Journal articles: 'Peat bog conservation'

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Danci, Oana. "Conservation Status of Some Peatbogs in Maramureş County." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 18, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0093.

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Abstract Peat bogs and specially raised bogs are vulnerable ecosystems all over the world and they create refuges for some rare plant species. The aim of this paper is to provide information regarding the conservation status of five oligotrophic peat bogs situated in the volcanic mountains in the Oriental Chain of Carpathians, in Maramureș County. The studied peat bogs are: Tăul lui Dumitru (Dumitru Pond), Mlaștina Vlășinescu (Vlășinescu Peat bog), Iezeru Mare (Big Tarn), Tăul Chendroaiei (Chendroaiei Pond) and Tăul Negru (Black Pond), all of them have the status of nature reserve and under the IUCN categories they are included in category IV Habitat/Species Management Area (www.iucn.org, 2016). The analysis of the selected peat bogs reveals that all five of them have the vegetation included in the Natura 2000 priority habitat 7110* Active raised bogs. The conservation status of these peat bogs was evaluated and it is variable from moderate to very good conservation status.

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Daniels, Vincent D. "From peat to public: two bog bodies ‘live’ again." Museum International 43, no. 2 (June 1991): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1991.tb00966.x.

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Olaczek, Romuald, and Maria Kurzac. "Szata roślinna obszaru ochrony siedlisk i gatunków Natura 2000 Pakosław − współczesne przemiany i problemy ochrony [Recent changes of plant cover on special area of conservation Natura 2000 Pakoslaw (Central Poland)]." Monographiae Botanicae 101 (2013): 125–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/mb.2012.003.

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Special area of conservation of the Natura 2000 Pakoslaw includes peat bog (about 400 ha) and forest fragment on a neighboring hill nature reserve (28.55 ha). There are 4 species of plants: Adenophora liliifolia, Ligularia sibirica, Liparis loeselii, Ostericum palustre and several types of natural habitats, among others: wet meadows, transitional peat-bog, thermophilous oak forest, which requires the protection of the European Union Habitats Directive. In the peat bog flora, numbering 296 species, are present glacial relicts. The aim of study was to investigate the current status of flora and vegetation and the direction and pace of change as the basis for the active protection. This paper describes the geological, hydrological and anthropogenic environmental factors and their impact on the flora and plant communities. Particular attention was paid to accelerate the process of secondary and progressive ecological succession during the last 50 years, resulting in displacement of grasses and sedges communities willow thickets and later by alder swamp forest. Species and natural habitats of the site are threatened and need to improve their conservation status.

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Wang, Liang-Chi. "Using Paleoecological Data to Inform the Conservation Strategy for Floristic Diversity and Isoetes taiwanensis in Northern Taiwan." Diversity 13, no. 8 (August 22, 2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080395.

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Paleoecological data can be used to inform nature conservation practice. Dream Lake (DL) is the best-preserved peat bog in the Tatun Volcanic Group of northern Taiwan. We analyzed continuous pollen and charcoal data from a well-dated sediment core from DL to reconstruct the changes in climate, lacustrine condition, and floristic diversity during the last 4500 cal BP. An absence of volcanic ash from all sediments indicates weak volcanic activity. Significant changes in lithology and pollen composition show that DL changed from a deep lake to a shallow peat bog from 3000 cal BP onwards. The palynological diversity index was negatively correlated with fire frequency. A substantial decline in Isoetes (quillwort) spores suggests increased vulnerability during the peat bog period. Natural terrestrialization will lower the mean water depth of DL below the minimum required for Isoetes taiwanensis survival within 300 years. Our findings indicate that winter precipitation driven by intense East Asian winter monsoons is the critical force determining the long-term variation in floristic diversity and abundance of I. taiwanensis. This long-term ecological history of DL, derived using paleoecological techniques, will be used to inform conservation practice in the Tatun Volcanic Group.

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Dudová, Lydie, Petra Hájková, Hana Buchtová, and Vĕra Opravilová. "Formation, succession and landscape history of Central-European summit raised bogs: A multiproxy study from the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains." Holocene 23, no. 2 (August 7, 2012): 230–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683612455540.

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Central-European raised bogs, developed on mountain summits, are specific ecosystems of high conservation importance, but their history remains largely unknown. Pollen, macrofossils, testate amoebae and peat characteristics were analysed in a peat sequence of the Vozka bog (Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, Eastern Sudetes, Czech Republic). Past water chemistry and water-table depths were reconstructed by transfer functions calibrated from recent testate amoeba data and long-term environmental averages. Peat initiation started in the middle Holocene (approximately 4200 bc) by the process of paludification, resembling the development of Atlantic blanket bogs. Around 100 bc the vegetation changed from Eriophorum vaginatum-poor fen to the ombrotrophic-bog vegetation similar to the recent situation. A hiatus in peat sequence was revealed between ad 1320 and 1954. It can be explained either by human activities, or by an extreme drought causing decomposition of previously accumulated peat. Local bog development was largely independent of landscape development inferred from pollen records. In the middle Holocene, mixed spruce-elm-hazel woodland was recorded close to the treeline. During 2400–800 bc a gradual transition to mixed spruce-fir woodlands with admixture of beech took place, and from approximately 800 bc spruce and fir became dominant. The major human impact started approximately ad 1230 and was connected with settlement and mining in the foothills.

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Vidal‐Russell, R., G. Fernández Cánepa, C. I. Nuñez, and C. Ezcurra. "First report of alien Drosera rotundifolia in a high conservation value Patagonian peat bog." Weed Research 59, no. 6 (October 15, 2019): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wre.12383.

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Brigić, Andreja, Jelena Bujan, Antun Alegro, Vedran Šegota, and Ivančica Ternjej. "Spatial distribution of insect indicator taxa as a basis for peat bog conservation planning." Ecological Indicators 80 (September 2017): 344–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.05.007.

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Ponomareva, Tamara, Svetlana Selyanina, Anastasia Shtang, Ivan Zubov, and Olga Yarygina. "Transformation of an Oligotrophic Sphagnum Bog during the Process of Rewetting." Land 10, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070670.

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The vast peatlands of the European North of Russia were drained in the 20th century. Some of the drained areas were left without management and maintenance, which led to re-waterlogging. The current trend towards peatlands restoration requires an understanding of all the changes that have taken place in such ecosystems. The study aims to assess the changes in vegetation cover relative to changes in peat deposits in the rewetted oligotrophic bogs. The objects of research were located on the south-White Sea oligotrophic bogs. The studies were carried out using generally accepted geobotanical and geoecological methods in conjunction with the authors’ method for studying the group chemical composition of peat organic matter. The species diversity, structure and spatial distribution of the vegetation cover, the structure and composition of the peat, as well as the composition of the peat organic matter have been studied. It was shown that the transformation of an oligotrophic bog during the process of rewetting manifests itself in a significant change in the vegetation species diversity, somewhat reversible concerning ecologically tolerant species. Changes occurring in the peat deposit are irreversible. That limits the possibility of restoration of species of oligotrophic habitats to the initial state.

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Mendes, Cândida, and Eduardo Dias. "Characterisation of Sanguinhal Mire, Terceira Island (Azores): a protected quaking bog habitat." Acta Botanica Brasilica 23, no. 3 (September 2009): 812–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062009000300022.

