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1
Perea-Moreno, Miguel-Angel, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, and Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. "Peanut Shell for Energy: Properties and Its Potential to Respect the Environment." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 3254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093254.
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The peanut (Arachys hypogaea) is a plant of the Fabaceae family (legumes), as are chickpeas, lentils, beans, and peas. It is originally from South America and is used mainly for culinary purposes, in confectionery products, or as a nut as well as for the production of biscuits, breads, sweets, cereals, and salads. Also, due to its high percentage of fat, peanuts are used for industrialized products such as oils, flours, inks, creams, lipsticks, etc. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistical yearbook in 2016, the production of peanuts was 43,982,066 t, produced in 27,660,802 hectares. Peanuts are grown mainly in Asia, with a global production rate of 65.3%, followed by Africa with 26.2%, the Americas with 8.4%, and Oceania with 0.1%. The peanut industry is one of the main generators of agroindustrial waste (shells). This residual biomass (25–30% of the total weight) has a high energy content that is worth exploring. The main objectives of this study are, firstly, to evaluate the energy parameters of peanut shells as a possible solid biofuel applied as an energy source in residential and industrial heating installations. Secondly, different models are analysed to estimate the higher heating value (HHV) for biomass proposed by different scientists and to determine which most accurately fits the determination of this value for peanut shells. Thirdly, we evaluate the reduction in global CO2 emissions that would result from the use of peanut shells as biofuel. The obtained HHV of peanut shells (18.547 MJ/kg) is higher than other biomass sources evaluated, such as olive stones (17.884 MJ/kg) or almond shells (18.200 MJ/kg), and similar to other sources of biomass used at present for home and industrial heating applications. Different prediction models of the HHV value proposed by scientists for different types of biomass have been analysed and the one that best fits the calculation for the peanut shell has been determined. The CO2 reduction that would result from the use of peanut shells as an energy source has been evaluated in all production countries, obtaining values above 0.5 ‰ of their total emissions.
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Hassan, Amro B., Salah A. Al Maiman, Ghedeir M. Alshammari, Mohammed A. Mohammed, Haya F. Alhuthayli, Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed, Mohammed A. Alfawaz, Abu ElGasim A. Yagoub, Adil Fickak, and Magdi A. Osman. "Effects of Boiling and Roasting Treatments on the Content of Total Phenolics and Flavonoids and the Antioxidant Activity of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Pod Shells." Processes 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091542.
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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of boiling and roasting treatments on the phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of pod shells of two Sudanese peanut cultivars, Sodari and Ghabiash. The samples were subjected to a boiling process (1:5 w/v; 20 g/100 mL) at 100 °C for 45 min and a roasting treatment at 180 °C for 30 min. Results revealed that both cultivars are rich in phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity in their shell. The boiling and dry roasting treatments significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of the peanut shell for both peanut cultivars. The shells of Ghabiash peanut cultivar exhibited higher bioactive properties than the shells of Sodari cultivar, in which these properties were highly improved by roasting and boiling treatments. In general, peanut shells can serve as an important underutilized by-product, particularly after roasting treatment, for potential applications in food formulations.
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Wang, Hongqiang, Lieyu Zhang, and Hong Liu. "Elimination of Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. by modified walnut and peanut shells with phosphoric acid." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 47, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v47i4.47357.
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The phosphoric acid modified walnut and peanut shell were prepared and applied for the removal of the blue-green alga (Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.). Orthogonal experiment was used to optimize the modified condition. For the efficient removal, 0.05 g of the modified walnut and peanut shell was added into 50 ml of algal culture and kept standing for 4 hrs. This condition was found best and under which the removal rate of algae can be reached > 90%. At the same time, a comparison between unmodified walnut and peanut shell and modified walnut and peanut shell on the removal of M. aeruginosa cells showed that, unmodified walnut and peanut shell have a removal rate of 31.51 and 29.90%, respectively. On the other hand, the modified walnut and peanut shell showed a removal rate of 96.55 and 93.75%, respectively. Walnut and peanut shells modified with phosphoric acid enhanced the removal efficiency of M. aeruginosa cells. So, the modified walnut and peanut shell were considered as a potential algaecide with high efficiency of obnoxious algae removal from the environment safely.
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Novianto, Esna Dilli, Monica Sonia Indri Pradipta, Suwasdi Suwasdi, Mahdalina Mursilati, and Surya Bagus Purnomo. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Agroindustri Kacang Tanah Sebagai Media Pertumbuhan Mikrobia Probiotik Lactobacillus bulgaricus." AGRITEKNO: Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jagritekno.2020.9.1.35.
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The increase of peanut-based agro-industry today, cause a significant increase in the number of waste products in the form of peanut shells. This can cause a problem to the environment due to insoluble carbohydrate fiber molecules in peanuts. However, the cellulose in peanut waste can be used as useful material, such as prebiotic, which plays a role in the growth of probiotic bacteria. Nowadays, inulin is used as a source of prebiotics in food additives or health supplements. However, its limited availability and high prices have an impact on the cost of finished products. This research was aimed to identify and to analyze the crude extracts of peanut shells waste as a prebiotic substitution material. The crude extract of peanut shells waste was used as a growth medium for the probiotic, Lactobacillus bulgaricus. A completely randomized experimental design with levels of treatments, i.e., 0% (negative control), 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% of peanut shell extracts, as well as inulin as a positive control was applied in this research to analyze bacterial growth. The parameters observed in this study were the morphology of bacterial colonies, gram staining, and growth curve analysis. The results showed that 60% concentration of peanut shells extract effectively increased the growth of L. bulgaricus at 6 and 10 hours. Cellulose in rough extracts of peanut shells can be used as a carbon source for bacterial growth.
Keywords: peanut shells, prebiotics, probiotics
ABSTRAK
Peningkatan agroindustri berbahan dasar kacang tanah menyebabkan jumlah limbah kulit kacang tanah meningkat secara signifikan, sehingga berdampak pada pencemaran lingkungan. Selulosa pada kulit kacang tanah masih dapat digunakan sebagai bahan prebiotik. Senyawa prebiotik berperan dalam menumbuhkan bakteri probiotik. Pada umumnya, inulin digunakan sebagai sumber prebiotik pada bahan tambahan makanan atau suplemen kesehatan. Ketersediaan yang terbatas dan harga yang mahal berdampak pada harga produk jadi yang lebih mahal. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi dan menguji ekstrak kasar limbah agroindustri berupa kulit kacang tanah sebagai bahan substitusi prebiotik. Ekstrak kasar yang didapatkan dari limbah kulit kacang tanah digunakan sebagai media pertumbuhan bakteri probiotik, Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Rancangan acak lengkap satu faktor perlakuan digunakan untuk uji pertumbuhan bakteri L. bulgaricus. Variasi konsentrasi ekstrak kulit kacang tanah 0% (kontrol negatif), 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% digunakan sebagai perlakuan pada penelitian ini, sedangkan inulin sebagai kontrol positif. Parameter yang diamati pada penelitian inin adalah morfologi koloni bakteri, pengecatan gram dan analisis kurva pertumbuhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kulit kacang tanah konsentrasi 60% efektif meningkatkan pertumbuhan bakteri L. bulgaricus di jam ke-6 dan jam ke-10. Selulosa pada esktrak kasar kulit kacang tanah digunakan sebagai sumber karbon untuk pertumbuhan bakteri.
