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Academic literature on the topic 'Pearl oysters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Pearl oysters"

Gueguen, Yannick, Yann Czorlich, Max Mastail, Bruno Le Tohic, Didier Defay, Pierre Lyonnard, Damien Marigliano, et al. "Yes, it turns: experimental evidence of pearl rotation during its formation." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 7 (July 2015): 150144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150144.

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Cultured pearls are human creations formed by inserting a nucleus and a small piece of mantle tissue into a living shelled mollusc, usually a pearl oyster. Although many pearl observations intuitively suggest a possible rotation of the nucleated pearl inside the oyster, no experimental demonstration of such a movement has ever been done. This can be explained by the difficulty of observation of such a phenomenon in the tissues of a living animal. To investigate this question of pearl rotation, a magnetometer system was specifically engineered to register magnetic field variations with magnetic sensors from movements of a magnetic nucleus inserted in the pearl oyster. We demonstrated that a continuous movement of the nucleus inside the oyster starts after a minimum of 40 days post-grafting and continues until the pearl harvest. We measured a mean angular speed of 1.27° min −1 calculated for four different oysters. Rotation variability was observed among oysters and may be correlated to pearl shape and defects. Nature's ability to generate so amazingly complex structures like a pearl has delivered one of its secrets.

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Parsons, Miles J. G., Conrad W. Speed, Robert D. McCauley, Rebbeca Fisher, Cecile Dang, Diego R. Barneche, Jayson Semmens, et al. "Impacts of exposure to a seismic source survey on silverlip pearl oysters (." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S337—S342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21093.

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Between 2018 and 2021, AIMS and its partners conducted a large-scale experiment to investigate the effect of exposure to a 3D seismic survey on pearl oysters. In August 2018, ≈11 000 adult wild silverlip pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) were collected and attached to bottom culture lines to acclimatise for 1 month at a holding lease site, 40 km off Broome, WA. These oysters were split across rows configured parallel to each other at seven horizontal distances up to 6000 m from a ‘zero line’. In September 2018, we sailed a commercial seismic vessel along one 20 km-long inactive (vessel control) sail line along the zero line, followed by six operational (exposure) sail lines, at increasing distances from the zero line, with each line separated in time by either 12 or 24 h. This design resulted in groups of pearl oysters with 35 different exposure histories (seven distances, five exposure distances) that were then transferred to undergo either lethal biophysical sampling or pearl seeding for a ‘grow-out’ study of pearl production. Biophysical sampling included immunology tests, primarily using flow cytometry and gene expression changes in nacre- and stress-associated genes. Audits of oyster growth and condition were conducted at various time points between the exposure period and harvesting of the seeded oysters. The number and quality of pearls produced by each exposure group was assessed 2 years after exposure (December 2020). The results of these analyses are being finalised for presentation.

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Kaito, Hatano, Kawamura Ryoya, Watabe Yukina, Ogiso Shouzo, Nagami Arata, Matsubara Hajime, Urata Makoto, et al. "Thermal Responses in Japanese Pearl Oysters, Pinctada fucata martensii." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 01 (2022): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i01.040.

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In order to examine the thermal responses in pearl oysters, both the mRNA expression levels of heatshock protein (Hsp) in their tissues and changes in the mineral levels of their hemolymph were analyzed using heattreated and heat-untreated pearl oysters. Pearl oysters that live in Tsukumo Bay on the Noto Peninsula were used as experimental materials. Pearl oysters kept at 25 C in artificial seawater were exposed to high temperatures (30 C or 35 C) for 1 h. After exposure, the pearl oysters were transferred into the seawater at 25 C and kept for 4 h. Thereafter, the hemolymph was collected by inserting a syringe into the adductor muscle of the heat-treated pearl oyster, and then hemocytes were separated from hemolymph by centrifugation. In addition to hemocytes, the mantles and gills were taken from heat-treated pearl oysters to analyze Hsp mRNA expression. The collected hemolymph was used to analyze its mineral concentration. The data of pearl oysters treated at a high temperature (30 C or 35 C) were compared with those of pearl oysters kept at the initial temperature (25 C) as a heat-untreated control. First, the mRNA expressions of several Hsps (Hsp20, Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90) were analyzed using the hemocytes, mantles, and gills to examine the thermal responses of pearl oysters. With heat treatment, the mRNA expressions of all Hsps (Hsp20, Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90) used in the present study were significantly increased. Especially, Hsp20 mRNA expression in hemocytes, mantles, and gills was remarkably increased by heat treatment. The responsiveness of Hsps mRNA expression was greatly higher at the rate of increase at 35 C than at the rate of increase at 30 C. Among the tissues used in the present study, the mRNA expression levels of Hsp20, Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90 were higher in gills than in hemocytes and mantles. Second, we analyzed the mineral concentrations of hemolymph in the heat-treated pearl oysters. The calcium, magnesium, sodium, chlorine, and potassium ion levels in the hemolymph of pearl oysters kept at 35 C increased significantly as compared with those in the initial hemolymph of pearl oysters kept at 25 C. This suggests that heat treatment influences excretory organs such as gills and kidneys. The fact that the expression level of Hsps was highest in gills, which function as respiratory and International Journal of Zoological Investigations Contents available at Journals Home Page: www.ijzi.net Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Ajai Kumar Srivastav Published by: Saran Publications, Gorakhpur, India 372 excretory organs, supported the influences of the excretory system. This study is the first report to demonstrate changes in both the monovalent and divalent ions of hemolymph in response to heat treatment in Japanese pearl oysters. We plan to investigate the detailed mechanism of the above mineral regulation together with HSP expressions in the near future.

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Hadiroseyani, Yani, Iswadi, and Daniel Djokosetyanto. "Control of Polychaetes by Dipping Infected Pearl Oyster on Different Salinity." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2007): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.3.29-31.

