Journal articles: 'Peasant livelihoods'

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Vanegas, Raúl, Fabrice Demoulin, Guido Ruivenkamp, and Sabine Henry. "Analysis of the peasants’ livelihood strategies in the Paute basin of Ecuador." MASKANA 11, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18537/mskn.11.02.07.

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The article analyses the livelihood of peasant farmers in the rural area of three parishes in the Paute basin in Ecuador. First, the article presents the gathered empirical data of the study sites, respectively the Pichacay in the Santa Ana parish, Caldera in the Javier Loyola parish, and Llavircay in the Rivera parish. Applying the Chayanovian and van der Ploeg interpretation frames, three types of peasant households could be distinguished, based upon their specific organizational forms of producing and reproducing their livelihoods. The article concludes that a more in-depth analysis is needed in the peasant’s art of farming, particularly in their core balance of being conditioned by and linked to as well as resistant to the capitalist economy.

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Gomez, Francisco. "Challenges of War." Potentia: Journal of International Affairs 5 (October 1, 2014): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v5i0.4408.

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This policy brief looks at promoting Peasant Reserve Zones (ZRC) as a model for strengthening peasant communities affected by the ongoing-armed conflict in Colombia. It will also consider the direct relationship between violence, land grabs and the systematic implementation of neoliberal policies in the countryside. Likewise, this monopolistic occupation of land represents a delivered attempt to restrict peasant communities from their access to suitable territories and natural resources, often threatening traditional livelihoods. This policy brief highlights the reconfiguration of peasant communities by designing developmental alternatives at ZRC to confront land accumulation dynamics. By providing peasants with control over their territories and natural resources in ZRC the continual development of rural communities in conflict-prone areas will be guaranteed.

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ALI, TARIQ OMAR. "Agrarian Forms of Islam:Mofussildiscourses on peasant religion in the Bengal delta during the 1920s." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 5 (April 11, 2017): 1311–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000093.

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AbstractDuring the 1920s, a new genre of didactic poems prescribing the proper Islamic practice of everyday peasant lives were published out of printing presses in deltaic, eastern Bengal's small towns. This article argues that these printed poems constituted a discourse of agrarian Islam that prescribed reforms in peasant material life—work, commerce, consumption, attire, hairstyle, and patriarchal authority—as a means of ensuring the viability of peasants’ market-based livelihoods. The article examines the emergence of a small-town Muslim intelligentsia that authored and financed the publications of these poems out of the Bengal delta's small-town printing industry. Eschewing communalism as an analytical frame in understanding South Asian Muslim identities, this article argues that Bengali peasant Muslim subjectivity was located in peasant engagements with agrarian markets. Agrarian Islamic texts urged Muslim cultivators to be good Muslims and good peasants, by working hard, reducing consumption, and balancing household budgets.

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McCusker, Brent. "Livelihoods and Land Uses Produced Together: Evidence from Rural Malawi." Human Geography 9, no. 3 (November 2016): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861600900305.

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Land use and livelihood studies rarely engage dialectical thinking to explain how change occurs in rural, peasant economies. In this paper, I employ the dialectical concepts of contradiction and sublation to investigate the ways in which livelihoods and land uses are produced together at the household scale. Using quantitative and qualitative surveys, I demonstrate the degree to which land use and livelihoods are internally related and produced together as a result of households overcoming contradictions facing them in their everyday lives. I conclude by relating these findings back to relevant theoretical concepts.

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Akhyat, Arif. "The End of Peasantry: Peasants and Cities in Colonial Java in The Early Twentieth Century." Jurnal Humaniora 32, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.53383.

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This paper aims to explain the decline of the peasant community in Semarang City, Central Java, by exploring the historical shifts in the city's spatial structures and livelihoods. Spatial changes and the issue of subsistence ethics simultaneously will be used to explain the peasant community’s exclusion in the city. In the early of modernization Semarang, peasant economy collapsed by deagrarianization process and creating patterns of domestication, adaptation, and marginalization. This adaptation was necessary to reaffirm longstanding communal bonds that had contributed significantly to the city's historical growth. At the same time, however, the urban peasant community was excluded, as agrarian subsistence ethics required it to remain subordinate, while the city's new economic system limited or failed their social mobility. As a result, the peasant community was increasingly left behind by the city's social transformation. Discussing the end of the peasantry during decolonialization process is as a way to find out the consolidation ability of the peasant community during a depeasantization process. This paper will answer the question how socio-economic modifications were made by peasant to navigate with gigantic changes in the city during decolonialization Semarang? Using the historical method, an analysis of a peasant community seems to be more appropriate for obtaining the process of ending of the peasantry and it took into account for both the continuity and the discontinuity process. This paper is expected to provide new facts that have implications for the writing of the Javanese urban historiography which has never been present in Indonesian historiography.

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Ndi, Frankline Anum. "Land Grabbing, Local Contestation, and the Struggle for Economic Gain." SAGE Open 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 215824401668299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016682997.

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This article examines why peasant communities in South West Cameroon have contested a U.S.-based company’s intentions to establish an agro-industrial palm oil plantation in their region. Land investments in the form of agro plantations, if not properly conceived, negotiated, and implemented, pose a series of threats to the ecological, cultural, and economic stability among peasant farming communities, who depend on land and forest resources for their livelihood. Using Nguti as a case study, this article argues that local communities do not oppose investment in land but they contest projects that attempt to alienate them from their sources of livelihood without providing alternatives. The study also demonstrates how local communities, despite being critical of the project, struggle with the company through their relations with government, to demand new social contracts and/or memoranda that could offer them greater opportunities as economic partners. The article concludes that for palm oil plantations to be economically equitable, local communities’ incorporation is necessary to safeguard rural livelihoods and to ensure that provisions are made for adequate compensation and alternative sources of livelihood.