Kata kunci: kulit kacang tanah, prebiotik, probiotik
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Santos, Cristiano Vieira dos, Ana Elisa Bressan Smith Lourenzani, Mario Mollo, Leonardo Alexandre Lopes, and Paulo Sérgio Barbosa dos Santos. "Study of the biogas potential generated from residue: peanut shells." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais (Online) 56, no. 2 (2021): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z21769478765.
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The increase in agricultural production generates a large volume of waste, which may lead to concerns about its proper destination. The main economic activity in Herculândia City, Western region of São Paulo State, Brazil, is the production and processing of peanuts. In this process, a large volume of peanut shells is generated. Following the current movement of using waste for energy purposes, in compliance with what was established by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this work aimed to carry out a study on the biogas potential generated from peanut shells. To this end, a low-cost biodigester prototype was built, which, over a period of 108 days, produced biogas and biofertilizer. The results showed that there was production of biogas from peanut waste; however, the volume produced did not provide savings in electricity costs when compared to the production of biogas from animal waste. Nevertheless, the work demonstrated the importance of providing solutions to the disposal of peanut shells, effectively mitigating future environmental problems, and serving as an alternative for generating sustainable and low-cost energy, especially for small producers.
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Ginzberg, I., A. Tubi, O. Buchshtab, S. Wininger, B. Ben-Dor, E. Fogelman, and Y. Kapulnik. "Soil Type and Wetness Affect Tint of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Pod Shell." Peanut Science 37, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps09-028.1.
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Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a globally important legume crop that is utilized fresh, roasted, or pressed for oil products. A substantial market exists for in-shell peanuts, and shell color is an important factor affecting price — consumers favor bright yellow. Field observations have indicated that the type of soil in which the peanut pods develop can affect shell color and tint. Field and greenhouse experiments in which plants were grown in sandy soil while pods were allowed to develop in various tested soils verified this primary observation: sandy soils resulted in bright-yellow shells, dark soils (such as peat) resulted in a darker shell color, while loess soils resulted in intermediate shell colors. Incubation of peanut pods in saturated soil solutions or filtered soil extracts inferred the existence of two opposing processes that may affect shell color: adherence of water-soluble soil components to the shell surface, and the washing-off of shell material from this surface. Overhead irrigation with a reduced amount of water or watering with a subsurface drip system concealed at a depth of 25 cm resulted in brighter shell colors than applying the normal amount of water by overhead irrigation. These data suggest that reducing soil wetness in the pod-development zone may increase shell brightness. Field experiments also indicating that final shell color is determined towards the end of pod development, suggesting that soil wetness in the pod-development zone should be controlled during at least the last 4 weeks of growth, to maintain a low level of wetness.
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Baird, R. E., T. B. Brenneman, D. K. Bell, D. R. Sumner, N. A. Minton, B. G. Mullinix, and A. B. Peery. "Influence of crop rotation and flutolanil on the diversity of fungi on peanut shells." Phytoprotection 76, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706089ar.
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Soilborne pathogens of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) often survive or over winter on peanut shells left on or in the soil. The effects of different crop rotations on the peanut shell mycobiota were compared in three field trials in 1992 and repeated in 1993. In two of the trials, plots grown continuously to peanut were either treated with the fungicide flutolanil or left untreated. Rotation practices varied with location and the crops in rotation with peanut were cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), rye (Secale cereale), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), and corn (Zea mays). In total, 31 different gene of fungi were isolated from shells. Over two-thirds of the isolates were Deuteromycotina, followed in frequency by Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Phycomycetes. The rotation practices affected the incidence of several pathogenic fungi (e.g., Fusarium spp., and Lasiodiplodia theobromae) in the peanut shells, but the results were not consistent across trials or years. Bahiagrass or corn grown in rotation with peanut reduced the frequency of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 in shells. Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2 and Macrophomina phaseolina were isolated at a greater level in the bahiagrass-peanut rotation. Where peanut was rotated with cotton with or without a winter cover crop of rye, plots containing rye had lower isolation rates for total fungi in 1992 than those without rye, but there was no différence in 1993. Also, several species of Fusarium were isolated more frequently from shells from plots rotated with rye. Flutolanil significantly lowered isolation rates of several fungi, including R. solani AG-4, in one trial in 1992. Total fungi isolated (all fungal isolates combined) in the flutolanil-treated plots were greater in 1993, but not in 1992 at one site. Isolation rates for the different gene and species of fungi differed on the two media utilized (malt-extract agar and malt-salt agar). In particular, Alternaria alternata and species of Fusarium were isolated more frequently on malt-salt agar, whereas L theobromae, R. solani AG-4 and Trichoderma spp. were more common on malt-extract agar.
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Li, Pengtao, Amin Cai, Kris Descovich, Tong Fu, Hongxia Lian, Tengyun Gao, and Clive J. C. Phillips. "A Comparison of Rice Husks and Peanut Shells as Bedding Materials on Dairy Cows’ Preferences, Behaviour, and Health." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071887.
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The provision and quality of bedding materials affect the behaviour, welfare, and health of dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the preference, behaviour, cleanliness, and physiological status of cows on three bedding materials, peanut shells, rice husks, and a combination of two-thirds peanut shells, one-third rice husk. In an initial experiment, 15 nonlactating, pregnant Holstein cows had free access to all 3 bedding treatments for 39 d. Cows spent more time lying down on rice husk (337 min/d) than on peanut–rice combination (212 min/d) and peanut shell (196 min/d) (p < 0.05), and lay down most often on rice husk (4.35 bouts/d) than on peanut shell (2.55 bouts/d) (p < 0.05) but did not differ between peanut shells and peanut–rice combinations in terms of lying time and lying bouts. In Experiment 2, 12 nonlactating cows were used to assess the effects of the 3 bedding materials on dairy cow behaviour, cleanliness, serum indicators, and productivity. The total duration of lying down (PS: 699.1 min/d, PRC: 645.6 min/d, RH: 852.5 min/d), the frequency of bouts of lying down (PS: 8.7 bouts/d, PRC: 7.6 bouts/d, RH: 11.1 bouts/d), and the mean duration of lying bouts (PS: 83.5 min/bouts, PRC: 91.8 min/bouts, RH: 81.4 min/bouts) did not differ between treatments. Similarly, no differences in eating or drinking behaviour of dairy cows were observed. In terms of hygiene, cleanliness scores did not differ between the three bedding materials, but udder and flank cleanliness decreased and improved, respectively. In addition, treatments did not affect serum metabolites or productivity of the cows. In summary, daily behaviour, serum metabolites, and productivity of dairy cows were all within the normal range, and no statistical differences occurred between the three bedding materials, although cows showed a preference for rice husk when given access to all three bedding materials at the same time. Finally, the results suggest that bedding comprised of peanut shells and peanut–rice combinations are all suitable for maintaining the health and comfort of dairy cows.
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Zhao, Xin, Chao Yu Hu, and Xu Yan. "Adsorption of Hexavalent Chrome in Wastewater by Peanut Shell." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3029–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3029.
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In order to investigate the adsorption of hexavalent chrome in wastewater by peanut shell, the orthogonal test was designed to find the best adsorption conditions such as pH value, temperature, adsorption time and adsorbent dosage etc. The results show that the peanut shell is a kind of economic and efficient absorbent; hexavalent chrome removal rate can reach more than 85%, when the hexavalent chrome wastewater concentration is 30mg/L, dosing 1g peanut shells into 50mg wastewater, adjusting pH value to 2.0, adsorbing 300min at room temperature.
