Journal articles: 'Pearl oysters'

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Gueguen, Yannick, Yann Czorlich, Max Mastail, Bruno Le Tohic, Didier Defay, Pierre Lyonnard, Damien Marigliano, et al. "Yes, it turns: experimental evidence of pearl rotation during its formation." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 7 (July 2015): 150144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150144.

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Cultured pearls are human creations formed by inserting a nucleus and a small piece of mantle tissue into a living shelled mollusc, usually a pearl oyster. Although many pearl observations intuitively suggest a possible rotation of the nucleated pearl inside the oyster, no experimental demonstration of such a movement has ever been done. This can be explained by the difficulty of observation of such a phenomenon in the tissues of a living animal. To investigate this question of pearl rotation, a magnetometer system was specifically engineered to register magnetic field variations with magnetic sensors from movements of a magnetic nucleus inserted in the pearl oyster. We demonstrated that a continuous movement of the nucleus inside the oyster starts after a minimum of 40 days post-grafting and continues until the pearl harvest. We measured a mean angular speed of 1.27° min −1 calculated for four different oysters. Rotation variability was observed among oysters and may be correlated to pearl shape and defects. Nature's ability to generate so amazingly complex structures like a pearl has delivered one of its secrets.

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Parsons, Miles J. G., Conrad W. Speed, Robert D. McCauley, Rebbeca Fisher, Cecile Dang, Diego R. Barneche, Jayson Semmens, et al. "Impacts of exposure to a seismic source survey on silverlip pearl oysters (." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S337—S342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21093.

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Between 2018 and 2021, AIMS and its partners conducted a large-scale experiment to investigate the effect of exposure to a 3D seismic survey on pearl oysters. In August 2018, ≈11 000 adult wild silverlip pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) were collected and attached to bottom culture lines to acclimatise for 1 month at a holding lease site, 40 km off Broome, WA. These oysters were split across rows configured parallel to each other at seven horizontal distances up to 6000 m from a ‘zero line’. In September 2018, we sailed a commercial seismic vessel along one 20 km-long inactive (vessel control) sail line along the zero line, followed by six operational (exposure) sail lines, at increasing distances from the zero line, with each line separated in time by either 12 or 24 h. This design resulted in groups of pearl oysters with 35 different exposure histories (seven distances, five exposure distances) that were then transferred to undergo either lethal biophysical sampling or pearl seeding for a ‘grow-out’ study of pearl production. Biophysical sampling included immunology tests, primarily using flow cytometry and gene expression changes in nacre- and stress-associated genes. Audits of oyster growth and condition were conducted at various time points between the exposure period and harvesting of the seeded oysters. The number and quality of pearls produced by each exposure group was assessed 2 years after exposure (December 2020). The results of these analyses are being finalised for presentation.

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Kaito, Hatano, Kawamura Ryoya, Watabe Yukina, Ogiso Shouzo, Nagami Arata, Matsubara Hajime, Urata Makoto, et al. "Thermal Responses in Japanese Pearl Oysters, Pinctada fucata martensii." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 01 (2022): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i01.040.

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In order to examine the thermal responses in pearl oysters, both the mRNA expression levels of heatshock protein (Hsp) in their tissues and changes in the mineral levels of their hemolymph were analyzed using heattreated and heat-untreated pearl oysters. Pearl oysters that live in Tsukumo Bay on the Noto Peninsula were used as experimental materials. Pearl oysters kept at 25 C in artificial seawater were exposed to high temperatures (30 C or 35 C) for 1 h. After exposure, the pearl oysters were transferred into the seawater at 25 C and kept for 4 h. Thereafter, the hemolymph was collected by inserting a syringe into the adductor muscle of the heat-treated pearl oyster, and then hemocytes were separated from hemolymph by centrifugation. In addition to hemocytes, the mantles and gills were taken from heat-treated pearl oysters to analyze Hsp mRNA expression. The collected hemolymph was used to analyze its mineral concentration. The data of pearl oysters treated at a high temperature (30 C or 35 C) were compared with those of pearl oysters kept at the initial temperature (25 C) as a heat-untreated control. First, the mRNA expressions of several Hsps (Hsp20, Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90) were analyzed using the hemocytes, mantles, and gills to examine the thermal responses of pearl oysters. With heat treatment, the mRNA expressions of all Hsps (Hsp20, Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90) used in the present study were significantly increased. Especially, Hsp20 mRNA expression in hemocytes, mantles, and gills was remarkably increased by heat treatment. The responsiveness of Hsps mRNA expression was greatly higher at the rate of increase at 35 C than at the rate of increase at 30 C. Among the tissues used in the present study, the mRNA expression levels of Hsp20, Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90 were higher in gills than in hemocytes and mantles. Second, we analyzed the mineral concentrations of hemolymph in the heat-treated pearl oysters. The calcium, magnesium, sodium, chlorine, and potassium ion levels in the hemolymph of pearl oysters kept at 35 C increased significantly as compared with those in the initial hemolymph of pearl oysters kept at 25 C. This suggests that heat treatment influences excretory organs such as gills and kidneys. The fact that the expression level of Hsps was highest in gills, which function as respiratory and International Journal of Zoological Investigations Contents available at Journals Home Page: www.ijzi.net Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Ajai Kumar Srivastav Published by: Saran Publications, Gorakhpur, India 372 excretory organs, supported the influences of the excretory system. This study is the first report to demonstrate changes in both the monovalent and divalent ions of hemolymph in response to heat treatment in Japanese pearl oysters. We plan to investigate the detailed mechanism of the above mineral regulation together with HSP expressions in the near future.

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Hadiroseyani, Yani, Iswadi, and Daniel Djokosetyanto. "Control of Polychaetes by Dipping Infected Pearl Oyster on Different Salinity." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2007): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.3.29-31.

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Dip treatment on pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) was conducted in different concentrations of saline water to eliminate boring polychaetes. Results shows that polychaetes leave the oysters which treated on saline water at 0 ppt, 45 ppt, and 60 ppt as long as 15 minutes each. It also shows that the oysters got high survival rate 7 days after the treatment. Key words: Pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima, polychaetes, salt, dipping, survival rate

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Tomatala, Pitjont. "PENGARUH SUHU TERHADAP PEMIJAHAN KERANG MUTIARA Pinctada maxima (JAMESON)." JURNAL PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN TROPIS 7, no. 1 (April 4, 2011): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jpkt.7.1.2011.13.

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Pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima, are known as South Sea Pearl. Breeding is an important factor in intensive culture pearl oyster. In breeding, spawning became determining factor. The purpose of this research was to understand the effect of temperature decrease on the spawning level and to compare the treatment of water temperature decrease and increase on spawning level of pearl oyster P. maxima. The result showed that temperature decrease treatment influenced the success of the spawning level. Both water temperature decrease and increase had similar effect on the spawning level of the pearl oyster.

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Albayani, Mumu Sri Maulana, Muhammad Junaidi, and Andre Rachmat Scabra. "Pengaruh Kedalaman yang Berbeda terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Tingkat Kelangsungan Hidup Kerang Mutiara (Pinctada maxim) dengan Sistem Terintegrasi di Perairan Teluk Ekas Kabupaten Lombok Timur." Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/bioscientist.v10i1.5147.