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Soper, Rachel. "From protecting peasant livelihoods to essentializing peasant agriculture: problematic trends in food sovereignty discourse." Journal of Peasant Studies 47, no. 2 (January 26, 2019): 265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2018.1543274.

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Bury, Jeffrey Todd. "Livelihoods, Mining and Peasant Protests in the Peruvian Andes." Journal of Latin American Geography 1, no. 1 (2002): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lag.2007.0018.

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Liu, Bencheng, and Yangang Fang. "The Nexus between Rural Household Livelihoods and Agricultural Functions: Evidence from China." Agriculture 11, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030241.

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Understanding the relationship between households’ livelihoods and agricultural functions is important for regulating and balancing households’ and macrosocieties’ agricultural functional needs and formulating better agricultural policies and rural revitalization strategies. This paper uses peasant household survey data obtained from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and statistical analysis methods, to analyze the differences in livelihood assets and agricultural functions of households with different livelihood strategies and the relationship between livelihood assets and agricultural functions. Households are categorized based on their livelihood strategies as full-time farming households, part-time farming I households, part-time farming II households, and non-farming households. The agricultural product supply and negative effects of the ecological service function of full-time farming households are higher than those of part-time farming and non-farming households. Part-time farming I households have the strongest social security function, while non-farming households have the weakest social security function. Non-farming households have the strongest leisure and cultural function, while part-time farming I households have the weakest leisure and cultural function. Households’ demand for agricultural functions is affected by livelihood assets. Effective measures should be taken to address contradictions in the agricultural functional demands of households and macrosocieties.

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Gbahabo, Terfa Percy. "Peasant households livelihoods negotiation in the semi-arid zone of Nigeria." International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 7, no. 7 (July 30, 2015): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijsa2014.0570.

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Messerli, P. "Exploring innovative strategies for livelihoods in a slash-and-burn context in Madagascar : experiencing the role of huma geography in sustainability-oriented research." Geographica Helvetica 61, no. 4 (December 31, 2006): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-61-266-2006.

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Abstract. Slash-and-burn agriculture on the eastern escarpment of Madagascar is held responsible for the ongoing deforestation of the remaining primary forests. Further consequences attributed to the method are the degradation of fallow land, resulting in a loss of productivity, which is considered to be a threat to food security and the livelihoods of the peasants. The research results presented here contribute to current conservation and development efforts regarding alternative land use systems by studying how households can successfully adopt and adapt innovative strategies. Based on an interdisciplinary synthesis of knowledge about the land use system and a transdisciplinary analysis of multi-stakeholder interests, promising development routes were identified and tested. The results of the introduction of single innovative activities indicated overall improvement in ecological, economic and socio-cultural terms. However, the successful adoption by peasant households could only be achieved where households were able to simultaneously combine different innovative activities. This combination maximised synergies and reduced potential conflict between individual innovations and the existing livelihood strategy of a household. Consequently, important basic parameters for such a process could be defined, such as liberty of choice, accessibility and market networks, as well as Joint development of innovations between concerned actors and researchers.

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Welch, Cliff. "Globalization and the Transformation of Work in Rural Brazil: Agribusiness, Rural Labor Unions, and Peasant Mobilization." International Labor and Working-Class History 70, no. 1 (October 2006): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547906000159.

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This article examines recent Brazilian rural labor and agricultural history. It identifies three broad periods for analysis in the postwar era: the 1940s to 1960s, the 1960s to 1980s, and a third period that dates roughly from the promulgation of Brazil's new constitution in 1988 to the present. Using primary and secondary sources the article analyzes recent agrarian transformations associated with globalization, including the organized response of workers and farmers to the loss of millions farm livelihoods. It explains the rise of an autonomous peasant movement in the late twentieth century and describes the recent development of a polemic between a peasant vision of expanded family farming and the agricultural capitalist model promoted by powerful agribusiness interests.

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Perreault, Thomas. "State Restructuring and the Scale Politics of Rural Water Governance in Bolivia." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, no. 2 (February 2005): 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a36188.

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Recent attempts to grant private concessions to water in Bolivia raise questions regarding the effects of the state's neoliberal restructuring on environmental governance. Like other Latin American states, Bolivia has enacted sweeping neoliberal reforms during the past two decades, including privatization of public sector industries, reduction of state services, and administrative decentralization. These reforms have been accompanied by constitutional reforms that recognized certain resource and political rights on the part of Bolivia's indigenous and campesino peoples. This paper examines the reregulation and rescaling of rural water management in Bolivia, and associated processes of mobilization on the part of peasant irrigators aimed at countering state reforms. Although traditional resource rights of peasant irrigators are strengthened by cultural aspects of constitutional reforms, rural livelihoods are undermined by economic liberalization. The paper examines the implications and contradictions of neoliberal reforms for rural water management in highland Bolivia. These processes are illustrated through a brief analysis of current organizational efforts on the part of peasant irrigators.

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Bebbington, Anthony. "Capitals and Capabilities: A Framework for Analyzing Peasant Viability, Rural Livelihoods and Poverty." World Development 27, no. 12 (December 1999): 2021–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(99)00104-7.

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Aguilar-Jiménez, José, José Nahed-Toral, Manuel Parra-Vázquez, Francisco Guevara-Hernández, and Lucio Pat-Fernández. "Adaptability of Cattle-Raising to Multiple Stressors in the Dry Tropics of Chiapas, Mexico." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 1955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071955.

