimize growing conditions for phytoplankton and periphyton, thus creating a biological detrital layer over unfavourable substrates to enhance benthic invertebrate colonization. The growth estimates of phytoplankton and periphyton on MFT + sand without amendment were low in comparison to the control (water only, no substrate). In comparison to sand, MFT + sand had higher growth estimates at OSPM-affected sites, but lower growth estimates at reference site. The growth estimates of phytoplankton and periphyton on MFT + sand were significantly increased with peat amendment. Nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) enrichment insignificantly improved the phytoplankton and periphyton growth. Peat amendments elevated the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon in the system and maintained these high concentrations throughout the experiment period. Nutrient enrichment only temporarily (less than 3 weeks) elevated nitrogen and phosphorus levels as the nutrients added were quickly utilized by the system. Benthic invertebrate colonization was assessed in the following year. Sand treatments had increased total abundance and numbers of families of benthic invertebrate compared to the mature sediments of the reference wetland. In oil sand process material (OSPM)-affected wetlands, sand treatments had slightly lower abundance and fewer numbers of families in comparison to the mature sediments. In comparison to sand treatments, MFT + sand treatments had decreased total abundance in the reference wetland but not in OSPM-affected wetlands that received MFT input during its construction. Peat amendment and nutrient enrichment had no impact on benthic invertebrate total abundance or composition.

This research investigated the natural recovery of upland boreal forest vegetation on a peat-mineral mix substrate in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta. Three sites, aged 26 to 34 years, were assessed to determine effects of substrate (pH, electrical conductivity, texture), topography, slope, aspect, hummock size, litter depth, tall shrub and tree stem densities, canopy cover, and tree ages on community composition and cover of upland boreal vegetation. Environmental variables that had the most influence on the plant communities were substrate texture (clay), tree canopy cover, and tall shrub stem density. The plant communities, which likely developed from early successional lowland communities, most closely approximate an upland boreal mixedwood forest in transition from an early to mid successional stage. Community development was concluded to be a product of measured environmental variables, with unmeasured factors such as propagule dispersal, germination conditions, and initial species composition also playing important roles.
Land Reclamation and Remediation

The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) endorsed the Reference Method for the Canada-Wide Standard (CWS) for Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHC) in Soil – Tier 1 Method in 2001. The purpose of the CWS is to provide laboratories with analytical methods for producing accurate and reproducible PHC soil chemistry analysis results. CWS PHC concentrations are reported according to the following carbon ranges/fractions: F1 (C6-C10), F2 (C10-C16), F3 (C16-C34) and F4 (>C34). The Canada-wide Standards for Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHC) in Soil provide generic soil quality guidelines for the each of the four PHC fractions. The CWS PHC extraction solvents inadvertently co-extract natural biogenic organic compounds (BOC) from organic soils. BOCs, such as waxes and fatty acids, are produced by living organisms such as plants, animals and microbes. PHC analysis of highly organic clean soils and manure compost can cause false exceedences of the F3 soil quality guidelines. This thesis presents a new mathematical Tier 2 approach to resolving biogenic interferences through the use of biogenic versus petrogenic Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) chromatogram patterns produced by the CWS PHC Tier 1 method. This approach is based on the results of four studies: i) 300-day crude oil contaminated peat and sand microcosm experiment; ii) 300-day diesel drilling waste contaminated manure compost and sand microcosm experiment; iii) PHC analysis of 14 light to heavy crude oils and iv) Canadian background PHC soil field survey. These studies determined that the clean soils and compost had F3 ranges that were dominated by the F3b sub-fraction range (C22-C34). In contrast, the F3a (C16-C22) and F3b sub-fraction ranges were evenly distributed in the 14 fresh light to heavy crude oils. The diesel drilling waste was strongly dominated by the F3a sub-fraction range. The second important trend was that F2 concentrations were either non-detectable or slightly detectable in all of the clean soils and compost samples. In contrast, F2 concentrations were strongly prevalent in all of the crude oils and in the diesel drilling waste. F2 and F3b concentrations were applied to the F2:F3b ratio, which identified PHC absence in the clean materials (<0.10 ratio) and PHC presence (>0.10 ratio) in the contaminated materials. The %F3a:%F3b distributions were applied to the BOC-adjusted PHC F3 calculation, which estimated true PHC F3 concentrations in the clean and contaminated soils and manure compost. The combination of these two approaches provided an accurate and efficient solution to resolving false detections of crude oil and diesel PHCs and false exceedences of F3 soil toxicity guidelines by in clean soils and compost.

Communicating science in three-dimensional (3D) multimedia is an immersive and interactive way to explore scientific processes (Signals and Communication Technology, 2019). Geovisualization is an emerging 3D multimedia method for visual analysis, synthesis, and presentation of geospatial, geologic, and geophysical data (MacEachren & Kraak, 2001). There is an identified need to develop scientific communication tools to further understand boreal peatland evolution, hydrogeology, ecology, and geochemistry (Bubier et al., 2003) since the International Union of Conservation of Nature asserts that peatlands are among the most valuable ecosystems on Earth, critical for preserving global biodiversity, providing drinking water, minimising flood risk, preventing wildfire, and mitigating climate change (Hama et al., 2000). The intention of this thesis is to communicate a novel approach to geovisualize boreal peatland architecture using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). GPR and LiDAR have been used to create 3D subsurface geovisualizations for archaeology (Kenady et al., 2018; Schultz & Martin, 2011) and resource geology (Corradini et al., 2020; Koyan & Tronicke, 2020) although application to peatland hydrogeology is uncommon. Point-source hydrogeological and geochemical data were integrated with 3D geological models to estimate carbon and nitrogen storage in an archetypal boreal peatland near Mariana Lakes, Alberta. Peatland geometry resembled a shallow lake basin with depths greatest in fens (>10 m) and thinnest in bogs (<2 m). Hydraulic conductivity was only a few meters per year and vertical groundwater movement was limited. Sequestered carbon and nutrients increased with depth. The average concentration of dissolved ammonium was 3 grams per cubic metre of peat (g/m3), 5g/m3of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, 60g/m3 of dissolved organic carbon and 200g/m3 of dissolved inorganic carbon. Tritium detection from atmospheric atomic weapons radionuclide fallout revealed that in deeper anaerobic peat (catotelm), tritium was absent, signifying groundwater was older than 50 years and not mixed with meteoric waters. Fen catotelm channels are likely acting as gravity-driven hydraulic traps (Tóth, 1999).
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