Academic literature on the topic 'Pearson Product Moment Correlation'

Anxiety is considered having negative effects for most students in learning foreign language, especially English. It has attracted researchers’ attention to do the investigation on foreign language anxiety as a factor which inhibits students to learn the target language successfully. Concerning with this issue, this correlational research was emphasized on investigating the relationship between foreign language anxiety and students’ English achievement. Fifty-five eighth grade students of MTS Sulaiman Yasin Samarinda were asked to fill out 33 items of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS). The Pearson Product Moment Correlation showed that anxiety had significant negative correlation with students’ English achievement (r = -.258, p<.01). Key words: anxiety, achievement, Pearson Product Moment

Purpose: Banyuwangi Regency is intensively optimizing the tourism sector that has enormous natural and cultural potential. The tourism sector has a broad impact (multiplier effect) felt by all layers of businesses, including businesses in the entertainment industry, hospitality and restaurants. These three business sectors will directly affect income through the tourism sector's local tax. The purpose of this study is determine the relationship of the tourist visitation number to the entertainment tax of Banyuwangi Regency, to find out the relationship of the tourist visitation number to the hotel tax of Banyuwangi Regency, to determine the relationship of the tourist visitation number to the restaurant tax of Banyuwangi Regency. Research methods: The analytical method used in this study is Product Moment Correlation Analysis. Results and discussions: The results of this study indicate that the relationship of the Tourist visitation Number (X1) to the Entertainment Tax (Y1) obtained by Pearson product moment value is 0.938 (Very Strong). The relationship of the Tourist visitation Number (X1) to the Hotel Tax (Y2) obtained by Pearson product moment value is 0.955 (Very Strong). The relationship of the Tourist visitation Number (X1) to Restaurant Tax (Y3) obtained by Pearson product moment value from the Correlation Coefficient is 0.889 (Very Strong). Conclusion: The Three tourism taxes had positive correlations with the Tourist visitation

This paper introduces the Tukey family of symmetric and asymmetric -distributions in the contexts of univariate -moments and the -correlation. Included is the development of a procedure for specifying nonnormal distributions with controlled degrees of -skew, -kurtosis, and -correlations. The procedure can be applied in a variety of settings such as modeling events (e.g., risk analysis, extreme events) and Monte Carlo or simulation studies. Further, it is demonstrated that estimates of -skew, -kurtosis, and -correlation are substantially superior to conventional product-moment estimates of skew, kurtosis, and Pearson correlation in terms of both relative bias and efficiency when heavy-tailed distributions are of concern.

Orientation: Perceived Talent Management Practices, Perceived Organizational Support and Perceived Supervisor Support are distinct but related constructs, and all of them appear to influence an employee’s intention to quit an organization. Research Purpose – The objective of this study was to investigate Generation Y’s perception of an organization’s talent management practices and to determine how it relates to their intention to quit the organization. In essence, the study aims to establish possible relationships of four constructs: Perceived Talent Management Practices, Perceived Organizational Support (POS), Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS) and Intention to Quit. The mediating/moderating characteristics of POS and PSS on the relationship between Perceived Talent Management Practices and Intention to Quit are also investigated. Motivation for the study – Talent is the new tipping point in corporate success. It has the potential to be the origin of an organisation’s demise or the reason for its continuous success. A concept that exuberates this much potential for both disaster and prosperity validates some examination into its protection. Research design, approach and method – Four Instruments (HCI Assessment of Talent Practices (HCI), Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS), Survey of Perceived Supervisor Support and an Intention to Quit Scale) was administered to a convenience sample of 135 employees from a population of 450 employees working in three provinces in which the organization was operational. Pearson product-moment correlation analysis and Multiple Regression analysis were used to investigate the structure of the integrated conceptual model on Perceived Talent Management Practices, POS, PSS and Intention to Quit. Main findings - The findings of this study indicates a strong practically significant positive correlation (r(df = 135; p < 0.001) = 0.724, large effect). between Perceived Organizational Support (POS) and Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS). A strong practically significant positive relationship (r(df = 135; p < 0.001) = 0.640, large effect) was found between Perceived Organizational Support (POS) and the employee’s perception of the organization’s Talent Practices. The study confirmed a strong practically significant negative relationship (r(df = 135; p < 0.001) =-0.569, large effect) between Perceived Organizational Support (POS) and the employee’s Intention to Quit. A medium practically significant negative relationship (r(df = 135; p < 0.001) = -0.436, medium effect) was established between Intention to Quit and Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS). This study determined a medium practically significant positive correlation (r(df = 135; p < 0.001) = 0.471, medium effect) between Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS) and the employee’s perception of the organization’s Talent Practices. The findings also establishes a medium practically significant negative relationship (r(df = 135; p < 0.001) = -0.477, medium effect) exists between employees’ perception of the organization’s Talent Practices and their intention to quit the organization. Multiple regression confirmed that neither POS nor PSS mediates/moderates the relationship between Perceived Talent Management Practices and Intention to Quit. Practical/Managerial Implications - Cappelli (2008) stated that paradigms only come undone when they ”encounter problems that they cannot address. But before the old paradigm is overthrown, there must be an alternative, one that describes new developments better than the old one does” (Cappelli, 2008). This study provides evidence that management can use paradigm shifts as a talent retention strategy where the creation of a high perception of talent management practices will result in a lower intent to leave the organization. Contribution: The findings of this study indicate a positive relationship between perceived talent management practices, POS and PSS. The study also established a positive relationship between POS and PSS. A negative relationship was confirmed between POS, PSS and Perceived Talent Management Practices in relation to Intention to Quit.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Human Resource Management
unrestricted