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Using the sustainable livelihoods analytical framework, the adaptability of cattle-raising to multiple stressors (e.g., climate change and market conditions) in the dry tropics of Chiapas, Mexico, was evaluated. Three case studies located in the Frailesca region of Chiapas were analyzed: (I) peasant cattle raising in a rural village in the Frailesca Valley; (II) peasant cattle raising in a rural village in a natural protected area in the Frailesca Highlands; and (III) holistic cattle raising by farmers with private land ownership in the Frailesca Valley. Three livelihood strategies were identified: a cattle raising-crop cultivation strategy with high use of purchased inputs (case 1); (II) a diversified strategy including extensive livestock raising (case 2); and (III) a strategy specialized in holistic cattle raising (case III). Adaptability was evaluated using an index on a scale of 1 to 100; average values were: case I = 20.9 ± 1.4; case II = 32.1 ± 1.8; and case III = 63.6 ± 3.5. In order to increase farms’ adaptability and reduce the vulnerability of cattle-raising families, there is a need to modify public policy to take into account the conditions of the most vulnerable farmers (cases I and II). Given the economic, environmental, and social context of Mexico’s dry tropics, establishing ecological or organic cattle raising and silvopastoral systems may reduce farm families’ vulnerability and increase the level of adaptability of their farms to multiple stressors.

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Abate, Abebe Gizachew. "The effects of land grabs on peasant households: The case of the floriculture sector in Oromia, Ethiopia." African Affairs 119, no. 474 (May 29, 2019): 90–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adz008.

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Abstract This article investigates how appropriation of land for flower farm developments in Walmara district and Holeta town in Ethiopia’s Oromia region affected smallholders’ livelihoods. Between 1996 and 2018, the state expropriated 1487 hectares from Oromo farming communities for the flower industry with little or no compensation through the ‘eminent domain’ principle. This article demonstrates the effects of these actions on the rural poor in Oromia including threats to common property resources and farming plots, which constitute their basic livelihood units and intergenerational assets. By focusing on cases of land expropriation in the central highlands of Ethiopia, it challenges a common misconception that land grabs are occurring only on the periphery of the state. In this case, the entanglements of the export-oriented flower industry in global capitalism and the centralized state administration have led to destitution for most smallholders within 100 kilometres of the capital city. The study shows how policies associated with the Ethiopian developmental state accord priority to investors and state interests over local concerns, reinforcing wider concerns with dominant models of development.

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Hoefle, Scott William. "Beyond carbon colonialism: Frontier peasant livelihoods, spatial mobility and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon." Critique of Anthropology 33, no. 2 (May 21, 2013): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x13478224.

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18

Powell, Kathy. "San Sebastián: the Social and Political Effects of Sugar Mill Closure in Mexico." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 17, no. 2 (August 2007): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104829110701700205.

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Mexico's sugar mills face an uncertain future: the closure of San Sebastián may well presage others if the climate for sugar production on national and international levels does not improve. While the continued squeezing of small cane producers reflects processes affecting peasant agriculture generally in Mexico, and indeed beyond, the fate of the mill workers made redundant when the mill closed similarly mirrors broad tendencies in labor in both the developed and developing world under neoliberalism. Former workers fell back upon personal, family, and community resources by migrating to the U.S. or locally reconstructing livelihoods characterized by a reduction in income, security, and access to social benefits. This article reports on the impact of the mill closure on the livelihoods of former mill worker families in the community of San Sebastián and offers some observations on their responses to the situation.

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Jacka, Jerry K. "The Anthropology of Mining: The Social and Environmental Impacts of Resource Extraction in the Mineral Age." Annual Review of Anthropology 47, no. 1 (October 21, 2018): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-050156.

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This article examines the social and environmental costs of living in the mineral age, wherein contemporary global livelihoods depend almost completely on the extraction of mineral resources. Owing to the logic of extractivism—the rapid and widespread removal of resources for exchange in global capitalist markets—both developed and developing countries are inextricably entangled in pursuing resource extraction as a means of sustaining current lifestyles as well as a key mechanism for promoting socioeconomic development. The past 15 years has seen a massive expansion of mineral resource extraction as many developing countries liberalized their mining sectors, allowing foreign capital and mining companies onto the lands of peasant farmers and indigenous people. This mining expansion has also facilitated the rise of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). Transformations in livelihoods and corporate practices as well as the environmental impacts and social conflicts wrought by mining are the central foci of this article.

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Gioia, Paula. "Pathway to resilience: hands and hearts for peasant livelihoods and fair relations between humans and nature." Third World Quarterly 39, no. 7 (July 31, 2017): 1403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1350820.

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Soto Alarcón, Jozelin María, and Chizu Sato. "Enacting peasant moral community economies for sustainable livelihoods: A case of women-led cooperatives in rural Mexico." World Development 115 (March 2019): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.11.005.

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CHAU, LAM MINH. "Negotiating Uncertainty in Late-Socialist Vietnam: Households and livelihood options in the marketizing countryside." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 06 (May 30, 2019): 1701–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000993.

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AbstractThis article makes a case for Vietnam as a distinctive example of late- and post-socialist marketization, a painful experience that has brought widespread immiseration to rural societies within and beyond Asia. Building on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in a northern Vietnamese village, I explore a hitherto under-researched aspect of Vietnam's massive social and economic transformation in the 30 years since the onset of market transition or Renovation (Đổi mới): the surprising ways in which rural households have negotiated both the risks and opportunities of the state's push to de-cooperativize and marketize village livelihoods. The state expects that a minority of rich farmers will rapidly move into large-scale, mechanized farming, while the majority will abandon small-scale subsistence farming to specialize in trade or participate in industrial waged employment. Surprisingly, all village households insist on being đa gi năng, that is, on retaining multiple livelihood options instead of following the official modernization scripts. Their refusal to follow state plans is not market-averse ‘resistance’, but something rarely documented in the literature on peasant life in marketizing contexts: a local sense of agency and taking personal responsibility for the security and long-term welfare of their families, in the face of highly unpredictable state policies.

