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Journal articles on the topic 'Peasant society'
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1
Savchenko, Andrii. "Entrepreneurial Initiatives of the Ukrainian Peasants During the "Thaw" to Satisfy Everyday Needs." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsyiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History, no. 34 (2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2020-34-45-50.
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The purpose of the article: to analyze the entrepreneurial potential of personal farms of collective farmers during "thaw" period in the field of household needs. Scientific novelty. The peasant stories we have collected during field research, clearly demonstrate the willingness of peasants to earn extra money to meet their needs. In the general structure of cash receipts to the peasant's homestead, it was important to receive income, for example, from such handicrafts as sewing and repairing clothes and shoes. The Ukrainian peasant society of the Khrushchev era remained a secondary subject of socio-economic life for the state, so only the peasant entrepreneurial initiative helped peasants to survive and provide at least a sufficient level and quality of life for their own families. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of comparative-historical and interdisciplinary analysis, socio-cultural approach. Conclusions. The everyday life of the Ukrainian peasant family of the "thaw" era was characterized by the fact that the needs of the peasants were constantly growing, but their satisfaction from the state was minimal. Accordingly, the role of various handicraftsmen became more active, who could satisfy on the spot, at least at a primitive, minimal level, the vital needs of fellow villagers. The peasant stories we have analyzed, collected during field research, clearly enough demonstrate the willingness of peasants to earn additional funds to satisfy their needs. In the general structure of monetary receipts of the peasant household, it remained relevant to obtain income, for example, from such handicraft trades as sewing and repairing clothes and shoes. The Ukrainian peasant society of the Khrushchev era remained for the state a secondary subject of socio-economic life, therefore only peasant entrepreneurial initiative helped him survive and ensure at least a sufficient level and quality of life for his own family.
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Bhardwaj, Suraj Bhan. "Peasant-State Relation in Late Medieval North India (Mewat)." Medieval History Journal 20, no. 1 (March 24, 2017): 148–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971945816687636.
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Studies on peasantry in medieval India 1 , particularly peasant protests in the late Mughal period, have not adequately addressed the issue of class consciousness in peasantry or that of class character of peasant protests against the state. In a way, agency has been denied to the peasantry in collectively developing and articulating an informed understanding of its distinct social position and economic interests as a class, as well as in protecting those interests. This essay retrieves this agency by arguing that the peasantry in late medieval north India, that is, late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries ce, did develop a degree of self-consciousness as a class and that its conflict with the state did betray a certain class character. The folksongs and folktales popular among the peasantry since the medieval times have all the ingredients with which to construct a definite peasant class ideology that included conceptions of economic interest, social ethics and relation with the ruling class. On the basis of hitherto understudied Rajasthani documents, the article details the various ways in which the state intervened in the peasants’ socio-cultural and economic lives and the ways in which the peasants responded to these interventions. It also shows how the peasants’ class consciousness conditioned their engagement with the state in specific areas, whether grievance redressal, conflict resolution or agricultural production and surplus distribution. Furthermore, it discusses how caste consciousness in a stratified peasant society impinged on its class consciousness. However, there remained certain limits to the fuller development of this class consciousness, which ultimately constrained the fuller realisation of the potential of peasants’ class struggle against the state. The essay locates these limits in the peasants’ periodic negotiations with the state and their belief in the ideal of a non-conflictual, harmonious relation with the state.
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Svensson, Patrick. "Peasants and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth-Century Agricultural Transformation of Sweden." Social Science History 30, no. 3 (2006): 387–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013511.
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In post-World War II agricultural research, a new perspective on “peasant society” developed. This approach is still vigorous today and implies that peasant society—defined by subsistence production, the safety-first principle, and a stable village system with moral obligations—leads to conservative behavior toward change. It also assumes that only external forces can tear down the system and force peasants into markets. However, many researchers throughout Europe have challenged these opinions of peasant mentality and peasant behavior. This study investigates five parishes in southern Sweden (Scania) to analyze the behavior of peasants during the agricultural transformation (c. 1750–1850). Important organizational and institutional changes, such as enclosures, the emergence of a formal credit market, and the growing land market, are analyzed. Results reveal that some peasants actively participated in the agricultural transformation in a number of ways and that peasant farmers in Scania did not demonstrate a conservative attitude toward change.
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MOON, DAVID. "PEASANT MIGRATION AND THE SETTLEMENT OF RUSSIA'S FRONTIERS, 1550–1897." Historical Journal 40, no. 4 (December 1997): 859–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x97007504.
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This article surveys the expansion of Russian peasant settlement from 1550, when most of the 6·5 million peasants lived in the forest-heartland of Muscovy, to 1897, when around fifty million Russian peasants lived throughout large parts of the immense Russian empire. It seeks to explain how this massive expansion was achieved with reference to different facets of the ‘frontier’: the political frontier of the Russian state; the environmental frontier between forest and steppe; the lifeway frontier between settled peasant agriculture and pastoral nomadism; and the ‘hierarchical frontier’ between the Russian authorities and the mass of the peasantry. The article draws attention to the different ways in which peasant-migrants adapted to the variety of new environments they encountered, and stresses interaction across each facet of the frontier. Nevertheless, by 1897, the coincidence between the two main types of environment and the two principal lifeways of the population had been virtually eliminated in much of the Russian empire outside central Asia. This was a consequence of the expansion of Russia's political frontiers, mass peasant migration, the ploughing up of vast areas of pasture land, and the sedentarization of many nomadic peoples. The expansion of peasant settlement helps explain the durability of Russian peasant society throughout the period from the mid-sixteenth to the late-nineteenth centuries.