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The Azores archipelago in the North Atlantic is an important area for biodiversity because it is rich in rare species and habitats, and almost undisturbed. Sanguinhal mire was originally a lake that evolved through paludification into a peat habitat. It is located inside Nature 2000 (European Union for Protection of Nature and Biodiversity, Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, Habitat Directive Annex I(b) habitat 7140) area of Santa Bárbara and Pico Alto Mountains on the island of Terceira, and it is a good example of a basin peatland type that was first discovered in 1998. This paper provides baseline information on its flora, vegetation communities, structure, surface hydrology and chemistry. Forty-one plant species including six Sphagnum species and ten endemic vascular plants have been recorded, and eight plant communities are distinguished. The maximum peat depth is 2.5 m. The mire receives flowing water from its margins, in addition to intercepted precipitation and fog. After precipitation, water drains through several placic rupture points. Both pH and water conductivity were measured, with some ecological tendencies observed. The conservation status of the mire is good, but it is subject to increasing pressure from cattle pasture and a walking trail that constrains natural surface water movement.

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Butovsky, Ruslan O., Rien Reijnen, Gleb M. Aleshenko, Eugeny M. Melik-Bagdasarov, and Dmitri M. Otchagov. "Assessing the conservation potential of damaged peat bog networks in central and northern Meshera (central Russia)." Journal for Nature Conservation 12, no. 1 (July 2004): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2003.08.001.

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Zuzevičius, Algirdas, and Kristina Galčiuvienė. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF GROUNDWATER CIRCULATION IN THE BOGGED BASIN OF RĖKYVA LAKE / POŽEMINIO VANDENS APYKAITOS PELKĖTAME RĖKYVOS EŽERO BASEINE YPATUMAI." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 20, no. 3 (October 8, 2012): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2012.720418.

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Two mathematical models using MODFLOW software were developed to estimate water losses from the bogged Lake Rėkyva watershed which are happening due to the groundwater recharge and to evaluate the influence of peat deposit development on the lake and the natural belt of a raised bog protecting the lake. The modelling data lead to the following conclusions: (1) groundwater exploitation in the Šiauliai waterworks would increase the water losses from the boggy basin negligibly (from 7 to 9 mm/a when the total runoff is over 150 mm/a (2) the annual and long-term runoff and water level regimes in the raised bog, that separates the peat deposit from the lake as a 3 km long and 0.26 to 0.8 m wide belt, are rather variable. Depending on the season, from 80 to 95% of the runoff from it is formed in the 0.3–0.5 m thick top layer (acrotelm) distinguished by anomalously good filtration properties and porosity; (3) at the end of the peat deposit exploitation, the discharge from the protective bog to the lake presumably will reduce by 0.2–0.4 l/s (about 1% of the total lake runoff) and that from the bog to the peat deposit will increase by about 0.5 l/s (depending on the season, 1–15% of the total runoff from the bog); and (4) seasonal recharge of acrotelm is capable of counterbalancing the loss there-fore the status of protective bog will remain close to the actual one. Santrauka Didžiausio Lietuvoje 11,85 km2 ploto vandenskyrinio Rėkyvos ežero baseino nuostoliams, jam maitinant požeminius vandenis, bei piečiau eksploatuojamo durpyno poveikiui ežerui ir apsauginei aukštapelkės juostai vertinti MODFLOW priemonėmis sudaryti du matematiniai modeliai. Nustatyta: 1 – dėl požeminio vandens gavybos Šiaulių miesto vandenvietėse baseino nuostoliai gali padidėti nežymiai (nuo 7 iki 9 mm/a, kai bendras nuotėkis yra per 150 mm/a); 2 – metinis ir daugiametis nuotėkio bei vandens lygių aukštapelkėje režimas yra labai kaitus; pagrindinė aukštapelkės, kuri 3 km ilgio ir 0,26–0,8 km pločio juosta skiria durpyną nuo ežero, nuotėkio dalis (nuo 80 iki 95 % – priklausomai nuo sezono) formuojasi 0,3–0,5 m storio viršutiniame sluoksnyje (akrotelme), šiam sluoksniui būdingos anomaliai geros filtracinės savybės ir poringumas (iki 0,95); 3 – eksploatacijos pabaigoje, pasiekus durpyno klodo dugną, nuotėkis iš pelkės į ežerą gali sumažėti 0,2–0,4 l/s (apie 1 % bendrojo ežero nuotėkio), o į durpyną – padidėti apie 0,5 l/s (pagal sezoną – 1–15 % bendrosios pelkės vandens apykaitos); 4 – sezoninis akrotelmo maitinimas yra pakankamas, kad kompensuotų šiuos nuostolius, ir apsauginės pelkės būklė išliktų artima dabartinei.

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Watts, Corinne H., Beverley R. Clarkson, and Raphael K. Didham. "Rapid beetle community convergence following experimental habitat restoration in a mined peat bog." Biological Conservation 141, no. 2 (February 2008): 568–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.12.008.

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Cooper, Alan, Thomas McCann, Robert Davidson, and Garth N. Foster. "Vegetation, water beetles and habitat isolation in abandoned lowland bog drains and peat pits." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15, no. 2 (2005): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.668.

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Malloy, Shannon, and Jonathan S. Price. "Fen restoration on a bog harvested down to sedge peat: A hydrological assessment." Ecological Engineering 64 (March 2014): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.12.015.

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Gałka, Mariusz, Kazimierz Tobolski, Aleksandra Górska, and Mariusz Lamentowicz. "Resilience of plant and testate amoeba communities after climatic and anthropogenic disturbances in a Baltic bog in Northern Poland: Implications for ecological restoration." Holocene 27, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683616652704.

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This study explores the history of the development of Sphagnum communities in an ombrotrophic peatland – Bagno Kusowo – over the past 650 years, based on high-resolution plant macrofossil and testate amoebae analysis. Our research provided information related to the length of peatland existence and the characteristics of its natural/pristine state before the most recent human impacts. Changes in the Sphagnum communities before human impact could have resulted from climate cooling during the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA). In this cold and unstable hydrological period, among vascular plants, Eriophorum vaginatum and Baeothryon caespitosum dominated in the peatland vegetation. Peat-forming Sphagnum communities survived the drainage conducted during the 20th century at the Bagno Kusowo bog. We provide three important messages through this study: (1) testate amoebae reflect similar hydrological trends in two peat cores despite considerable microhabitat variability, (2) average long-term water level 10 cm below the surface should be a target for active bog conservation and (3) sites like Bagno Kusowo are extremely important to preserve the remains of pristine biodiversity (including genetic diversity of plants and protists) that was completely removed from most of the raised bogs in Europe due to human activities, for example, drainage.

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Šlapokas, Tommy, and Ulf Granhall. "Decomposition of litter in fertilized short-rotation forests on a low-humified peat bog." Forest Ecology and Management 41, no. 1-2 (June 1991): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90125-f.

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Scholefield, Paul, Dan Morton, Gareth McShane, Luis Carrasco, Mike G. Whitfield, Clare Rowland, Rob Rose, et al. "Estimating habitat extent and carbon loss from an eroded northern blanket bog using UAV derived imagery and topography." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 43, no. 2 (April 2019): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133319841300.