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Winangun, Kuntang, Fauzan Masykur, M. Malyadi, and Rendy Cahyono. "Characteristics of Peanut Skin Briquettes and Rice Husk Using the Torefaction Method in a Microwave Oven." R.E.M. (Rekayasa Energi Manufaktur) Jurnal 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/r.e.m.v4i2.807.
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Biomass briquettes are an alternative to fossil energy. Biomass briquette material has a large capacity and is easily available in the surrounding environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of water content, value of ash content, value of volatile matter content, value of bound carbon content and calorific value of mixed briquettes of peanut shell and rice husk with three different percentages. First a mixture of 30% peanut shell and 70% rice husk, second a mixture of 50% peanut shell and 50% rice husk, third a mixture of 70% peanut shell and 30% rice husk. From the results of the research data, it can be seen that the lowest water content is in a mixture of 70% peanut shells and 30% rice husks of 14.225. The lowest value of ash content was found in a mixture of 70% peanut shell and 30% rice husk at 13.873%. The lowest value of volatile substances was found in a mixture of 30% peanut shell and 70% rice husk at 36.712%. The highest value of bound carbon content was found in a mixture of 30% peanut shell and 70% rice husk at 27.028% and the highest calorific value was found in a mixture of 70% peanut shell and 30% rice husk at 5834.60 cal / g.
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Uçkun, Okşan, and Işıl Var. "Microbiological Quality of Peanuts: From Field to Consumption." Sustainable Food Production 4 (December 2018): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/sfp.4.31.
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Peanuts, including shelled peanuts, unshelled peanuts and roasted peanuts which are ready to eat foods, recently appeared as possible sources of infection with foodborne bacteria besides the high levels of aflatoxins. Peanuts which are taken from harvest, storage and snack shops were evaluated for the presence of Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp; also total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliforms, E.coli. and yeasts and moulds, were enumerated.A total of 92 samples were found to be clean in terms of Salmonella and E-coli O157: H7, but only in 1 of the samples of shelled peanut taken from harvest found Listeria spp. Shelled peanut samples collected from harvest and storage were found to be contaminated in terms of microorganisms, however, microbiological contamination was found to be less in the samples obtained when the shells of the same specimens were removed.In addition, in terms of microorganisms it was observed that the shell free samples taken from storage were dirtier than the samples which was being removed the shell taken from storage. Shell-free (unpackaged) roasted peanuts samples purchased from the snack shops was found clean in terms of the pathogens. When salt and heat treatment applied over 4%, existing microorganisms can be damaged. Besides, the water activity value of the product can reduce the level of that microorganisms growth. Therefore, processed peanuts are safer in the environment in which they are stored, unless the relative humidity increase and is not subject to cross-contamination.
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Macatangay, P. M., E. C. Mangundayao, and C. A. M. Rosales. "Utilization of Agricultural Wastes in the Manufacture of Composite Boards." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 29, no. 2 (December 20, 2012): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.59.
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Development of useful composite materials out of agricultural waste has become a desirable option in recycling. This led to the production of composite boards being used in the construction industry. In this paper, three types of available agricultural wastes in the province of Batangas — peanut shells, corn husks and banana sheath — were independently utilized in the production of composite boards. The raw materials were either air or sun dried, then crushed (for peanut shells) and extracted (for banana sheath and corn husks) before mixing with the binder. Urea formaldehyde (UF) was used as binder for peanut shells and banana sheaths while cleaned used plastic bags were chopped and mixed with corn husks before subjecting to hot compress machine. For each mat, the followingproportions were used:1000 gm banana fibres, 500 gm of UF mixed with 250 gm of water; 720 gm of crushed peanut shells, 133 gm UF with 12% resin content; 40% corn husks, 60% plastic strips by weight. The physical and mechanical characteristics like modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond, face screw head test (FSHT) or Nail Head Pull through (NHPT), water absorption and thicknessswelling were determined for each board and the results were compared to the values set by the Philippine National Standards (PNS). Based on statistical results, the corn husk-plastic composite boards conformed to all parameters in the PNS; the density, thickness swelling, IBS, and NHPT/ FSHT of peanut shell-resin composite boards conformed to the PNS; and the thickness swelling,density, MOR and NHPT/FSHT of the banana sheath-UF composite boards conformed to the PNS.
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Jiang, Yi Hua, and Xin Long Jiang. "The Adsorption Behavior of Modified Peanut Shells for Cr (VI)." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2189.
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The adsorption of Cr(VI) by modified peanut shell has been investigated using chemical methods and IR spectrometry. The optimal condition for the adsorption of Cr(VI) by modified peanut shell is at 308 K and pH = 1.0, which gives a static saturated adsorption capacity of 14.15 mg·g-1, an apparent adsorption rate constant of k298 = 2.43 × 10-4 s-1, and an apparent adsorption activation energy of 10.58 kJ·mol-1. The adsorption follows the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the liquid film diffusion is the controlling process of the adsorption. The adsorption thermodynamic parameters are ΔH = 125.58 kJ·mol-1, ΔS = 0.473 9 kJ·mol-1·K-1, ΔG = -17.81– -27.27 kJ·mol-1. Small amount of desorption is observed only at pH > 11. Adsorption mechanism of modified peanut shells for Cr(VI) was both physical adsorption and chemical adsorption of adsorbent "adsorption-oxidation and reduction processes".
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Kandala, Chari V., and Jaya Sundaram. "Estimation of Mass Ratio of the Total Kernels within a Sample of In-Shell Peanuts Using RF Impedance Method." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/375430.
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It would be useful to know the total kernel mass within a given mass of peanuts (mass ratio) while the peanuts are bought or being processed. In this work, the possibility of finding the mass ratio while the peanuts were in their shells was investigated. Capacitance, phase angle, and dissipation factor measurements on a parallel-plate capacitor holding in-shell peanut samples were made at frequencies from 1 to 10 MHz insteps of 1 MHz. A calibration equation was developed by multilinear regression analysis correlating the percentage ratio of the kernel weight with the measured capacitance, dissipation factor, and phase angle values of in-shell peanut samples with known kernel weights. The equation was used to predict the percentage mass ratio in the validation groups. Fitness of calibration model was verified using standard error of calibration, root mean square error of calibration, and leverage and influence plots. The predictability percentage, within 1% and 2% of the visual determination, was calculated by comparing the kernel mass ratio, obtained by the model equation and the reference value obtained by visual determination. Cross-validation gave 96% and 100% predictability, and external validation gave 87% and 98% predictability within 1% and 2% difference, respectively.
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Qadri, S. B., B. B. Rath, E. P. Gorzkowski, and C. R. Feng. "SiC/Si3N4 nanotubes from peanut shells." AIP Advances 6, no. 6 (June 2016): 065009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4954058.
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Abdul Monem, Zainab M., Jawad K. Oleiwi, and Qahtan A. Hamad. "Effect of peanut and walnut shells powders on tensile properties and morphological test by using heat cured PMMA as a matrix for prosthetic Denture." Engineering and Technology Journal 39, no. 2A (February 25, 2021): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i2a.1730.