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Izudin, Ahmad. "Menyuarakan Hak tanpa Sekat: Sebuah Ekspresi Gerakan Sosial Petani." JSW (Jurnal Sosiologi Walisongo) 3, no. 2 (October 17, 2019): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/jsw.2019.3.2.4160.
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This paper highlighted the social change of peasant in the process of facing any struggling movement. Applying a qualitative method and case study approach, the data in this research were collected by observation, interview, and document study. The data were analyzed using the theory of “Social-Economic Morality”. By analyzing the data using this theory this article revealed the changing society in terms of peasant political attitude. This research found three important aspects. Firstly, compromise is a kind of strategy applied by peasants in their movement. Because there are no supporting factors for peasants to avoid the state’s hegemony and exploitation, so the only strategy to deal with the expansive tendency of capitalism is by changing the political attitude of peasants. Secondly, the organizational consolidation is claiming peasant’s rights. Thirdly, capacity development through the empowerment process is a form of compromise way of peasants’ movement. These three compromise models are the ways to avoid conflict to escalate.
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Pasichna, Yulia, and Andriy Berestovyi. "Social and Political Activity of Peasantry in 1905-1907." Eminak, no. 4(32) (January 13, 2021): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2020.4(32).473.
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By the beginning of 1905, a crisis was impending in all spheres of Russian society. Agrarian problems caused by objective and subjective factors prompted the peasantry to declare their principled positions on solving agrarian problems. The period of 1905-1907 is a vivid example of the struggle of the driving independent force of the revolution, the peasantry, for carrying out an agrarian revolution. Goal: To study the social and political activity of the Russian peasantry in 1905-1907. During 1905-1907, Russia was unsettled by a tide of the social and political activity of the peasantry. The protests, which began in Poltava and Kharkiv Provinces, spread throughout the state and in a short time became uncontrollable by the authorities. Scholars give different figures for the total number of peasant unrests, but despite these differences, it is not difficult to determine that during 1905-1907 peasant unrests covered up to 50% of all European Russia in different periods of peasants� revolutionary activity. Manifestations of the social and political activity of the peasantry can be observed in early 1905 in the spontaneous seizure of landowners� estates, later the peasants started to pillage, plunder, damage agricultural implements, go on strikes, and cut down forests without permission. The manifestations of early 1905 did not become a novelty for Russian society, but 1905 � 1907 were a test for the power structures of the state. After all, the peasantry, although they still �believed in the tsar�, reacted to the unsystematic actions of the power in solving agrarian problems by radical actions and the large-scale protests.
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Beyan, Temesgen Tesfamariam. "Accessing Global Capital Through Remittance: A Route to the Reconfiguration of the Peasant Mode of Production in Rural Eritrea." Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 10, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 296–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22779760211033776.
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Migration and its resultant remittance have become the two powerful forces of peasant transformation in Eritrea in the last decade. If the former is responsible for uprooting labor from land, the latter is a replacement value to what the labor would have produced from the land. Using qualitative data gathered through an ethnographic fieldwork in the peasant region, this article argues that these two forces—migration and remittance—have resulted in gradual divorce of peasants from their means of production, land, in ways that seemingly appear productive to the peasants, rural–urban migration and a new form of relationship between peasants and state. In general, the outcome of the entire process is the emergence of quasi-peasant society which no more depends on land for survival because remittance has provided them alternative source. Therefore, migration and remittance in Eritrea have not only resulted in massive uprooting of labor from the land, but also heavily reconfigured the peasant mode of production.
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Gavrilov, Artem Vyacheslavovich. "The agrarian question in the mirror of the discussions in the pre-revolutionary historiography." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201871218.
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The abolition of serfdom in the middle of the XIX century put the agrarian question into the first place for the thinking Russian intellectuals. The consequences of the Great Reforms for community development, peasant land tenure and land tenure, land ownership, the economy of the agrarian sector, the economic initiative of the population, the growth of agricultural production, the management and self-management of peasant societies, the adaptation of the peasant economy to the changing market conditions, socio-cultural changes caused by modernization processes, socio-economic contradictions both between individual categories of the peasantry and among peasants and representatives of other social groups - all these surveys were actively discussed by the Russian public at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The specifically sociological components of the agrarian question were transformed into an analysis of the role and significance of the peasant community for the development of the country, and this topic was undoubtedly of a political nature, and the polemics around it was extremely rich. Economists, historians, lawyers, doctors, businessmen, travelers, figures of Zemstvo, publicists, officials, politicians, revolutionaries, representatives of all social strata of Russian society wrote about the agrarian question and the ways of its solution.
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Ляпин, Денис Александрович. "Народные волнения XVII века и русское крестьянство." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 48, no. 1-2 (2014): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-04801014.
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In the essay the author considers Russian peasants’ participation in public tumults during the seventeenth century. According to his findings, Russian peasants did not seem to display much political activity and the theory about peasant wars in Russia appears to be the myth of Soviet ideology. The author comes to the conclusion that peasant unrest was usually minor, taking the form of robbery and plundering. That phenomenon was a reflection of the specific political culture of early modern Russian society.
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Dayley, Robert, and Attachak Sattayanurak. "Thailand's last peasant." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 47, no. 1 (December 22, 2015): 42–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463415000478.
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Does Thailand still have peasants? Does it still have a peasant society? How dynamic are Thailand's chaona? To answer these questions we begin with an interview of a septuagenarian farmer who discusses rural change over his lifetime and provocatively claims he is ‘the last peasant’ of his village. We use this rural anecdote as a catalyst to highlight agrarian change in Thailand and to expose the hazards of employing static concepts to describe contemporary rural political economy. By analysing the use and meanings of the term ‘peasant’ and its Thai equivalents, we demonstrate how static concepts obscure Thailand's rural evolution and contribute to misleading assumptions, harmful agrarian myths, and extant political cleavage.