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Peatlands are important reserves of terrestrial carbon and biodiversity, and given that many peatlands across the UK and Europe exist in a degraded state, their conservation is a major area of concern and a focus of considerable research. Aerial surveys are valuable tools for habitat mapping and conservation and provide useful insights into their condition. We investigate how SfM photogrammetry-derived topography and habitat classes may be used to construct an estimate of carbon loss from erosion features in a remote blanket bog habitat. An autonomous, unmanned, aerial, fixed-wing remote sensing platform (Quest UAV 300™) collected imagery over Moor House, in the Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve, a site with a high degree of peatland erosion. The images were used to generate point clouds into orthomosaics and digital surface models using SfM photogrammetry techniques, georeferenced and subsequently used to classify vegetation and peatland features. A classification of peatbog feature types was developed using a random forest classification model trained on field survey data and applied to UAV-captured products including the orthomosaic, digital surface model and derived surfaces such as topographic index, slope and aspect maps. Using the area classified as eroded peat and the derived digital surface model, we estimated a loss of 438 tonnes of carbon from a single gully. The UAV system was relatively straightforward to deploy in such a remote and unimproved area. SfM photogrammetry, imagery and random forest modelling obtained classification accuracies of between 42% and 100%, and was able to discern between bare peat, saturated bog and sphagnum habitats. This paper shows what can be achieved with low-cost UAVs equipped with consumer grade camera equipment and relatively straightforward ground control, and demonstrates their potential for the carbon and peatland conservation research community.

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van Geel, Bas, Otto Brinkkemper, Guido B. A. van Reenen, Nathalie N. L. Van der Putten, Jasmijn E. Sybenga, Carla Soonius, Annemieke M. Kooijman, Tom Hakbijl, and William D. Gosling. "Multicore Study of Upper Holocene Mire Development in West-Frisia, Northern Netherlands: Ecological and Archaeological Aspects." Quaternary 3, no. 2 (May 7, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat3020012.

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We studied twelve late Holocene organic deposits in West-Frisia, The Netherlands. Pollen, spores, non-pollen palynomorphs, mosses, other botanical macrofossils and insect remains were recorded for reconstructions of changing environmental conditions. Eastern West-Frisia was a cultivated landscape during the Bronze Age, but it became a freshwater wetland in the Late Bronze Age. In most of our sites, radiocarbon dates show that time transgressive inundation of soils preceded the climate shift at 850 cal BC for several centuries. We suggest that solar forcing of climate change may have delivered the final push to the inundation and depopulation of West-Frisia, which had already commenced several centuries before, due to sealevel rise. We did not find evidence for significant Bronze Age tree growth in West-Frisia before the inundations. Vegetation successions in the new wetlands developed from shallow mineral-rich freshwater to rich-fen vegetation. Subsequently poor fen vegetation with birch and pine developed, and the natural succession led to ombrotrophic raised bog vegetation. Complete successions from shallow, mineral-rich lakes to raised bog lasted between 1000 and 1500 calendar years. We hypothesize that medieval drainage and reclamation became possible only when the mires of West-Frisia had reached the raised bog stage. Reclamation of raised bogs by medieval farmers (drainage, eutrophication, peat digging) caused compaction, oxidation and loss of the upper part of the peat deposit. Seeds of salt-tolerant and salt-demanding plant species indicate that the medieval sites were inundated during storm surges with brackish or salt water, which triggered the farmers to build artificial mounds and, later, dikes. Under mounds and dikes, peat deposits remained protected against further decay. With our data we deliver a long-term perspective on contemporary ecosystem dynamics of freshwater wetlands, relevant for nature conservation and future climate change.

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Watts, Corinne H., and Raphael K. Didham. "Influences of Habitat Isolation on Invertebrate Colonization of Sporadanthus ferrugineus in a Mined Peat Bog." Restoration Ecology 14, no. 3 (September 2006): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2006.00149.x.

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Lozan, Aurel, Karel Spitzer, and Josef Jaroš. "Isolated peat bog habitats and their food connections: parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) and their lepidopteran hosts." Journal of Insect Conservation 16, no. 3 (July 16, 2011): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-011-9425-4.

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Rytter, Lars, Tommy Šlapokas, and Ulf Granhall. "Woody biomass and litter production of fertilized grey alder plantations on a low-humified peat bog." Forest Ecology and Management 28, no. 3-4 (August 1989): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(89)90001-7.

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Mataloni, Gabriela. "Diversity patterns of plankton communities in Tierra del Fuego peat bog pools as sentinels of climate change." Biodiversity 17, no. 1-2 (April 2, 2016): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2016.1180639.

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Pogorzelec, Magdalena, Barbara Banach-Albińska, Artur Serafin, and Agnieszka Szczurowska. "Population resources of an endangered species Salix lapponum L. in Polesie Lubelskie Region (eastern Poland)." Acta Agrobotanica 67, no. 4 (2014): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2014.043.

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This research, carried out in the years 2011–2013, aimed to evaluate Salix lapponum stands in the peat bogs of Polesie Lubelskie Region as well as to determine the condition of the population and the changes that have taken place since the 1950’s. An inventory carried out in 25 stands of S. lapponum known from the literature shows that the number of its stands has decreased by 80% in Polesie Lubelskie Region. In all the confirmed locations, a decrease in population numbers was also found in relation to the data known from the literature since the 1950’s. In the majority of the population locations that were considered to be extinct, there were no significant changes in habitat conditions, and ecological succession and changes in hydrological conditions could have been the cause of habitat changes only at a few sites. In the light of the study, the preservation of the S. lapponum population in Polesie Lubelskie seems to be impossible if appropriate active conservation measures are not taken immediately. Because area-based conservation, which covers most of the habitats of the studied species, does not bring the expected results, the possibility of ex situ conservation and enlargement of the populations existing in the natural environment in peat bog ecosystems in Polesie should be explored.

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Neustupa, Jiří, Kateřina Černá, and Jan Št’astný. "The effects of aperiodic desiccation on the diversity of benthic desmid assemblages in a lowland peat bog." Biodiversity and Conservation 20, no. 8 (April 28, 2011): 1695–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0055-7.

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Pellerin, Stéphanie, and Claude Lavoie. "Peatland fragments of southern Quebec: recent evolution of their vegetation structure." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 2 (April 7, 2000): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-186.

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One of the main problems associated with small natural reserves is their progressive loss of ecological integrity owing to the influence of surrounding human activities. In southern Quebec (Bas-Saint-Laurent, Canada), peatlands are extensively mined to extract peat for the production of horticultural compost and are isolated within agricultural lands. Government environmental agencies have proposed that peat industries set aside 5-10% of a bog's area as a natural refuge for peatland plants and animals. Do these fragments constitute reliable refuges? Do they maintain their ecological characteristics over a long period? We studied the recent evolution of plant communities in peatland fragments using paleoecological techniques and a geographical information system. In the study area, some treeless fragments dominated by Sphagnum species have recently (since 1940) converted to forest sites. Macrofossil and dendrochronological analyses suggest that peat-mining activities were not the main factors responsible for the afforestation of peatland fragments. On the other hand, the isolation of the Bas-Saint-Laurent peatlands within an agricultural plain for more than 100 years may explain the afforestation process (drainage activities). Furthermore, fires may have accelerated afforestation by facilitating the spread of seeds of tree species with serotinous cones. Because most peatlands of the Bas-Saint-Laurent region are still affected by drainage and fires, it is probable that several open bog fragments will not maintain their treeless vegetation structure over a long period. Consequently, peatland fragments should not be considered as a solution to long-term conservation needs in southern Quebec, at least not for plant and animal species of open bogs. This study also shows that even ecosystems known to be resistant to invasions by exotic species (such as peatlands) can be strongly affected by fragmentation and by their surrounding environment on a long-term basis.Key words: peatland, peat mining, fire, fragmentation, conservation, Quebec.