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Integrated cultivation is a cultivation activity that combines several commodities that have different trophic levels, pearl oysters can be a commodity to absorb organic matter because they are filter feeders. With this system, the condition of the bay's waters is ex-fertile. So that the location can be a location for pearl oyster cultivation because it has abundant food availability for pearl oysters and this greatly affects its growth and survival. The availability of this food is influenced by the depth factor. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal depth to produce maximum granules, both in terms of quality and quantity in Ekas Bay waters. This study used 4 treatments (1, 5, 10, and 15 m) with 4 replications, for 45 days. The parameters measured were absolute length growth, specific length growth rate, absolute weight growth, specific weight growth rate, and survival of pearl oyster spat (Pinctada maxima). The results showed that the ANOVA test results of absolute length growth, specific length growth rate, absolute weight growth, specific weight growth rate, and survival of pearl oyster spat (Pinctada maxima) showed significantly different results (P<0.05). The optimal depth for growth and survival of pearl oyster spat (Pinctada maxima) in Ekas Bay waters is at a depth of 5 m (P2) with an absolute length growth of 9.05 mm, a specific length growth rate of 1.43%/day, an absolute weight growth of 0.32 g, specific weight growth rate of 6.26%, and survival rate of 76%. So it can be concluded that different depths (1, 5, 10, 15 m) have a significant effect on the growth and survival of pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) in Ekas Bay waters.

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Batista, Frederico M., Ana Grade, Deborah M. Power, Francisco Ruano, and Elizabeth M. Harper. "Occurrence and characterization of pearls from oysters of the genus Crassostrea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416000382.

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The occurrence of pearls in the ‘true’ oysters, the Ostreioidea, is poorly documented despite being the most produced mollusc species in the world. Oysters of the Crassostrea genus were collected in two different sites in southern Portugal where both Crassostrea angulata and C. gigas are present, namely in: (1) the Ria Formosa lagoon where pearls were not observed (N = 446); and (2) the Guadiana estuary where pearls were found in 12 out of the 798 oysters analysed. The pearls were located mainly at the edge of the right mantle lobe in the inhalant chamber and their maximum length ranged from 0.9 to 5.5 mm. Almost all the pearls had a white-cream colouration with the exception of two pearls that had a black-brown colour. X-ray diffraction analysis of one pearl showed that it was entirely calcitic with no traces of either aragonite or vaterite. The pearls observed were therefore non-nacreous pearls. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a diversity of microstructures including prismatic, foliae-like sheets and blocky textures, i.e. highly reminiscent of the host oyster shell microstructures. Parasites (e.g. parasitic copepods, Haplosporidium-like plasmodia) and signs of diseases (e.g. foot disease) were observed in some of the oysters analysed, but they were not associated with the occurrence of pearls. The present work is one of the few studies on the occurrence of natural pearls in ‘true’ oysters and to our knowledge the first description of their microstructure by SEM.

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Rizaki, Irfanudin, Sigid Hariyadi, and Taslim Arifin. "THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND SUITABILITY FOR PEARL OYSTER (Pinctada maxima) CULTIVATION IN BARRU REGENCY." Coastal and Ocean Journal (COJ) 5, no. 1 (February 21, 2022): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/10.29244/coj.5.1.37-53.

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The coastal waters utilization that has potential to be developed in Barru regency is the cultivation of pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima). However, to get the maximum results, site selection through inventory activities and mapping of potential of the waters is an important early stage to do. The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of Barru regency coastal waters for pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) farming. The method used in the current study were the characteristics analysis, plankton abundance SID analysis (Simpson's index of diversity), and suitability analysis of pearl oyster farming by weighting. Conditions of physical parameters i.e tidal waters was characterized by a mix tidal or semidiurnal tides which has two high tides and two low tides in each tidal day. The waters current ranged from 14 until 69 cm/s. Water depths contour ranged from 5 until >200 meters and the water temperature was relatively high at the first transitional season (May) which ranged from 30.1 to 31.6 0C. Chemical parameters, such as salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and nitrate still met the water quality standard of marine waters. However, the posphat concentration in the estuary had exceeded the level of quality standard , i.e >0.015 mg/L. Barru coastal waters that had the potential for pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) farming with a very appropriate status has an area of 3,201 ha. Keywords: Coastal, Pearl oyster farming, Suitability, Environmental

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Rizaki, Irfanudin, Sigid Hariyadi, and Taslim Arifin. "THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND SUITABILITY FOR PEARL OYSTER (Pinctada maxima) CULTIVATION IN BARRU REGENCY." Coastal and Ocean Journal (COJ) 5, no. 1 (February 21, 2022): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/coj.5.1.37-53.

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The coastal waters utilization that has potential to be developed in Barru regency is the cultivation of pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima). However, to get the maximum results, site selection through inventory activities and mapping of potential of the waters is an important early stage to do. The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of Barru regency coastal waters for pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) farming. The method used in the current study were the characteristics analysis, plankton abundance SID analysis (Simpson's index of diversity), and suitability analysis of pearl oyster farming by weighting. Conditions of physical parameters i.e tidal waters was characterized by a mix tidal or semidiurnal tides which has two high tides and two low tides in each tidal day. The waters current ranged from 14 until 69 cm/s. Water depths contour ranged from 5 until >200 meters and the water temperature was relatively high at the first transitional season (May) which ranged from 30.1 to 31.6 0C. Chemical parameters, such as salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and nitrate still met the water quality standard of marine waters. However, the posphat concentration in the estuary had exceeded the level of quality standard , i.e >0.015 mg/L. Barru coastal waters that had the potential for pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) farming with a very appropriate status has an area of 3,201 ha. Keywords: Coastal, Pearl oyster farming, Suitability, Environmental

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Rahman, Md Ataur, Mohammed Rashed Parvej, Md Harunor Rashid, and Md Enamul Hoq. "Availability of pearl producing marine bivalves in south-eastern coast of Bangladesh and culture potentialities." Journal of Fisheries 3, no. 3 (December 7, 2015): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/jfish.v3i3.2015.108.

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The present study was conducted during September 2014 to July 2015 to identify the pearl bearing bivalves in south-eastern coast of Bangladesh and culture potentialities of marine oyster in captivity based on field investigation. A total of 7 pearl bearing bivalve species were identified in the coast with a salinity of 18-34 ppt, pH 8.1-8.3 and water depth ranged 0.2-2.0 meter in their habitat. From the collected bivalves, most abundant oyster species windowpane oyster, Placuna placenta (Linnaeus, 1758) was reared in fiber glass tanks with seawater for a period of 6 months. During rearing highest survival rate of 88% was observed in T1 with sandy and gravel substratum and lowest survival rate of 78% was found in T2 with muddy substratum. Average temperature and salinity were varied between 24 °C-25 °C and 21-26 ppt respectively. From the reared oyster, highest 54 nos. small pearls in the month of April and lowest 7 pearls in December from a single P. placenta were obtained. The study proved that pearls can be obtained from the marine oysters in captivity in Bangladesh, and this offers large scale culture potentialities in our coast.

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Rahman, Md Ataur, Mohammed Rashed Parvej, Md Harunor Rashid, and Md Enamul Hoq. "Availability of pearl producing marine bivalves in south-eastern coast of Bangladesh and culture potentialities." Journal of Fisheries 3, no. 3 (December 7, 2015): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/j.fish.105.

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The present study was conducted during September 2014 to July 2015 to identify the pearl bearing bivalves in south-eastern coast of Bangladesh and culture potentialities of marine oyster in captivity based on field investigation. A total of 7 pearl bearing bivalve species were identified in the coast with a salinity of 18-34 ppt, pH 8.1-8.3 and water depth ranged 0.2-2.0 meter in their habitat. From the collected bivalves, most abundant oyster species windowpane oyster, Placuna placenta (Linnaeus, 1758) was reared in fiber glass tanks with seawater for a period of 6 months. During rearing highest survival rate of 88% was observed in T1 with sandy and gravel substratum and lowest survival rate of 78% was found in T2 with muddy substratum. Average temperature and salinity were varied between 24 °C-25 °C and 21-26 ppt respectively. From the reared oyster, highest 54 nos. small pearls in the month of April and lowest 7 pearls in December from a single P. placenta were obtained. The study proved that pearls can be obtained from the marine oysters in captivity in Bangladesh, and this offers large scale culture potentialities in our coast.

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Romero, Aldemaro, Susanna Chilbert, and M. G. Eisenhart. "Cubagua’s Pearl-Oyster Beds: The First Depletion of a Natural Resource Caused by Europeans in the American Continent." Journal of Political Ecology 6, no. 1 (December 1, 1999): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v6i1.21423.