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In the current Research , the heat cured matrix material powder of PMMA was reinforced with peanut and walnut shells (natural powders) which are chemically treated with 5% (w/v) (NaOH) to improve the matrix bonding (PMMA) before being used as a reinforcing powder and adding to exactly similar averages particle sizes ≤ (53µm), with different weight fractions of (4, 8, and 12 wt.%). The ASTM D638 is used for composite specimens of the tensile test. The results indicated that the Elastic modulus values reached its maximum value at (8 wt.%.) when reinforced with peanut shells particles (1.053Gpa) , while ,the values of tensile strength, elongation percentage at break, decrease as the weight fraction of peanut and walnut shells powder increase and the lowest values is obtained by reinforcing with peanut shells particles to reach their minimum values at (12 wt.%.) where the lowest values of them are (29 MPa, 2.758% ) respectively. The fracture surface morphology of pure PMMA seemed to be homogenous morphology in (SEM) test, whereas the fracture surface morphology of PMMA composite reinforced by (peanut and walnut shells) powders and shows a roughness fracture surface morphology this refer to semi ductile to ductile materials.
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Di, Junzhen, and Mingxin Wang. "Experimental study on treating agate dyeing wastewater with sulfate-reducing bacteria strengthening peanut shells and scrap iron." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 4 (May 16, 2017): 939–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.259.
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To solve the problems of high concentrations of Cr6+, SO42- and H+ in agate dyeing industrial wastewater and heavy pollution and high treating cost, single-factor and orthogonal experiments were conducted to determine the optimum particle size, the ratio of adsorbents dosing and hydraulic retention time based on peanut shells and scrap iron. Experiments, using five dynamic columns filled with the peanut shells, scrap iron and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), were also conducted to determine the effect and mechanism of treating the wastewater. The results show that the best treatment effect was obtained when the diameter of peanut shells was 3 mesh, scrap iron being 60 mesh size, scrap iron and peanut shells with a ratio of 1:2, and hydraulic retention time being 24 h. By the comprehensive comparison of five groups of columns, the treating effect of column 4 was best, in which the removal rate of SO42- and Cr6+ was 30.17% and 88.36% respectively before adding the microorganisms, and 25.34% and 99.31% respectively after adding the microorganisms. The average of chemical oxygen demand (COD) release quantity was 62.11 and 513.75 mg·L−1, and the average effluent pH was 7.09 and 7.93 before and after addition of microorganisms respectively. In conclusion, peanut shells, scrap iron and SRB had a certain synergistic effect on treating agate dyeing wastewater.
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Nasser, Sílvia M., Elen A. M. Morales, Luiz E. R. Pereira, Rafael A. P. Eugenio, João C. Biazzon, Mauri P. Lima, Marcus A. P. Bueno, et al. "Mechanical analysis of bamboo and agro-industrial residue one-layer particleboard." BioResources 15, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 2163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.2163-2170.
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A high-density particleboard composed of peanut shells (Arachis hypogaea L.), an agro-industrial residue, and bamboo wastes of the species Dendrocalamus giganteus (branches and apical part), bonded with a two-component polyurethane resin based on castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) in the proportion of 12% of the particleboard mass, was produced. Four types of specimens were prepared according to the percentage of peanut shells: 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. Mechanical characteristics were evaluated through the flexural strength tests for modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, perpendicular traction, and screw pull resistance. The particleboard reached an average density of 917.2 kg/m3, meaning that it could be classified as high-density particleboard. The results of the mechanical tests indicated that the specimens containing a mixture in the proportion of 90% bamboo and 10% peanut hull presented the best mechanical strength. The experiment produced particleboards with a satisfactory mechanical physical performance that met the standards ABNT NBR 14.810-2 and ANSI A208-1, supporting the use of the peanut shell residue in the manufacture of particleboards to be used in internal environments and allowing the applicability of this residue through additional value.
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Fadhil, Hwazen S. "Flexural and Impact Properties of Epoxy composites Reinforced with Peanut Shell Particles." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 7A (August 4, 2020): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i7a.584.
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Natural materials have been extensively used as reinforcements in polymer matrices instead of non-degradable synthetic reinforcement such as carbon, glass or aramid. The use is because of their low density, good mechanical properties, availability, and biodegradability. Peanut shell is one such natural waste filler used, and it contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Natural fiber/particle sources are not only strong and lightweight but are relatively very cheap. This paper offers the comparison of the flexural, and impact energy test properties of the peanut shell reinforced with the epoxy resin matrix. Peanut shells add into the epoxy resin matrix with various weight fractions (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) and have been fabricated by hand lay-up procedure. Flexural strength and flexural modulus changed from (140MPa) to (160 MPa), and from (2 GPa) to (7.79 GPa) respectively, impact strength, and fracture toughness changed from (2.5 KJ/m2) to (7 KJ/m2), and from (2.23 MPa.m1/2) to (7.07 MPa.m1/2), respectively as a function of the particle weight fraction. The highest flexural strength and modulus obtained samples (reinforced 4% wt. peanut shell), while samples (reinforced +8% wt. peanut shell) provided the highest impact strength and fracture toughness.
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Wibowo, Santiyo, and Ningseh Lestari. "Effect of Peanut Shell Torrefaction on Qualities of The Produced Bio-pellet." Reaktor 18, no. 04 (March 31, 2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.18.04.183-193.
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Peanut shells could be regarded as biomass wastes generated from agricultural products, which are abundantly available. The current handling of those wastes is merely through direct incineration, without a proper and controlled manner. Consequently, it could arouse environmental concerns, such as air pollution and human respiratory diseases. One alternative solution is converting those peanut shells to bio-pellet, expectedly applicable for fuels. Relevantly, research on bio-pellet manufacture from peanut shells, previously treated with the torrefaction, was conducted. It’s aimed mainly to identify the fuel-related characteristics of bio-pellet products. The tested bio-pellet parameters covered, moisture content, ash content, volatile matters, fixed carbon content, calorific values, and density. The results revealed that torrefaction temperature and time at raw materials (peanut shells) could improve their qualities in regard to particular calorific value compared to those before such torrefaction; which referred to Indonesia’s Standard (SNI-8021-2014) for wood bio-pellet. Further, torrefaction could increase bio-pellet quality which satisfied the SNI’s Standard, except for ash content. Optimal torrefaction treatment was obtained at 300oC temperature for 60 minutes, whereby it achieved remarkable bio-pellet characteristics in terms of moisture content (3.092%), ash content (6.116%), volatile matters (38.387%), fixed carbon (55.447%), calorific value (6174 cal/g), and density (0.703 g/cm3). The torrefaction bio-pellets from peanut shells could achieve remarkable performances, with respect to fuel consumption rate (0.68 kg/hr), heating value (6174 kcal/kg), and thermal efficiency (16.67%).
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Arthur, Frank H., and Richard A. Simonaitis. "Esfenvalerate Residue Accumulation on Peanuts, Cocoa Beans, and Tobacco during a Simulated Storage Season2." Journal of Entomological Science 27, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.4.285.
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Farmers stock peanuts, bagged cocoa beans, exposed tobacco, and boxed tobacco were exposed to daily applications of 0.02 g AI esfenvalerate per 28.3 m3 (1,000 ft3) for 235 consecutive days. Residue accumulation on peanut shells and peanut kernels ranged from 0.2 - 22.9 ppm and 13.1 - 189.6 ppb, respectively. The bag containing the cocoa beans apparently trapped most of the insecticide residue, and residues on whole beans and roasted nibs ranged from 10.4 - 452.2 and 9.6 - 118.5 ppb, respectively. Residue accumulation on exposed tobacco ranged from 0.2 - 31.1 ppm, but residues on boxed tobacco were above minimum detectable levels on only 2 of 11 sample dates.