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Mazei, Yuri A., Andrey N. Tsyganov, Maxim V. Bobrovsky, Natalia G. Mazei, Dmitry A. Kupriyanov, Mariusz Gałka, Dmitry V. Rostanets, et al. "Peatland Development, Vegetation History, Climate Change and Human Activity in the Valdai Uplands (Central European Russia) during the Holocene: A Multi-Proxy Palaeoecological Study." Diversity 12, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12120462.

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Peatlands are remarkable for their specific biodiversity, crucial role in carbon cycling and climate change. Their deposits preserve organism remains that can be used to reconstruct long-term ecosystem and environmental changes as well as human impact in the prehistorical and historical past. This study presents a new multi-proxy reconstruction of the peatland and vegetation development investigating climate dynamics and human impact at the border between mixed and boreal forests in the Valdai Uplands (the East European Plain, Russia) during most of the Holocene. We performed plant macrofossil, pollen, testate amoeba, Cladocera, diatom, peat humification, loss on ignition, carbon and nitrogen content, δ13C and δ15N analyses supported by radiocarbon dating of the peat deposits from the Krivetskiy Mokh mire. The results of the study indicate that the wetland ecosystem underwent a classic hydroserial succession from a lake (8300 BC–900 BC) terrestrialized through a fen (900 BC–630 AD) to an ombrotrophic bog (630 AD–until present) and responded to climate changes documented over the Holocene. Each stage was associated with clear changes in local diversity of organisms responding mostly to autogenic successional changes during the lake stage and to allogenic factors at the fen-bog stage. The latter can be related to increased human impact and greater sensitivity of peatland ecosystems to external, especially climatic, drivers as compared to lakes.

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Tallis, J. H. "Growth and degradation of British and Irish blanket mires." Environmental Reviews 6, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 81–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a98-006.

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Blanket mires extend over approximately 22,500 km2 of the north and west of the British Isles, and are of both national and international importance. Blanket peat started to form locally in some regions 9400 years ago, but the period of most active spread was between 5100 and 3100 BP. Clearance of forest and scrub by human activity probably triggered peat formation in many areas, though the influence of longer term changes in climate can be detected both in the times of peat initiation and in subsequent peat growth. High-quality blanket mires can be characterized by the presence of distinctive plant communities, well-defined microtopographic differentiation of the mire surface, and a diplotelmic structure to the peat mass. Many blanket mires, however, currently have a modified, damaged, or eroded vegetation cover. British and Irish blanket mires are used for a variety of purposes: year-round grazing (mainly sheep), game stocking (red grouse and red deer), water catchment, plantation forestry, domestic and commercial peat extraction, military training, recreation, and conservation. The associated management practices can have significant effects on the composition and structure of the vegetation, the bird and invertebrate faunas, and the physical and chemical properties of the underlying peat. A major part of the British blanket mire resource is affected and modified by grazing, burning, and drainage; only approximately 4000 km2 may remain in a near-natural state. An estimated 3500 km2 is afforested and a further 3500 km2 is eroded. Atmospheric pollution has been shown to have had significant effects on the blanket mire vegetation only in the Southern Pennines, but substantial areas in Wales, northern England, and southwestern Scotland are potentially at risk from high levels of sulphur and nitrogen deposition. The peat mass is very susceptible to erosion from natural agents: frost, drought, rain, and wind. However, erosion normally occurs only when the plant cover is damaged. Severely eroded peat is found in all blanket mire regions of the British Isles and is most common above 450 to 500 m altitude, where it is associated with the development of gully systems within the peat mass. Erosion has almost certainly increased in intensity in the last 200 years, as land-use pressures have intensified, but there is evidence from a number of regions that active gully systems were present by at least AD 1500-1700. Damage and erosion of the blanket mire vegetation has considerable economic and amenity consequences: loss of grazing land, infilling of reservoirs with sediment and periodic discolouration of water supplies, loss of distinctive wildlife (particularly birds), and impaired recreational value. Techniques are now available for the revegetation and restoration of badly damaged blanket mire, but they are very costly. Government schemes that provide incentives for less-intensive management of blanket mires offer a potentially more viable way of meeting our international conservation obligations.Key words: blanket bog, peat, grazing, pollution, burning, afforestation.

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Schneider, Richard R., B. Wynes, S. Wasel, E. Dzus, and H. Hiltz. "Habitat use by caribou in northern Alberta, Canada." Rangifer 20, no. 2-3 (March 1, 2000): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.20.1.1501.

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Habitat mapping and habitat supply assessment have been identified as key elements of the Alberta Woodland Caribou Conservation Strategy. Previous studies from northeastern Alberta have shown that caribou select lowland habitat types and avoid upland. The objectives of our study were to determine whether these selection patterns are consistent across all of northern Alberta and to generate a map of habitat suitability for the entire region. Our database included over 11 000 radiotelemetry locations collected over six years from caribou across northern Alberta. We also had available a recently revised map of peatlands for the entire province. We found that polygons in the peatland map containing greater than 30% bog were selected by caribou. Fens were also selected, but not as strongly as bogs. Habitat polygons containing greater than 50% non-peat were avoided. These findings were consistent among all regions studied, and among years. The proportion of caribou relocations declined exponentially with distance from polygons classified as peatlands. Based on the observed selection patterns, we reclassified the peatland map to reflect the potential suitability of habitat for caribou across northern Alberta.

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Josien, Etienne, and Maryse Tort. "Impact de l'environnement agricole sur une tourbière de maar ; conséquences pour sa protection (Impact of agricultural surroundings on a maar peat bog ; consequences for its conservation)." Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 71, no. 3 (1994): 324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bagf.1994.1753.

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Mauquoy, Dmitri, and Dan Yeloff. "Raised peat bog development and possible responses to environmental changes during the mid- to late-Holocene. Can the palaeoecological record be used to predict the nature and response of raised peat bogs to future climate change?" Biodiversity and Conservation 17, no. 9 (September 2, 2007): 2139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9222-2.

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Șofletea, Nicolae, Georgeta Mihai, Elena Ciocîrlan, and Alexandru Lucian Curtu. "Genetic Diversity and Spatial Genetic Structure in Isolated Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Populations Native to Eastern and Southern Carpathians." Forests 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2020): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101047.

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Small, isolated populations are more vulnerable to natural disturbances and loss of genetic diversity. Scots pine, an abundant tree species in the boreal forest of Eurasia, has a scattered natural distribution across Eastern and Southern Carpathian Mountains, where only a few relict populations still exist. We estimated genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure in Scots pine on the basis of microsatellite nuclear markers (nSSR) data. We found a relatively high level of genetic diversity (He = 0.697) within populations and no evidence of recent bottlenecks. Genetic diversity was lower in peat bog populations, as compared to populations that grow on rocky slopes or acidic soils and nutrient-poor sites. Population genetic structure was weak, and genetic discontinuities among populations were detected. Spatial genetic structure (SGS) was observed in nearly all Scots pine populations. The strength of SGS, quantified by Sp statistics, varied greatly among populations, ranging from 0.0011 to 0.0207, with an average of 0.01. Our study highlights that Eastern and Southern Carpathian populations still possess high within-population diversity in spite of the recent fragmentation and reduction of the Scots pine natural distribution range. We discuss the importance of spatial patterns of genetic diversity for developing strategies of conservation and sustainable use of Scots pine genetic resources in the Carpathian region.

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Lewandowski, Andrzej, Jarosław Burczyk, Witold Wachowiak, Adam Boratyński, and Wiesław Prus-Głowacki. "Genetic evaluation of seeds of highly endangered Pinus uliginosa Neumann from Węgliniec reserve for ex-situ conservation program." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 74, no. 3 (2011): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2005.030.