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Fabusoro, Eniola, M. MARUYAMA, H. Y. FU, and C. I. ALARIMA. "HELPING PEASANT FARMERS IN NIGERIA THROUGH AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES: LESSONS FROM JAPAN AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE MODEL." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v17i1.1785.

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Japan agricultural cooperative known as JA in Japan is the citadel of small farmers’ livelihoods. For almost 60 years, JA was the driving force behind small farmer-supportive policy in Japan. The reverse is the case in Nigeria where agricultural cooperatives are not tailored towards organized support; therefore Nigerian farmers face the brunt of the market, policy and economy. While there are emerging challenges for JA, its relevance remains undaunted in marketing, farm guidance, credit, insurance, and subsidy among others. The paper examines the need for adapting the JA agricultural cooperative model in Nigeria and the needed institutional contexts. Alleviating rural poverty in Nigeria requires building farmers capacity through cohesive farmers’ organizations that will act as channels for introducing agricultural technologies for production and processing, gaining access to quality inputs, credit and technology, reduce farm gate losses and enhance harmers access to market and generally improving their capacity for negotiating better deals in the political system and gaining more control over their socioeconomic position in the Nigerian social system. The JA model of agricultural cooperatives is a relevant case study to building an organization that would meet farmers’ needs and help in agricultural development.

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ZHANG, Ruiying, Jianchao XI, and Nan ZHANG. "The Research on Peasant Sustainable Livelihood Models in Rural Tourism Areas Under Urbanization — A Case from Jixian, Tianjin." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 03, no. 01 (March 2015): 1550008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748115500086.

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Livelihood is fundamental for rural families. A good livelihood model can help to increase the happiness of peasants and promote local harmonious development. During the process of urbanization, peasant livelihood is changing constantly. In rural tourism areas, tourism is a strong force for the development of urbanization, and the research of peasant livelihood is especially important. Based on the basic sustainable livelihood theoretical framework, this paper classifies the peasants in Jixian (a county in Tianjin) tourism areas into four types, including working household, tourism household, part-time tourism household, and part-time non-tourism household, to conduct a comprehensive analysis on livelihood capital, livelihood strategy and livelihood outcome by integrating the questionnaire, interview, observation statistical analysis, GIS and data analysis. We draw the following conclusions. First, during the development of rural tourism, there are hierarchy differences in the livelihood capital among different types of peasant households, and the disparity is increasing. The tourism household shows evidence of the best livelihood capital followed by the part-time tourism household, the part-time non-tourism household, and finally the employee household respectively. Second, the livelihood strategy of Jixian households shows a diversity which is dominated by tourism livelihood. However, because the tourism household and part-time tourism households show outstanding advantage in their livelihood strategy that will be constantly imitated by other peasants, which will lead to an increasing professionalization and specialization in rural tourism. Third, according to the comparative analysis, tourism household and part-time tourism household show a livelihood outcome which is wealthier, provides leisure, and of high-quality living standards. Therefore, the livelihood outcome can be improved obviously by following the professional tourism livelihood model through relying on the local tourism resources rather than following the external diverse livelihood model.

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Stensrud, Astrid B. "Safe milk and risky quinoa." Focaal 2019, no. 83 (March 1, 2019): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2019.830108.

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The neoliberal global food system has intensified the uncertainties associated with peasant farming and agrarian livelihoods around the world. This article examines processes of precarization among smallholder farmers in the Majes Irrigation Project in Peru. By discussing price volatility and uncertainty related to the “free market,” I argue that the conditions of small-scale entrepreneurial farmers today can best be understood in terms of gambling and precarity. After four decades of neoliberal deregulation, farmers in Majes describe agriculture as a “lottery” where one can win or lose everything. Despite prospects of growth and progress, most farmers rely on low-income dairy farming or contracted crops for agro-industrial corporations. The freedom to take risks in the open market entails uncertainty and often results in loss, and farmers must negotiate the ambiguous relation between autonomy and dependency.

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Thebe, Vusilizwe, and Sara Mutyatyu. "Socially Embedded Character of Informal Channels of Remittances: ‘Omalayisha’ in the South Africa/Zimbabwe Remittance Corridor." Remittances Review 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v2i1.434.

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In this article, we cast some doubts on contemporary initiatives to formalise remittance channels by focusing on particular dynamics of the informal ‘malayisha’ system on the South Africa/Zimbabwe remittance corridor. We stress the socially embedded character of ‘omalayisha’ in some rural societies by demonstrating that the system is built on strong social and community relations of friendship, neighbourhood, kinship and referrals, and the development of strategic networks of state officials. We also seek to draw parallels between the historical movement of remittances from the cities to rural societies and the contemporary system of ‘omalayisha’. Our argument suggest that ‘omalayisha’ are inherently part of the contemporary worker-peasant economy after the relocation and expansion of urban livelihoods to South African cities, and that their position in these societies extends beyond mere labour reproduction to accumulation and survival questions.

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Isakson, S. Ryan. "Market Provisioning and the Conservation of Crop Biodiversity: An Analysis of Peasant Livelihoods and Maize Diversity in the Guatemalan Highlands." World Development 39, no. 8 (August 2011): 1444–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.12.015.

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Vincent, Susan. "Pensions, Peasants, and the Informal Economy: Family and Livelihood in Contemporary Peru." Latin American Perspectives 45, no. 1 (August 30, 2017): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x17726084.