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LORDELLO, RUBENS RODOLFO ALBUQUERQUE, ANA INES LUCENA LORDELLO, and IGNÁCIO JOSÉ DE GODOY. "OCCURRENCE OF MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA PARASITING ROOTS AND NODULES OF PEANUTS IN PARAGUAY." Bragantia 56, no. 1 (1997): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0006-87051997000100009.
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The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949, was identified in roots, nodules and shells of peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.), cv. Florman-INTA, collected from a field in Menno colony, Chaco Central region of Paraguay. Infected plants were observed in patches, showing wilting and drying of vegetative parts. Peanut had been grown ininterruptly for many years in the same area and patches had already been observed in the preceding year in cv. Starr. Nematodes collected from roots in this field reproduced on tomato cultivar rutgers and peanut cultivar florunner and produced egg-masses on roots, nodules and shells of cultivar Florman. This is the first report on M. javanica parasiting peanut in Paraguay.
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Goudsmit, Jaap. "Lots of peanut shells but no elephant." Nature 416, no. 6877 (March 2002): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/416125a.
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Azaizeh, H. A., R. E. Pettit, O. D. Smith, and R. A. Tabef. "Reaction of Peanut Genotypes under Drought Stress to Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus1." Peanut Science 16, no. 2 (July 1, 1989): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-16-2-12.
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Abstract Seven peanut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) were tested in greenhouse and microplot experiments during two consecutive years to determine peanut peg colonization by Aspergillus flavus and to determine the effect of two drought stress treatments on the susceptibility of peanut shells and kernels to Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination. Moisture tensions within the soil and temperatures of the soil and air were monitored during these experiments. Colonization of peanut pegs was inconsistent among genotypes and between years. In general, low soil moisture tension enhanced colonization of peanut shells and kernels. Shells of most genotypes were highly colonized after harvest from each moisture regime. Kernels of all genotypes were more susceptible to A. flavus and A. parasiticus colonization under both long and short drought stress conditions compared to non-stressed conditions. However, no significant differences were obtained in the degree of Aspergillus infestation of kernels from PI 337409, Starr, and J-11 in the greenhouse experiments. Under microplot conditions, acomparison of several genotypes revealed that kernels from plants of genotypes TX811956 and TX798736 (short stress treatments) contained significantly lower Aspergillus infestation and kernels from the genotypes PI 337409 and TX811956 and TX798736 contained significantly less aflatoxin.
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Stevanny, Bella, Tungki Pratama Umar, Junoretta Haviva Ernanto, and Rachmat Hidayat. "Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Shells Extract and Apis dorsata Honey Reduce Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 in Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritic Rats." Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 6, no. 3 (November 19, 2020): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jbtr.v6i3.7908.
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Background: Osteoarthritis is the most common degenerative joint disease worldwide but its treatment can cause serious adverse events. Ethanol extract of peanut shells contains luteolin functioned as its main anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective agent. Apis dorsata honey also contains anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, especially from Tualang honey type. Both have the potential to reduce inflammation and prevent articular degradation in osteoarthritis.Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of peanut shells extract and Apis dorsata honey on matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) level in monosodium iodoacetate-induced (MIA) osteoarthritic rats.Methods: In this in vivo study, female Wistar rats (n=27) were randomly divided to nine groups containing three rats each. Treatment was given to group 1, 2, and 3: Tualang honey (TH) 25% + peanut shells extract (PSE) with 1%, 5%, and 10% concentration; group 4, 5, and 6: TH 50% + PSE with 1%, 5%, and 10% concentration; group 7: diclofenac sodium (positive control); group 8: aquadest (negative control); and group 9: aquadest (normal) for 10 days. We induced knee osteoarthritis by intraarticular injection of MIA in day 4. Anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective activities were evaluated with MMP-3 ELISA.Results: The mixture of peanut shells extract and Apis dorsata honey significantly reduced MMP-3 level in group 1 (331.12 pg/ml), group 2 (291.73 pg/ml), group 3 (266.58 pg/ml), group 4 (274.15 pg/ml), group 5 (251.12 pg/ml), and group 6 (220.52 pg/ml) after 10 days of treatment. MMP-3 level was also evaluated in group 7 (169.61 pg/ml), group 8 (413.55 pg/ml), and group 9 (39 pg/ml). Compared to the negative control group, treatment and diclofenac groups showed significant effect in reducing MMP-3 level in patello-femoral articular cartilage.Conclusion: Peanut shells extract and Apis dorsata honey showed antiinflammatory and chondroprotective effect by reducing MMP-3 level in MIA-induced osteoarthritic rats.
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Bieak, Nicole, and Brian R. George. "Utilization of Peanut Shell Fibers in Nonwoven Erosion Control Materials." International Nonwovens Journal os-12, no. 4 (December 2003): 1558925003os—12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925003os-1200414.
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Every year large quantities of peanut shells are disposed of due to a lack of uses for these materials. The current research focuses on utilizing fibers from peanut shells for use in non-woven fabrics. This required creating a method of obtaining fibers from the shells, which was not highly time intensive. Once fibers were obtained they were characterized and formed into nonwoven fabrics via wet laid web formation and latex bonding, although other methods of web formation and bonding were attempted. The fibers were determined to be weak yet stiff, in comparison with other textile fibers. The resulting fabrics were evaluated for strength, light transmittance, and water resistance, to determine their suitability as erosion control fabrics. The results were compared to those for commercial erosion control fabrics. The peanut fiber fabrics had some similar properties to the commercial fabrics, which indicate that these fabrics may be suitable for this purpose.
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Lewicka, Katarzyna. "Activated carbons prepared from hazelnut shells, walnut shells and peanut shells for high CO2 adsorption." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2017-0025.
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Abstract Research treats about producing activated carbons for CO2 capture from hazelnut shells (HN), walnut shells (WN) and peanut shells (PN). Saturated solution of KOH was used as an activating agent in ratio 1:1. Samples were carbonized in the furnace in the range of temperatures 600°C–900°C. Properties of carbons were tested by N2 adsorption method, using BET equation, DFT method and volumetric CO2 adsorption method. With the increase of carbonization temperature specific surface area of studied samples increased. The largest surface area was calculated for samples carbonized at 900°C and the highest values of CO2 adsorption had samples: PN900 at 0°C (5.5 mmol/g) and WN900 at 25°C (4.34 mmol/g). All of the samples had a well-developed microporous structure.
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Hanik, Nur Rokhimah, Sri Harsono, and Anwari Adi Nugroho. "Selection of Peanut Skin as a Growing Medium for Moon Orchid (Phalaenopsis amabilis)." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 20, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v20i2.1896.