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Peat-bog pine Pinus uliginosa Neumann has become extinct or rare in many parts of Europe. We have investigated the levels of genetic variation and inbreeding in seeds collected from a highly endangered reserve of this species in Poland, using allozymes as genetic markers. Generally, a high level of genetic variation was observed. The mean expected heterozygosity was 0.376, while average (Na) and effective (Ne) numbers of alleles per locus were 2.45 and 1.67, respectively. Nevertheless, we have detected relatively low levels of outcrossing, and potential biparental inbreeding. The population-wide multilocus outcrossing rate was estimated to be 0.706 (±0.091), while the minimum variance mean of single-locus estimates was distinctly lower (ts=0.611). The estimates of outcrossing calculated for individual trees ranged widely from 0.051 to 1.017, indicating the complexity of outcrossing patterns. The investigated population of P. uliginasa from Węgliniec is small and surrounded by extensive forest stands of P. sylvestris. Our three-year records of phenological observations demonstrated that flowering periods for P. uliginosa and P. sylvestris overlap, allowing for cross-pollination. The possibility of P. uliginosa pollination by P. sylvestris creates a potential danger of genetic erosion of the P. uliginosa gene pool. Nonetheless, based on a species specific cpDNA marker we have found that among 533 seedlings of P. uliginosa there were only six seedlings carrying cpDNA marker specific for P. sylvestris, indicating that such hybridization seems to be rare.

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Dyukarev, Egor, Evgeny Zarov, Pavel Alekseychik, Jelmer Nijp, Nina Filippova, Ivan Mammarella, Ilya Filippov, et al. "The Multiscale Monitoring of Peatland Ecosystem Carbon Cycling in the Middle Taiga Zone of Western Siberia: The Mukhrino Bog Case Study." Land 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080824.

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The peatlands of the West Siberian Lowlands, comprising the largest pristine peatland area of the world, have not previously been covered by continuous measurement and monitoring programs. The response of peatlands to climate change occurs over several decades. This paper summarizes the results of peatland carbon balance studies collected over ten years at the Mukhrino field station (Mukhrino FS, MFS) operating in the Middle Taiga Zone of Western Siberia. A multiscale approach was applied for the investigations of peatland carbon cycling. Carbon dioxide fluxes at the local scale studied using the chamber method showed net accumulation with rates from 110, to 57.8 gC m−2 at the Sphagnum hollow site. Net CO2 fluxes at the pine-dwarf shrubs-Sphagnum ridge varied from negative (−32.1 gC m−2 in 2019) to positive (13.4 gC m−2 in 2017). The cumulative May-August net ecosystem exchange (NEE) from eddy-covariance (EC) measurements at the ecosystem scale was −202 gC m−2 in 2015, due to the impact of photosynthesis of pine trees which was not registered by the chamber method. The net annual accumulation of carbon in the live part of mosses was estimated at 24–190 gC m−2 depending on the Sphagnum moss species. Long-term carbon accumulation rates obtained by radiocarbon analysis ranged from 28.5 to 57.2 gC m−2 yr−1, with local extremes of up to 176.2 gC m−2 yr−1. The obtained estimates of various carbon fluxes using EC and chamber methods, the accounting for Sphagnum growth and decomposition, and long-term peat accumulation provided information about the functioning of the peatland ecosystems at different spatial and temporal scales. Multiscale carbon flux monitoring reveals useful new information for forecasting the response of northern peatland carbon cycles to climatic changes.

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Cooper, J. W. "Presence de Sphagnum molle Sull. dans la tourbiere de Pedestarres, Pyrenees-Atlantiques. Site a conserver (Sphagnum molle Sull. in the Pedestarres peat bog, Western Pyrennes. A site proposed for conservation)." Biological Conservation 69, no. 2 (1994): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90084-1.

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van der Velde, Ype, Arnaud J. A. M. Temme, Jelmer J. Nijp, Maarten C. Braakhekke, George A. K. van Voorn, Stefan C. Dekker, A. Johannes Dolman, et al. "Emerging forest–peatland bistability and resilience of European peatland carbon stores." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 38 (September 14, 2021): e2101742118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101742118.

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Northern peatlands store large amounts of carbon. Observations indicate that forests and peatlands in northern biomes can be alternative stable states for a range of landscape settings. Climatic and hydrological changes may reduce the resilience of peatlands and forests, induce persistent shifts between these states, and release the carbon stored in peatlands. Here, we present a dynamic simulation model constrained and validated by a wide set of observations to quantify how feedbacks in water and carbon cycling control resilience of both peatlands and forests in northern landscapes. Our results show that 34% of Europe (area) has a climate that can currently sustain existing rainwater-fed peatlands (raised bogs). However, raised bog initiation and restoration by water conservation measures after the original peat soil has disappeared is only possible in 10% of Europe where the climate allows raised bogs to initiate and outcompete forests. Moreover, in another 10% of Europe, existing raised bogs (concerning ∼20% of the European raised bogs) are already affected by ongoing climate change. Here, forests may overgrow peatlands, which could potentially release in the order of 4% (∼24 Pg carbon) of the European soil organic carbon pool. Our study demonstrates quantitatively that preserving and restoring peatlands requires looking beyond peatland-specific processes and taking into account wider landscape-scale feedbacks with forest ecosystems.

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Moore, Peter D. "The future of cool temperate bogs." Environmental Conservation 29, no. 1 (March 2002): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000024.

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The temperate peatlands are extensive, covering around 3.5 million km2 of land. They contain about 455 Gt of carbon, almost equivalent to the carbon stored in all of the living things on the surface of the planet, and representing around 25% of all the soil carbon on earth. These bogs are a sink for atmospheric carbon and their carbon uptake accounts for about 12% of current human emissions. They vary considerably in their form and structure and are an important resource for scientific research, including the study of past environments and climate change, and they are also valuable in environmental education. They are low in biodiversity, but their fauna and flora are distinctive and many groups are confined to this habitat. For all these reasons, the future conservation of peatlands is a matter for concern. Threats to peatlands come from direct human exploitation in the form of peat harvesting for energy and horticulture, and drainage for forestry. Rising environmental awareness should control both of these processes in the western world, but continued northern peatland losses are likely locally, especially in Asia. Peatland drainage for forestry or agriculture will result in losses of carbon to the atmosphere, adding to the greenhouse effect. Human population pressures, industrialization and urbanization are unlikely to have an important direct and immediate influence in the boreal zone. Fragmentation of the habitat is not an important consideration because bogs are by their very nature ‘island’ habitats. Acidification by aerial pollution may be a local problem close to sources, but the habitat is naturally acid and should not be severely affected. The input of aerial nutrients, however, particularly nitrogen, could have widespread impact on bogs, enhancing their productivity and altering their vegetation composition. The physical rehabilitation of bogs damaged by human activities presents many problems, particularly relating to the re-establishment of peat structure and vegetation, but the process can result in the re-formation of a carbon sink so it is worth the effort. Climate change is the most important consideration in its impact on bogs. Higher temperature (especially if accompanied by raised atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and increased nitrate deposition) will enhance productivity, but will also result in faster decomposition rates. The outcome of these opposing factors for peat formation will ultimately depend on the future pattern of precipitation. If, as seems most likely, summer conditions become warmer and drier in continental regions and winters become milder and wetter, the summer drought could cause peat loss and bog contraction. An excess of decomposition will lead to bogs becoming a carbon source and thus a positive feedback in global warming. Emissions of methane and nitrous oxide would add to the greenhouse gas problem, but likely oxidation of methane and low N2O production may well mean that this impact will not prove to be significant. Tree invasion of bogs as a consequence of summer drought could locally lead to increased water loss through transpiration, and higher heat absorption through albedo change. This will enhance the drying effect on the bog surface. Oceanic mires will be less severely affected if the expected increase in precipitation takes place in these regions. The most important overall factor in determining the future of the northern bogs is likely to be the quantity and pattern (both spatially and temporally) of future precipitation in the zone.