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This research has as general objective to identify the variables or contributing factors to subsidize the discussion about reduction of the Working Day. As a specific objective, what is proposed is to verify how these same variables affect Productivity. For both objectives the macroeconomic aspects of the countries analyzed are considered. The criterion for selecting these countries is based on the "ranking" of the OECD and World Bank database for the year 2013, considering all the major world economies, which together represent 65.22% of global GDP. The data extracted refer to the "Gross Domestic Product - GDP at (PPP) - Purchasing Power Parity", which consists of the Gross Domestic Product, in international dollars, with a view to the comparative possibility of these economies by purchasing power parity (PPP). Other sources of information were considered as objects of analysis and observations, including the statistical series of secondary data from the International Labor Office (ILO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the United Nations (UNDP), the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Economics (IBGE), the Department of Statistics and Socioeconomic Studies (DIEESE) and the Institute of Economic and Applied Research (IPEA). The research was conducted at the macroeconomic level of the countries, with a longitudinal temporal cut between the years 2007 and 2013, in order to observe the behavior of these economies, including during the period of the 2008 global crisis. evolution of the historical series of GDP, revealing the size of the economy, GDP per capita, which captures wealth in relation to the population. Finally, we consider the labor productivity factor itself, which deals with the relationship between GDP, the number of people and the number of hours worked in the period. This research has as general objective to identify the variables or contributing factors to subsidize the discussion about reduction of the Working Day. As a specific objective, what is proposed is to verify how these same variables affect Productivity. For both objectives the macroeconomic aspects of the countries analyzed are considered. The criterion for selecting these countries is based on the "ranking" of the OECD and World Bank database for the year 2013, considering all the major world economies, which together represent 65.22% of global GDP. The data extracted refer to the "Gross Domestic Product - GDP at (PPP) - Purchasing Power Parity", which consists of the Gross Domestic Product, in international dollars, with a view to the comparative possibility of these economies by purchasing power parity (PPP). Other sources of information were considered as objects of analysis and observations, including the statistical series of secondary data from the International Labor Office (ILO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the United Nations (UNDP), the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Economics (IBGE), the Department of Statistics and Socioeconomic Studies (DIEESE) and the Institute of Economic and Applied Research (IPEA). The research was conducted at the macroeconomic level of the countries, with a longitudinal temporal cut between the years 2007 and 2013, in order to observe the behavior of these economies, including during the period of the 2008 global crisis. evolution of the historical series of GDP, revealing the size of the economy, GDP per capita, which captures wealth relative to the population. Finally, we consider the labor productivity factor itself, which deals with the relationship between GDP, the number of people and the number of hours worked in the period. Design/Methodology/ approach – The method is a qualitative research of the exploratory type, subsidized by quantitative correlation analysis, and the statistical design is directed to the verification of the degree of association between the variables: Working day and Labor productivity; that is, calculation and interpretation of the degree of correlation between these two variables. Findings – In the final conclusion of the study, it is inferred based on the theoretical reference and the analysis of the statistical data, if the reduction in the working day contributes to changes in productivity indexes, and just as other variables are considered in this discussion. Research limitations – No aspects of the national