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Dip treatment on pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) was conducted in different concentrations of saline water to eliminate boring polychaetes. Results shows that polychaetes leave the oysters which treated on saline water at 0 ppt, 45 ppt, and 60 ppt as long as 15 minutes each. It also shows that the oysters got high survival rate 7 days after the treatment. Key words: Pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima, polychaetes, salt, dipping, survival rate

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Tomatala, Pitjont. "PENGARUH SUHU TERHADAP PEMIJAHAN KERANG MUTIARA Pinctada maxima (JAMESON)." JURNAL PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN TROPIS 7, no. 1 (April 4, 2011): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jpkt.7.1.2011.13.

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Pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima, are known as South Sea Pearl. Breeding is an important factor in intensive culture pearl oyster. In breeding, spawning became determining factor. The purpose of this research was to understand the effect of temperature decrease on the spawning level and to compare the treatment of water temperature decrease and increase on spawning level of pearl oyster P. maxima. The result showed that temperature decrease treatment influenced the success of the spawning level. Both water temperature decrease and increase had similar effect on the spawning level of the pearl oyster.

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Albayani, Mumu Sri Maulana, Muhammad Junaidi, and Andre Rachmat Scabra. "Pengaruh Kedalaman yang Berbeda terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Tingkat Kelangsungan Hidup Kerang Mutiara (Pinctada maxim) dengan Sistem Terintegrasi di Perairan Teluk Ekas Kabupaten Lombok Timur." Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/bioscientist.v10i1.5147.

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Integrated cultivation is a cultivation activity that combines several commodities that have different trophic levels, pearl oysters can be a commodity to absorb organic matter because they are filter feeders. With this system, the condition of the bay's waters is ex-fertile. So that the location can be a location for pearl oyster cultivation because it has abundant food availability for pearl oysters and this greatly affects its growth and survival. The availability of this food is influenced by the depth factor. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal depth to produce maximum granules, both in terms of quality and quantity in Ekas Bay waters. This study used 4 treatments (1, 5, 10, and 15 m) with 4 replications, for 45 days. The parameters measured were absolute length growth, specific length growth rate, absolute weight growth, specific weight growth rate, and survival of pearl oyster spat (Pinctada maxima). The results showed that the ANOVA test results of absolute length growth, specific length growth rate, absolute weight growth, specific weight growth rate, and survival of pearl oyster spat (Pinctada maxima) showed significantly different results (P<0.05). The optimal depth for growth and survival of pearl oyster spat (Pinctada maxima) in Ekas Bay waters is at a depth of 5 m (P2) with an absolute length growth of 9.05 mm, a specific length growth rate of 1.43%/day, an absolute weight growth of 0.32 g, specific weight growth rate of 6.26%, and survival rate of 76%. So it can be concluded that different depths (1, 5, 10, 15 m) have a significant effect on the growth and survival of pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) in Ekas Bay waters.

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Batista, Frederico M., Ana Grade, Deborah M. Power, Francisco Ruano, and Elizabeth M. Harper. "Occurrence and characterization of pearls from oysters of the genus Crassostrea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416000382.

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The occurrence of pearls in the ‘true’ oysters, the Ostreioidea, is poorly documented despite being the most produced mollusc species in the world. Oysters of the Crassostrea genus were collected in two different sites in southern Portugal where both Crassostrea angulata and C. gigas are present, namely in: (1) the Ria Formosa lagoon where pearls were not observed (N = 446); and (2) the Guadiana estuary where pearls were found in 12 out of the 798 oysters analysed. The pearls were located mainly at the edge of the right mantle lobe in the inhalant chamber and their maximum length ranged from 0.9 to 5.5 mm. Almost all the pearls had a white-cream colouration with the exception of two pearls that had a black-brown colour. X-ray diffraction analysis of one pearl showed that it was entirely calcitic with no traces of either aragonite or vaterite. The pearls observed were therefore non-nacreous pearls. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a diversity of microstructures including prismatic, foliae-like sheets and blocky textures, i.e. highly reminiscent of the host oyster shell microstructures. Parasites (e.g. parasitic copepods, Haplosporidium-like plasmodia) and signs of diseases (e.g. foot disease) were observed in some of the oysters analysed, but they were not associated with the occurrence of pearls. The present work is one of the few studies on the occurrence of natural pearls in ‘true’ oysters and to our knowledge the first description of their microstructure by SEM.

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Rizaki, Irfanudin, Sigid Hariyadi, and Taslim Arifin. "THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND SUITABILITY FOR PEARL OYSTER (Pinctada maxima) CULTIVATION IN BARRU REGENCY." Coastal and Ocean Journal (COJ) 5, no. 1 (February 21, 2022): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/10.29244/coj.5.1.37-53.

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The coastal waters utilization that has potential to be developed in Barru regency is the cultivation of pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima). However, to get the maximum results, site selection through inventory activities and mapping of potential of the waters is an important early stage to do. The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of Barru regency coastal waters for pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) farming. The method used in the current study were the characteristics analysis, plankton abundance SID analysis (Simpson's index of diversity), and suitability analysis of pearl oyster farming by weighting. Conditions of physical parameters i.e tidal waters was characterized by a mix tidal or semidiurnal tides which has two high tides and two low tides in each tidal day. The waters current ranged from 14 until 69 cm/s. Water depths contour ranged from 5 until >200 meters and the water temperature was relatively high at the first transitional season (May) which ranged from 30.1 to 31.6 0C. Chemical parameters, such as salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and nitrate still met the water quality standard of marine waters. However, the posphat concentration in the estuary had exceeded the level of quality standard , i.e >0.015 mg/L. Barru coastal waters that had the potential for pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) farming with a very appropriate status has an area of 3,201 ha. Keywords: Coastal, Pearl oyster farming, Suitability, Environmental

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Rahman, Md Ataur, Mohammed Rashed Parvej, Md Harunor Rashid, and Md Enamul Hoq. "Availability of pearl producing marine bivalves in south-eastern coast of Bangladesh and culture potentialities." Journal of Fisheries 3, no. 3 (December 7, 2015): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/jfish.v3i3.2015.108.

