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1
Danci, Oana. "Conservation Status of Some Peatbogs in Maramureş County." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 18, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0093.
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Abstract Peat bogs and specially raised bogs are vulnerable ecosystems all over the world and they create refuges for some rare plant species. The aim of this paper is to provide information regarding the conservation status of five oligotrophic peat bogs situated in the volcanic mountains in the Oriental Chain of Carpathians, in Maramureș County. The studied peat bogs are: Tăul lui Dumitru (Dumitru Pond), Mlaștina Vlășinescu (Vlășinescu Peat bog), Iezeru Mare (Big Tarn), Tăul Chendroaiei (Chendroaiei Pond) and Tăul Negru (Black Pond), all of them have the status of nature reserve and under the IUCN categories they are included in category IV Habitat/Species Management Area (www.iucn.org, 2016). The analysis of the selected peat bogs reveals that all five of them have the vegetation included in the Natura 2000 priority habitat 7110* Active raised bogs. The conservation status of these peat bogs was evaluated and it is variable from moderate to very good conservation status.
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Holmes, Jane, Valerie Hall, and Peter Wilson. "Volcanoes and peat bogs." Geology Today 15, no. 2 (March 1999): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2451.1999.1502005.x.
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Roháček, Jindřich, and Andrey A. Przhiboro. "Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. and other Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from peat bogs in the North Caucasus (Russia)." ZooKeys 1132 (November 25, 2022): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.94579.
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The first data about Sphaeroceridae occurring on eight montane and foothill peat bogs of various types in the North Caucasus (Russia) are presented. A total of 38 species has been recorded and their affinity to peat-bog habitats is discussed. A single species is classified as a tyrphobiont, viz. the strongly brachypterous Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosasp. nov. being strictly associated with Sphagnum hummocks in peat bogs. This new species is described and illustrated in detail and its relationships, biology, and wing reduction are discussed. Only three species are considered tyrphophilous or probably tyrphophilous, viz. Ischiolepta nitida (Duda, 1920), Phthitia (Kimosina) longisetosa (Dahl, 1909), and Spelobia ibrida Roháček, 1983. The majority of recorded species do not have close affinity to peat bogs and are treated as tyrphoneutral, and Rachispoda hostica (Villeneuve, 1917) is probably tyrphoxenous due to occasional occurrence in a peat bog. Species composition of Sphaeroceridae on Caucasian peat bogs is discussed in comparison to those known from peat bogs in other parts of Europe. Taxonomic notes are given on Minilimosina (Svarciella) species of the M. vitripennis group. Six species (including P. turfosasp. nov.) are new additions to the fauna of Russia.
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Glaser, Paul H., and Jan A. Janssens. "Raised bogs in eastern North America: transitions in landforms and gross stratigraphy." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 395–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-056.
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A regional survey of 60 raised bogs was made in eastern North America to determine the geographic patterns of bog landforms and gross peat stratigraphy. Three major types of bogs were identified: (i) midcontinental forested bogs with a longitudinal crest, radiating lines of forest growth, and an actively growing surface of loose Sphagnum hummocks, (ii) non-forested northern or maritime bogs with a convex or plateau shape, various networks of pools, hollows, and firm compact hummocks, and a more slowly growing surface that produces deeply humified bands or recurrence surfaces throughout the peat profile, and (iii) semiforested continental bogs with a forested crest, networks of linear hummocks and flat hollows on the lower flanks, and shallow expanding pools on the hollows. The peat stratigraphy on these semiforested bogs is also intermediate, with recurrence bands in the compact upper portions of the profile, becoming looser and more irregular toward the bottom. The geographic changes in landform patterns and gross peat stratigraphy indicate that forested bogs with a linear crest represent an early stage of bog development and are replaced in time by a nonforested plain with pools as changes in the slope and the hydrologic properties of the surficial layers of peat restrict runoff and infiltration, producing a rise in the water table. Thus on a regional scale autogenic bog processes may be as important as climate in controlling bog patterns and peat stratigraphy.
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Ociepa, Anna Maria, Antoni Zięba, and Tomasz Zwijacz-Kozica. "Pinus mugo shrubs on peat bogs in the Tatra National Park." Plant and Fungal Systematics 66, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35535/pfsyst-2021-0016.