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McDonald, Tracy. "Judith Pallot, ed., Transforming Peasants: Society, State, and the Peasantry, 1861–1930. Selected Papers from the Fifth World Congress of Central and East European Studies, Warsaw, 1995. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. 1 + 256 pp. $69.95 cloth." International Labor and Working-Class History 57 (April 2000): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900262807.
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Transforming Peasants is a collection of papers that focuses primarily on the Russian peasantry between 1861–1930, with brief forays into Poland, the Kirgiz steppe, and Turkestan. Judith Pallot's introduction to the volume is informative and concise. She provides the reader with an excellent overview of each paper and highlights each author's contribution to the existing debates within the context of Russian and East European peasant studies. Pallot is well versed in the comparative literature on the study of the peasantry and notes the degree to which new work on the Russian, Central Asian, and East European peasantries has been influenced, informed, and expanded by this comparative material. What unifies the various selections in Transforming Peasants is that each author is grappling with the way in which the state, intellectuals, or educated society conceived of or “imagined” peasants and how these conceptions, in turn, influenced, shaped, or determined policy aimed at transforming the peasantry.
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Vasudevan, H. S. "Peasant Land and Peasant Society in Late Imperial Russia." Historical Journal 31, no. 1 (March 1988): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00012085.
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Gelaye, Getie. "Contemporary Amharic Oral Poetry from Gojjam: Classification and a sample Analysis." Aethiopica 2 (August 6, 2013): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.2.1.537.
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In the preceding discussion, an attempt was made to provide a classification of Amharic oral poems and songs into several themes and genres. Accordingly, such major genres as work songs, children’s poems, war chants and boasting recitals were identified and a description and analysis of selected poems and their role, particularly in local politics and administration, were provided. In their poems and songs, the peasants of East Gojjam critically express their views, attitudes and feelings either in the form of support or protest, towards the various state policies and local directives.Indeed, the Amharic oral poems and songs from the two peasant communities illustrate topics associated with the change of government, land redistribution, local authorities and their administration, as well as a variety of other contemporary issues affecting the rural society. The poems also throw some light on the understanding of the peasants’ consciousness and observations comparing past and present regimes of Ethiopia, besides their power of aesthetics and creative capabilities of the peasants’ poetic tradition.In fact, this can be seen from a wider perspective, considering the function and role of oral literature in an agrarian and traditional society such as the two peasant communities mentioned in this paper. The peasants’ response in poetry to the diverse contemporary politics and local administration need to be studied carefully and considered appropriately in the state’s future rural policies and development projects if it is intended to bring about a democratic system that leads towards a peaceful coexistence among the rural peasantry.
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Tirado, Isabel A. "The Village Voice: Women's Views of Themselves and Their World in Russian Chastushki of the 1920s." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 1008 (January 1, 1993): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1993.57.
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This was the call of a peasant woman, most likely a teenager, prompting her friends and neighbors to join her in composing and singing chastushki, the short ditties that enlivened all youth gatherings. The humorous songs were the spontaneous creation of young people of both sexes for an audience their own age. At times ironic, biting, or plain silly, chastushki expressed the composers' views on almost all facets of the young peasant's life: love, homelife, the way to dress, the changing countryside, and the world beyond the village. We know little about the views of the young peasant woman in the Russian countryside just after the Revolution. She is rarely the subject of scholarship, and her voice is seldom heard in the rich literature of the 1920s. In the wake of the revolutions of 1917 peasants made up 80 percent of the population; their children nineteen years of age· or younger accounted for half of the rural population, with females making up half of that age group. As the expression of the village young people, the chastushka is an invaluable historical source that captures the tension between old and new. This interpretative essay seeks to use chastushki as a tool in reconstructing aspects of post-revolutionary peasant mentalite-that is, the views, attitudes, and mores of peasant society.
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Maskevich, Anna I. "The rural community in Belarus after the abolition of serfdom." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2021-1-15-25.
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The article explores the creation and the functioning of rural societies in Belarus after the abolition of serfdom. Considerable focus is given to the definition of differences between the terms «rural society» and «peasant community». Territorial differences in the activities of rural societies in Belarus are noted and their formal and informal structure is highlighted. The object of the study is the peasantry of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The subject of the study is the regularities and features of creation and existence of rural communities in Belarus in the post-reform period. The choice of the object and subject of the study is determined by the importance of peasantry in the population structure and the principal role of peasantry in the processes of social transformation and modernisation in Belarus in the 1860–90s. The goals of the study are to determine the roles and functions of rural society in Belarus after the abolition of serfdom by identifying the differences between the terms «society» and «community»; to investigate the official structure of rural society in Belarus; and to depict the informal influence of society and public opinion on peasant life.
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Worobec, Christine D. "Temptress or Virgin? The Precarious Sexual Position of Women in Postemancipation Ukrainian Peasant Society." Slavic Review 49, no. 2 (1990): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2499482.
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Ukrainian peasant women of the postemancipation Russian Empire, like their Russian counterparts, faced an oppressive patriarchal system in both family and village. Over the ages peasants strictly delineated tasks and functions according to gender and age in order to meet the demands of a predominantly agricultural economy. The precariousness of subsistence agriculture and the peasantry's burdensome obligations to family, community, and state reinforced inflexible and oppressive power relations in the village. Ukrainian peasants feared that any departure from the subordination of woman to man, child to parent, young to old, and weak to strong would threaten the existence of their society and culture.
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Huszár, Tibor. "Erdei, F.: The Hungarian Peasant Society." Review of Sociology 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2004): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/revsoc.10.2004.1.4.
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BLOKLAND, KEES. "Peasant Alliances and 'Concertation' with Society." Bulletin of Latin American Research 14, no. 2 (May 1995): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.1995.tb00004.x.