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The present study was conducted during September 2014 to July 2015 to identify the pearl bearing bivalves in south-eastern coast of Bangladesh and culture potentialities of marine oyster in captivity based on field investigation. A total of 7 pearl bearing bivalve species were identified in the coast with a salinity of 18-34 ppt, pH 8.1-8.3 and water depth ranged 0.2-2.0 meter in their habitat. From the collected bivalves, most abundant oyster species windowpane oyster, Placuna placenta (Linnaeus, 1758) was reared in fiber glass tanks with seawater for a period of 6 months. During rearing highest survival rate of 88% was observed in T1 with sandy and gravel substratum and lowest survival rate of 78% was found in T2 with muddy substratum. Average temperature and salinity were varied between 24 °C-25 °C and 21-26 ppt respectively. From the reared oyster, highest 54 nos. small pearls in the month of April and lowest 7 pearls in December from a single P. placenta were obtained. The study proved that pearls can be obtained from the marine oysters in captivity in Bangladesh, and this offers large scale culture potentialities in our coast.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pearl oysters"

Spiers, Zoe. "The identification and distribution of an intracellular ciliate in pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima (Jameson 1901)." Thesis, Spiers, Zoe (2008) The identification and distribution of an intracellular ciliate in pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima (Jameson 1901). PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2008. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/3006/.

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In October 2001, a new intracellular parasite was detected in Western Australian pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima. This ciliated parasite had not previously been seen in the area despite surveillance over preceding years. A study was performed to identify its characteristics and distribution. The information provided by this study could thereby assist the Pearl Producers Association and Government bodies in determining the industry’s response to infections. The morphology of the intracellular ciliate of pearl oysters was investigated using light microscopy, revealing organisms that were approximately 5 x 11 μm in size, with 9 rows of cilia and a lobulated nucleus. The ciliates were located within the apical portion of the cytoplasm of digestive epithelial cells of the digestive gland. Investigations into the ultrastructure of the ciliate using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) supported the findings made using histology. On initial morphological examination, a similarity between the pearl oyster parasite and a ciliate found in Canadian mussels was identified. Samples of Canadian mussels infected with their intracellular ciliate were analysed using light microscopy and TEM. This identified almost identical morphological characteristics to the Western Australian ciliate of pearl oysters, with a slight difference in size that could be attributed to fixation and processing. The successful culture of adductor muscle, mantle tissue and digestive gland derived cells from pearl oysters was developed and maintained in vitro for up to 75 days, using a number of varying cell culture media. This was attempted in order to provide an ability to study the live intracellular organisms in the laboratory. Contamination and slow growth were the main issues affecting the viability of the technique. An investigation into the pathology associated with the presence of the ciliate in the pearl oysters was performed. A positive correlation between the presence of the ciliate and an inflammatory response of the digestive gland was displayed using statistical techniques. Pathological changes to the infected cells were demonstrated using TEM, indicating disrupted cytoplasm, vacuolation and nuclear degeneration. Field trials placing naïve spat in pearl farm leases that had prior ciliate infections were performed. No intracellular ciliates were detected in P. maxima. Other bivalve species from the same regions were examined histologically for health and parasites. With a total of 345 bivalves surveyed during 2005 to 2007, from 8 geographical locations and over 11 species of bivalve included, one oyster contained the intracellular parasite. This oyster was a 20 mm male bastard shell (Pinctada sp.) from Gales Bay, sampled in October 2006. One protozoal parasite was identified in a novel host bivalve species, and a previously undescribed single celled organism was also discovered. An experimental design for a cross infection trial, should the ciliate become available, was completed. The sensitivity of histology to detect ciliates was also examined, revealing its sensitivity as a diagnostic tool in at risk populations was low (38%) to moderate (50%). The historical distribution of the ciliate was examined using archival records, indicating that the highest prevalences occurred in the warmer months of October to February from 2001 to 2006. This also corresponded to the months of reduced rainfall. An attempt at designing a PCR test to determine the molecular characteristics of the ciliate was performed. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded oyster DNA was successfully extracted, amplified and sequenced, however isolation of ciliate DNA remained elusive, and may have been out-competed with host DNA. In situ hybridisation displayed positive staining with a probe designed from the Ciliophora 16s ssu gene.

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Gardner, Luke David. "Investigation of molecular mechanisms regulating biomineralization of pearl oyster Pinctada maxima." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/29692/2/Luke_Gardner_Thesis.pdf.