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Hüls, C. Matthias, John Meadows, and Andreas Rau. "Interpreting 14C Measurements on 3rd–4th Century AD Iron Artifacts from Nydam, Denmark." Radiocarbon 61, no. 5 (April 17, 2019): 1517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.15.

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ABSTRACTRadiocarbon (14C) ages were determined for 10 iron samples from the war booty offering site in the Nydam peat bog (SE Denmark), and compared to archaeologically inferred periods of deposition. Additional 14C measurements were carried out for modern iron standards made with charcoal of known isotopic composition to evaluate possible effects of handling. Modern iron standards give depleted 14C concentrations, compared to the initial charcoal 14C composition, and may indicate carbon fractionation effects during carbon dissolution in the iron lattice. Further studies are needed to verify if this is a common effect during iron production. 14C dating of two swords and one ax head are in comparatively good agreement with expected deposition times and indicate only small old-wood effects. In contrast, 14C dating of iron rivets from the Nydam (B) oak boat proved difficult due to corrosion with siderite (FeCO3) and conservation with wax. A step-combustion procedure was applied, using a low (∼570–600°C) temperature prior to the high (∼970–1000°C) combustion temperature for carbon extraction, aiming to remove siderite and wax before collecting the original carbon dissolved in the iron lattice. Nevertheless, measured 14C ages of the iron rivets differ by about 200–300 years from the dendro-date of the Nydam (B) oak boat they belong to, indicating persisting aging effects (e.g. old-wood, contamination with fossil carbon added during iron making and/or handling prior 14C dating). Also, a possible recycling of older iron cannot be excluded.

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38

Jesionek, Anna, Adam Kokotkiewicz, Paulina Wlodarska, Natalia Filipowicz, Adam Bogdan, Renata Ochocka, Aleksandra Szreniawa-Sztajnert, Bozena Zabiegala, Adam Bucinski, and Maria Luczkiewicz. "In Vitro Propagation of Rhododendron tomentosum – an Endangered Essential Oil Bearing Plant from Peatland." Acta Biologica Cracoviensia s. Botanica 58, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abcsb-2016-0019.

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Abstract Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja (formerly Ledum palustre L.) is a medicinal peat bog plant native to northern Europe, Asia and North America. This plant has a distinctive aroma thanks to the presence of essential oil, to which it also owes its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. However, in Europe R. tomentosum is classified as an endangered species, mainly due to degradation of peatlands. In the present work, the micropropagation protocol for R. tomentosum was established for the first time, providing both an ex situ conservation tool and a means of continuous production of in vivo and in vitro plant material for further studies. R. tomentosum microshoots were initiated from leaf explants and further multiplied using Schenk-Hildebrandt (SH) medium supplemented with 9.84 μM 2iP and 1.00 μM TDZ. The shoots were elongated on the SH medium supplemented with 24.6 μM 2iP and subsequently rooted using the perlite substrate saturated with half-strength Woody Plant medium supplemented with 1.0% sucrose and 4.92 μM IBA. The regenerated plants were hardened on the phytohormone-free SH medium and acclimatized using 3:1:1 deacidified peat:perlite:gravel substrate. The identity of the mother plant was confirmed at morphological and molecular levels and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was implemented to assess the genetic fidelity of the regenerants. The essential oil content of the maternal plant, in vitro shoots and the regenerants was determined by steam-distillation, and the obtained volatile fractions were analyzed by GC/MS.

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Stravinskienė, Vida, and Regina Erlickytė-Marčiukaitienė. "SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) RADIAL GROWTH DYNAMICS IN FOREST STANDS IN THE VICINITY OF “AKMENES CEMENTAS” PLANT/PAPRASTOSIOS PUŠIES (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) RADIALIOJO PRIEAUGIO DINAMIKA ,,AKMENĖS CEMENTO“ GAMYKLOS APLINKOS MEDYNUOSE/ ДИНАМИКА РАДИАЛЬНОГО ПРИРОСТА СОСНЫ ОБЫКНОВЕННОЙ (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) В ДРЕВОСТОЯХ, РАСТУЩИХ В ОКРЕСТНОСТЯХ ЗАВОДА „АКМЯНЕС ЦЕМЕНТАС“." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-6897.2009.17.140-147.

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Investigation of Scots pine annual radial increment was carried out in the surroundings of one of the largest pollution sources in Lithuania – the cement plant “Akmenes cementas”. The main objective of the investigation was to analyse possible impact of climatic and anthropogenic factors on the radial growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands growing in the local impact zone of the plant. Investigation has shown that in peat‐bog sites active vegetation period temperature higher than the long‐term average influences the formation of radial increment positively (r = 0.22–0.34; p < 0.05), and July precipitation higher than the long‐term average causes the reduction of radial increment (r = ‐0.25; p < 0.05) of the investigated pines. Analysis of the relation between pine radial increment and plant emissions has shown that the strongest correlations are in the closest vicinity of the plant (r = -0.63; p < 0.05). Weaker, but statistically significant relations were found between radial increment of pines growing at a distance of 5–10 km from the plant and plant emissions (r = -0.49; p < 0.05), and for the most distant pine correlations became insignificant (p > 0.05). Linear regression results have shown that changes of the radial increment of pine stands closest to the plant are the biggest and they decrease with distance from the plant. Santrauka Paprastosios pušies (Pinus sylvestris L.) metinio radialiojo prieaugio pokyčių tyrimai buvo atliekami cemento gamyklos „Akmenės cementas“ aplinkoje. Pagrindinis šio tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti galimą klimato ir antropogeninių veiksnių įtaką paprastosios pušies (Pinus sylvestris L.) medynų radialiajam prieaugiui gamyklos aplinkoje. Nustatyta, kad gamyklos aplinkoje augančiuose raistašilio (Carico–sphagnosa) miško tipo pušynuose teigiamos įtakos pušų radialiojo prieaugio formavimuisi turi aukštesnė nei vidutinė daugiametė aktyviosios vegetacijos oro temperatūra (r = 0,22–0,34; p < 0,05), o didesnis nei vidutinis daugiametis liepos mėnesio kritulių kiekis lemia radialiojo prieaugio mažėjimą (r = –0,25; p < 0,05). Nagrinėjant pušų radialiojo prieaugio sąsają su gamyklos teršalų kiekiu, stipriausias koreliacinis priklausomumas nustatytas artimiausioje gamyklos aplinkoje (iki 5 km) (r = –0,63; p < 0,05). Silpnesnis, tačiau statistiškai patikimas priklausomumas nustatytas tarp vidutiniu atstumu nuo gamyklos (5–10 km) augančių pušų prieaugio ir gamyklos teršalų kiekio. Toliausiai nuo gamyklos (per 10–20 km) augančių pušų radialiojo prieaugio sąsaja su bendruoju ir pavienių teršalų kiekiu yra statistiškai nepatikima (p > 0,05). Iš tiesinės regresinės analizės rezultatų akivaizdu, kad pušynų artimiausioje gamyklos aplinkoje metinio radialiojo prieaugio pokyčiai yra didžiausi, o tolstant nuo gamyklos mažėja. Резюме Исследования годового радиального прироста сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) были проведены в окрестностях цементного завода „Акмянес цементас“. Главная цель исследования – определить возможное влияние климатических и антропогенных факторов на изменение радиального прироста сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.), произрастающей в окрестностях цементного завода. Исследования показали, что на формирование радиального прироста сосен, растущих в сосновых древостоях леса типа Carico-sphagnosa, позитивное влияние оказывает температура воздуха, превышающая среднюю многолетнюю температуру воздуха активной вегетации (r = 0.22–0.34; p < 0.05), а количество осадков в июле, превышающее среднее многолетнее количество, способствует уменьшению радиального прироста (r = –0.25; p < 0.05). Корреляционный анализ зависимости радиального прироста сосен от эмиссии завода показал сильнейшую связь (r = –0.63; p < 0.05) на расстоянии до 5 км от завода. На расстоянии 5–10 км от завода корреляционная связь уменьшается, а при дальнейшем удалении от завода статистически не доказана. Результаты линейной регрессии показали, что наибольшие изменения радиального прироста сосен происходят на расстоянии до 5 км от завода, а с увеличением расстояния от завода они уменьшаются.