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Cubagua’s Pearl-Oyster Beds: The First Depletion of a Natural Resource Caused byEuropeans in the American Continent Interdisciplinary approaches to understanding the causes and mechanisms of depletion of natural resources can provide powerful tools in biological conservation policy. We report here what we believe was the first case of a depletion of a natural resource in the American continent by Europeans: the pearl-oyster (Pinctada imbricata) beds off the coast of Cubagua, Venezuela, in the early sixteenth century.Key words: Pearl-oysters, Depletion, Natural Resources, Overexploitation, HumanRights, Venezuela, Cubagua.

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Krzemnicki, Michael S., and Irka Hajdas. "Age Determination of Pearls: A New Approach for Pearl Testing and Identification." Radiocarbon 55, no. 3 (2013): 1801–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200048700.

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For this radiocarbon study, 7 saltwater pearls and 3 shells from pearl oysters have been analyzed. The declared ages of the samples range from the mid-19th century to very recent formations. The analyzed data show the potential of the bomb peak time marker to provide additional information when testing pearls. The analyzed pearls could be distinctly separated in pearls of pre- and post-bomb peak ages, in agreement with the distinction based on the declared ages. The analyzed data further reveals the potential of this method to provide supporting evidence for the historic provenience of a pearl or as an indication of a natural or cultured formation of a pearl.

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Matsuyama, Tomomasa, Satoshi Miwa, Tohru Mekata, Yuta Matsuura, Tomokazu Takano, and Chihaya Nakayasu. "Mass mortality of pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata (Gould)) in Japan in 2019 and 2020 is caused by an unidentified infectious agent." PeerJ 9 (September 21, 2021): e12180. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12180.

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Mass mortality of 0-year-old pearl oysters, Pinctada fucata (Gould), and anomalies in adults were observed in Japan’s major pearl farming areas in the summer of 2019 and 2020. Although adult oyster mortality was low, both adult and juvenile oysters underwent atrophy of the soft body, detachment of the mantle from nacre (the shiny inner surface of the valves), deposition of brownish material on the nacre, and loss of nacre luster. Infection trials were conducted to verify the involvement of pathogens in this phenomenon. Healthy adult pearl oysters were obtained from areas where this disease had not occurred to use as the recipients. The sources of infection were either affected adult oysters with atrophied soft bodies or batches of juveniles in which mortality had reached conspicuous levels. Transmission of the disease to the healthy oysters were tested either by cohabitation with affected oysters or by injections of the hemolymph of affected animals. The injection infection test examined the effects of filtration and chloroform exposure on the pathogen. Occurrence of the disease was confirmed by the appearance of brown deposits on the nacre and loss of nacre luster. The abnormalities of nacre were clearly reproduced in recipient shells in three out of four cohabitation trials with affected oysters. The disease was also reproduced in six out of six injection trails either with hemolymph filtered through 100 nm filter or with hemolymph treated with chloroform. In a serial passage with hemolymph injections, the disease was successfully transmitted through eight passages. These results suggest that the etiology of the disease is a non-enveloped virus with a diameter ≤100 nm.

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Mei-Fang, Wang, Yu Xiang-Yong, Liu Yong, Mao Yong, and Liang Fei-Long. "Genetic analysis of isozyme in Pteria penguin R. and offspring from inbreeding and hybridized stocks of Pinctada martensii D." Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 3, no. 2 (August 2006): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cjb200696.

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AbstractThe genetic variation of isozymes [esterase (EST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), malic enzyme (ME) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)] extracted from two different adult tissues (adductor muscle and gill) of Pteria penguin R. and offspring from two stocks of Pinctada martensii D. were analysed by vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The result showed an obvious and stable variation in the isozyme phenotypes in two different pearl oyster species. The SOD and EST isozymes from gill and MDH, ME and G6PDH from adductor muscle were species-specific. The electrophoretograms of these isozymes could be used as markers to differentiate the two pearl oysters. Between inbreeding and hybridized stocks of P. martensii, the electrophoresis patterns of isozymes were alike, but the similarities of electrophoretograms in the inbreeding progenies were higher than in the hybridized ones. The characteristic electrophoretograms of isozymes could be applied as molecular markers in the breeding of pearl oysters.

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Lee, Anne M., Ashley J. Williams, and Paul C. Southgate. "Modelling and comparison of growth of the silver-lip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima (Jameson) (Mollusca : Pteriidae) cultured in West Papua, Indonesia." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 1 (2008): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07112.

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A commonly used approach to quantifying growth is to fit mathematical models to length-at-age data. Growth of the silver-lip pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima, cultured at a commercial pearl farm in West Papua, Indonesia was expressed mathematically by fitting five growth models (Gompertz, Richards, Logistic, Special von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF) and General VBGF) to length-at-age data. The criteria used to determine the best fit model were a low mean residual sum of squares (MRSS), high coefficient of determination (r2) and low deviation of the asymptotic length (L∞) from the maximum length (Lmax). Using these criteria, the models were ranked accordingly: Special VBGF; General VBGF; Gompertz; Richards and Logistic models. The Special VBGF yielded the best fit (L∞ = 168.38 mm; K = 0.930 year–1; t0 = 0.126; MRSS = 208.64; r2 = 0.802; Deviation of L∞ from Lmax = 37.52 mm) and, accordingly, was used to model the growth of oysters cultured at three sites and two depths within the farm. Likelihood ratio tests were used to compare growth of oysters cultured at these sites and depths. Based on L∞ and K values, favourable sites and depths could be determined that optimised growth requirements for the various stages of P. maxima culture. Sites with high K and L∞ values were preferred sites for culturing juvenile oysters before pearl production, when high growth rate is essential to produce large numbers of oysters in the shortest time possible. In addition, high L∞ may facilitate implantation of larger nuclei conducive to the production of larger, more valuable pearls. Conversely, sites with low K values were preferred sites for weakening P. maxima before pearl ‘seeding’, a process undertaken to minimise nucleus rejection after seeding.

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Fajry, Satria, Dewi Nuraini Setyowati, and Alis Mukhlis. "THE EFFECT OF THE SOAKING PERIOD IN NATURAL FEED TATTS of Chaetoceros sp. ON THE GROWTH AND VIABILITY OF PEARL CLASS (Pinctada maxima) SEEDS." Journal of Fish Health 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jfh.v2i2.1473.

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Pearl oysters are a marine aquaculture commodity with high economic value. However, there are still many obstacles in pearl oyster cultivation activities, such as the need for quality seeds. This study aims to determine the effect of immersing pearl seeds in natural feed tanks of Chaetocheros sp. with different immersion periods on the growth and survival rate of pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima) seeds. The method used in this study is an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD), with 5 treatments and 3 replications, namely A (control/without immersion), B (0.5 hours), C (1 hour), D (1, 5 Hours) and E (2 Hours). The results showed that soaking the seeds in natural feed tanks had a significant effect on the growth of the shell (dorsal-ventral) of the pearl oyster Pinctada maxima (p<0.05). The highest growth was achieved in the 2-hour immersion period with an absolute growth value of 1.67 mm, a relative growth of 68.49% from the initial size, and a daily specific growth rate of 3.31% per day. This method must be tested on larger pearl oyster seeds and using other natural feed species and various natural mixes (multi-species).

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Nendissa, J. I., M. H. Makaruku, V. L. Tanasale, A. K. Kilkoda, and J. Taribuka. "Analysis of macro nutrient content in biofouling waste organic fertilizer pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima L.)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 883, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/883/1/012038.