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A Peruvian case study explores how urban informal workers negotiate their livelihoods as they age, highlighting reciprocity among urban informal workers, retired formal sector workers, and peasants in a pattern of rural-urban circular migration. Labor-intensive mining in the twentieth century created a proletarian workforce that included men from the peasant community of Allpachico. Their wages became an anchor for kin-linked clusters of households. Now, despite an economic boom, the lack of formal jobs forces younger Allpachiqueños to undertake precarious and informal work. Resource-sector-funded state social spending, such as through state-administered pensions for retired workers and the elderly poor, has replaced wages as a stable source of cash. This state mediation between the technology-intensive resource sector and citizens elicits suspicion and uncertainty. Dispossessed of the right to work and subjected to conditions of eligibility for social programs, urban informal workers continue to rely on kin and community. Un estudio de caso peruano explora cómo los trabajadores informales urbanos negocian sus formas de ganarse la vida conforma envejecen, y destaca la reciprocidad entre dichos trabajadores, los trabajadores jubilados del sector formal y los campesinos en un patrón de migración circular del campo a la ciudad. Durante el siglo XX, la minería intensiva dio lugar a una fuerza de trabajo proletaria que incluía a hombres de la comunidad campesina de Allpachico. Sus salarios se convirtieron en una forma de anclaje para grupos de hogares con vínculos consanguíneos. Ahora, a pesar del auge económico, la falta de empleos formales oblige a los jóvenes de Allpachico a trabajar de manera precaria e informal. El gasto social estatal financiado por los recursos del sector, como las pensiones estatales para trabajadores jubilados y los ancianos pobres, ha sustituido los salarios como fuente estable de efectivo. Dicha mediación estatal entre un sector de recursos con tecnología intensiva y la ciudadanía provoca sospechas e incertidumbre. Sin derecho a un trabajo y sometidos a los criterios impuestos de admisibilidad para recibir asistencia social, los trabajadores informales urbanos continúan dependiendo de sus familiares y comunidad.

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Wilson, Tamar Diana. "Mexico's Rural Poor and Targeted Educational and Health Programs." Human Organization 74, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0018-7259-74.3.207.

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A paradigm shift from the articulation of modes of production approach to the livelihoods diversification approach, occurring in the early 1990s, coincided and was symbiotic with neoliberal and capitalist interventions among the peasant poor, whether they continue to live in rural regions of origin or have migrated to urban centers. Although partially successful in relieving the dire situation of some of the poor, programs such as Progresa/Oportunidades and Seguro Popular (Popular Health Insurance) in Mexico have many flaws, including in the first case, increasing burdens on mothers and, in the second case, underfunding and exclusionary factors. Endorsed by international financial institutions such as the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the International Monetary Fund, they target individual behavior in the interests of poverty reduction. They also rest on a debatable hope that by skilling and insuring improved health among the dispossessed, a more adequate labor force will be available for the promised, yet unrealized, expansion of the formal economy.

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ZHANG, Ruiying, Jianchao XI, and Nan ZHANG. "The Comparative Study on Peasant Sustainable Livelihood Models in Rural Tourism Areas — A Case from Jixian, Tianjin." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 03, no. 02 (June 2015): 1550014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748115500141.

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The differences exist among rural areas of different tourism types in the aspects of peasant livelihood capital, livelihood strategy, and livelihood outcome. This paper conducts the comparative studies on peasant sustainable livelihood on two representatives, Maojiayu village and Changzhou village in Jixian (a county in Tianjin), based on the fieldwork and participatory country evaluating methods. The study finds that: (1) in rural areas of different tourism types, where their natural background, history of development, resources endowment, and regional policy are different, their tourism livelihood capital is various. The comparison finds huge differences in natural capital, material capital, and financial capital, but tiny difference in human resources capital and social capital for Maojiayu village and Changzhou village. (2) For the comparison of livelihood strategy and livelihood outcome, Maojiayu village mainly focus on the tourism-program-driven livelihood, while Changzhou village's livelihood is driven by tourism facilities and natural environment. The transformation and upgrading of tourism accommodation can significantly promote the tourism livelihood outcome; meanwhile, the introducing of new tourism programs can also bring the same effect. (3) The peasants in Maojiayu village and Changzhou village feel more comfortable, confident, and healthier by realizing the integration and localization of living and employment, as well as solving the issues of Three Rural Issues, for example left-behind children and empty-nest elderly in rural areas. If the local government can help to further improve the livelihood capital and extent tourism industry chain in the rural tourism areas, the peasants will have more livelihood strategy choices to promote the rural tourism industry.

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Yaro, Joseph Awetori. "Is deagrarianisation real? A study of livelihood activities in rural northern Ghana." Journal of Modern African Studies 44, no. 1 (February 6, 2006): 125–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x05001448.

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This article examines the livelihoods, portfolios and degree of deagrarianisation of the peasantry in three villages in northern Ghana. It argues that deagrarianisation should be seen as a process embedded in social change, bearing in mind the reversibility between farm and non-farm livelihood strategies used by households (reagrarianisation?). A livelihoods research approach involving qualitative household interviews and quantitative surveys in three villages in the Kassena-Nankani district constitute primary data for this study. Contrary to the deagrarianisation thesis, this study found that livelihood adaptation, implying both a diversification to new or secondary livelihood activities and changing the form, nature and content of the farm sector, characterised rural livelihoods in the area. The adaptation process involves not just a move from the farm to the non-farm sector, but also an intensification of efforts in the farm sector with seasonal diversification into other livelihood activities. The supposedly ‘booming non-farm sector’ is not entirely real, for reasons of marginalisation and exclusion of the poor peasantry, resulting from spatial, capital, infrastructural and market limitations.

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Obie, Muhammad, Marina Pakaya, Mustakimah, and Syilfi. "OIL PALM EXPANSION AND LIVELIHOOD VULNERABILITY ON RURAL COMMUNITIES (A CASE IN POHUWATO REGENCY - INDONESIA)." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.811.