culture, climatic conditions and segregation of nations by percentage of participation in agriculture, industry, and services were considered in the composition of their economies, with a view to performing comparative analysis by subgroups. In addition, the sample set is restricted both in number of countries and in relation to the relatively short period between 2007 and 2013, in addition to being marked by an atypical event such as the global economic crisis of 2008. Practical contributions – To governments, organizations and workers to rethink the possible economic and social benefits, through public policies that allow greater flexibility in working hours, focusing on the competitive advantages and the balance of the relation between labor and capital, observing the legal aspects, productivity, quality of life, unit costs and the generation of jobs
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral identificar as variáveis ou fatores contribuintes para subsidiar a discussão sobre redução da Jornada de Trabalho. Como objetivo específico, o que se propõe é verificar como essas mesmas variáveis afetam a Produtividade. Para ambos os objetivos são considerados os aspectos macroeconômicos dos países analisados. O critério para seleção desses países se fundamenta no “ranking” da base de dados da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico – OCDE e do Banco Mundial, ano base 2013, considerando-se o conjunto das maiores economias mundiais, que, juntas, representam 65,22% do PIB global. Os dados extraídos são referentes ao “Gross Domestic Product – GDP at (PPP) - Purchasing Power Parity”, que consiste no Produto Interno Bruto, em dólares internacionais, com vistas à possibilidade comparativa destas economias pela paridade do poder de compra (PPC). Outras fontes de informações foram consideradas como objetos de análise e observações, incluindo-se as séries estatísticas de dados secundários do Instituto Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), do Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI), das Nações Unidas (UNDP), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Economia (IBGE), do Departamento Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Socioeconômicos (DIEESE) e do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica e Aplicada (IPEA). A pesquisa foi conduzida no nível macroeconômico dos países, com corte temporal longitudinal entre os anos de 2007 a 2013, com o objetivo de observar-se o comportamento dessas economias, inclusive durante o período da crise mundial de 2008. Nesse sentido, foi avaliada a evolução da série histórica do PIB, como reveladora do tamanho da economia, o PIB per capita, que captura a riqueza em relação à população. Por último, considera-se o fator produtividade do trabalho propriamente dito, que trata da relação entre o PIB, o número de pessoas e o número de horas trabalhadas no período. Quanto ao método, trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa do tipo exploratória, subsidiada por análise quantitativa correlacional, sendo o delineamento estatístico direcionado para a verificação do grau de associação entre as varáveis: Jornada de trabalho e Produtividade do trabalho; ou seja, cálculo e interpretação do grau de correlação entre essas duas variáveis. Na conclusão final do trabalho, infere-se com base no referencial teórico e na análise dos dados estatísticos, se a redução na jornada de trabalho contribui para alterações nos índices de produtividade, e assim como outras variáveis são consideradas nesta discussão. Não foram considerados aspectos da cultura nacional, condições climáticas e segregação das nações por percentual de participação respectivamente em agricultura, indústria, e serviços, na composição de suas economias, visando realizar análise comparativa por subgrupos. Além disto o conjunto amostral é restrito, tanto em número de países, quanto em relação ao período, relativamente curto, entre 2007 e 2013, além de ter sido marcado por fato atípico como a crise econômica mundial de 2008. Á governos, organizações e trabalhadores para repensarem os eventuais benefícios econômicos e sociais, através de políticas públicas que permitam maior flexibilização das jornadas de trabalho, com foco nas vantagens competitivas e no equilíbrio da relação entre mão de obra e capital, observando os aspectos legais, a produtividade, a qualidade de vida, os custos unitários e a geração de empregos