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Ferns are a planting medium that is commonly used in Phalaenopsis cultivation, but the growing demand for fern will increase the selling price and the availability of fern is limited. So a solution is needed to reduce the maintenance and maintenance costs by utilizing peanut shells as a growth medium. The purpose of this study is: 1. To determine the effect of peanut skin media on the growth of Phalaenopsis amabilis month orchid 2. To find out better which influence between fern media, fern media plus peanut skins, or peanut skin media on orchid growth month of Phalaenopsis amabilis. When the research began in May 2019 until October 2019. The research object was in the form of a 4-5 month-old orchid, the research location in the Biology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangun Nusantara University, Sukoharjo. Simple randomized study design with three treatments. Treatment A by giving fern media, treatment B by giving fern media mixed with peanut skin, and treatment C by giving peanut skin media. The research variables are the number of leaves, leaf length, leaf area, number of roots and root length measured once a week for 8 weeks. Data analysis with 2. Variance Test (Anova or Kruskal Wallis test) 3. Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) or Moods Median Test. From the results of the study it was found that all observed growth variables (number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, leaf area, number of roots, average root length, and wet weight) were treated with fern, mixed (Fern and peanut shell) media, and media of peanut skin, there was no significant difference in the effect on the growth of the month orchid. Which means that the three types of media both have an influence on the growth of Phalaenopsis amabilis month orchids. media ferns and peanut shells have their advantages and disadvantages of each. So it can be concluded that, 1. The use of peanut skin media can affect the growth of Phalaenopsis amabilis month orchids. 2. Media fern, a mixture of fern media and peanut skins, and peanut skin media can provide the same effect on the growth of Phalaenopsis amabilis month orchids. From the results of the study it can be recommended that peanut skins can be used as a medium or a mixture of growing media of Phalaenopsis amabilis orchids.
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Yao, Xiwen, Kaili Xu, and Yu Liang. "Analytical Pyrolysis Study of Peanut Shells using TG-MS Technique and Characterization for the Waste Peanut Shell Ash." Journal of Residuals Science & Technology 13, no. 4 (2016): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/issn.1544-8053/13/4/7.
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Rico, Xiana, Beatriz Gullón, José Luis Alonso, Juan Carlos Parajó, and Remedios Yáñez. "Valorization of peanut shells: Manufacture of bioactive oligosaccharides." Carbohydrate Polymers 183 (March 2018): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.009.
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Begum, Hosne Ara, Md Ariful Islam, and Tanvir Muslim. "Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Adsorption of Aqueous Crystal Violet by Peanut Shells." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 17, no. 2 (February 21, 2015): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v17i2.22335.
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In the present study, the ability of a non-conventional biosorbent, peanut shells (PnS) for the removal of crystal violet (CV), a cationic dye, from aqueous solution was evaluated. The surface zero point charge (pHzpc) of peanut shells was estimated and found to be 6.27. Batch adsorption experiments were performed and system variables were investigated including contact time, initial dye concentration, temperature and pH of the solution. The estimated equilibrium time was found to be 4 hours. The adsorption of CV on PnS was found to increase with the increment of initial concentration of CV solution and pH of the medium. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir and Freunlich isotherms. The best result was achieved with Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption rates were found to be consistent with a pseudo-second-order model. The result showed that the amount of CV adsorbed decreased with the increase of temperature. It suggested that the adsorption occurred due to physical interaction and it was favorable at lower temperature. The value of activation energy Ea (11.27 kJ mol?1) revealed that adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The adsorption of crystal violet by peanut shell suggests that this adsorbent may be evaluated for removal of other dyes produced and/or used in pharmaceutical process industries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v17i2.22335 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 17(2): 163-171, 2014
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Cho, C. H., M. Hatsu, and K. Takamizawa. "The production of D-xylose by enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural wastes." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 12 (June 1, 2002): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0414.
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Agricultural wastes, rich in D-xylose content, were hydrolyzed using the mixed crude enzymes produced by Penicillium sp. AHT-1 and Rhizomucor pusillus HHT-1. Shells of pistachio, peanut, walnut, chestnut, barley brans and sunflower seed peels, were used as raw or pretreated forms. Pretreatment was performed by milling or steam explosion. Enzymatic hydrolysis after steam explosion was more effective than milling processing. More than 13 g of D-xylose was produced from 100 g of milled pistachio shells, walnut shells, sunflower seed peels and peanut shells (less than 0.5 mm size) by the action of mixed enzyme solutions. A maximum of 36 g of D-xylose was produced from 100 g of milled pistachio shells when mixed enzyme solution, containing 3,000 U and 33 U per g of substrate with xylanase and β-xyosidase activities, respectively, was applied. The ratio of the enzymatic hydrolysis as compared to acid hydrolysis in this finding was 100%.
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Will, M. E., C. C. Holbrook, and D. M. Wilson. "Evaluation of Field Inoculation Techniques for Screening Peanut Genotypes for Reaction to Preharvest A. flavus Group Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination1." Peanut Science 21, no. 2 (July 1, 1994): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-21-2-11.
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Abstract Efforts are being made to screen peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for resistance to invasion of seed by the Aspergillus flavus (Link ex Fries) group fungi and subsequent contamination by aflatoxins. Field inoculation studies are needed to develop reliable screening techniques that insure infection of susceptible peanut seed by the A. flavus group fungi and minimize the number of escapes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of A. parasiticus (Speare) inoculum formulation and timing of application on shell and seed colonization and aflatoxin contamination. Soil population densities of A. flavus and plant survival were also measured. Plots were inoculated using various rates either at-plant or at mid-bloom of an organic-matrix infested with A. parasiticus NRRL 2999, and/or using an aqueous conidial suspension of the fungus. Mid-bloom inoculation produced an increase of A. flavus group population densities in the soil. There were no statistical differences between treatments in aflatoxin content, or colonization of shells or seed. At-plant inoculation was associated with reduced plant emergence or survival. Inoculation at mid-bloom with the organic-matrix resulted in peanuts that ranked high in aflatoxin content. There were no correlations between aflatoxin content, colonization of seed or shells, and population densities of A. flavus in soil. Inoculation at mid-bloom with the organic-matrix, resulting in greater soil population densities and relatively higher aflatoxin levels, was an effective method to use in screening for resistance to invasion by A. flavus group fungi and contamination by aflatoxins.
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Hanik, Nur Rokhimah, Sri Harsono, and Ratna Dewi Eskundari. "The Effect of Peanut Skin Compost Mix Variaries on Planting Media on the Growth of Dendrobium Sp." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 21, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i1.2465.
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Ferns are a growing medium for orchids that are starting to be protected so that their availability is very limited and quite expensive, therefore a solution is needed to reduce maintenance costs by utilizing peanut shell compost as a mixture of media. Peanut shell compost can act as a medium and fertilizer. The purpose of this study is: 1. To determine the effect of various peanut shell compost mixtures in growing media on Dendrobium orchid growth. 2. To determine the best composition of peanut shell compost mixture for Dendrobium orchid growth. The results of this study serve as information material for Dendrobium orchid collectors and entrepreneurs about the effect of various peanut shell compost mixtures in growing media on the growth of Dendrobium orchids, as well as a reference material for further research related to efforts to improve Dendrobium orchid cultivation, especially the use of peanut shells as a medium. Grow as well as compost to increase the growth of Dendrobium orchids. The research period was started from July 2020 to December 2020. The research object was a 12 month old Dendrobium orchid, the research location was in Gabahan RT 05 RW 12 Jombor Bendosari Sukoharjo. Simple randomized research design with four treatments. Treatment A / K.0 of fern growing media without peanut shell compost, treatment B / K.1 / 2 of fern media mixed with compost with a ratio of 1: 1, treatment C / K.1 / 3 media fern mixed with peanut shell compost with a ratio 2/3: 1/3, and treatment C / K.1 / 4 media of fern mixed with peanut shell compost in the ratio 3/4: 1/4. Data were measured after 12 weeks from planting. Data analysis with Variance Test (Anava test) and advanced Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). From the research it can be concluded that the variation of the peanut shell compost mixture in the growing medium has a significant effect on the growth of Dendrobium orchids on four (4) observed growth parameters (Leaf Length, Number of Leaves, Leaf Area, and Wet Weight. Moderate for the Number of tillers. There was a difference in effect, although this difference was not significant. And the treatment of compost mixture B / K.1 / 2 or with a ratio of 1: 1 gave the best effect on all observed growth parameters (Leaf Length, Number of Leaves, Leaf Area, Number of Tillers, and Gross weight. There is still a need to develop further research on peanut shell compost as a mixture for growing media, because in addition to reducing costs for growing media it can also reduce costs for purchasing fertilizer, because peanut shell compost contains a lot of N, P, and K elements. soil on growing media can reduce maintenance costs.