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Purpose: This study analyzed the expansion of oil palm and its impact on the livelihood vulnerability of rural communities. Furthermore, this study analyzed the livelihood base of rural communities, explained the mechanism of oil palm expansion controlling rural land, analyzed land tenure by oil palm expansion, which caused vulnerability to rural livelihoods, and analyzed the actions of rural peasants responding livelihood vulnerability due to oil palm expansion. Methodology: The researchers conducted observations inTaludisub district and Popayatosub district, both of which were locations for oil palm expansion in the Pohuwato Regency of Gorontalo Province. Besides, the researchers observed coastal areas in Popayatosubdistrict, especially in Bajo tribal settlements that were affected by environmental damage in the form of floods sent from the mainland when it rained. The researchers also conducted in-depth interviews with various stakeholders who knew about oil palm expansion in Pohuwato Regency. The researchers interviewed village heads, heads of community empowerment institutions in the village, local environmental activists who actively discussed oil palm expansion, oil palm company leaders, and rural communities, both plasma peasants and other communities affected by oil palm expansion in Pohuwato Regency. To support observational and interview data, the researchers conducted a document review of previous research findings relating to the impact of oil palm expansion on local communities. Main Findings: Oil palm companies get two instruments in controlling the forest area and agricultural land. Those are concession rights, as well as the nucleus and plasma systems. Both instruments close rural communities to access forest areas and agricultural land. It causes livelihood vulnerability in rural communities, besides the ecological disaster in the form of flooding due to damage to the rural environment, as well as drought in the dry season. Rural communities are forced to survive by migrating and diversifying livelihoods in the form of multiple livelihoods. Implications: This research is significant on both the theoretical and policy levels. On the theoretical level, this research enriches the study of rural sociology, especially the study of rural access and livelihoods. As for the policy level, this research result can be a reference for the government in formulating policies regarding the development of oil palm plantations. In order to avoid livelihood vulnerability, the granting of forest area concessions to oil palm companies should be done at a radius quite far from the settlements of rural communities. Novelty: A concession permit granted by the government to an oil palm company closes rural communities' access to the forest area. Rural communities get worse when the company implements a nucleus and plasma system policy that causes the transfer of control of agricultural land from rural communities to oil palm companies. The nucleus and plasma system only benefits the oil palm companies as the nucleus and kills the peasants' livelihood base as the plasma. The vulnerability of the livelihood base does hit not only rural communities that are plasma peasants but also hit other communities as a result of environmental damage in the form of floods in the rainy season and drought in the dry season. Vulnerable rural livelihoods due to oil palm expansion forced rural communities to migrate to find new livelihoods and diversify their livelihoods.

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Zhang, Le, Chuanqing Liao, Huan Zhang, and Xiaobo Hua. "Multilevel Modeling of Rural Livelihood Strategies from Peasant to Village Level in Henan Province, China." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10092967.

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With the rapid development of China’s economy, Chinese peasants now have a growing number of livelihood choices. Rural livelihood strategies are primarily a matter of choice, while the characteristics of the household and village may affect the decision-making process. However, until now, there has been a lack of empirical studies that have been carried out for the identification of the multi-level determinants of rural livelihood strategies. To fill this gap, this paper applies multi-level modeling approach to model rural livelihood strategies in Henan Province, China. The results show that rural livelihood strategies have insignificant between-group variability at the household level, and significant between-group variability at the village level, with the variance at the peasant level accounting for the largest proportion of the total variance. Younger peasants who are male and have a higher education level are more likely to engage in only off-farm work, while peasants with the opposite characteristics are more likely to engage in only on-farm work. Pluriactive peasants integrate the characteristics of the other two groups, and generally live closer to urban areas than the others. In order to reduce rural income inequality and sustain agricultural production, the Chinese government should design effective policies to make farming an appealing livelihood choice, particularly for the young generation.

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Barker, D. "Land reform and peasant livelihoods, edited by K. B. Ghimire. ITDG Publishing, London, 2001. ISBN 1 85339 527 7 (paperback), xvii+253 pp." Land Degradation & Development 14, no. 5 (2003): 509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.573.

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HEYETS, Valeriy, Olena BORODINA, and Ihor PROKOPA. "INCLUSIVENESS AS A DIRECTION AND VISION OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE: CONCEPTUAL BASIS." Economy of Ukraine 2020, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2020.11.003.

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The essence of inclusive rural development (IRD) is revealed as a process of improving the quality of life in rural areas, in which everyone has the opportunity to realize their rights and potential in three interrelated areas - economic, social, and political. It is noted that a necessary condition for the IRD in the economic sphere is agricultural growth, the central link of which should be a peasant. At the same time, the social dimension of economic growth and mastering by rural residents the powers and opportunities to participate in decision-making processes are mandatory. Promoting inclusive rural development is the mission and the task of the state. It should focus on peasants, protecting their rights, and ensuring their participation in local development. An important step towards fulfilling this mission is the development and adoption of the Concept of Inclusive Rural Development and its further implementation. The purpose, tasks, driving forces, directions, and mechanisms of the transition of the rural sector of Ukraine to development on the basis of inclusiveness are formulated. The purpose of this process is to provide all rural residents, regardless of their social and financial status, location of their settlement, etc., conditions for the implementation of basic human rights, guaranteeing opportunities and ability to use land and other local resources, use quality public amenities in the long run. The main tasks are: strengthening the involvement of the rural population in the processes of economic growth in rural areas, improving the quality of human and social capital of the village, formation effective mechanisms for involving rural residents in the policy-making process. Among the driving forces is the orientation of the agricultural land market turnover to respect the right of rural residents to decent livelihoods at the place of residence; directing the development of infrastructure to improve the living conditions of residents of rural periphery; formation of effective rural institutions, etc.

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Yuan, Gao. "Rural Development in Chongqing." Modern China 37, no. 6 (November 2011): 623–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700411420937.