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電機工程研究所
105
In recent years, the satellite remote sensing technology progress in wide applications, resulting in the increased amount of hyperspectral imaging bands and datasets. To avoid containing wrong data and noise bands lead to the correct rate drops, we utilize hyperspectral image processing to select these bands representative in the spectral bands. Thus, reducing the data complexity is essential procedure. This paper proposed Transitive Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (TPMCC), improving the correlation coefficient between two bands via those similar neighbor bands according with specified conditions to enhance the ability to select the bands and effectively achieve the effect of dimensionality reduction. The previous study posed Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), this algorithm clusters the correlation coefficient matrix generated by original hyperspectral image into a cluster module of feature space, and then choose the representative bands for the effect of reduction dimension. However, when dealing with more category images, each category bands grouped by the correlation coefficient matrix inefficiently. Additionally, PSO as vulnerable as to be disturbed cannot find out suitable universal correlation coefficient matrix. In this dissertation, Salinas’s AVIRIS and Washington DC Mall’s HYDICE remote sensing images are the experiments. The experimental results show that TPMCC algorithm have more effective than Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient to prove the dimension reduction rate and reduce the selection of bands then achieve a good classification result.

This was a correlation study exploring the relationships between scores on various dimensions within and across different exercises in the leadership assessment and development centre (LADC) of an auditing firm in Johannesburg. The study specifically aimed at investigating the discriminant and convergent validity of the LADC. LADC ratings collected from a sample of 138 were analysed using a Pearson Product Moment Correlation (r) and principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to discover the main dimensions or constructs. Twenty one dimensions were measured using six different exercises in the LADC. The large correlations found in the study showed lack of discriminant validity amongst the majority of different dimensions measured in same exercises whilst, the PCA showed some convergent validity among various dimensions measured across exercises for the LADC. Lastly, the findings of the principal component analysis (PCA) supported a two-factor structure, indicating that assessors are able to differentiate between interpersonal and performance-related dimensions.
Industrial and Organisational Psychology
M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Sport and dance injuries have increased despite improvements in coaching techniques and medical care. Other factors, including psychological ones, were therefore thought to play a role in injury vulnerability. Most of the attempts to explain how psychological variables can affect an athlete's predisposition to injury have been based on anxiety or stress concepts. In this survey type study an interactive approach to stress has been adopted with the goal of finding a relationship between stress and injury in a group of professional ballet dancers. No simple direct relationship was found. Multiple regression analysis was performed and a more complicated relationship between stress indicators and injury was found. When an attempt was made to investigate the significant interaction, no significant correlations were found. However, the correlations were found to be large and negative. This could indicate that if the sample size had been larger significant correlations may have been found.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)

This mini thesis is aimed at establishing the relationship between developmental leadership and affective commitment as it presents itself across four levels of leadership within FNB Branch Banking. The four leadership levels targeted for research are Area Managers, Branch Managers, Administration Managers and Co-ordinators. The researcher used an Ex post facto research design in a natural field setting, formulating the research hypothesis that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between developmental leadership behaviours and affective commitment as reported by those whom directly reported to the four levels of leadership. Using 919 responses, the results of the statistical analysis showed all four leadership levels having a strong positive correlation between developmental leadership behaviours and the affective commitment of direct reports at a 99% confidence level. Finally the research also found that age has a statistically significant relationship with affective commitment and this should be examined in further research.
Human Resource Development
M. Tech. (Human Resources Development)

AbstractNigeria being dependent on rain-fed agriculture and with low level of socioeconomic development is highly affected and vulnerable to climate change. It is crucial for farmers to adapt to the never ending climate change. However, there are constraints to adaptation strategies used by the farmers. This study therefore identified some of the constraints to the farmers’ choice of climate change adaptation strategies in Ondo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting one hundred and sixty respondents for the study. Data collected with a well-structured interview schedule were analyzed using frequency, percentage, and mean statistic, while Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to test hypothesis. Crops competing for nutrient, inadequate access to climate information, inadequate finance, scarcity of labor, and inadequate farm input supplies were among the major constraints to choice of climate change adaptation strategies used by the respondents. The study recommended that weather forecast information should be published and made available to the farmers through agricultural extension agents. Training on how to improve mixed cropping technique and avoid vulnerability should be pursued.

Prior efforts in the study of engineering design employed various approaches to decompose product design. Design engineers use functional representation, and more precisely function structures, to define a product’s functionality. However, significant barriers remain to objectively quantifying the similarity between two function structures, even for the same product when developed by multiple designers. For function-structure databases this means that function-structures are implicitly categorized leaving the possibility of incorrect categorization and reducing efficacy of returned analogous correlations. Improvements to efficacy in database organization and queries are possible by objectively quantifying the similarity between function structures. The proposed method exploits fundamental properties of function-structures and design taxonomies. We convert function-structures into directed graphs (digraphs) and equivalent adjacency matrices. The conversion maintains the directed (function → flow → function) progression inherent to function-structures and enables the transformation of the function-structure into a standardized graph. For design taxonomies (e.g. D-APPS), graph nodes represent flows in a consistent (but arbitrary) ordering. By exploiting the directional properties of function-structures and defining the flows as the graphical nodes, the objective and standardized comparison of two function-structures becomes feasible. We statistically quantify the association between digraphs using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) for both within-group and between-group comparisons. The method was tested on three product types (ball thrower, food processor, and an ice cream maker) with function-structures defined by various designers. The method suggested herein is provided as a proof-of-concept with suggested verification and validation approaches for further development.