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Biomineralization is a process encompassing all mineral containing tissues produced within an organism. The most dynamic example of this process is the formation of the mollusk shell, comprising a variety of crystal phases and microstructures. The organic component incorporated within the shell is said to dictate this remarkable architecture. Subsequently, for the past decade considerable research have been undertaken to identify and characterize the protein components involved in biomineralization. Despite these efforts the general understanding of the process remains ambiguous. This study employs a novel molecular approach to further the elucidation of the shell biomineralization. A microarray platform has been custom generated (PmaxArray 1.0) from the pearl oyster Pinctada maxima. PmaxArray 1.0 consists of 4992 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) originating from the mantle, an organ involved in shell formation. This microarray has been used as the primary tool for three separate investigations in an effort to associate transcriptional gene expression from P. maxima to the process of shell biomineralization. The first investigation analyzes the spatial expression of ESTs throughout the mantle organ. The mantle was dissected into five discrete regions and each analyzed for gene expression with PmaxArray 1.0. Over 2000 ESTs were differentially expressed among the tissue sections, identifying five major expression regions. Three of these regions have been proposed to have shell formation functions belonging to nacre, prismatic calcite and periostracum. The spatial gene expression map was confirmed by in situ hybridization, localizing a subset of ESTs from each expression region to the same mantle area. Comparative sequence analysis of ESTs expressed in the proposed shell formation regions with the BLAST tool, revealed a number of the transcripts were novel while others showed significant sequence similarities to previously characterized shell formation genes. The second investigation correlates temporal EST expression during P. maxima larval ontogeny with transitions in shell mineralization during the same period. A timeline documenting the morphologicat microstructural and mineralogical shell characteristics of P. maxima throughout larval ontogeny has been established. Three different shell types were noted based on the physical characters and termed, prodissoconch I, prodissoconch 11 and dissoconch. PmaxArray 1.0 analyzed ESTs expression of animals throughout the larval development of P. maxima, noting up-regulation of 359 ESTs in association with the shell transitions from prodissoconch 1 to prodissoconch 11 to dissoconch. Comparative sequence analysis of these ESTs indicates a number of the transcripts are novel as well as showing significant sequence similarities between ESTs and known shell matrix associated genes and proteins. These ESTs are discussed in relation to the shell characters associated with their temporal expression. The third investigation uses PmaxArray 1.0 to analyze gene expression in the mantle tissue of P. maxima specimens exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of a shell-deforming toxin, tributyltin (TBT). The shell specific effects of TBT are used in this investigation to interpret differential expression of ESTs with respect to shell formation functions. A lethal and sublethal TBT concentration range was established for P. maxima, noting a concentration of 50 ng L- 1 TBT as sub-lethal over a 21 day period. Mantle tissue from P. maxima animals treated with 50 ng L- 1 TBT was assessed for differential EST expression with untreated control animals. A total of 102 ESTs were identified as differentially expressed in association with TBT exposure, comparative sequence identities included an up-regulation of immunity and detoxification related genes and down-regulation of several shell matrix genes. A number of transcripts encoding novel peptides were additionally identified. The potential actions of these genes are discussed with reference to TBT toxicity and shell biomineralization. This thesis has used a microarray platform to analyze gene expression in spatial, temporal and toxicity investigations, revealing the involvement of numerous gene transcripts in specific shell formation functions. Investigation of thousands of transcripts simultaneously has provided a holistic interpretation of the organic components regulating shell biomineralization.

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Gardner, Luke David. "Investigation of molecular mechanisms regulating biomineralization of pearl oyster Pinctada maxima." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/29692/.

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Khamdan, S. A. A. "Aspects of reproduction and triploidy manipulation in the pearl oyster, Pinctada radiata (Leach)." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239889.

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Al, Saadi Amal. "Population structure and patterns of genetic variation in a pearl oyster (Pinctada radiata) native to the Arabian Gulf." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/62410/2/Amal_Al_Saadi_Thesis.pdf.

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The study assessed natural levels and patterns of genetic variation in Arabian Gulf populations of a native pearl oyster to define wild population structure considering potential intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could influence any wild structure detected. The study was also the first attempt to develop microsatellite markers and to generate a genome survey sequence (GSS) dataset for the target species using next generation sequencing technology. The partial genome dataset generated has potential biotechnological applications and for pearl oyster farming in the future.

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Jerhov, Carolina. "IN LARGE SCALE : the art of knitting a small shell in large scale." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-26582.

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This work places itself in the field of knitted textile design and the context of body and interior. The primary motive is to investigate the tactile and visual properties of oysters and pearls, inspired by Botticelli’s painting Venus. The aim is to explore free-flowing and texture through knitted three-dimensional textile surfaces. Material and colour choices have been made based on the source of inspiration, the oyster, and investigated on industrial circle knit and flat knit machines. The circle knit’s expression has been explored from a hand knitting perspective, using the manual elements to push the machine’s technique to design new expressions. The result of the project is a collection that has four suggestions for a knitted, three-dimensional surface, each inspired and developed from one specific part of the oyster; the shell, the nacre, the flesh, and the pearl. This work investigates the potential of using circle knit machines, commonly used in fast fashion for bulk production, as a tool for handicraft and higher art forms. The final collection pushes the conversation regarding the future uses of the knitting machines and investigates how rigid objects can be expressed through the flexible structure.

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Shen, Lin. "GIS-based Multi-criteria Analysis for Aquaculture Site Selection." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-7532.

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The pearl oyster Pinctada martensii or Pinctada fucata is the oyster for produce the South China Sea Pearl, and the production of pearl oyster Pinctada martensii plays a key role for the economic and social welfare of the coastal areas. To guarantee both rich and sustainability of providing pearl oyster productions, addressing the suitable areas for aquaculture is a very important consideration in any aquaculture activities. Relatively rarely, in the case of site selection research, the researchers use GIS analysis to identify suitable sites in fishery industry in China. Therefore, I decided to help the local government to search suitable sites form the view of GIS context. This study was conducted to find the optimal sites for suspended culture of pearl oyster Pinctada martensii using GIS-based multi-criteria analysis. The original idea came from the research of Radiarta and his colleagues in 2008 in Japan. Most of the parameters in the GIS model were extracted from remote sensing data (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Landsat 7). Eleven thematic layers were arranged into three sub-models, namely: biophysical model, social-economic model and constraint model. The biophysical model includes sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-α concentration, suspended sediment concentration and bathymetry. The criteria in the social-economic model are distance to cities and towns and distance to piers. The constraint model was used to exclude the places from the research area where the natural conditions cannot be fulfilled for the development of pearl oyster aquaculture; it contains river mouth, tourism area, harbor, salt fields / shrimp ponds, and non-related water area. Finally those GIS sub-models were used to address the optimal sites for pearl oyster Pinctada martensii culture by using weighted linear combination evaluation. In the final result, suitability levels were arranged from 1 (least suitable) to 8 (most suitable), and about 2.4% of the total potential area had the higher levels (level 6 and 7). These areas were considered to be the places that have the most suitable conditions for pearl oyster Pinctada martensii for costal water of Yingpan.