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40

Allan, M., G. Le Roux, N. Piotrowska, J. Beghin, E. Javaux, M. Court-Picon, N. Mattielli, S. Verheyden, and N. Fagel. "Mid and late Holocene dust deposition in western Europe: the Misten peat bog (Hautes Fagnes – Belgium)." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 3 (May 29, 2013): 2889–928. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-2889-2013.

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Abstract. Dust deposition in southern Belgium is estimated from the geochemical signature of an ombrotrophic peatland. The Rare Earth Elements (REE) and lithogenic elements concentrations, as well as Nd isotopes, were determined by HR-ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS respectively, in along a ~6 m peat section covering 5300 yr, from 30 BC to 5300 BC dated by the 14C method. Changes in REE concentration in the peat correlate with those of Ti, Al, Sc and Zr that are lithogenic conservative elements, suggesting that REE are immobile in the studied peat bogs and can be used as tracers of dust deposition. Peat humification and testate amoebae were used to evaluate hydroclimatic conditions. The range of dust deposition varied from 0.03 to 4.0 g m−2 yr−1. The highest dust fluxes were observed from 800 to 600 BC and from 3200 to 2800 BC and correspond to cold periods. The εNd values show a large variability of −5 to −13, identifying three major sources of dusts: local soils, distal volcanic and desert particles.

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Allan, M., G. Le Roux, N. Piotrowska, J. Beghin, E. Javaux, M. Court-Picon, N. Mattielli, S. Verheyden, and N. Fagel. "Mid- and late Holocene dust deposition in western Europe: the Misten peat bog (Hautes Fagnes – Belgium)." Climate of the Past 9, no. 5 (October 10, 2013): 2285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2285-2013.

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Abstract. Dust deposition in southern Belgium is estimated from the geochemical signature of an ombrotrophic peatland. The rare earth elements (REE) and lithogenic elements concentrations, as well as Nd isotopes, were determined by HR-ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS, respectively, along an ~6 m peat section covering 5300 yr, from 2000 to 7300 cal BP, dated by the 14C method. Changes in REE concentration in the peat correlate with those of Ti, Al, Sc and Zr that are lithogenic conservative elements, suggesting that REE are immobile in the studied peat bogs and can be used as tracers of dust deposition. Peat humification and testate amoebae were used to evaluate hydroclimatic conditions. The range of dust deposition varied from 0.03 to 4.0 g m−2 yr−1. The highest dust fluxes were observed from 2750 to 2550 cal BP and from 5150 to 4750 cal BP, and correspond to cold periods. The &varepsilon;Nd values show a large variability from −13 to −5, identifying three major sources of dusts: local soils, distal volcanic and desert particles.

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Pratte, Steve, Michelle Garneau, and François De Vleeschouwer. "Late-Holocene atmospheric dust deposition in eastern Canada (St. Lawrence North Shore)." Holocene 27, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683616646185.

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Dust deposition in two ombrotrophic peatlands (Baie and Ile du Havre peatland (IDH) bogs) of the Estuary and Gulf of the St. Lawrence in eastern Canada was reconstructed using elemental geochemistry. The rare earth elements (REEs) and other lithogenic element concentrations were measured by ICP-oES and Q-ICP-MS along two peat cores spanning the last 4000 years. Principal component analyses on the geochemical profiles show that REEs display the same behavior as Al, Ti, Sc, and Zr, all conservative elements, which suggests that REEs are immobile in the studied peat bogs and can be used as tracers of dust deposition. Plant macrofossils were also used to infer past environmental and humidity changes. The dust fluxes were reconstructed using the sum of REEs (ΣREE). The range of dust deposition varies from 0.2 to 3.8 g m−2 yr−1 in the Baie bog, while the IDH bog shows lower fluxes ranging between 0.1 and 1.2 g m−2 yr−1. The highest dust fluxes in the Baie bog were recorded from 1750–1000 cal. BP to 600–100 cal. BP and occur at the same time as periods of high variability in the macrofossil record (i.e. successive layers dominated by Sphagnum or Ericaceae). The timing of these events in the dust and macrofossil records also corresponds to documented cold periods. These two periods have been identified as episodes of climatic instability, which could have been caused by changes in the wind regime.

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Yalden, Patricia E., and D. W. Yalden. "The level of recreational pressure on blanket bog in the Peak District National Park, England." Biological Conservation 44, no. 3 (1988): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(88)90103-6.

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Silva, Danieele Fabíola Pereira, Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomão, Dalmo Lopes de Siqueira, Paulo Roberto Cecon, and Aline Rocha. "Potassium permanganate effects in postharvest conservation of the papaya cultivar Sunrise Golden." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 44, no. 7 (July 2009): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2009000700003.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of KMnO4 on the extension of postharvest life of 'Sunrise Golden' papaya, stored under modified atmosphere and refrigeration. Fruit with up to 10% yellow peel were harvested in a commercial orchard in Linhares, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Sets of three fruit (unit mass of 289.9±18.5 g) were wrapped in low-density polyethylene films (28 ¼m thick) containing sachets of KMnO4 at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g per bag. The bags were sealed and stored at 10.4±0.9°C and 90±5% relative humidity for 25 days. After this period, the fruit were removed from the bags and maintained at 21±0.8°C and 90±5% relative humidity until complete ripening. Four days after bag sealing, CO2 concentration stabilized in all treatments, and was higher in bags without KMnO4. In all treatments, fruit reached the climacteric respiratory peak on the third day after bag removal, coinciding with peel color index of 3.5. Increasing the KMnO4 dose reduced the losses in fruit fresh matter, consistency and pulp electrolyte leakage. Potassium permanganate was effective in maintaining the fruit at the pre-climacteric stage during the 25-day storage, and did not interfere with normal ripening after bag removal.

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McCann, Stewart J. H. "U.S. State Resident Big Five Personality and Work Satisfaction: The Importance of Neuroticism." Cross-Cultural Research 52, no. 2 (August 15, 2017): 155–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397117723607.