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Abstract Biofouling development is a major problem in bilvave aquaculture around the world. The purpose of this study was to obtain macro nutrient analysis data for organic fertilizer from pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima L) biofouling waste. Where is the manufacture of solid organic fertilizer products that have quality equivalent to other commercial organic fertilizers by utilizing pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima L.) biofouling waste so that high quality solid organic fertilizers are produced which are in accordance with the Quality Standards for solid organic fertilizers and the Indonesian National Standard. Organic fertilizer from pearl oyster biofouling waste is obtained by using pearl oyster biofouling waste which is taken from the results of cleaning microorganisms attached to the pearl oyster shell area. Another major concern regarding biofouling is the potential for food competition caused by the attachment of the filter-feeder. Besides, the waste of biofouling pearl oysters is extracted and soaked in fresh water for one week at a time. Afterward, the pearl oyster biofouling waste is dried in the sun to dry, odorless, blackish brown in color. Analysis of macro nutrient content using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results of the analysis of macro nutrient content were Water Content (5.76%), C (14.48%), Organic Matter (24%), N-total (0.92%), P-total (0, 25%), K-total (1.02%), C/N ratio (15.72).

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Revilla, Jornil, José H. Peñuela-Jiménez, Adrián Márquez, César Lodeiro, Pedro Saucedo, and Luis Freites. "Cultivo suspendido de la ostra perlera alada Pteria colymbus (Röding), en diferentes condiciones hidrográficas y métodos de cultivo." Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 51, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.2022.51.1.1016.

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The performance of the winged pearl oyster Pteria colymbus juveniles under suspended culture conditions was evaluate, including five culture methods and two seasons: upwelling and non-upwelling. Culture methods comprised enclosures confining the oysters: BTBC, BBOand BTO; and two other unconfined-oyster: OFOB and FNS. The initial shell height of the oysters ranged between 31–35 mm in both seasons. The increase in shell size and dry mass of soft tissues showed significant differences between seasons. Greatest growth occurred with the OFOB and FNS unconfined methods. The ANOVA II analysis showed significant differences between the variables obtained in both stations and culture methods. Principal Component Analysis showed that the interactions between the variables: temperature (inverse relationship), and UI, chl-a and POM (direct relationship) explained 89 % of the variability of the growth of the oysters. Given the low survival rates, attributed to the presence of predators within the closed enclosures and the higher growth seen in the culture methods without confinement, we recommend using the FNS and OFOB methods, taking advantage of the byssus produced by P. colymbus.

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Chatzivasileiou, Dimitra, Panagiotis D. Dimitriou, John Theodorou, Ioanna Kalantzi, Iordanis Magiopoulos, Nafsika Papageorgiou, Paraskevi Pitta, Manolis Tsapakis, and Ioannis Karakassis. "An IMTA in Greece: Co-Culture of Fish, Bivalves, and Holothurians." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10060776.

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Integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IΜΤΑ) is an innovative mariculture methodology that reduces the environmental footprint and increases the profitability of the farm. It combines the cultivation of species belonging to different trophic levels, simulating a natural food web. In this study, five Mediterranean species were co-cultured in three operating fish farms in the Aegean (E. Mediterranean) Sea with different trophic conditions. The co-cultivated species were sea bream (Sparus aurata), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), rayed pearl oyster (Pinctada imbricata radiata), and sea cucumber (Holothuria polii). Bream, bass, and mussels were cultivated according to the traditional on-growing methods (fish cages and longlines), whereas the pearl oysters and sea cucumbers were cultivated in baskets designed specifically for oyster farms. To estimate the growth of the co-cultivated species, growth indicators were calculated using length and weight measurements. Furthermore, the growth measurements from co-cultivated species were compared to the respective ones from natural populations. All the species showed high survival rates in the integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) conditions. Pearl oysters and Mediterranean mussels had positive growth in fish farms with high concentrations of nutrients. Mussel condition index (CI) was 42% in Aquaculture 1 (Aq1) and 33% in Aquaculture 2 (Aq2), compared to 35% in a typical Mediterranean mussel farm. Pearl oysters CI in Aq1 was 53%, in Aq2 56%, in Aquaculture 3 (Aq3) 19%, and in natural populations ranging from 30% to 45%. In contrast, holothurians did not gain weight under the fish cage regime despite the high survival rate. Their final total weight was 17.3 g in Ag1, 8.3 g in Aq2, and 18.3 g in Aq3, but in the natural population, the mean weight was 80 g.

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Sonnenholzner, Jorge, Gema Alcivar, Adrián Marquez, and César Lodeiros. "Los erizos Arbacia incisa y Eucidaris thouarsii (Echinodermata) como agentes de biocontrol del “fouling” en canastas de cultivo de Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca: Ostreidae)." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 1-1 (December 8, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i1-1.31665.

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The sea urchins Arbacia incisa and Eucidaris thouarsii (Echinodermata) as fouling biocontrol agents in culture cages of Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca: Ostreidae).Fouling clogs cultivation cages of bivalves afecting their growth. We tested biocontrol with sea urchins in the suspended culture of C. gigas during one month. The experimental design included: 1) oysters without sea urchins, 2) oysters with the black sea urchin Arbacia incisa (50.5 ± 0.43 mm of diameter testa-DT), 3) oysters with the pencil sea urchin E. thouarsii (34. 2 ± 2.13 mm DT) and 4) oysters without sea urchins with a pearl net protective bag (to avoid predation). The dry mass of the pearl nets and the oyster soft tissues were determined at the beginning and end of the experiment. There was similar fouling in cages without urchins (55.3 ± 5.80 g) and with A. incisa (46.1 ± 2.84 g). These amounts were significantly higher than those found in cages with E. thouarsii (39.1 ± 1.9 g) and with protective sacs without urchins (35.6 ± 5.17 g). The growth of C. gigas with E. thouarsii was significantly higher (0.49 ± 0.089 g). We recommend E. thouarsii as a fouling biocontrol agent for C. gigas. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65(Suppl. 1): S35-S41. Epub 2017 November 01.

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Mulyana, Jeane Siswitasari, Achmad Farajallah, and Yusli Wardiatno. "Redescription of Larval Development in Cultured Pearl Oyster Pinctada maxima." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 23, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.23.2.109-112.

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Larval development plays a major role in efficient pearl culture. The cultured larvae will be later used for recipient and donor oysters in cultured pearl production. Larval developmental stage of silver lip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima has been reported by several studies. Those studies used female and male oyster parents directly taken from natural habitat.This study aimed to redescribe larval development of P. maxima from commercial pearl oyster culture farm in Indonesia. Larval development of this species whose parents are originated from selected groups in the pearl culture farm has not been reported yet, thus it is necessary to be described. This species undergoes specific larval developmental stage. The larvae were observed under microscope, and then the average shell length (SL) and shell height (SH) were measured. D-shaped veliger larva (77.4±0.3 µm SL; 65.4±1.1 µm SH) appeared 20 h after fertilization. Tenday-old larva (156.2±2.8 µm SL; 149.5±5.6 µm SH) had developed umbo region so it was called umbonal larva. Umbonal larva then developed further into plantigrade larva (411.3±9.8 µm SL; 380.5±6.9 µm SH) in 25 days after fertilization. Developmental stage and larval sizein P. maxima is similar with those observed in P. fucata and P. margaritifera. Keywords: growth, larva, plantigrade, shell, umbo, veliger

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Albuquerque, MCP, R. Alves, ACV Zanandrea, JF Ferreira, CMR Melo, and ARM Magalhães. "Growth and survival of the pearl oyster Pteria hirundo (L.,1758) in an intermediate stage of culture in Santa Catarina, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 72, no. 1 (February 2012): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842012000100021.