All definitions of the natural environment’s potential provided by the literature highlight the role of humans as entities making use of environmental resources. The natural environment creates conditions for life processes to occur by supplying raw materials and energy required to satisfy various human needs. It provides a basis and a precondition for socio-economic development. It is, however, difficult to define the natural environment’s potential in its entirety, therefore the study focused on the resource-and-performance aspect of this potential. Hence, the article aims at identifying the relationships between the level of the natural environment’s potential and the level of socio-economic development of communes. The study involved communes located in Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship. The study was carried out in several stages and involved an analysis of the level of the natural environment’s potential as well as of the meta-indicator that shows the socio-economic determinants of communes in a synthetic manner. The analysis of the relationships between the level of the natural environment’s potential and the socio-economic development was performed using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.

The manufacturing companies must keep attention over challenges and for the moment of adopting technology and practices instead of observation of competition amongst competitor companies. To create automobile business successful in India, companies are essential to adopting better cost accounting techniques to minimize costs. Target Costing has been identified as a popular technique to accomplish company’s goals. Target costing consist exclusive approach to decide target price for the product and services. Target Costing ensure that new product price would be competitive in the market with substantial quality of products. This research investigates the application procedure of Target Costing (TC) in Automobile companies in India. This study employed Target Costing as a dependent variable and Profitability; Growth; Net Tangibility Assets (NTA); EPS and Firm Size as independent variables. The study adopted convenience sample of top ten automobile companies listed on BSE of India and panel data has covered from 2014-15 to 2018-19 financial years. The results determine the target costing impact on profitability had reported by Pearson’s correlation result shown a negative relationship. Target costing impact on Return on sales examined by simple regression analysis and revealed that there is positive correlation. Finally, Target costing impact on financial performance examined by multiple regression results revealed that there is positive correlation with Revenue from Operation; Profitability; Return on Sales (ROS) and Growth, while negative correlation revealed by Margin from Operation; ROA; Net Tangibility Assets(NTA); EPS and Firm Size.

With growing awareness of environmental issues — from global warming to local waste disposal — business and government have come under increasing pressure to reduce the environmental impacts involved in the production and consumption of goods and services. However, organizations consider environmental assessment fairly late in the product development process, which generates additional design constraints and increases the development costs. The integration of environmental requirements through life-cycle stages of a product is a likely approach, leading to a new paradigm of green manufacturing. Empirical studies by various authors have indicated that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) find it difficult to implement environmental issues in product and process design because of lack of time, resources, expertise and/or framework in comparison to large enterprises. This paper presents the results of an empirical study carried out on Indian SMEs to develop product and process characteristics of green manufacturing. Fifteen product and four process characteristics have been developed to be considered during the product and process design to address the environmental issues for the life cycle of the product. These characteristics provide an easy to use self assessment framework to the SMEs to address the various environmental issues during the product and process design. The characteristics identified from the literature have been validated by using SPSS for Windows statistical tool. The reliability and validity of the data has been assessed by the Cronbach alpha and factor analysis respectively. The results provide sure evidence that the developed characteristics are highly reliable having Cronbach alpha values more than 0.9. Factor loading values for all characteristics are above 0.6, which shows the high validity of the data. A high value of Pearson correlation coefficients also reflects the high correlation among the developed characteristics. The study highlights the various environmental issues to be considered by the SMEs during the product design and development phase.

Tanaman tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum L) merupakan salah satu komoditas tanaman perkebunan yang cukup penting di Indonesia. Salah satu daerah penghasil tembakau di Jawa Timur adalah Kabupaten Jember. Tembakau Na-Oogst merupakan salah satu varietas yang tersebar luas di Kabupaten Jember baik dalam lingkup petani maupun perusahaan. Tanaman tembakau termasuk tanaman yang sensitif terhadap faktor lingkungan diantaranya curah hujan dan hari hujan. Kegiatan penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh curah hujan dan hari hujan terhadap produksi tembakau Na-Oogst di Kabupaten Jember. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret-Mei 2021 yang bertempatan di Politeknik Negerei Jember. Metode yang digunakan yaitu korelasi pearson product moment (PPM) dan regresi linier berganda pada program Microsoft Excel. Data variabel X adalah curah hujan dan hari hujan dan variabel Y yaitu produksi tembakau Na-Oogst di Kabupaten Jember pada tahun 2007-2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukan curah hujan dan hari hujan mempunyai korelasi yang cukup erat dengan produksi tembakau na-oogst (r curah hujan = 0,508 dan r hari hujan = 0,629). Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa variabel curah hujan dan hari hujan secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap produksi tembakau Na-Oogst.