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Pit, Josiah Henk. "Feasibility of Akoya pearl oyster culture in Queensland." Thesis, 2004. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/1170/1/01front.pdf.

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Pearl culture is the second largest aquaculture industry in terms of value in Australia. It is currently worth an estimated Aus$300 million annually and it is anticipated that the industry will be worth Aus$500 million by 2010. The Australian pearl industry is currently based on South Sea pearl production from the silver-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima, for which it is world renowned. However, there has been recent interest in pearl production from two other major marine pearl oyster species, the blacklip pearl oyster, P. margaritifera, and the Akoya pearl oyster, P. fucata, which are both abundant in Australian waters. Production of Akoya pearls, until recently was dominated by the Japanese. However, recent down-scaling of the Japanese pearl oyster industry due to factors that resulted in the death of millions of oysters, has presented an opportunity for other countries to enter the Akoya pearl market. Australia is one such country which has received a lot of interest in Akoya pearl production over the last 5-10 years because of: (1) its reputation as a quality pearl producing nation; (2) the clean non-polluted waters around Australia; and (3) the wide distribution of Akoya oysters along the Australian coastline. Consequently, there was a need for biological information on which the feasibility of Akoya pearl oyster culture in Australia could be assessed. The major objective of the current project was to develop techniques to determine whether Akoya pearl oyster culture is feasible in tropical north Queensland. The results of this study will compliment the results of research with similar goals conducted in temperate Australia (New South Wales). The focus of this study was to produce Akoya pearl oysters in tropical Australia for the first time, before optimizing protocols for hatchery and nursery culture. This information was then utilized to suggest possible sites within Queensland which would be suitable for Akoya pearl oyster production, based on ‘biological performance’. The first successful culture of Akoya pearl oysters in Australia under tropical conditions produced 213 000 larvae which were transferred to settlement tanks. A total of 58 000 spat were subsequently transferred from settlement tank and resulted in 48 000 spat ranging in size from 2-30 mm at 3.5 months of age. These spat were produced using established protocols for other pearl oyster species. After 12 months, Akoya pearl oysters had a mean dorso-ventral shell height (DVH) of 56.2 ± 0.2 mm and showed superior growth rate to those reported for this species in more traditional culture regions (i.e. SE Asia). This project investigated aspects of hatchery production including embryonic and larval development to identify optimal protocols for hatchery culture of Akoya pearl oysters (Chapters 4 and 5). Full orthogonal designs were established to investigate; (1) the effects of water temperature and salinity; and (2) the effects of density and addition of antibiotics on the development of P. fucata embryos into D-stage veligers. Maximum development of P. fucata embryos into D-stage veligers occurs within a water temperature range of 26-28°C and a salinity range of 28-32‰. Further results suggested that antibiotics are not required during embryonic development of P. fucata as development of larvae was not improved in the presence antibiotics. Results have also shown that maximum development of embryos into D-stage veliger occurred when larval stocking densities were low. Suggesting an ideal stocking density is strongly dependant on the individual hatchery and the production goals. These results have obvious implications for the selection of sites for an Akoya oyster hatchery in Queensland. Ideally, a site should be selected in which water parameters are within the above-mentioned ranges. A number of pearl oyster culture techniques were investigated during this project to optimise nursery culture of Akoya pearl oysters under Queensland (tropical) conditions. These included the effects of depth, stocking density, culture apparatus and fouling on the growth and survival of pearl oysters. P. fucata spat were transferred from the hatchery to the long-line and placed in plastic mesh trays at three different depths, 2 m, 4 m, and 6 m. After 8 weeks on the long-line, spat cultured at 2 m were significantly (p<0.05) larger in DVH than spat at either 4 m or 6 m, which were not significantly different from each other. Additionally, greater numbers of ‘large’ spat were recorded when spat cultured at 2 m compared to spat cultured at either 4 m or 6 m. Hatchery-produced P. fucata spat at 3.5 months of age were graded into three size classes, ‘small’, ‘medium’ and ‘large’, which for the purpose of the study were treated as ‘slow’, ‘normal’ and ‘fast’ growers, respectively. This study aimed to determine whether growth rates differed between oysters from the above-mentioned size classes. Results from this study suggest that when oysters are first graded at 3.5 months of age (8 weeks after transfer to the ocean) slow growing oysters should not be discarded (common practice by some pearl farmers within the industry). This is because slow growers, when compared to ‘normal’ growers, only require an additional 2-4 months before reaching pearl production size. The implications of retaining slow growers is discussed. Hatchery-produced spat were cultured at different stocking densities to determine optimal growth and survival of P. fucata. Stocking densities were determined on the basis of percentage of total available net area. In Experiment 1 during early nursery culture, spat were stocked at either 25%, 50% or 75% of total available net area. Maximum growth was recorded for spat cultured at the lowest stocking density (25% of total available net area), which were significantly larger that spat cultured at either 50% or 75% of total available net area. Furthermore, spat cultured at 25% of total available net area had significantly greater numbers of spat in the medium and large size classes than spat cultured at 50% or 75% total available net area. In Experiment 2 during late nursery culture, and based on the results from Experiment 1, spat were cultured at four stocking densities (20, 25, 30 and 40% of total available net area). Similar trends to those in Experiment 1 were recorded in Experiment 2 where spat cultured at the lower stocking densities were significantly larger than spat cultured at the other stocking densities. However, the overall growth performance (Ф’) was greatest in spat cultured at the highest stocking density (40% of total available net area). Survival was not significantly different between treatments. Two experiments were conducted with hatchery-produced P. fucata spat using four different culture units to determine which culture unit supported maximum growth and survival. In Experiment 1, the four treatments used were ‘box’, ‘tray’, ‘pearl net’ and ‘pearl net with noodles’. While maximum growth, was recorded by oysters cultured in pearl nets, there was no significant difference in growth rate to oysters cultured in pearl nets with noodles; however, oysters cultured in the box treatment were significantly smaller than oysters in all other treatments. Survival of oysters in the box treatment was 47%, whereas, survival of spat cultured in the other three treatments was greater than 90%. In Experiment 2, the four treatments included ‘pearl net with small mesh’, ‘pearl net with large mesh’, ‘panel net with small mesh’, and ‘panel net with large mesh’. Maximum growth in terms of DVH was recorded for oysters cultured in panel nets with large mesh, followed by pearl nets with large mesh, pearl nets with small mesh and panel nets with small mesh. Survival was not significantly different between treatments, and all treatments recorded 85% or greater survival. Site did not affect growth and survival in the present study when P. fucata were cultured at Orpheus Island and Magnetic Island for 12 months. Although slight variations in water temperature, salinity and chlorophyll ‘a’ were recorded between the two sites, no significant differences were recorded in overall oyster growth performance (Ф’) of 3.81 and 3.82 for Orpheus Island and Magnetic Island, respectively. Site selection for pearl oyster culture is important if growth and survival are to be maximised during nursery culture. Akoya pearl oysters showed positive growth at all water temperatures experienced throughout this study; however, the range at which optimal growth occurred was between 25.1-28.1°C. Meanwhile, maximum growth occurred within salinity and chlorophyll ‘a’ ranges of 29-33‰ and 3.5-5.3 μg L-1, respectively. This project has produced biological information, which will provide a basis for the development of an Akoya pearl oyster industry in Queensland. Establishment of such an industry would compliment the current valuable pearl industry in Australia. While information generated during this study has answered a number of questions in terms of ‘biological performance’ there is, however, a requirement for further research to appraise pearl production from Akoya oysters in Queensland and factors influencing pearl quality.