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Two studies determined relations between state resident Big Five personality scores and state work satisfaction for the 50 states in the United States. Study 1 and 2 personality profiles were based on responses of 619,397 residents to the 44-item Big Five Inventory. For Studies 1 and 2, state work satisfaction scores were respectively taken from the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index based on 353,039 phone interviews in 2008 and on 353,564 in 2012. Higher neuroticism was associated with lower work satisfaction ( r = −.49, p < .001) in both studies despite negative recession impacts in Study 2. In Study 1, the robust relation persisted with state socioeconomic status, percent of White population identified in the census, urban population percent, unemployment rate, economic conservatism, income inequality, and political conservatism controlled. In Study 2, the relation persisted while controlling for peak-recession and end-of-recession unemployment rates, 2010-2011 GDP growth, and the other corresponding control variables of Study 1.

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CROOKS, JAMES L., JAMES O. DUNN, PAUL H. FRAMPTON, Y. JACK NG, and RYAN M. ROHM. "CMB WITH QUINTESSENCE: ANALYTIC APPROACH AND CMBFAST." Modern Physics Letters A 16, no. 02 (January 20, 2001): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732301003097.

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A particular kind of quintessence is considered, with equation of motion pQ/ρQ=-1, corresponding to a cosmological term with time-dependence Λ(t)=Λ(t0)(R(t0)/R(t))P which we examine initially for 0≤P<3. Energy conservation is imposed, as is consistency with big-bang nucleosynthesis, and the range of allowed P is thereby much restricted to 0≤P<0.2. The position of the first Doppler peak is computed analytically and the result combined with analysis of high-Z supernovae to find how values of Ωm and ΩΛ depend on P. Some comparison is made to the CMBFAST public code.

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JI, XIAOBIN. "N* PRODUCTION FROM J/ψ DECAYS AT BES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 08n09 (April 10, 2005): 1834–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05023438.

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The πN system in [Formula: see text] is limited to be pure isospin 1/2 due to isospin conservation. This is a big advantage in studying N*→πN from the J/ψ decays, compared with πN and γN experiments which mix isospin 1/2 and 3/2 for πN system. Based on the 58 million J/ψ data collected at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider, [Formula: see text] and other decay channels are analyzed. In the decay [Formula: see text], three peaks show up very clearly at 1400 MeV/c2, 1500 MeV/c2 and 1670 MeV/c2 in the πN invariant mass spectrum with additional peak around 2030 MeV/c2 which may be caused by a new N* resonance.

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Mezbahuddin, M., R. F. Grant, and T. Hirano. "Modelling effects of seasonal variation in water table depth on net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a tropical peatland." Biogeosciences 11, no. 3 (February 3, 2014): 577–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-577-2014.

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Abstract. Seasonal variation in water table depth (WTD) determines the balance between aggradation and degradation of tropical peatlands. Longer dry seasons together with human interventions (e.g. drainage) can cause WTD drawdowns making tropical peatland C storage highly vulnerable. Better predictive capacity for effects of WTD on net CO2 exchange is thus essential to guide conservation of tropical peat deposits. Mathematical modelling of basic eco-hydrological processes under site-specific conditions can provide such predictive capacity. We hereby deploy a process-based mathematical model ecosys to study effects of seasonal variation in WTD on net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of a drainage affected tropical peat swamp forest at Palangkaraya, Indonesia. Simulated NEP suggested that the peatland was a C source (NEP ~ −2 g C m−2 d−1, where a negative sign represents a C source and a positive sign a C sink) during rainy seasons with shallow WTD, C neutral or a small sink (NEP ~ +1 g C m−2 d−1) during early dry seasons with intermediate WTD and a substantial C source (NEP ~ −4 g C m−2 d−1) during late dry seasons with deep WTD from 2002 to 2005. These values were corroborated by regressions (P < 0.0001) of hourly modelled vs. eddy covariance (EC) net ecosystem CO2 fluxes which yielded R2 > 0.8, intercepts approaching 0 and slopes approaching 1. We also simulated a gradual increase in annual NEP from 2002 (−609 g C m−2) to 2005 (−373 g C m−2) with decreasing WTD which was attributed to declines in duration and intensity of dry seasons following the El Niño event of 2002. This increase in modelled NEP was corroborated by EC-gap filled annual NEP estimates. Our modelling hypotheses suggested that (1) poor aeration in wet soils during shallow WTD caused slow nutrient (predominantly phosphorus) mineralization and consequent slow plant nutrient uptake that suppressed gross primary productivity (GPP) and hence NEP (2) better soil aeration during intermediate WTD enhanced nutrient mineralization and hence plant nutrient uptake, GPP and NEP and (3) deep WTD suppressed NEP through a combination of reduced GPP due to plant water stress and increased ecosystem respiration (Re) from enhanced deeper peat aeration. These WTD effects on NEP were modelled from basic eco-hydrological processes including microbial and root oxidation-reduction reactions driven by soil and root O2 transport and uptake which in turn drove soil and plant carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus transformations within a soil-plant-atmosphere water transfer scheme driven by water potential gradients. Including these processes in ecosystem models should therefore provide an improved predictive capacity for WTD management programs intended to reduce tropical peat degradation.

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Zhou, Yongli, Patrick Martin, and Moritz Müller. "Composition and cycling of dissolved organic matter from tropical peatlands of coastal Sarawak, Borneo, revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis." Biogeosciences 16, no. 13 (July 12, 2019): 2733–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2733-2019.

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Abstract. Southeast Asian peatlands supply ∼10 % of the global flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from land to the ocean, but the biogeochemical cycling of this peat-derived DOC in coastal environments is still poorly understood. Here, we use fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis to distinguish different fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in peat-draining rivers, estuaries and coastal waters of Sarawak, Borneo. The terrigenous fractions showed high concentrations at freshwater stations within the rivers, and conservative mixing with seawater across the estuaries. The autochthonous DOM fraction, in contrast, showed low concentrations throughout our study area at all salinities. The DOM pool was also characterized by a high degree of humification in all rivers and estuaries up to salinities of 25. These results indicate a predominantly terrestrial origin of the riverine DOM pool. Only at salinities > 25 did we observe an increase in the proportion of autochthonous relative to terrestrial DOM. Natural sunlight exposure experiments with river water and seawater showed high photolability of the terrigenous DOM fractions, suggesting that photodegradation may account for the observed changes in the DOM composition in coastal waters. Nevertheless, based on our fluorescence data, we estimate that at least 20 %–25 % of the DOC at even our most marine stations (salinity > 31) was terrestrial in origin, indicating that peatlands likely play an important role in the carbon biogeochemistry of Southeast Asian shelf seas.

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Topçuoǧlu, Oya, and Tasha Vorderstrasse. "Small Finds, Big Values: Cylinder Seals and Coins from Iraq and Syria on the Online Market." International Journal of Cultural Property 26, no. 3 (August 2019): 239–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739119000213.

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Abstract:Discussions about looted antiquities often focus on large, culturally and monetarily valuable items. Nevertheless, it is clear that mundane small finds, which sell for relatively small amounts, account for a large portion of the global market in antiquities. This article highlights two types of small artifacts—namely, cylinder seals and coins, presumed to come from Syria and Iraq and offered for sale by online vendors. We argue that the number of cylinder seals and coins sold on the Internet has increased steadily since 2011, reaching a peak in 2016–17. This shows that the trade in Iraqi and Syrian antiquities has shifted from big-ticket items sold in traditional brick-and-mortar shops to small items readily available on the Internet for modest prices. The continuing growth of the online market in antiquities is having a devastating effect on the archaeological sites in Iraq and Syria as increasing demand fuels further looting in the region.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Peat bog conservation'

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