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There are no records in Brazil for the culture of Pteridae family oysters, genus Pteria and Pinctada. The intermediate culture can be considered one of the critical stages during the oyster farming. The changes in life conditions from a semi-closed environment provided by the collector to the structures utilized for the growth represents a considerable stress factor to which the animals are subjected. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the growth and survival of the pearl oyster Pteria hirundo (Linnaeus, 1758) kept in intermediate lanterns. Seeds of P. hirundo, obtained through larviculture carried out at the Marine Molluscs Laboratory (UFSC), southern Brazil were detached from the collectors, transferred and kept in an intermediate culture system (oyster lantern). During 6 months, growth (dorso-ventral height - DVH in mm) and survival (%) were evaluated. Two size classes were tested: medium (M), between 3.4 and 4.4 mm, and large (L), bigger than 4.5 mm. The density of occupation in each floor of the lantern was 50%. At the end of the experiment, the survivals observed were 90 and 94% for the sizes M and L, respectively. Medium juveniles of Pteria hirundo had an average (Std) increase of 16.1 (±4.38) mm in the dorso-ventral height, and large juveniles an average increase of 11.4 (±3.77) mm after six months of experiment. The results observed during the intermediate stage of cultivation indicate that Pteria hirundo presents survival and growth similar to other species of pearl oysters traditionally used in the pearl industry in several countries.

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Xie, Yichun, Elaine Y. Y. Huang, Wenyan Nong, Sean T. S. Law, Yifei Yu, Khan Cheung, Yiqian Li, et al. "Population Genomics, Transcriptional Response to Heat Shock, and Gut Microbiota of the Hong Kong Oyster Magallana hongkongensis." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020237.

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The Hong Kong oyster Magallana hongkongensis, previously known as Crassostrea hongkongensis, is a true oyster species native to the estuarine-coast of the Pearl River Delta in southern China. The species—with scientific, ecological, cultural, and nutritional importance—has been farmed for hundreds of years. However, there is only limited information on its genetics, stress adaptation mechanisms, and gut microbiota, restricting the sustainable production and use of oyster resources. Here, we present population structure analysis on M. hongkongensis oysters collected from Deep Bay and Lantau Island in Hong Kong, as well as transcriptome analysis on heat shock responses and the gut microbiota profile of M. hongkongensis oysters collected from Deep Bay. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including those on the homeobox genes and heat shock protein genes, were revealed by the whole genome resequencing. Transcriptomes of oysters incubated at 25 °C and 32 °C for 24 h were sequenced which revealed the heat-induced regulation of heat shock protein pathway genes. Furthermore, the gut microbe community was detected by 16S rRNA sequencing which identified Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes as the most abundant phyla. This study reveals the molecular basis for the adaptation of the oyster M. hongkongensis to environmental conditions.

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Hadiroseyani, Yani, Iswadi, and Daniel Djokosetyanto. "Control of Polychaetes by Dipping Infected Pearl Oyster on Different Salinity." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.3.47-49.

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Dip treatment on pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) was conducted in different concentrations of saline water to eliminate boring polychaetes. Results shows that polychaetes leave the osyters which treated on saline water at 0 ppt, 45 ppt, and 60 ppt as long as 15 minutes each. It also shows that the oysters got high survival rate 7 days after the treatment. Key words : Polychaetes, pearl oyster, dipping, salinity ABSTRAK Pengendalian polikaeta pengebor dengan menggunakan berbagai konsentrasi larutan garam telah dilakukan pada tiram mutiara (Pinctada maxima). Berdasarkan jumlah polikaeta yang keluar, hasil percobaan ini menunjukkan bahwa perendaman dengan konsentrasi garam 0 ppt. 45 ppt, dan 60 ppt selama 15 menit lebih efektif dibandingkan pada konsentrasi 15 dan 30 ppt. Tingkat kelangsungan hidup tiram mutiara yang diamati 7 hari setelah perendaman dalam larutan garam mencapai 100%. Kata kunci : Polikaeta. tiram mutiara, perendaman. salinitas

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McDougall, Carmel, Felipe Aguilera, and Bernard M. Degnan. "Rapid evolution of pearl oyster shell matrix proteins with repetitive, low-complexity domains." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 82 (May 6, 2013): 20130041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0041.

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The lysine (K)-rich mantle protein (KRMP) and shematrin protein families are unique to the organic matrices of pearl oyster shells. Similar to other proteins that are constituents of tough, extracellular structures, such as spider silk, shematrins and KRMPs, contain repetitive, low-complexity domains (RLCDs). Comprehensive analysis of available gene sequences in three species of pearl oyster using BLAST and hidden Markov models reveal that both gene families have large memberships in these species. The shematrin gene family expanded before the speciation of these oysters, leading to a minimum of eight orthology groups. By contrast, KRMPs expanded primarily after speciation leading to species-specific gene repertoires. Regardless of their evolutionary history, the rapid evolution of shematrins and KRMPs appears to be the result of the intrinsic instability of repetitive sequences encoding the RLCDs, and the gain, loss and shuffling of other motifs. This mode of molecular evolution is likely to contribute to structural characteristics and evolvability of the pearl oyster shell. Based on these observations, we infer that analogous RLCD proteins throughout the animal kingdom also have the capacity to rapidly evolve and as a result change their structural properties.

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Habib, Abdul Hamid Al, Anisatul Wahyuning Fitri, Ni Putu Febry Anggraeni, and Dedi Sucahyono. "PEMETAAN DAERAH POTENSIAL BUDIDAYA TIRAM MUTIARA (PINCTADA MAXIMA) MENGGUNAKAN CITRA SATELIT BERDASARKAN PARAMETER HIDROMETEOROLOGI TERHADAP POLA MUSIMAN DI PERAIRAN LOMBOK, NUSA TENGGARA." Prosiding SNFA (Seminar Nasional Fisika dan Aplikasinya) 3 (February 28, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/prosidingsnfa.v3i0.28500.

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Abstract: Pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) is one of the potential economic resources of the sea but its supply from nature is not comparable with the rapid market needs for this product, so the population of pearl oysters is depleting and the price continues to increase. To overcome these problems can be done with cultivation and the selection of the right location supported by hydrometeorological parameters that match the quality standards for marine biota is one factor that influences the success of cultivation. The cultivation of pearl oysters is one of the potential waters in Indonesia, especially in the waters of Lombok. The purpose of this study was to analyze hydrometeorological parameters (current velocity, sea surface temperature, and salinity) and their influence on potential areas for the cultivation of pearl oysters based on seasonal patterns in the waters of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. This study utilizes satellite image data from January 2006 to December 2016. The method used is to classify each hydrometeorological parameter based on scoring, then each parameter is overlaid so that the highest score is obtained which indicates the most potential area for the cultivation of pearl oysters. The results showed that in general in the waters of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara was included as a potential location for the cultivation of pearl oysters. The parameters used as references are in the good range for the growth and development of Pearl oysters in the waters of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara.Abstrak: Tiram mutiara (Pinctada maxima) merupakan salah satu sumber daya laut yang berpotensi ekonomi tinggi tetapi persediaannya dari alam tidak sebanding dengan pesatnya kebutuhan pasar untuk produk ini, sehingga populasi tiram mutiara makin menipis dan harganya pun terus meningkat. Untuk menanggulangi permasalahan tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan usaha budidaya dan pemilihan lokasi yang tepat dengan didukung parameter hidrometeorologi yang sesuai baku mutu untuk biota laut adalah satu faktor yang berpengaruh dalam keberhasilan usaha budidaya. Usaha budidaya tiram mutiara merupakan salah satu potensi perairan di Indonesia khususnya di wilayah Perairan Lombok. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis parameter hidrometeorologi (kecepatan arus, suhu permukaan laut, dan salinitas) serta pengaruhnya terhadap daerah potensial untuk budidaya tiram mutiara berdasarkan pola musiman di Perairan Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan data citra satelit pada bulan Januari 2006 hingga bulan Desember 2016. Metode yang digunakan yaitu dengan mengklasifikasikan setiap parameter hidrometeorologi berdasarkan scoring, kemudian masing-masing parameter di overlay sehingga akan didapatkan skor tertinggi yang mengindikasikan daerah paling potensial untuk budidaya tiram mutiara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum di Perairan Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat termasuk sebagai lokasi yang potensial untuk budidaya tiram mutiara. Parameter-parameter yang dijadikan acuan berada pada kisaran baik untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tiram Mutiara di Perairan Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat.