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Pit, Josiah Henk. "Feasibility of Akoya pearl oyster culture in Queensland." 2004. http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/1170/1/01front.pdf.

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Acosta-Salmón, Héctor. "Broodstock management and egg quality of the pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and Pinctada fucata /." 2004. http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/941.

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Books on the topic "Pearl oysters"

service), ScienceDirect (Online, ed. The pearl oyster. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2008.

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1926-, Nakamura Satoshi, ed. Pearls and pearl oysters of the world. Okinawa, Japan: Marine Planning Co., 1994.

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Walther, Michael. Pearls of Pearl Harbor and the Islands of Hawaii: The history, mythology, and cultivation of Hawaiian pearls. Honolulu: Natural Images of Hawaii, 1997.

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Gervis, M. H. The biology and culture of pearl oysters (Bivalvia pteriidae). London, England: Overseas Development Administration of the United Kingdom, 1992.

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Borrero, Francisco J. Las ostras perlíferas (Bivalvia:Pteriidae) en el Caribe colombiano: Historia de su explotación, ecología y perspectivas para su aprovechamiento. Santa Marta: Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras "Jose Benito Vives de Andreis", 1996.

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Gervis, M. H. A bibliography of the pearl oysters (Bivalvia:Pteriidae). London, England: Overseas Development Administration of the United Kingdom, 1991.

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Khamdan, Shākir. al-Mawsūʻah al-Khalījīyah fī al-luʼluʼ wa-al-maḥār. al-Manāmah: Markaz al-Baḥrayn lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Buḥūth, 2004.

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Stilton, Gerónimo. Paws off the pearl! New York, N.Y: Scholastic, Incorporated, 2016.

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Dybdahl, Rand. An investigation of mortality of the pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima, in Western Australia. Perth: Director of Fisheries and Wildlife, 1985.

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ill, Hill Bethanne, ed. Why the oyster has the pearl. Gretna, La: Pelican, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pearl oysters"

Iwai, Toshiharu, Masaharu Takahashi, Chiemi Miura, and Takeshi Miura. "The Optical Characteristics of Cultured Akoya Pearl Are Influenced by Both Donor and Recipient Oysters." In Biomineralization, 113–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1002-7_12.

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Lekkerkerk, L. J. "An OD-Pearl for the EE-Oyster." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 199–219. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57955-9_15.

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Zhang, Rongqing, Liping Xie, and Zhenguang Yan. "Molecular Basis of Biomineralization in Pinctada fucata." In Biomineralization Mechanism of the Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata, 1–22. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1459-9_1.

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Zhang, Rongqing, Liping Xie, and Zhenguang Yan. "Identification and Characterization of Biomineralization-Related Genes." In Biomineralization Mechanism of the Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata, 23–248. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1459-9_2.

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Zhang, Rongqing, Liping Xie, and Zhenguang Yan. "Identification (Characterization) and Function Studies of Matrix Protein from the Oyster Pinctada fucata." In Biomineralization Mechanism of the Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata, 249–443. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1459-9_3.

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Zhang, Rongqing, Liping Xie, and Zhenguang Yan. "The Study on Enzymes Related to Biomineralization of Pinctada fucata." In Biomineralization Mechanism of the Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata, 445–507. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1459-9_4.

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Zhang, Rongqing, Liping Xie, and Zhenguang Yan. "Cellular Regulation of Biomineralization in Pinctada fucata." In Biomineralization Mechanism of the Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata, 509–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1459-9_5.