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Mukhia, Harbans. "Peasant production and medieval Indian society." Journal of Peasant Studies 12, no. 2-3 (January 1985): 228–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066158508438269.
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Wang, Juan. "Shifting Boundaries between the State and Society: Village Cadres as New Activists in Collective Petition." China Quarterly 211 (September 2012): 697–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741012000872.
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AbstractDespite the central government's efforts in reducing fiscal burdens on peasants through fiscal reforms in the early 2000s, collective petitions in rural China remain. Complementary to the arbitrary and weak government explanations of state–society conflict, this article reveals the role of village cadres as activists in collective petition. Drawn from extensive fieldwork, I argue that by reducing local government revenues and recentralizing fiscal autonomy to the county level, central fiscal reforms have unintentionally induced a new force of resistance: village cadres. Being disenfranchised from previous privileges, village cadres are now allies rather than adversaries of peasant petitions. This article advances existing literature on China's contentious politics in two ways. First, it recognizes a new group of activists whose savoir-faire improves peasant knowledge of the state capacity in containing state–society conflict. Second, it proposes a dynamic understanding of contentious politics by highlighting the shifting boundaries between the state and society.
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Dal Lago, Enrico. "“States of Rebellion”: Civil War, Rural Unrest, and the Agrarian Question in the American South and the Italian Mezzogiorno, 1861–1865." Comparative Studies in Society and History 47, no. 2 (April 2005): 403–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417505000186.
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To date, only a handful of scholars, most notably C.L.R. James and Eugene Genovese, have seen slave rebellions and peasant revolts as having anything in common. Fewer scholars still would be prepared to accept the assumption that slaves and peasants were agrarian working classes that shared significant characteristics. Yet, the issues of rural unrest and class formation continue to haunt the historiography of both slave and peasant societies long after James' and Genovese's studies, and have forced several historians to revise and broaden their definitions of class conflict as a means to describe the social transformations of several rural regions. In this essay, I focus on the American South as a case study of a slave society and on the Italian South, or Mezzogiorno, as a case study of a peasant society. Notwithstanding the fundamental differences between the social structures of these two regions, in both cases debates on the class character of rural workers began when leftist historians raised the possibility of applying Marxist categories to their particular historical conditions. In both cases, they were dealing with a ‘south’ characterized by a preeminently agricultural economy and a persistent social and political conservatism. In both cases, too, the debate has moved from broad theoretical positions to the explanation of specific instances of class conflict in a rural setting—the slaves' resistance to their masters and the peasants' resistance to their landlords, respectively—and then on to a criticism of the Marxist approach to the problem.
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Kovalyov, Yevgen. "“PEOPLE WANTED FREEDOM”: REFLECTION OF THE “KIEVAN KOZACHCHYNA” OF 1855 IN THE CORRESPONDENCE AND DIARY NOTES BY HRYHORIY GALAGAN." Kyiv Historical Studies 11, no. 2 (2020): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2020.2.18.
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Mass riots of serfs in Right-bank Ukraine in the spring of 1855, known in historiography as the “Kyievan Kozachchyna”, is an important topic that should be careful researched, especially from a cultural and anthropological points of view. In this way it is possible to identify the deep motivation of the peasants’ actions and to explain the reaction of the landlords, clergy and government officials. An important source for the study of the “Kievan Kozachchyna” is the correspondence and diary notes of the Ukrainian public figure Hryhoriy Galagan (1819–1888) of this time. These texts contain not only his own views on the causes, course and consequences of the mass peasant riots in the Kyiv region in the spring of 1855, but also valuable eyewitness accounts of these events, from the governor-general to the ordinary peasant. Galagan’s narratives show a knot of contradictions between representatives of various strata of the agrarian society of the “pre-reform era”, such as the peasantry, landowners, officials and the clergy. Mutual alienation of these strata, lack of communication between them, being in different discursive fields led to the Kyiv Cossacks.
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Kovalyov, Yevgen. "“PEOPLE WANTED FREEDOM”: REFLECTION OF THE “KIEVAN KOZACHCHYNA” OF 1855 IN THE CORRESPONDENCE AND DIARY NOTES BY HRYHORIY GALAGAN." Kyiv Historical Studies 11, no. 2 (2020): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2020.2.18.
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Mass riots of serfs in Right-bank Ukraine in the spring of 1855, known in historiography as the “Kyievan Kozachchyna”, is an important topic that should be careful researched, especially from a cultural and anthropological points of view. In this way it is possible to identify the deep motivation of the peasants’ actions and to explain the reaction of the landlords, clergy and government officials. An important source for the study of the “Kievan Kozachchyna” is the correspondence and diary notes of the Ukrainian public figure Hryhoriy Galagan (1819–1888) of this time. These texts contain not only his own views on the causes, course and consequences of the mass peasant riots in the Kyiv region in the spring of 1855, but also valuable eyewitness accounts of these events, from the governor-general to the ordinary peasant. Galagan’s narratives show a knot of contradictions between representatives of various strata of the agrarian society of the “pre-reform era”, such as the peasantry, landowners, officials and the clergy. Mutual alienation of these strata, lack of communication between them, being in different discursive fields led to the Kyiv Cossacks.
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Woś, Paweł. "Galicyjski ruch ludowy w początkowym okresie działalności Stronnictwa Ludowego." Galicja. Studia i materiały 6 (2020): 492–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/galisim.2020.6.22.