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Kuchel, Rhiannon P., Wayne A. O’Connor, and David A. Raftos. "Environmental stress and disease in pearl oysters, focusing on the Akoya pearl oyster (Pinctada fucataGould 1850)." Reviews in Aquaculture 3, no. 3 (August 25, 2011): 138–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2011.01051.x.

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Kalesaran, Ockstan, Cyska Lumenta, and Winda Mingkid. "GROWTH PATTERNS OF THE PEARL OYSTER Pinctada margaritifera IN NORTH SULAWESI WATERS." Jurnal Perikanan Unram 11, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jp.v11i2.260.

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The pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) or black lip pearl oyster is a marinebivalves with important economic value. This Indo-Pacific species is found in abundance in the waters of North Sulawesi, but cultivation activities have not been optimized. Growth information is important for aquaculture activities because it is a useful indicator to determine the health of pearl oysters and environmental suitability (Moussa, 2013). The purpose of this study was to determine the growth pattern of P. margaritifera pearl shells in the waters of North Sulawesi. Species P. margaritifera were collected at a depth of 2-20 m in the waters of North Minahasa Bahoi, Arakan waters South Minahasa and Talengen waters Sangihe Islands, North Sulawesi Province. The morphometric parameters observed included shell length (PC), shell height (TC), shell thickness (tC), and total weight (BT). The relationship between length, height, shell thickness and total weight was analyzed by regression equation. Morphometric measurements of P. margaritifera showed average shell length (PC) of 95.26 mm (Arakan waters), 81.15 mm (Talengen waters) and 70.19 mm (Bahoi waters). The growth pattern of P. margaritifera in the waters of Bahoi, Arakan and Talengen, North Sulawesi Province was allometric negative. This means that the increase in length, height and thickness of the shell is faster than the total weight.

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Miyoshi, Tadaki, Yasunori Matsuda, and Hiroshi Komatsu. "Fluorescence from Pearls to Distinguish Mother Oysters Used in Pearl Culture." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 26, Part 1, No. 4 (April 20, 1987): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.26.578.

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Abdul Manan, Sony Angga Satrya,. "Prakiraan Kesuburan Perairan Bali Dari Citra Satelit [Forecast Fertility Bali Waters From Satellite Imagery]." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 4, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v4i1.11589.

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Abstract Aplication Ocean Remote Sensing technology to many use for field fisheries, once use this technology in forecast fertility water. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of Bali coastal area for cage of pearl oyster culture. The method used is a descriptive method of data collection. Satellite image processing activities Aqua/Terra Modis starting with the collection of satellite image data from the database NASA via OceanColor Web site, the selection of a clean image data, and than download of satellite images. The first stages of image data processing are used software ENVI 4.7, with procedures are coloring the image, limiting the minimum and maximum temperatures and sea surface chlorophyll-a, and classifiying of the image based on the value of sea surface temperature. Sea surface temperature parameter determine the location of the cage of pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) culture. Suitability of the location of the cage of pearl oyster culture on Bali coastal area, at coordinates 8° 33' 00.97 " - 8° 42' 05.30" South Latitude and 115° 18' 03.40 " - 115° 39 ' 03.21" East Longitude. Based on geographical, that the location in the southeastern Bali coastal area and on the northern area of Nusa Pennida island.

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Latue, Milyan, Alex Retraubun, and Renoldy L. Papilaya. "STRATEGI PEMBERDAYAN PEMUDA MELALUI BUDIDAYA TIRAM MUTIARA DI NEGERI HATUSUA KECAMATAN KAIRATU." PAPALELE (Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Ekonomi Perikanan dan Kelautan) 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/papalele.2020.4.2.64.

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Hatusua is a country located in West Seram district and is one of the pearl oyster farming locations. Pearl oyster cultivation in Hatusua country has been around since 2007. The cultivation methods used are KJA and longline methods. Pearl oyster cultivation in the country of Hatusua is also one of the village programs carried out based on the cooperation of the village government with PT Globalindo Mutiara where the company is a company engaged in the fisheries sector, namely pearl shell cultivation. The existing empowerment program requires a more focused development on improving the welfare of the community (youth) without neglecting various aspects, both socio-economic, technical and institutional. The purpose of this paper is to determine youth empowerment development strategies through cultivation of mutaira oysters in Hatusua country. Data analysis using process hierarchy analysis (AHP) includes socio-economic, technical and institutional aspects. Selection of the main criteria chosen by respondents in the AHP assessment based on a comparison of the three main criteria as the most selected criteria for the empowerment strategy were the socio-economic aspects of 41.2% followed by technical aspects of 32.6% and institutional aspects of 26.2%. The combination of the synthesis of the assessment results in the AHP calculation shows that the sequence of the implementation of the youth empowerment strategy is employee wages, family dependents, land suitability, worker skills, land area, business experience, state regulations, government programs, and support from the Marine and fisheries Service.

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Li, Xing-Xia, Wen-Chao Yu, Zhong-Qiang Cai, Cheng He, Na Wei, Xiao-Tong Wang, and Xi-Qing Yue. "Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Full-Length cDNA of Calmodulin Gene from Pacific OysterCrassostrea gigas." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5986519.

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The shell of the pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) mainly comprises aragonite whereas that of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is mainly calcite, thereby suggesting the different mechanisms of shell formation between above two mollusks. Calmodulin (CaM) is an important gene for regulating the uptake, transport, and secretion of calcium during the process of shell formation in pearl oyster. It is interesting to characterize the CaM in oysters, which could facilitate the understanding of the different shell formation mechanisms among mollusks. We cloned the full-length cDNA of Pacific oyster CaM (cgCaM) and found that the cgCaM ORF encoded a peptide of 113 amino acids containing three EF-hand calcium-binding domains, its expression level was highest in the mantle, hinting that the cgCaM gene is probably involved in shell formation of Pacific oyster, and the common ancestor of Gastropoda and Bivalvia may possess at least three CaM genes. We also found that the numbers of some EF hand family members in highly calcified species were higher than those in lowly calcified species and the numbers of these motifs in oyster genome were the highest among the mollusk species with whole genome sequence, further hinting the correlation between CaM and biomineralization.

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Susilowati, Rini, Komar Sumantadinata, Dinar Tri Soelistyowati, and Achmad Sudradjat. "KARAKTERISTIK GENETIK POPULASI TIRAM MUTIARA (Pinctada margaritifera) TERKAIT DENGAN DISTRIBUSI GEOGRAFISNYA DI PERAIRAN INDONESIA." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2009): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.4.1.2009.47-54.

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Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memetakan keragaman genetik lima populasi tiram mutiara di Indonesia (Sumbawa, Bali Utara, Selat Sunda, Belitung, Sulawesi Selatan) dengan teknik mtDNA RFLP daerah amplifikasi Cytochrome Oxydase I (COI) dan hubungan kekerabatannya. Lima puluh tiram mutiara (Pinctada margaritifera) yang dianalisis menghasilkan DNA teramplifikasi sebesar 750 pb pada daerah COI mtDNA dengan teknik RFLP. Delapan belas komposit haplotipe terdeteksi dengan menggunakan tiga enzim restriksi: FokI, HaeIII, dan NlaIV. Diversitas haplotip rata-rata sebesar 0,255±0,093. Lima populasi tiram mutiara menghasilkan tiga kelompok dengan jarak genetik terendah adalah populasi Sumbawa dan Bali Utara (0,017) dan terjauh adalah populasi Sulawesi Selatan (0,142). Populasi Sulawesi Selatan merupakan populasi unik berdasarkan distribusi haplotipe BBCAA (60%) dengan nilai keragaman genetik terendah (0,105) dibandingkan dengan populasi lainnya (0,177-0,328).The objectives of this study were to map the genetic diversity of five populations of pearl oyster in Indonesian waters using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of DNA COI gene and their genetic relationships. A total of 50 individual of pearl oysters (Pinctada margaritifera) were analyzed for genetic variations within a 750-base pair region of the mitochondrial DNA COI gene using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. 18 composite haplotypes were detected following three digestions of endonuclease: FokI, HaeIII, and NlaIV. Five populations of pearl oysters formed three groups where the lowest values of Nei’s genetic distance were among Sumbawa and North Bali populations (0.017) and highest were among the South Sulawesi populations (0.142). The South Sulawesi populations possess uniqueness based on the haplotipe distribution of BBCAA (60%) with the lowest values of genetic diversities (0.105) compared to other populations (0.177--0.328).