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The “every peasant household’s income to grow by 10,000 yuan” project in Chongqing’s “two wings” region is an important movement implemented by the Chongqing government to spur development in the rural areas of Chongqing’s poorest region. The project has two key components at the policy level. The first is to promote agricultural “industry-ization” 产业化 and to construct corresponding chains of production, processing, and sales in the two wings, thus forming the basis of growth in peasants’ income. The second is the emphasis on people’s livelihood, which is based on the ambition of accomplishing “balanced income growth” or “income growth for every household.” The project includes both “drawing in business and investment” 招商引资 and “industry planning” 产业规划 as well as “cadres to go into peasant households and support them directly” 入户帮扶. Some of the practices of Chongqing cadres in supporting peasants show that the government can improve the microeconomic environment for peasant households and enhance the vitality of their small farms. This article first analyzes the policies and practices of agricultural industry-ization in the income growth project and the efforts of the Chongqing government to achieve “income growth for every household.” The theoretical implications of the project, including the role of government in economic development and the vitality of small farming in China, are then discussed through dialogue with social science theories.

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Porto, Marcelo Firpo, Diogo Rocha Ferreira, and Renan Finamore. "Health as dignity: political ecology, epistemology and challenges to environmental justice movements." Journal of Political Ecology 24, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20786.

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Abstract The article discusses conceptual and methodological issues related to environmental risks and health problems, in the context of environmental injustice and conflicts. In doing so, we use the conceptual frameworks of political ecology and what we call political epistemology. We propose a comprehensive vision of health that relates not only to illness and death, but also to life, nature, culture and fundamental human rights. We summarize this as health and dignity, echoing the voices of countless people who have been fighting for the right to life and the commons, and against the impacts of mining, agribusiness and the oil industry. Therefore our concept of health is intrinsically related to the capacity of affected communities and their democratic allies to face environmental conflicts (the exploitation of natural resources and the workforce with the systematic violation of rights related to work, land, environment and health). Mobilizations for environmental justice also struggle for the autonomy of communities, their cultures, and the right to maintain indigenous or peasant livelihoods. The way knowledge is produced plays a fundamental role in environmental justice mobilizations since issues of power are related to epistemological disputes and counter-hegemonic alternatives. Political epistemology is an alternative way of confronting crucial questions related to knowledge production, uncertainties and the manipulations of those who generate environmental injustices. Finally, we point to some strategies for strengthening the shared production of knowledge and the mobilization of communities that organize to confront environmental injustices. Key words: political epistemology, political ecology of health, health and dignity

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Thebe, Vusilizwe. "Legacies of ‘madiro’? Worker-peasantry, livelihood crisis and ‘siziphile’ land occupations in semi-arid north-western Zimbabwe." Journal of Modern African Studies 55, no. 2 (May 8, 2017): 201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x17000052.

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AbstractThis paper examines acts of land ‘self-provisioning’ (‘siziphile’ land occupations) and ‘radical land restitution’ (of land previously annexed from people by the local authority for a pilot grazing project) by villagers in a communal area in Lupane District in north-western Zimbabwe. Situating these occurrences within the wider and historical context of ‘madiro’ (freedom farming and unauthorised development of settlements) and Matabeleland land politics and semi-proletarianisation, it stresses the livelihood history of households, the disappointments with local job opportunities and destruction of urban-based livelihoods in a crumbling economy, and the accompanying crisis of communal area agriculture. It concludes that these factors provided a real threat to semi-proletarianisation. By self-provisioning of the land the overriding concern of villagers was to maintain a certain level of livelihood survival, even if it was at odds with their livelihood strategies, while they sought opportunities to maintain semi-proletarianisation.

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Obie, Muhammad, Indra Dewi Sery Yusuf, and Sumarni Sumai. "Empowerment of Palm Sugar Peasants at the Forest Edge of Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Indonesia: A Study of Problems, Local Potentials, and Priority Ideas Towards Empowered Community." Environment and Natural Resources Research 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v9n1p77.

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This study analyzed the roots of problem of palm sugar peasants at the forest edge of Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park; local potentials in producing palm sugar as a livelihood base; and their priority ideas to create empowered communities. Data collection was done through observation, in-depth interviews, Focused Group Discussion, and literature. The results showed that there were many problems faced by peasants in producing palm sugar, namely the forest where they took firewood was taken over by the national park; discourse on resettlement following the construction of a reservoir; damaged road infrastructure; did not have adequate means of producing palm sugar; uneven government assistance; and marketing of palm sugar through middlemen. In addition to the existing problems, it turns out that there were a number of local potentials that peasants had in developing palm sugar production, namely palm trees growed naturally; palm gardens owned by the peasants themselves; every peasant had sufficient knowledge how to produce palm sugar; palm sugar production was a tradition from generation to generation; solidarity ties were still very strong; the existence of village-owned enterprises; and the concern of the village government to palm sugar peasants. Palm sugar peasants had a number of priority ideas to create an empowered community, namely asking the government to revoke the status of the national park area that took over the forest where peasants take firewood; stopped or moved the reservoir construction plan; road infrastructure improvements; assistance with facilities and infrastructure for producing palm sugar; assistance allocated by the government to prioritize poorer people who had never received before; and standardization of palm sugar prices.

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Cai, Jie, Ting Wang, Xianli Xia, Yazhi Chen, Hongqiang Lv, and Ni Li. "Analysis on the Choice of Livelihood Strategy for Peasant Households Renting out Farmland: Evidence from Western Poverty-Stricken Areas in China." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051424.