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The birth of an organised peasants’ movement, the manifestation of which was the creation of the Polish Democratic Society, and then the Peasants’ Party, was the height of many years’ process, commenced at the beginning of the constitutional era. The implementation of political aims of peasant activists, the first step of which was the establishment of the Peasants’ Central Election Committee in 1895, started a new era in Galician peasants’ movement. A group of democratic intelligentsia, gathered around Bolesław Wysłouch, Rev. Stanisław Stojałowski and the Potoczek brothers, focused its political aspirations on the emancipation of village population from conservative influences and landowners and the raising of Galician peasants’’ political awareness. Despite numerous ideological and organisational failures, the birth of a new power on the Galician political scene, undoubtedly, contributed considerably to the education of the Polish society and, consequently to its rebirth.
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Mitterauer, Michael. "Peasant and Non-Peasant Family Forms in Relation to the Physical Environment and the Local Economy." Journal of Family History 17, no. 2 (April 1992): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909201700203.
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The theoretical basis of this article is the concept of ecotypes, as it has been developed by Scandinavian cultural anthropologists. With quantitative as well as qualitative sources from the eastern Alpine region, the idea of ecotypes is used to investigate the relationship between family structure and labor organization in agricultural society. An implication of this study is that protoindustrialization theory must be modified, differentiated, and expanded. The large variety of family forms of peasants and smallholders, as they are shaped by the organization of labor, is contrasted to the simplified model of a peasant and protoindustrial family economy.
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Ibrahim, Zawawi. "Regional Development in Rural Malaysia and the ‘Tribal Question’." Modern Asian Studies 34, no. 1 (January 2000): 99–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00003541.
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In the field of research and studies pertaining to Malaysian rural society, there has traditionally been a dominant emphasis, especially by local scholars, on the analysis of the indigenous Malay peasantry rather than on the equally indigenous ‘tribal’ minorities, i.e. the Orang Asli. This has also meant that the new theoretical directions and perspectives developed in the various interrelated fields (such as ‘the New Economic Anthropology’, ‘Peasant Studies’, and Political Economy, including the Neo-Marxist School of Development and Underdevelopment) have been applied with rigour only to those issues arising from ‘the peasant question’ in Malaysia. To date, no scholars have as yet seriously attempted to address ‘the agrarian question’ in the context of Malaysian society by also incorporating in their theoretical analysis the position of its ‘tribal’ minorities.
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Kartashova, Maria V. "Mechanisms of Interaction Between Power, Society and Handicrafts in the Russian Empire at the End of the XIX – the Beginning of the XX century." Economic History 16, no. 2 (August 20, 2020): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.049.016.202002.129-139.
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Introduction. The article discusses the mechanisms of interaction between power, society and handicrafts in the Russian Empire in the late XIX – early XX centuries as part of the study of problems of Russian economic policy. The struggle between two ideological directions – conservative and liberal – was most clearly expressed in the attitude of government circles towards the peasantry. The author tries to trace two ways of interaction between the authorities and artisanal peasants. Materials and Methods. Based on archival and published sources, an analysis is made of the mechanism of interaction between power, society and handicrafts in the Russian Empire at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. In the work, we used narrative, historical-typological, and historical-systematic methods of historical research. Results. The first way of interaction between the authorities and handicrafts included research activities, surveys, censuses. Committees and commissions played an important role in the mechanism of relations between power and handicraftsmen, which gathered at the initiative of the government in order to obtain information from the localities about the needs of peasant handicraftsmen. The highest public body in the system of relations between power and handicraftsmen was the congresses of workers in the handicraft industry, the decisions and decisions of which, after discussions, were submitted to the government for consideration and were also taken into account when developing government measures for the development of crafts. This whole mechanism was quite effective and made a significant contribution to the implementation of state assistance to artisans. Discussion and Conclusion. In recent years, research has been conducted on the problems of the interaction of power, society and the peasantry in various aspects on the materials of individual regions. The literature received coverage of the interaction of the state and various economic and political strata: the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie, zemstvos, and the peasantry. The topic under consideration is of great importance for identifying the effectiveness of the Stolypin reform and its compliance with the traditions of the economic life of the Russian village. Of the two ways of interaction between power structures and artisanal peasants: “from above” and “from below,” the most effective was the first path, initiated from power structures. State programs for the development of handicrafts, formed in the process of interaction with handicraftsmen, were aimed at supporting small and medium enterprises in the peasant environment.
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Nikulin, Alexander M. "Teodor Shanin in Textbooks, Monographs and Essays: Reviewing the Scholar’s Major Works." Sociological Journal 26, no. 1 (2020): 168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2020.26.1.7058.
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This review describes and analyzes the main scientific works of the remarkable BritishRussian sociologist Teodor Shanin (1930–2020). The suggestion is to divide Shanin’s rich intellectual heritage into three main genres: anthologies, monographs, and essays. The review begins with the genre of anthologies, understood in the broadest sense of the word: from a collection of modern scientific articles to collections of excerpts from classical works. In this genre, T. Shanin acted as the head of research projects, the author of editorial introductions and the scientific articles themselves in anthologies devoted to models of scientific knowledge of the world, peasants and peasant communities, developing countries, Marxist theory in connection with the development of Russia, types of informal-expolar economies, reflexive peasant studies, methods of qualitative research, interdisciplinary research of generations. Shanin’s books, written in the genre of authentic scientific monographs, on the social mobility of the Russian peasantry at the beginning of the 20th century, the two-volume “Russia as a Developing Society” and the collection of his selected scientific articles titled “Defining Peasants” are examined. In conclusion, it is noted that Teodor Shanin was a bright and sharp essayist who left a number of remarkable articles in the essay genre, namely in the later period of his life — when he was living and working in post-Soviet Russia. The defining feature of Shanin as a writing scientist was his ability to think in terms of original models in a wide interdisciplinary context.
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Schlumbohm, Jürgen. "From Peasant Society to Class Society: Some Aspects of Family and Class in a Northwest German Protoindustrial Parish, 17th-19th Centuries." Journal of Family History 17, no. 2 (April 1992): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909201700205.