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Pinus mugo shrubs on peat bogs in the Tatra National Park (TNP) were for the first time described as a separated plant association by Obidowicz (1975) from only two mires. Since then, there have been no studies on peat bogs in the TNP and they have not been mentioned in the list of vegetation types of the Park. The research regarding the dwarf pine shrubs on mires in the Tatra Mountains was carried out in 2019. We mapped all patches of such vegetation (total – ~2 ha) on which we made 26 relevés. P. mugo shrubs on peat bogs occur within the complex of mire habitats, such as Norway spruce bog woodlands, raised bogs and poor fens. The shrub layer is dominated by Pinus mugo with admixture of dwarfish Picea abies. Typical plants of the herb layer are Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea, Eriophorum vaginatum and Oxycoccus palustris, whereas the most common mosses are Sphagnum magellanicum, S. capillifolium, S. russowi, Pleurozium schreberi. P. mugo shrubs on peat bogs in the TNP belong to the association Sphagno magellanici-Pinetum mugo.
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Sinyutkina, A. A. "Characterization of peat deposit using ground penetrating radar: Survey experiments and data interpretation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 928, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/928/1/012011.
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Abstract The paper deals with the possibilities of different wave frequency antennae applications for estimation of the depth of peat deposits and detection of peat layers with different physical characteristics. We employed a GPR system “OKO-2” (“Logical systems”, Russia) with 250 MHz, 700 MHz, and 1700 MHz shielded antennae. The surveys were conducted in 2017–2019 within the pristine and drained raised bogs and swamp forest in the south taiga subzone of Western Siberia to assess the spatial differentiation of the peat deposit and the modern peat accumulation rate within drained bogs. The peculiarities of field surveying, GPR data processing and interpretation are shown. Based on GPR data analysis the influence zone of Bakchar bog and modern peat accumulation within drained bogs were assessed. We noted that the Bakchar bog has a vast zone of influence reaching 700 m from the bog border where peat accumulation is observed. The modern peat accumulation is observed within Bakchar the bog. Drained sites of Ust-Bakchar bog are characterised by the absent peat accumulation or degradation of the peat deposits.
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Silamiķele, Inese, Oļgerts Nikodemus, Laimdota Kalniņa, Oskars Purmalis, and Māris Kļaviņš. "Peat humification character in two ombrotrophic bogs depending on peat properties." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 64, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2010): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-010-0022-9.
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Peat humification character in two ombrotrophic bogs depending on peat properties Study of the living organic matter humification process is essential for understanding of the carbon biogeochemical cycle. The aim of this study is to determine the relations between peat properties and humification degree in two peat profiles in ombrotrophic bogs in Latvia, to identify the links between peat age, decomposition degree, peat properties, peat botanical composition and peat properties. The peat diagenesis process was described using multiproxy analysis of peat age, botanical composition, elemental composition, elemental ratios of the peat organic matter and peat alkaline extracts. This approach supports a better understanding of the peat properties and their relation both to peat decomposition processes, and also to original living organic matter. Multiproxy study of peat properties supports development of peat humification indicators.
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Goncharova, Nadezhda, Yuriy A. Dubrovskiy, Mikhail Miglovets, Ivan N. Kutyavin, and Alexey Dymov. "Fire Impact on the Formation and Development of the Boreal Pine Wooded Mires." Diversity 15, no. 2 (January 22, 2023): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15020159.
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Based on the analysis of the botanical composition of the organic-mineral soil layer and peat, dendrochronological and radiocarbon datings, we performed the reconstruction of the development of six pine wooded sphagnum bogs located in the boreal zone of Russia. Most of the bogs under study followed the endogenesis patterns with the vegetation cover gradually changing, peat layer growing, substrate trophicity declining and shrub-sphagnous vegetation forming under modern conditions. Emerging pyrogenic layers and charcoals in the peat indicate that the study sites were constantly affected by fires, which periodically interrupted the endogenous development of the bogs, especially during the warmest Holocene periods.
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Blackford, Jeff. "Palaeoclimatic records from peat bogs." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15, no. 5 (May 2000): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01826-7.
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Close-Brooks, Joanna. "Some objects from peat bogs." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 114 (November 30, 1985): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.114.578.581.