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Investigating the choice of livelihood strategies has great significance for improving the living standards of peasant households who rent out farmland. This study evaluates the impact of renting-out land on households’ livelihood strategies in China’s western poverty-stricken areas. Data were obtained from cross sectional survey of 585 field survey data from peasant households who rent out land. The K-means clustering method was used to classify the livelihood strategies of the sample households. In view of sustainable livelihood framework, this paper used combination weighting model based on game theory to calculate the quo of households’ livelihood capital. The Multinomial Logistic Regression was used to explore the relationship between livelihood capitals and livelihood strategies. Results show that: livelihood strategy of households who rent out the land can be divided into “agricultural-led” livelihood strategy, “working-oriented” livelihood strategy and “part-time” livelihood strategy. Additionally, the results of Multinomial Logistic Regression show that the households with high human capital and financial capital tend to choose the “working-oriented” livelihood strategy and the households with high natural capital tend to choose the “agricultural-led” livelihood strategy. Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable livelihood of these households, different policy support should be proposed based on the heterogeneity of households in the process of land transfer.

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Chibnik, Michael. "Changing Fortunes: Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian Andes:Changing Fortunes: Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian Andes." American Anthropologist 99, no. 4 (December 1997): 843–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1997.99.4.843.

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Namrueva, Ludmila. "Climate Impact on Risks in the Agricultural Sector Exemplified by Arid Region." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 2 (August 2021): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2021.2.15.

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Despite modernization, digitalization, and informatization of human activity, economic systems continue to depend on natural factors. First of all, this applies to the agricultural sector, which depends on the dynamics of temperature, amount of precipitation, which affect the cultivation of crops, state of pastures, which is important for the development of animal husbandry. The purpose of this article is to analyze the situation in the Republic of Kalmykia in 2020 caused by natural and climatic disasters. For this purpose, the author used such methods as the analysis of documents, materials of the national and federal media, observation, interviewing during a scientific expedition to the regions of the republic. This approach allowed us to hear the opinions of rural residents whose livelihoods were affected by the unprecedented climatic drought and get a reliable picture of the consequences of the natural anomaly. The Republic of Kalmykia is the driest in the southern part of European Russia. Rural areas of the republic are regularly affected by drought, one successful year alternates with two or three unfavorable ones. The analyzed year of 2020 was the driest, which brought huge losses to the agricultural sector of the republic. About 54 agricultural organizations and 1,416 peasant farms were affected, the productivity of pastures in the republic fell by two or three times due to the drought, and even more in the most affected areas. Agricultural producers suffer huge losses, which will further affect the development of the region’s agro-industrial complex. The article analyzes how internal (agricultural enterprises, farms, authorities, the Ministry of Agriculture) and external resources (federal authorities) interacted in overcoming the emergencies. The lack of scientific analysis of the relationship between natural, climatic and economic factors hinders not only the adoption of the necessary measures to support the region, but also the prevention of negative consequences of various natural anomalies, and the timely and adequate response to them.

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Fraser, James Angus, Thiago Cardoso, Angela Steward, and Luke Parry. "Amazonian peasant livelihood differentiation as mutuality-market dialectics." Journal of Peasant Studies 45, no. 7 (May 8, 2017): 1382–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1296833.

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Nguyen, Tuan Anh, Jamie Gillen, and Jonathan Rigg. "Retaining the Old Countryside, Embracing the New Countryside." Journal of Vietnamese Studies 16, no. 3 (2021): 77–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2021.16.3.77.

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Vietnam’s New Rural Development program envisages the creation of a newly modern rural Vietnam. Drawing on fieldwork, this paper argues that the program has had little bearing on peasant livelihood strategies. The emergence of deagrarianization has not arisen as a result of the program but because of household interest in maintaining a diverse set of income activities. These two contrasting rural realities—the advance of deagrarianization against a backdrop of continued subsistence farming—coexist and are mutually supportive. Peasant livelihood diversification strategies have been perpetuated without much attention to broader state-led initiatives aimed at “reforming” the countryside.

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Ábrán, Ágota. "Unwrapping the Spontaneous Flora: On the Appropriation of Weed Labour." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia 63, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2018-0004.

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Abstract Part of the raw material accumulation for the medicinal plant industry in Romania is reliant on gathering plants from the so-called spontaneous flora. The imagery of medicinal plants played upon by medicinal plant product manufacturers is often abundant in visions of either wilderness or traditional peasant landscapes such as pastures. This article aims to present instead two different spaces where medicinal plants come from: wild pansy from within an oil seed rape cultivation, and elderflowers and nettles from the ruins of a former socialist orchard. These spaces of spontaneous flora highlight the process of capital’s appropriation or salvage of the ‘free’ reproductive labour (spontaneous growth) of weeds often at odds and against other capitalist processes. Moreover, salvaging or scrounging is done through the cheap labour of a family whose livelihood depends on work both inside and outside of this capitalist process. These places, therefore, highlight the tension between the spontaneous flora and scroungers on the ground and Nature with its ancestral peasants on the supermarket and nature shop shelves.

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Jokisch, Brad, and Karl S. Zimmerer. "Changing Fortunes: Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian Andes." Economic Geography 75, no. 2 (April 1999): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/144253.

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Gade, Daniel W., and Karl S. Zimmerer. "Changing Fortunes: Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian Andes." Mountain Research and Development 17, no. 4 (November 1997): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3674028.

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Arce, Alberto, and Karl S. Zimmerer. "Changing Fortunes: Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian Andes." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4, no. 2 (June 1998): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3034567.

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Fabio Alejandro, Camargo. "Changing Fortunes: Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian Andes." Revista de Estudios Sociales, no. 29 (April 2008): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7440/res29.2008.16.

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Knapp, Gregory, and Karl S. Zimmerer. "Changing Fortunes: Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian Andes." Geographical Review 87, no. 4 (October 1997): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/215240.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Peasant livelihoods'

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