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In the parish of Belm, Northwest Germany, population trebled between 1650 and 1830, but the number of peasant holdings remained stable. A new class of people without real property came into existence. Protoindustrialization in the form of linen production supplemented incomes from agriculture. This article outlines social differentials in demographic behavior and household structure. It looks at social mobility and the selection of mates. Furthermore, it explores the economic and non-economic ties that bound together propertied and propertyless families. Finally, it asks how important kinship was for propertied peasants and for landless people. It suggests that kin relationships across classes or within class may have been a factor relevant in the formation of classes.
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Sánchez Juárez, Gladys Karina. "La sociedad campesina en Oaxaca." RA RIÓ GUENDARUYUBI 2, no. 4 (September 14, 2018): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53331/rar.v2i4.9160.
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The objective was to analyze the concept of the peasantry in order to identify its relevance in reality. To identify its validity in reality, so it was important to know its continuities, permanence and the processes leading to its disappearance. Continuity, permanence and the processes that lead to the disappearance or continuity of the peasant sector in different countries and at different times. Continuity of the peasant sector in different countries and at different times. Thus, it was In this way, understanding the transformations in their lives, their social reproduction and their culture is essential to understand the changes observed in Rural society in Mexico.
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Odén, Birgitta. "Violence against parents in Swedish peasant society." European Review 2, no. 4 (October 1994): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700001174.
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Modern research has shown that western law in the Middle Ages was strongly influenced by Mosaic law. This influence became even stronger in Sweden when the theocratic monarchy and the orthodox clergy, by an addendum to the law, also introduced the death penalty of the Pentateuch for crimes against ‘the law of God’, including violence and verbal abuse against elderly parents. Since all prosecutions for crimes requiring the death penalty had to be tried in the court of appeal, the records of the appeal courts give an overall picture of the application of the law during a 250-year period. Prosecutions for crimes against parents increased during this period from just a few cases to a hundred per year. The death sentence was mitigated in the higher courts. The trend can be interpreted as an enforcement wave, but also as an expression of serious social unrest and economic conflicts in peasant society in the first half of the 19th century.
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Tanimoto, Masayuki. "PEASANT SOCIETY IN JAPAN'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON RURAL LABOUR AND FINANCE MARKETS." International Journal of Asian Studies 15, no. 2 (July 2018): 229–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591418000050.
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This study aims to discuss the significant role of “peasant society” in understanding the economic history of both modern and early modern Japan.Independent peasant households proliferated in Japan in the seventeenth century, and from around the turn of the eighteenth century onwards they underwent a transformation into entities calledie,which owned family properties and bore responsibility for conveying these properties to the next generation. Although the development of the market economy also contributed to maintaining and activating the peasant society, the function of the labour market was strongly influenced by the strategy of peasant households to pursue the optimal utilization of slack labour generated by the seasonally fluctuating labour demand from agriculture. Under these constraints, peasant households tended to deliver non-agricultural employment opportunities to their members, forming a kind of barrier against mobilizing family workers outside the household. These barriers were supported by region-based industrial development such as a weaving industry adopting the putting-out system most suitable to the requirements of peasant households. Rural-based capital accumulation together with the workings of the regional financial markets contributed to maintaining particular peasant household behaviours by supporting region-based industrial development, which featured in Japan's path of economic and social development from the early modern to the modern period.
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Rahmadani, Andi Anizha, Tamzil Ibrahim, and Saadah Saadah. "KEBERADAAN PENGETAHUAN LOKAL MASYARAKAT TANI DI ERA REVOLUSI HIJAU (STUDI KASUS PETANI PADI DI DESA CAREBBU KECAMATAN AWANGPONE KABUPATEN BONE PROVINSI SULAWESI SELATAN)." Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian 16, no. 2 (June 6, 2020): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jsep.v16i2.7238.
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AbstractThis study aims to analyze the existence of indigenous knowledge of peasant society on farming management especially of rice land farming in The Village of Carebbu, Awangpone Sub-district, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province during April 2019. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative and case study method with a sampling technique that used is purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Researcher use is an in-depth interview and analyzed by qualitative data analysis with the approach of the AGIL functional theory of Talcott Parson. This result shows if there is 8 indigenous knowledge that exists on peasant society from generation to generation on their farming management of paddy rice land, but in the middle of the green revolution, it shows that indigenous knowledge of peasant society is lost some, there are 2 of 8 indigenous knowledge has to begin to be left out. This is due to the thinking of the peasant society which began to change from irrational to rational.Key Words: Indigenous knowledge; farm society; green revolution.
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Tadem, Eduardo Climaco. "The Filipino Peasant in the Modern World: Tradition, Change and Resilience." Philippine Political Science Journal 30, no. 1 (December 16, 2009): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2165025x-03001001.
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This article examines a traditional upland peasant community subjected to change-oriented interventions from external state and nonstate forces. As a result, various modifications took place in the villages with the introduction of new technologies, crop diversification, market contacts, social differentiation, formal governmental structures, decline in the number of farmers, growth of a working class, increased contacts with and knowledge of the non-peasant external world, and physical separation of families. Using various analytical frameworks on the nature of peasant society via a modified peasant essentialist approach, agrarian change, rural development, social movements, everyday resistance, moral economy, and a history from below approach, this article depicts and analyzes how traditional peasant society is able to withstand the changes brought about by external factors and essentially retain its household-based small farm economy, socially-determined norms and practices, and feelings of community and solidarity.
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Stępka, Stanisław. "Problematyka społeczno-gospodarcza w działalności Stanisława Mikołajczyka." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 52 (April 15, 2004): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2004.52.6.