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Zhang, Rongqing, Liping Xie, and Zhenguang Yan. "Molecular Regulation Mechanism of Biomineralization of Pinctada fucata." In Biomineralization Mechanism of the Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata, 575–660. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1459-9_6.

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Zhang, Rongqing, Liping Xie, and Zhenguang Yan. "Ecological Study on Biomineralization in Pinctada fucata." In Biomineralization Mechanism of the Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata, 661–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1459-9_7.

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Zhang, Rongqing, Liping Xie, and Zhenguang Yan. "Study of Shell Structure." In Biomineralization Mechanism of the Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata, 695–737. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1459-9_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pearl oysters"

AlShamary, Noora Mahmood AlJathelah, Debapriya Mondal, and Hutchinson Simon. "Organic Pollutants along the Qatari Coast: A Case Study of the Pearl Oyster (Pinctada radiata)." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0007.

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The Qatari marine environment is endangered due to high industrial expansion and anthropogenic pressure over the last few decades. The presence of common contaminants such as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a threat to the marine environment. The aim of this study is to determine the environmental threats and risks posed by organic contaminants to Qatar’s marine environment using pearl oyster ‘Pinctada Radiata’ as the indicator study organism. The samples (marine sediment, seawater, and oysters) were collected four times within two years in different seasons from the four sites (Simaisma, Al Khor, Umm Bab, and Al Wakra), on March 2017, December 2017, May 2018, and November 2018. A total of 144 samples were analyzed, 48 samples of seawater, 48 samples of sediment and 48 samples of oysters. Levels of organic contaminants (TPHs and PAHs) were quantified in seawater, marine sediment and oyster tissues (P. radiata). In addition, the TOC and particle sizes were measured in abiotic matrices as well as the temperature, salinity, and pH of seawater in the study areas. Overall, the organic contaminants (TPHs and PAHs) were more readily detected in oyster tissue samples than marine sediment and seawater samples collected from the same areas. The surface seawater samples showed negligible levels of PAHs, while TPHs were ranged from 1.164 to 271.77 μg/L. The concentration of TPHs and PAHs in surface marine sediment were ranged between (75.02 -1751.82) and (4.25 - 36.73) μg/kg dry weight respectively. In oyster tissue samples, the level of TPHs was ranged from 633.33 to 6666.67 μg/kg dry weight, with the highest concentrations measured in Simaisma, while PAHs concentration showed an extreme variation from 25.90 to 2244.03μg/kg dry weight. The present study could, however, provide useful background information for further investigations to understand the presence of organic contaminants in Qatar’s marine environment.

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Al-Shamary, Noora. "Assessment of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants along the Qatari Coast." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0036.

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Qatar sits in the middle of the world’s most important hydrocarbon producing areas where significant regional refining activity and shipping traffic take place. In addition to significant local coastline, development prominently along the eastern coast, has taken place over recent decades. Protecting Qatar’s marine ecosystems from the adverse effects of environmental contaminants is a core component of the Environmental Development pillar within the National Vision 2030. However, a limited number of studies have investigated contaminant concentrations in the coastal environment of Qatar. The accumulation of contaminants in aquatic environments can affect coastal and marine ecosystems, and cause adverse effect on marine organisms and human health. This study aims to determine contamination in Qatar’s coastal environment by measuring organic and inorganic contaminants, along with physiochemical parameters, at four sites located on the contrasting east and west coast of the country. The Pearl Oyster Pinctada radiata, which is considered an iconic organism in Qatar, was used to determine a baseline of contaminants in an aquatic organism. Surface seawater, surface sediment and oysters were collected four times over two years in different seasons from the four sites. In-situ parameters (temperature, pH, and salinity), and abiotic parameters (TOC and grain sizes) were measured for seawater and sediment. Organic (TPHs, PAHs) and inorganic contaminants (trace metals including: Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn, T-Hg) were measured in all samples. Overall, Al Wakra (higher in boat traffic and fueling activities) on the east coast reported the highest levels of contaminants. High PAHs were observed in oyster tissues, while high Pb was noted in seawater and high Zn was observed in sediment and oyster. Benzo (a) pyrene was the highest compound detected in oyster. However, high TPHs were also noted in oyster tissues from Simaisma. At Al Khor, also on the east coast, high level of TPHs were recorded in seawater, while high PAHs and TOC observed in surface sediment, which had a relatively higher clay and silt content than other sites. Umm Bab (with a desalination plant near the coast), the sole sample site on the west coast, showed the highest level of TOC in seawater and sediment, highest Ni in seawater and highest total mercury in oyster. Our results, in general, report lower levels in seawater and sediment compared to other studies in the region and more widely; however, in oysters most of the contaminants are higher when compared to international guideline values. These higher levels indicate the potential for these filter-feeding organisms to absorb contaminants into their tissues from the environment that surrounds them. Additionally, bioaccumulation can occur. This study provides background information for further investigation to understand the presence and distribution of organic and inorganic contaminants in Qatar’s rapidly changing coastal environment. It indicates the usefulness of applying a holistic view to environmental monitoring including the use of biomonitoring.

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BenHamadou1, Alexandra Leitao, Zenaba Khatir, Noora Al-Shamary, Hassan Hassan, Zainab Hizan, Aisha Al-Ashwal, Mark Chatting, et al. "Pearl Oyster: From National Icon To Guardian of Qatar's Marine Environment." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0051.