The increase in greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere has led to global warming. Climate change is an international environmental issue. Therefore, companies should pay more attention to carbon management strategies in their supply chains. It also requires major suppliers to disclose their greenhouse gas emissions and climate change strategies through CDP. These suppliers include some large electronics manufacturers in Taiwan. The focus of this research is to understand the carbon management strategy in the green supply chain of Taiwan's electronics industry. Based on the collected strategies, a questionnaire was compiled and mailed to listed electronics companies in Taiwan to understand how Taiwanese electronics companies deal with carbon management in their supply chains. In this study, the collected data were analyzed and processed through descriptive statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson product difference correlation, and multiple stepwise regression analysis. And draw the following conclusion: Director of Electronics Industry- The views on overall green supply chain management and overall company performance are in the middle and high levels, there are significant differences in "marriage", "gender", "age", "education" and "work experience", there is a positive correlation between all aspects, and there are significant differences, there is a significant correlation between the two. And has the predictive ability. The results of this study also indicate that the most important strategies for large electronics companies to manage their supply chain carbon risks are "green product design," "material replacement," "energy efficiency," and "reducing packaging and reusability." And these companies have already begun to implement these carbon management strategies. Finally, based on the research process and conclusions, specific suggestions are made to provide references for Taiwan’s electronics-related industries and future researchers.

Recent trends towards service orientation make manufacturing, especially in developed economies, to move into a more service oriented strategy. One solution is to fulfill customer requirements by a product and its after-sales services. However, the actual impact of this transformation on manufacturers has never been explored. This study aims to understand how evolution of service in terms of service-width and length takes place over time, and how it impacts on the manufacturer and is impacted from it. We carry out a longitudinal case-based study on a particular service family (iTune) in consumer electronics using Pearson correlation and linear regression using SPSS software package. Considering consistent intention to improve existing ones and introduce new services, following results are gained: (1) Manufacturing with higher research and development capabilities are expected to have great potential to have strong after-sales portfolio both in terms of service-width and length. A strong portfolio in this type of manufacturing is expected to bring economic advantage. (2) Manufacturing with higher liabilities is expected to have more economic advantage in increasing service-width. (3) Manufacturing with robust infrastructure are expected to have more economic advantage in increasing service-length.

[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2019 issue of the Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice, Volume 18.] Aim/Purpose: The study examined types of errors made by novice programmers in different Java concepts with students of different ability levels in programming as well as the perceived causes of such errors. Background: To improve code writing and debugging skills, efforts have been made to taxonomize programming errors and their causes. However, most of the studies employed omnibus approaches, i.e. without consideration of different programing concepts and ability levels of the trainee programmers. Such concepts and ability specific errors identification and classifications are needed to advance appropriate intervention strategy. Methodology: A sequential exploratory mixed method design was adopted. The sample was an intact class of 124 Computer Science and Engineering undergraduate students grouped into three achievement levels based on first semester performance in a Java programming course. The submitted codes in the course of second semester exercises were analyzed for possible errors, categorized and grouped across achievement level. The resulting data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as Pearson product correlation coefficient. Qualitative analyses through interviews and focused group discussion (FGD) were also employed to identify reasons for the committed errors. Contribution:The study provides a useful concept-based and achievement level specific error log for the teaching of Java programming for beginners. Findings: The results identified 598 errors with Missing symbols (33%) and Invalid symbols (12%) constituting the highest and least committed errors respec-tively. Method and Classes concept houses the highest number of errors (36%) followed by Other Object Concepts (34%), Decision Making (29%), and Looping (10%). Similar error types were found across ability levels. A significant relationship was found between missing symbols and each of Invalid symbols and Inappropriate Naming. Errors made in Methods and Classes were also found to significantly predict that of Other Object concepts. Recommendations for Practitioners: To promote better classroom practice in the teaching of Java programming, findings for the study suggests instructions to students should be based on achievement level. In addition to this, learning Java programming should be done with an unintelligent editor. Recommendations for Researchers: Research could examine logic or semantic errors among novice programmers as the errors analyzed in this study focus mainly on syntactic ones. Impact on Society: The digital age is code-driven, thus error analysis in programming instruction will enhance programming ability, which will ultimately transform novice programmers into experts, particularly in developing countries where most of the software in use is imported. Future Research: Researchers could look beyond novice or beginner programmers as codes written by intermediate or even advanced programmers are still not often completely error free.