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Stanisław Mikołajczyk was peasant's activist, politician and statesman. In his activity he paid attention to activity of Farmer' s Circles, peasant' s cooperation as well as drawing up and realization of the agricultural reform. He considered that economic organizations run by farmers were basis of well functioning agriculture. It was a reason why he supported Society of Farmer' s Circles in Poznań. He thought that farmer's interests were directly connected with peasant' s cooperation. According to Mikołajczyk, they should by protection against the dishonest competition and should influence on profitability of production. He thought that superfluous farmers should change their job and work in trade, craft and cooperation. Stanisław Mikołajczyk set about undertaking these problems in parliament and journalism, particularly in „Przewodnik Gospodarski".
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Khater, Akram Fouad. "“House” to “Goddess of the House”: Gender, Class, and Silk in 19th-century Mount Lebanon." International Journal of Middle East Studies 28, no. 3 (August 1996): 325–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800063480.
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“Are you going to behave like a factory girl?!” With this phrase, an 1880s peasant in Mount Lebanon not only admonished a daughter, but also encapsulated the social and economic transformations which were altering the notions of family and society, and the gender roles underlying both. Typically enough, these transformations came about between 1843 and 1914 as a result of the interaction between the local peasant economy and European capitalism. Modernization and dependency narratives of such an encounter follow the line of “tradition” versus “modernity,” with Europe ultimately dictating an inevitable outcome to its absolute benefit. Yet closer examination reveals the story in Mount Lebanon to be far more complicated. In particular, gender replaces this artificial bipolarity with a triangular struggle among peasant men, peasant women, and European capitalists. Furthermore, rather than being historical victims, women and men in Mount Lebanon—with intersecting and diverging interests—worked to contour the outcome of their encounter with Europe and to take control over their individual and collective lives. While the equation of power was most definitely in favor of European merchants and capitalists, the struggles of these peasants were not for naught. Rather, as I will argue in this paper, their travails made the outcome multifaceted and less predictable than European capitalists would have liked it to be.
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DUMONT, DORA M. "RURAL SOCIETY AND CROWD ACTION IN BOLOGNA, c. 1796–c. 1831." Historical Journal 48, no. 4 (December 2005): 977–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004887.
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Although the field of peasant and rural studies has done much to redeem the reputation of peasants in general, historians generally continue to consider the Italian rural population in the early nineteenth century largely extraneous to the story of national unification. However, police reports, court records, and chroniclers from Bologna provide descriptions of collective action that suggest a complex pattern of interaction with both local authorities and the shifting political context. While it remains true that with few exceptions rural communities had little to do with the Risorgimento directly, already during the Revolutionary and Restoration eras they engaged in collective action that reflected independent initiative in engaging with various types of authority rather than political ignorance or blind adherence to religion.
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Livshin, A. Ya. "THE EFFICIENCY OF REQUISITION AND TAXATION POLICIES IN 1917–1927 IN LETTERS “TO THE AUTHORITIES”." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 3(50) (2020): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2020-3-139-150.
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The article discusses the communicative function of letters to authorities in the context of the population’s assessment of the efficiency of the requisition and taxation policies in the first decade of the Communist regime in power. Many letters during the Civil War represented complaints of confiscation and requisition. The peasants believed that the surplus-appraisal and the collection of an extraordinary revolutionary tax were carried out in violation А. Я. Лившин 150 of instructions and norms established by the Soviet state itself. Correspondents of the authorities noted that the surplus appropriation was carried out through the unlimited use of violence and coercion, leading to the destruction of trust between the government and the people, between the city and the village. The attitude of the population towards taxes in the 1920s was largely determined by the experience of the Civil War, when millions of citizens suffered from violent requisition. In the NEP years, when the regime has pursued better balanced economic and social policies, a large-scale rationalization of popular opinion regarding the principles of relationship between the government and society took place. This rationalization, as the letters to the authorities show, was especially evident in the peasant milieu. This occurred due to different circumstances, including the ability to farm on a market basis embedded in the principles of NEP. The middle-peasant majority of the village considered the policy of encouraging peasants' economic initiative to be effective, since such a policy could lead to an increase in the well-being of the whole society. Most people considered the policy of tax pressure on the peasantry which undermined the economic viability of farms in the NEP era, to be erroneous. The ability and willingness to trust the state determined a lot in the mentality and social behavior of people of the post-revolutionary era. Coercive, driven by class ideology rather than economic practicability, and, therefore, inefficient policies (including taxation policies), according to many authors of the letters, have been destructive to the atmosphere of trust and social balance in the country
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Bender, Ernest, and Burton Stein. "Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India." Journal of the American Oriental Society 106, no. 4 (October 1986): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603640.
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Vardi, Liana, and Richard L. Rudolph. "The European Peasant Family and Society: Historical Studies." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 27, no. 3 (1997): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205922.
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Kennedy, Liam. "Review: Irish Peasant Society: Four Historical Essays, Reprint." Irish Economic and Social History 24, no. 1 (September 1997): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/033248939702400117.
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Siddle, David. "Inheritance strategies and lineage development in peasant society." Continuity and Change 1, no. 3 (December 1986): 333–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026841600000031x.
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Peebles, Patrick, and Paul Alexander. "Sri Lankan Fishermen: Rural Capitalism and Peasant Society." Pacific Affairs 69, no. 3 (1996): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2760957.
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Mustapha, Abdul Raufu, and Kate Meagher. "Peasant society and the environment in Rural Kano∗." Capitalism Nature Socialism 5, no. 2 (June 1994): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10455759409358590.
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Khalaf, Issa. "The Effect of Socioeconomic Change on Arab Societal Collapse in Mandate Palestine." International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, no. 1 (February 1997): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800064175.