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The NPRP9-394-1-090 project “Pearl Oyster: from national icon to guardian of Qatar's marine environment” had as main aim to develop and apply an integrated suite of chemical and biological methods as early warning tools to assess the “health” of Qatar’s marine environment. The central theme consisted in an investigative monitoring program around the use of the pearl oyster, Pictada imbricata radiata, as a sentinel or guardian species. We have characterized the main environmental contaminants of concern at a selected number of sites around the Qatari coast (UmmBab, Al Khor, Al Wakra and Simaisma), during 2 years, in summer and winter. Potential ecological effects of contaminants (targeted and untargeted) were investigated at different biological organization levels (gene, chromosome, cell, individual, population), through a multidisciplinary approach, using classical and genotoxicological endpoints, integrative histopathology and transcriptomic responses to the different environmental stresses. To our knowledge, this is the first time an integrated approach connecting all these disciplines has been applied in the Qatari marine environment. We present here the main results, of this 3 years project, obtained in all different disciplinary approaches. The results of this project will leave a legacy of resources for future Qatari researchers, including an open access transcriptome data base and the first description of common pathologies observed in the pearl oyster P. i. radiata. Moreover, they will also represent a sound science-based baseline data essential for conservation and management planning, by integration of the data from all the different disciplines applied in the project to assess the potential ecological effects of contaminants at different biological levels.

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Lapico, Adrian, Mangalam Sankupellay, Louis Cianciullo, Trina Myers, Dmitry A. Konovalov, Dean R. Jerry, Preston Toole, David B. Jones, and Kyall R. Zenger. "Using Image Processing to Automatically Measure Pearl Oyster Size for Selective Breeding." In 2019 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dicta47822.2019.8945902.

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Kearney-Volpe, Claire, Amy Hurst, and Scott Fitzgerald. "Blind Web Development Training at Oysters and Pearls Technology Camp in Uganda." In W4A '19: Web For All 2019 Personalization - Personalizing the Web. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3315002.3317562.

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Ji, Li-Li, Lu Cai, Jian Guo, and Wen-Dong Song. "Influence of Imidazole Carboxylic Acid-Nickel Complex on the Nacre Color in Pearl Oyster." In 2017 7th International Conference on Advanced Design and Manufacturing Engineering (ICADME 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icadme-17.2017.13.

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Primožič, Mateja, Željko Knez, and Maja Leitgeb. "Activity of α--Amylase from P. ostreatus Grown on Waste Substrates." In International Conference on Technologies & Business Models for Circular Economy. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fkkt.2.2022.7.

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Forest and agricultural waste can be a major development and ecological opportunity. Therefore, it is reasonable to use biological waste further to produce energy and for the manufacture of certain products with high added value, such as, for example, the cultivation of fungi and, consequently, the production of biocatalysts with high market value. In addition, the use of agriculture waste for Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) growth can be integrated to waste management and the development of the bioeconomy. The cultivation of P. ostreatus using waste plant biomass from agriculture (straw, grass, courgettes, cucumbers, peaches, apricots, pears, and peppers) was performed in order to obtain the highest increase in biomass production of the cultivated mushroom and as a potential source of α-amylase, with high catalytic activity. The highest α-amylase activities were achieved when pears or apricots were used as a substrate for P. ostreatus cultivation.

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Ju, Myeong Jin, Sang Jin Lee, Yuri Kim, Jun Geun Shin, Do Hyung Kim, Hae Yeon Kim, Dong Seon Lee, and Byeong Ha Lee. "Integrating optical system designed for multimodal analysis of pearls and its mother oyster to distinguish and appraise cultured pearls." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Fred S. Azar and Xavier Intes. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.873545.

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Saeed, Suhur. "Preliminary investigations into the reproductive biology, in vitro fertilization and laboratory culturing of the Qatari Pearl Oyster (Pinctada radiata)." In Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference Proceedings. Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qfarc.2016.eepp2724.

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Allameh, Seyed. "On the Development of a 3D Printer for Combinatorial Structural Composite Research." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50962.

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Bioinspired materials have enabled the fabrication of tough lightweight structures for load- and impact-bearing applications of which an example is fiber-reinforced plastics use in aerospace. If applied to the field of construction, biomimicked composites can save lives, otherwise lost to earthquakes and other disasters that cause collapse of buildings. The main culprit is the low resistance of structures exposed to dynamic shear stresses, typical of earthquakes. Recent work on the application of biomimicry to structural composites has clearly shown the advantage of these materials in resisting dynamic shear. Adding natural or synthetic reinforcement fibers may alleviate the need for conventional steel rebars and make it possible to print buildings by conventional 3D printing technology. The main hurdles are to find the right type of composite that is compatible with 3D printing and the right process for deposition of such material. In the past, combination of carbon fiber, glue and concrete has been demonstrated to enhance the toughness of resulting structural composites. Inspired by the microstructure of oyster and mother of pearl, layering of these materials mitigates the localization of deformation by distributing the imposed displacement over a large area. The intricate structure of these layers, and the minute details of the interfaces are important for affecting good dynamic shear resistance. In nacre, a partial slip of sandwiched layers occurs before it stops and deformation is transferred to the adjacent area. This energy-absorption capability underlies the high-toughness behavior of nacre and similar structures. By mimicking nacre, bone and tooth, it is possible to benefit from their good properties, however, it is important to determine the type of material, layering scheme, geometry, and other factors that affect mechanical properties. A recently-developed medium-sized 3D printer was developed to deposit structural materials. These include cement, plaster, polymer and clay. Combinatorial structural composite research (CSCR) comprising the simultaneous fabrication and characterization of multiple specimens with different microstructures allows fair comparison of mechanical properties of various structural composites. Novel application of deposition techniques to the extrusion of plaster, cement and clay paves the way to layer these materials along with glue and fibers in desired schemes. Use of ANOVA tables in the selection of various types of ceramics, polymers and reinforcement materials for the fabrication of different composites will be discussed. In addition to selection of the type of the materials, deposition schemes such as those of solid and hollow structures, different layer thickness applications, and the effect of timing will be elucidated. Microscopy conducted on the fractured surfaces enables the investigation of the mechanisms of fracture and failure for these CSCR composites. The details of experiments conducted, microscopy performed and the results of mechanical tests will be presented.

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