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Krzyzanowski, Francisco Carlos, Sherlie Hill West, and José de Barros França Neto. "Drying peanut seed using air ambient temperature at low relative humidity." Revista Brasileira de Sementes 28, no. 3 (December 2006): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31222006000300001.
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The moisture content of peanut kernel (Arachis hypogaea L.) at digging ranges from 30 to 50% on a wet basis (w.b.). The seed moisture content must be reduced to 10.5% or below before seeds can be graded and marketed. After digging, peanuts are cured on a window sill for two to five days then mechanically separated from the vine. Heated air is used to further dry the peanuts from approximately 18 to 10% moisture content w.b. Drying is required to maintain peanut seed and grain quality. Traditional dryers pass a high temperature and high humidity air stream through the seed mass. The drying time is long because the system is inefficient and the high temperature increases the risk of thermal damage to the kernels. New technology identified as heat pipe technology (HPT) is available and has the unique feature of removing the moisture from the air stream before it is heated and passed through the seed. A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the HPT system in drying peanut seed. The seeds inside the shells were dried from 17.4 to 7.3% in 14 hours and 11 minutes, with a rate of moisture removal of 0.71% mc per hour. This drying process caused no reduction in seed quality as measured by the standard germination, accelerated ageing and field emergence tests. It was concluded that the HPT system is a promising technology for drying peanut seed when efficiency and maintenance of physiological quality are desired.
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Xue, Mingyue, Zhihua Zhan, Mengbing Zou, Liangliang Zhang, and Shulin Zhao. "Green synthesis of stable and biocompatible fluorescent carbon dots from peanut shells for multicolor living cell imaging." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 2 (2016): 1698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj02181b.
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Ding, Jia, Huanlei Wang, Zhi Li, Kai Cui, Dimitre Karpuzov, Xuehai Tan, Alireza Kohandehghan, and David Mitlin. "Peanut shell hybrid sodium ion capacitor with extreme energy–power rivals lithium ion capacitors." Energy & Environmental Science 8, no. 3 (2015): 941–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ee02986k.
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Gong, Yitong. "Study on the Technology of Extracting Water-soluble Dietary Fiber (SDF) from Peanut Shell by Ultrafine Grinding and Microwave." E3S Web of Conferences 189 (2020): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018902015.
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Using ultra-fine pulverized peanut shells as raw materials, the effects of citric acid mass fraction, microwave processing time, and microwave power on the extraction rate of SDF were investigated. The box-Behnken experimental design and response surface analysis method were used to optimize the microwave-assisted ultra-fine pulverization. The SDF process for extracting peanut shells determines the best extraction conditions. The optimal extraction conditions for SDF are that citric acid mass fraction is 4.2%, microwave treatment time is 4.5min, microwave power is 400W and material-liquid ratio is 1:30. The yield and the purity of SDF is respectively 47.05% and 85.35%.
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Noszczyk, Tomasz, Arkadiusz Dyjakon, and Jacek A. Koziel. "Kinetic Parameters of Nut Shells Pyrolysis." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030682.
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The European Union created a European Green Deal Program (EGDP). This program aims at a sustainable economy through the transformation of the challenges related to climate and the environment. The main goal of EGDP is climate neutrality by 2050. The increase of alternative biomass residues utilization from various food processing industries and cooperation in the energy and waste management sector is required to meet these expectations. Nut shells are one of the lesser-known, yet promising, materials that can be used as an alternative fuel or a pre-treated product to further applications. However, from a thermal conversion point of view, it is important to know the energy properties and kinetic parameters of the considered biowaste. In this study, the energy and kinetic parameters of walnut, hazelnut, peanut, and pistachio shells were investigated. The results showed that raw nut shells are characterized by useful properties such as higher heating value (HHV) at 17.8–19.7 MJ∙kg−1 and moisture content of 4.32–9.56%. After the thermal treatment of nut shells (torrefaction, pyrolysis), the HHV significantly increased up to ca. 30 MJ∙kg−1. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) applying three different heating rates (β; 5, 10, and 20 °C∙min−1) was performed. The kinetic parameters were determined using the isothermal model-fitting method developed by Coats–Redfern. The activation energy (Ea) estimated for β = 5 °C∙min−1, was, e.g., 60.3 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for walnut, 59.3 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for hazelnut, 53.4 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for peanut, and 103.8 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for pistachio, respectively. Moreover, the increase in the Ea of nut shells was observed with increasing the β. In addition, significant differences in the kinetic parameters of the biomass residues from the same waste group were observed. Thus, characterization of specific nut shell residues is recommended for improved modeling of thermal processes and designing of bioreactors for thermal waste treatment.
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Chamarthy, Srinath, Chung W. Seo, and Wayne E. Marshall. "Adsorption of selected toxic metals by modified peanut shells." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 76, no. 6 (2001): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.418.
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Wafwoyo, Winifred, Chung W. Seo, and Wayne E. Marshall. "Utilization of peanut shells as adsorbents for selected metals." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 74, no. 11 (November 1999): 1117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4660(199911)74:11<1117::aid-jctb151>3.0.co;2-r.
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Ma, Doudou, Shuheng Hu, Yunxia Li, and Zimu Xu. "Adsorption of uranium on phosphoric acid-activated peanut shells." Separation Science and Technology 55, no. 9 (April 23, 2019): 1623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2019.1606016.
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Shang, Huishan, Yanjie Lu, Feng Zhao, Cong Chao, Bing Zhang, and Hongsong Zhang. "Preparing high surface area porous carbon from biomass by carbonization in a molten salt medium." RSC Advances 5, no. 92 (2015): 75728–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra12406a.
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Chomsurin, Cheema, Juthathip Kajorntraidej, and Kongrit Luangmuang. "Bioremediation of trichloroethylene contaminated groundwater using anaerobic process." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 11 (December 1, 2008): 2127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.830.