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Between December 1947 and the first four months of 1948, the fabric of a centuries-old Palestinian Arab society unraveled with astounding rapidity, producing 750,000 refugees. The collapse occurred within the context of widespread socioeconomic disruption and dislocation among peasants and migrant and urban workers. The eroding socioeconomic foundation severely weakened this lower stratum's defense against Zionist settlement, colonial state policies, and military pressures. Beginning in late Ottoman times and throughout the British Mandate period (1918–48), the agrarian social economy had been slowly undermined by the urban landowning class and oppressive tax and land-tenure systems. Peasant dispossession, begun in the 19th century and aggravated by Zionist land-buying in the 20th, created a significant landless rural population that was increasingly dependent on wage labor in scattered rural locations and in the cities. During the British Mandate, as Palestine was rapidly incorporated into the world market, communal harmony and social integration were further strained by urban–rural and peasant–landowner tensions, disjointed urban–working–class development, unemployment, and overcrowding. As a result, by the late 1940s Palestinian Arab society was on the brink of disintegration.
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Mukhina, Zinara Z. "Female Peasant Crime in Russia (second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries)." Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology) 47, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2019-47-3/10-21.
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The article is devoted to the main features of female peasant crime during the post-reform period in Russia. The importance of this problem flows from the parallels between the current state of Russian society, which still retains some transformed peasant values and mentality, and the state of society at the boundary of XIX– XX centuries. The role of a woman in peasant life was as significant as the role of a man. The radical changes in the country in the post-reform period appear in a new light through the perspective of the female deviant behaviour, which contributes to a better understanding of Russia's past and its impact on the present.
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Siddiqi, Majid Hayat. "History and Society in a Popular Rebellion: Mewat, 1920–1933." Comparative Studies in Society and History 28, no. 3 (July 1986): 442–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500014018.
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In late 1932 and early 1933 a popular rising occurred in the region of Mewat in northern central India. Although this rebellion broke out in opposition to the political power of the princely states of Alwar and Bharatpur, as a peasant rebellion it spread over and was supported from areas of British India. It was not, pace Harold Laski, merely an instance of peasant rebellion in an area of indirect British rule. Popular protest in Mewat arose within the totality of an historical context made up as much of developments in British India as of features that were specific to areas of indirect rule. The ideological and social world of the rebellion was also constituted of elements common to British and princely India and to the local histories of the peasant community of the Meos who rose in rebellion. The context that we write about, therefore, is one of a multiplicity of different, yet interlocking, histories—legendary, secular, reformist, sectarian, legitimist, nationalist, rebellious, nativistic—all of which end, as it were, in a final denouement in the rising of 1933.
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Murray, Ivan, Gabriel Jover-Avellà, Onofre Fullana, and Enric Tello. "Biocultural Heritages in Mallorca: Explaining the Resilience of Peasant Landscapes within a Mediterranean Tourist Hotspot, 1870–2016." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071926.
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Mallorca keeps an age-old biocultural heritage embodied in their appealing landscapes, largely exploited as an intangible tourist asset. Although hotel and real estate investors ignore or despise the peasant families who still persevere in farming amidst this worldwide-known tourist hotspot, the Balearic Autonomous Government has recently started a pay-for-ecosystem-services scheme based on the tourist eco-tax collection that offers grants to farmers that keep the Majorcan cultural landscapes alive, while a growing number of them have turned organic. How has this peasant heritage survived within such a global tourist capitalist economy? We answer this question by explaining the socio-ecological transition experienced from the failure of agrarian capitalism in the island, and the ensuing peasantization process during the first half of the 20th century through a local banking-driven and market-oriented land reform. Then, the early tourist specialization during the second half of the 20th century and the spatial concentration of the Green Revolution only in certain areas of the island meant a deep marginalization of peasant farming. Ironically, only a smallholder peasantry could keep cultivating these sustenance-oriented marginal areas where traditional farming was partially maintained and is currently being reinvigorated by turning organic. Now the preservation of these biocultural landscapes, and the keeping of the ecosystem services it provides to Majorcan society, requires keeping this peasantry alive.
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Brass, Tom. "Viva La Revolución? Reassessing Hobsbawm on peasants." Critique of Anthropology 37, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 244–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x17711231.
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Examined critically here are the writings by Hobsbawm on peasants in Latin America. Eschewing participant/observation, his analyses missed crucial aspects of rural society in Peru during the pre-reform era, a consequence being the mistaken belief that production relations on latifundia were obstacles to economic growth and would therefore vanish once landlords were expropriated. Because they are compatible with capitalist development, however, these same unfree work arrangements continued into the post-reform era, but used now by rich peasant beneficiaries of the agrarian reform programmes carried out by the state.
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Prakash, Shri. "Models of Peasant Differentiation and Aspects of Agrarian Economy in Colonial India." Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (July 1985): 549–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00007721.
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Given their sheer numbers, it is hardly surprising that the fate of peasants during British Rule in India should have become a principal index for evaluating its successes and failures. Since the Raj was much more than another effete political superimposition on supposedly timeless villages, the question of agrarian growth or stagnation during its currency is intertwined with more general issues. In so far as colonialism meant a sizable expansion of trade to and from the rural areas, its impact on village social structure in India bears comparison with that of a modern market on peasantries in other parts of the world. Perhaps, the classic case of a peasantry coming face to face with a growing market happened in Russia between 1860 and 1930. The history of that period has generated conceptual discussion about the dynamics of peasant society. The possibility of some of those ideas shedding light on the situation in India has prompted Indo-Russian contrasts and comparisons in agrarian history on more than one occasion (Charlesworth: 1979; Stein: 1984). As a sequel to these writings the Russian debate is considered here briefly in order to suggest some ways in which it might be useful in the Indian context.