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Pitcher, CR, TD Skewes, DM Dennis, and JH Prescott. "Distribution of seagrasses, substratum types and epibenthic macrobiota in Torres Strait, with notes on pearl oyster abundance." Marine and Freshwater Research 43, no. 2 (1992): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9920409.

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The benthic habitat of Torres Strait was surveyed in May-June 1989, using almost 600 transects (each 4 × 500 m) randomly dispersed over an area of about 25 000 km2. The distribution and relative abundance of seagrasses were estimated visually and mapped, along with the distributions of substratum types and epibenthic macrobiota; pearl oyster abundance was also estimated. Seagrasses were seen in most transects and, though very patchy at small scales, tended to increase from almost zero abundance in the southern and eastern areas of the survey to moderately dense in north-western Torres Strait. The epibenthic macrobiota and the substratum type also varied greatly, with the greatest diversity and abundance of biota associated with the harder substrata. The survey area supported an estimated 1.2-2.5 million pearl oysters, and though their density varied significantly with habitat type, the latter accounted for only about 12% of the variance.

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Moutopoulos, Dimitrios K., Vasileios Minasidis, Athina Ziou, Alexandra S. Douligeri, George Katselis, and John A. Theodorou. "Investigating the Acceptance of a New Bivalve Product in the Greek Shellfish Market: The Non-Indigenous Pearl Oyster Pinctada imbricata radiata." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2022): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020251.

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Greece exhibits the lowest seafood per capita consumption amongst European Mediterranean countries, and the investigation of consumer attitudes to new seafood products would bridge the gap among producers and consumers by promoting the vertical integration of the supply chain. However, limited information exists about consumer preferences for bivalves in the Mediterranean and for wild bivalves in particular. The present study aims to investigate, for the first time, consumers’ attitudes towards the purchase and consumption of bivalves, and more specifically, towards the edible pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata radiata, in the Greek shellfish market. Adult participants from the entire country completed a questionnaire covering the basic marketing aspects of bivalve and pearl oyster consumption, such as choice, purchase, reasons for consuming bivalves, confidence in product’s hygiene certification, media influence, etc. Data analysis included uni- and multi-variate statistics to examine the possible relations between the consumers’ demographics and socio-economic characteristics, and bivalve marketing aspects. Results showed that the majority of Greek consumers chooses traditional shellfish shops for purchasing pearl oysters, prefers a certification of quality, and trusts the confirmation provided by the veterinary authorities. Consumers’ attitudes vary considerably according to their demographics and socio-economic characteristics. Multivariate models revealed that the married, highly educated consumers that live in urban places were more reluctant to try new shellfish products and to accept an innovative way of market supply. The results reflect the positive attitude of Greek consumers towards the consumption of pearl oyster, a fact that would be helpful for decision makers in the planning of production, which in turn would promote bivalve consumption in the Greek shellfish market.

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Odawara, Kazushi, Hirofumi Yamashita, Kenichi Sone, Hideo Aoki, Kyoko Mori, Shunsuke Iwanaga, Chihaya Nakayasu, Takafumi Ito, Jun Kurita, and Takaji Iida. "An Epidemiological Study of the Akoya Oyster Disease Using Naïve Japanese Pearl Oysters." Fish Pathology 46, no. 4 (2011): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.46.101.

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Jameson, H. Lyster. "Studies on Pearl-Oysters and Pearls.-I. The Structure of the Shell and Pearls of the Ceylon Pearl-Oyster (Margaritifera vulgaris Schumacher): with an Examination of the Cestode Theory of Pearl-Production." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 82, no. 2 (August 21, 2009): 260–358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1912.tb07021.x.

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Tanaka, Hirofumi, Tsubasa Tomoto, Keisei Kosaki, and Jun Sugawara. "Arterial stiffness of lifelong Japanese female pearl divers." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 310, no. 10 (May 15, 2016): R975—R978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00048.2016.

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Japanese female pearl divers called Ama specialize in free diving in the cold sea for collecting foods and pearls in oysters. Exercising in the water combined with marked bradycardia and pressor responses provides a circulatory challenge to properly buffer or cushion elevated cardiac pulsations. Because Ama perform repeated free dives throughout their lives, it is possible that they may have adapted similar arterial structure and function to those seen in diving mammals. We compared arterial stiffness of lifelong Japanese pearl divers with age-matched physically inactive adults living in the same fishing villages. A total of 115 Japanese female pearl divers were studied. Additionally, 50 physically inactive adults as well as 33 physically active adults (participating in community fitness programs) living in the same coastal villages were also studied. There were no differences in age (∼65 yr), body mass index, and brachial blood pressure between the groups. Measures of arterial stiffness, cardio-ankle vascular index and β-stiffness index were lower ( P < 0.05) in pearl divers and physically active adults than in their physically inactive peers. Augmentation pressure and augmentation index adjusted for the heart rate of 75 beats/min were lower ( P < 0.05) in pearl divers than in other groups. These results indicate that lifelong Japanese pearl divers demonstrate reduced arterial stiffness and arterial wave reflection compared with age-matched physically inactive peers living in the same fishing villages.

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Jones, JB, M. Crockford, J. Creeper, and F. Stephens. "Histopathology of oedema in pearl oysters Pinctada maxima." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 91, no. 1 (July 26, 2010): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao02229.

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Reisser, Céline M. O., Romain Le Gendre, Cassandre Chupeau, Alain Lo-Yat, Serge Planes, and Serge Andréfouët. "Population Connectivity and Genetic Assessment of Exploited and Natural Populations of Pearl Oysters within a French Polynesian Atoll Lagoon." Genes 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11040426.

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In French Polynesia, the production and exportation of black pearls through the aquaculture of the black-lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera provide the second largest economic income for the country after tourism. This industry entirely relies on the collection of natural spats from few highly recruiting lagoons. In recent years, pearl oyster producers have experienced variable success rates in spat collection, with significant spatial and temporal variability in spat supply, driving uncertainty in the future of pearl production. This study combines, for the first time in a farmed lagoon, genetic (SNPs), demographic (sex ratio, age), and biophysical data (larval dispersal modelling) to shed new light on population dynamics, connectivity, and spat recruitment in Ahe Atoll, a well-studied pearl farming site. Our results indicate that the geographical structuring of the natural populations and the contribution of both natural and exploited stocks to the production of spats result from the interaction of hydrodynamic features, life history traits and demographic parameters: the northeastern natural populations are older, not well connected to the southwestern natural populations and are not replenished by larvae produced by adjacent exploited populations. Moreover, we observe that the exploited populations did not contribute to larval production during our experiment, despite a sampling period set during the most productive season for spat collection. This is likely the result of a strong male bias in the exploited populations, coupled with a sweepstakes reproductive strategy of the species. Our results warrant further investigations over the future of the northeastern older natural populations and a reflection on the current perliculture techniques.

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Yang, Jingru, Zhengyi Fu, Gang Yu, Zhenhua Ma, and Xiaomei Wang. "Combined Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Antioxidants in the Immune System of the Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata." Fishes 7, no. 5 (September 27, 2022): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050260.