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Anaerobic remediation of trichloroethylene (TCE) contaminated soil and groundwater was studied in laboratory setups. In this process fermentation of polymeric organic materials (POMS) produced volatile fatty acids (VFAs) that were electron donors in reductive dechlorination of TCE. Shredded peanut shell was selected as low cost POM and the experiments were set up in 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. In the setups, approximately 25 mg of leachate contaminated soil was used as the main source of microorganisms and about 5 g of shredded peanut shell (0.5–2.36 mm) was added to produce VFAs for dechlorination of TCE. In the first set of experiments, fermentation of soil and shredded peanut shell was studied and it was found that VFAs were produced continuously with increasing concentration (5.63 mM as CH3COOH from the first day to 17.17 in the 10th day of the experiment). During the fermentation, concentration of ammonia-nitrogen was 22–50 mg/L, the ratio of VFA to NH3 was 15.29–23.44 and pH was 5.24–6.00. These results show that the system was appropriate for microorganism activities. In the second set of experiments, TCE (∼48 mg/L) was added to the fermentation system and remediation of TCE by reductive dechlorination was studied. It was found that 0.04(±0.01) mg TCE adsorbed to a gram of soil and peanut shells at the beginning of the experiment and based on mass balance of the system, TCE concentration in water was linearly reduced at the rate of 0.0098 mg/hr.
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Stelk, T., D. West, J. L. Baumert, and S. L. Taylor. "Peanut Protein Contamination in Peanut Hulls/Shells Used in Compost and Other Lawn Service Applications." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 129, no. 2 (February 2012): AB236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.167.
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Zhang, Lin Hai, Deng Qin Xue, Jia Xi Zhang, Yu Fu, and Shu Lin Hou. "Straw Mixed Combustion Characteristics and Kinetic Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1605.
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The mixed materials come from Beijing Daxing District, corn stalks as the main raw material, peanut shells and wheat straw as affixation. Combustion characteristics of mixed materials are studied by using Thermogravimetric analyzer and combustion dynamics studied by using Coats-Refern method to offer practical and theoretical data for crop straw combustion and Densified . Studies have shown that Combustion curve of three samples have two distinct peaks, divided into water evaporated to dryness, and the combustion of volatiles, fixed carbon combustion and burnout four basic stages and lied a larger overlapping area in the entire combustion stage, That combustion characteristics and kinetic parameters of mixed materials are influenced by adding peanut shells, and less affected on adding wheat straws.
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Wang, Chao Jin, Ling Lu Tang, Zhou Zou, Wen Ji Liu, Jing Xie, and Ying Wang. "Experimental Study on Cr6+ Adsorption in Water about Corncob." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1656–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1656.
Full textAbstract:
The crude material, corncob, was treated with Cr6+. The product was used adsorbing material of Cr6+. With regard to corncobs, this paper studied the absorption time and modification effect between absorbent and Cr6+ . It could be concluded that the removal ratio of Cr6+ presents an increasing tendency over time and reaches the highest removal ratio at 97% after 250 minutes, which improved 18% compared with unmodified corncob. Besides, it also used branches and peanut shells as comparative materials. Through comparing the test data of three materials, it is found that corncob has a higher absorption rate of Cr6+ than peanut shells at 23% and branches at 11%, which suggests that corncob has the best absorbing effect on Cr6+.
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Wang, Guosheng, Jin Cai, Lei Li, and Jian Song. "Preparation of High Purity Boric Acid by Modified Peanut Shells." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 12, no. 1 (September 23, 2015): 3575–880. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v12i1.841.
Full textAbstract:
The modification of peanut shell by nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, and epichlorohydrin have been conducted accordingly, andapplication in the purification of high purity boric acid from industry productshave been carry out, the result indicated that modification by epichlorohydrin was more effective than by nitric acid and by sodium hydroxide in the purification which the iron ion, sulfate ion, and chloridion can be removed simultaneously from industry boric acid, the analytical result by IR, SEM, and XRD confirmed that there are amount of hydroxyl and carboxyl group and ether bound in the modified peanut shell as functional group for adsorption of various metals ion and anions.
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Zhang, Qinqin, Weisheng Chen, Guojuan Qu, Xiaoqi Lin, Dezhi Han, Xiaofei Yan, and Heng Zhang. "Liquefaction of Peanut Shells with Cation Exchange Resin and Sulfuric Acid as Dual Catalyst for the Subsequent Synthesis of Rigid Polyurethane Foam." Polymers 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11060993.
Full textAbstract:
The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass from renewable raw materials to high value-added fine chemicals expanded their application in biodegradable polymers materials synthesis, such as polyurethanes and phenolic resin, etc. In this work, the strong-acid cation exchange resin and sulfuric acid as the dual catalyst offered an effective way to catalyze the liquefaction reaction of the peanut shells. The properties of liquefied products were characterized by means of hydroxyl value, viscosity and solubility tests, while the properties of peanut shells and liquefaction residue were analyzed by means of ATR-FTIR, TG and SEM techniques. The results indicated that the liquefied products could be completely dissolved in deionized water, methanol and polyethylene glycol, respectively, and they could be a preferable substitution of petrochemical polyols as soft segments to synthesize the rigid polyurethane foams. Moreover, the cellulose and hemicellulose in the peanut shells were easily decomposed into smaller molecules via the breakage of the C–O bond besides five-membered and hexatomic ring, while the lignin could be degraded via the breakage of the C–O chemical bonds of β-O-4, 4-O-5 and dibenzodioxocin units. The fabricated rigid polyurethane (RPU) foam, containing higher percentage of open pores with uniform size, can be potentially utilized for flower mud and sound-absorbing materials.
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Abudulai, M., G. Mahama, I. Dzomeku, A. Seidu, I. Sugri, J. A. Nboyine, N. Opoku, et al. "Evaluation of Agricultural Practices to Increase Yield and Financial Return and Minimize Aflatoxin Contamination in Peanut in Northern Ghana." Peanut Science 47, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps20-15.1.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield and financial returns are often low for smallholder farmers in Ghana. Additionally, aflatoxin concentration in foods derived from peanut can be high enough to adversely affect human health. Eight experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in northern Ghana to compare yield, financial returns, pest reaction, and aflatoxin contamination at harvest with traditional farmer versus improved practices. Relative to the farmer practice, the improved practice consisted of weeding one extra time, applying local potassium-based soaps to suppress arthropods and pathogens, and application of either homogenized oyster shells or a commercial blend of fertilizer containing calcium. Each of these field treatments were followed by either drying peanut on the soil surface and storing in traditional poly bags or drying peanut on tarps and storing in hermetically-sealed bags for 4 months. Peanut yield and financial returns were significantly greater when a commercial blend of fertilizer or oyster shells were applied compared to the farmer practice of not applying any fertilizer. Yield and financial returns were greater when a commercial fertilizer blend was applied compared with oyster shells. Severity of early leaf spot [caused by Passalora arachidicola (Hori) U. Braun] and late leaf spot [caused by Nothopassalora personata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) U. Braun, C. Nakash., Videira & Crous], scarring and penetration of pods by arthropods, and the number of arthropods at harvest were higher for the farmer practice than for either fertility treatment; no difference was noted when comparing across fertility treatments. Less aflatoxin was observed for both improved practices in the field compared with the farmer practice. Drying peanut on tarps resulted in less aflatoxin compared to drying peanut on the ground regardless of treatments in the field. Aflatoxin concentration after storage was similar when comparing post-harvest treatments of drying on soil surface and storing in poly bags vs. drying on tarps and storing in hermetically-sealed bags. These results demonstrate that substantial financial gain can be realized when management in the field is increased compared with the traditional farmer practice. While aflatoxin concentrations differed between the farmer practice and the improved practices at harvest and after drying, these differences did not translate into differences after storage.