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A water environment can impact many physiological processes of aquatic animals. The antioxidant response of immune system of the pearl oyster to temperature and salinity is of great significance to health. This study analyzed the physiological changes and immune responses under different temperature and salinity levels (temperature: 20, 25, and 30 °C; salinity: 23, 28, and 33‰) in the short term (7 d) in the hepatopancreas and other tissues of 405 pearl oysters. The combined effects of temperature and salinity on antioxidants in the immune system of the pearl oyster were evaluated via response surface methodology and Box–Benhnken design (BBD) under laboratory conditions. The secondary effects of salinity on the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significant, and CAT and SOD showed an inverted U-shaped trend with the increase in salinity. Temperature significantly impacted GSH-PX, CAT, glutathione (GSH), and SOD in primary and secondary effects, and the maximum values of CAT, GSH, and SOD were observed. The phenoloxidase (POX) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities increased with the increasing temperatures. The interaction of temperature and salinity was significant on CAT and SOD, but was not significant on GSH-PX. The interaction between salinity and temperature on AKP was significant, which was contrary to the results of AKP in the hemolymph. The expression levels of antioxidant genes varied between tissues, and the expression levels of different genes in the same tissue were different. Appropriate immunity and antioxidant index models were established under the combined temperature and salinity conditions. The optimal combination of temperature and salinity was 24.95 °C and 28.11‰, respectively, and the desirability was 0.803. This study provides theoretical reference points for the pearl oyster to respond to temperature and salinity changes and can be used to establish an index model for shellfish aquaculture.

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Buller, Nicky. "Diseases of aquaculture." Microbiology Australia 37, no. 3 (2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma16035.

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The value of production of aquaculture in Australia is around $990 million1 and consists of cultivation of over 40 species, most for food, but others such as pearl oysters and crocodiles are cultured for products for the fashion industry. A number of finfish are grown for food including salmon, barramundi, and silver perch, and other species include prawns, marron, abalone, oysters and mussels, whereas southern bluefin tuna are caught from the wild and farmed until they reach market size. A number of species are being investigated for aquaculture and these include octopus and sea cucumber.

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Sims, NA. "Abundance and distribution of the black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (L.), in the Cook Islands, South Pacific." Marine and Freshwater Research 43, no. 6 (1992): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9921409.

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Stocks of Pinctada margaritifera were surveyed in three atoll lagoons in the Cook Islands to assess abundance, describe distribution patterns, and evaluate the method for ongoing monitoring. Belt transects were laid at randomly selected sites across the lagoons. Densities over depth gradients were extrapolated to give a stock estimate for Manihiki lagoon of 2.0 million�3.2 million pearl oysters. Stocks in Penrhyn lagoon (5.0 million � 4.1 million) and Suwarrow lagoon (around 400 000) were estimated from average densities. The wide confidence limits mean that other methods are needed to monitor changes in abundance over time. Penrhyn and Suwarrow lagoons have not recovered from earlier overfishing. No pearl oysters occurred below 36 m. Density and shell size increased with depth; this was most notable in Manihiki, where fishing was heaviest. Sizes and densities were influenced by bottom type in Manihiki. Density was greatest in the north of Penrhyn and decreased southwards; Manihiki had no density gradient across the lagoon.

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Adzigbli, Linda, Ruijuan Hao, Yu Jiao, Yuewen Deng, Xiaodong Du, Qingheng Wang, and Ronglian Huang. "Immune response of pearl oysters to stress and diseases." Reviews in Aquaculture 12, no. 2 (March 22, 2019): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/raq.12329.

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Hadiroseyani, Y., D. Djokosetiyanto, and Iswadi. "Polychaete species infected pearl oyster Pinctada maxima at Padang Cermin Water, Lampung." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.6.197-204.

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This study was conducted to determine polychaetes infecting pearl oyster Pinctada maxima reared at Padang Cermin Bay, Lampung. There were 9 genera of polychaetes harboured on the shell of pearl oysters from Teluk Padang Cermin Lampung. Those are Eunice, Lysidice, Nereis, Phylodoce, Polycirrus, Polydora Salmacing, Streblosoma and Syllis which attached on external surface of the shell and some of them were burrowed into the shell. Keywords: polychaeta, pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima Abstrak Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis polikaeta yang menyerang tiram mutiara Pinctada maxima yang dipelihara di Teluk Padang Cermin, Lampung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 9 genus polikaeta yang menyerang tiram mutiara, yaitu Eunice, Lysidice, Nereis, Phylodoce, Polycirrus, Salmacing, Streblosoma dan Syllis ditemukan menempel pada permukaan luar cangkang tiram mutiara. Lysidice, Nereis, Phylodoce, dan Syllis juga ditemukan pada lapisan dalam cangkang. Polydora hanya terdapat pada lapisan dalam cangkang. Kata kunci: polikaeta, tiram mutiara, Pinctada maxima

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BEARHAM, D., Z. SPIERS, S. RAIDAL, J. B. JONES, E. M. BURRESON, and P. K. NICHOLLS. "Spore ornamentation of Haplosporidium hinei n. sp. (Haplosporidia) in pearl oysters Pinctada maxima (Jameson, 1901)." Parasitology 135, no. 4 (February 4, 2008): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008004149.

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SUMMARYAn infection of pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima, attributed to a Haplosporidium sp. by Hine and Thorne (1998) has been detected on 3 occasions and is considered to represent a serious concern to the pearling industry in Australia. The spore ornamentation of the parasite was determined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Spores of the parasite were pleomorphic, or elongated 3·5–4 μm×2·5–3·0 μm in size. Two filaments were wound around the spore and originated from 2 ‘knob-like’ posterior thickenings. Both filaments passed up one side of the spore together until just below the operculum whereupon each split and passed obliquely under the lip of the opercula lid. Each filament wrapped around the spore 4 times. The posterior thickenings seem to appear late in the development of the spore and were composed of spore wall material. A second set of branching tubular filaments composed of a different material was observed on the spore body although not on mature spores possessing a ‘knob-like’ posterior thickening. The ornamentation on the spores of the pearl oyster parasite was unique amongst described haplosporidian species where spore ornamentation is known. The parasite is named in this manuscript as Haplosporidium hinei n. sp.

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Yigitkurt, Selcuk, Aynur Lök, Ali Kirtik, Sefa Acarli, Evrim Kurtay, Aysun Küçükdermenci, and Yaşar Durmaz. "Spat efficiency in the pearl oyster Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814) in the surface and bottom water at Karantina Island." Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 49, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2020-0017.

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AbstractThe present study was carried out to determine the spat efficiency in the pearl oyster (Pinctada radiata, Leach, 1814) in surface and bottom water at Karantina Island (Izmir/Turkey). Polyethylene mesh bags were used as collectors. An annual average of 175.16 ± 11.32 spat m−2 was obtained from PSC (placed surface collectors) and 82.65 ±3.89 spat m−2 was obtained from PBC (placed bottom collectors). The largest number of new spat attachments occurred in August, both on PSC and PBC: 44 ± 3.46 and 26 ± 2.88 spats were found respectively in the outer and inner mesh bags of PSC, and 33 ±5.77 and 48 ± 6.92 spats were found respectively in the outer and inner mesh bags of PBC. New spat attachments (≥ 10 mm) continued throughout the study period, except April and May. Adult pearl oysters (≥ 50 mm) were found in May. There was a significant difference between PSC and PBC in the total number of spat attachments, the monthly spat attachments and the first spat attachments (p < 0.05). The total number of new spat attachments was positively correlated with temperature and chlorophyll a for both depths (p<0.05).

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Morizane, Tsuneo. "The Mass Mortality of Pearl Oysters in Uwa Sea, Ehime." Fish Pathology 34, no. 4 (1999): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.34.223.

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Miyazaki, Teruo. "Histopathology of Japanese Pearl Oysters with an Akoya-virus Infection." Fish Pathology 34, no. 4 (1999): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.34.229.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pearl oysters'

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