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Silva, Márcio Luiz da, Alexandre Christófaro Silva, Bárbara Pereira Christófaro Silva, Uidemar Morais Barral, Pablo Gomes e. Souza Soares, and Pablo Vidal-Torrado. "Surface mapping, organic matter and water stocks in peatlands of the Serra do Espinhaço meridional - Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 37, no. 5 (October 2013): 1149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832013000500004.
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Peatlands are soil environments that store carbon and large amounts of water, due to their composition (90 % water), low hydraulic conductivity and a sponge-like behavior. It is estimated that peat bogs cover approximately 4.2 % of the Earth's surface and stock 28.4 % of the soil carbon of the planet. Approximately 612 000 ha of peatlands have been mapped in Brazil, but the peat bogs in the Serra do Espinhaço Meridional (SdEM) were not included. The objective of this study was to map the peat bogs of the northern part of the SdEM and estimate the organic matter pools and water volume they stock. The peat bogs were pre-identified and mapped by GIS and remote sensing techniques, using ArcGIS 9.3, ENVI 4.5 and GPS Track Maker Pro software and the maps validated in the field. Six peat bogs were mapped in detail (1:20,000 and 1:5,000) by transects spaced 100 m and each transect were determined every 20 m, the UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinates, depth and samples collected for characterization and determination of organic matter, according to the Brazilian System of Soil Classification. In the northern part of SdEM, 14,287.55 ha of peatlands were mapped, distributed over 1,180,109 ha, representing 1.2 % of the total area. These peatlands have an average volume of 170,021,845.00 m³ and stock 6,120,167 t (428.36 t ha-1) of organic matter and 142,138,262 m³ (9,948 m³ ha-1) of water. In the peat bogs of the Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, advanced stages of decomposing (sapric) organic matter predominate, followed by the intermediate stage (hemic). The vertical growth rate of the peatlands ranged between 0.04 and 0.43 mm year-1, while the carbon accumulation rate varied between 6.59 and 37.66 g m-2 year-1. The peat bogs of the SdEM contain the headwaters of important water bodies in the basins of the Jequitinhonha and San Francisco Rivers and store large amounts of organic carbon and water, which is the reason why the protection and preservation of these soil environments is such an urgent and increasing need.
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Bazarova, V. B., L. M. Mokhova, L. A. Orlova, M. A. Klimin, and I. G. Gvozdeva. "14C Chronology of Late Pleistocene–Holocene Events in the Nizhnee Priamurie (Southeast Russia)." Radiocarbon 45, no. 1 (2003): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200032367.
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The Russian Far East is characterized by widespread peat bogs with a sufficiently thick peat accumulation. A series of radiocarbon dates from the studied peat bogs (in Lower Amur) were obtained. Analysis of these dates shows that the total peat formation in this territory began in the Late Pleistocene–Holocene (11830 ± 820, TIG-157; 9975 ± 120, SOAN-4025). The rates of peat accumulation and the humidity index were counted. In addition, the botanical composition and degree of peat decomposition were defined. These data allow to study in more detail climate fluctuation and the 14C chronology of Holocene events in the region studied.
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Grigal, D. F. "Elemental dynamics in forested bogs in northern Minnesota." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-073.
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Dynamics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were determined for three perched bogs, formed by lake filling, and three raised bogs, formed by landscape swamping. N and K concentrations were higher in the undergrowth of perched bogs, and Ca and Mg concentrations were higher in subsurface anaerobic peat of raised bogs. Elemental pools in vegetation were in the order N > Ca > K > Mg > P; in surface peat, N > Ca > Mg > P = K. Differences in elemental mass between the bog types were closely related to biomass differences. The atmosphere potentially supplied from 3% of annual plant uptake of K to 20% of Mg; this fraction was inversely related to uptake as a proportion of the surface peat. Vegetation on raised bogs had a greater proportion of uptake from the atmosphere (15 vs. 12%), a faster rate of elemental turnover (3.8 vs. 4.8 years), and lower net primary productivity (NPP) than on perched bogs, all indicative of a lower nutrient status. The annual mineralization rate of the surface peat for both bog types was estimated at 1.5% year−1; NPP predicted from N mineralized at this rate agrees well with observations. The better nutritional status of perched bogs may be related to landscape position, with potential inputs via runoff from adjacent uplands. The nutrient capital in both bog vegetation and substrate was similar to that in upland northern conifer forests. Key words: acrotelm, ombrotrophic, raised bogs, nutrients, peatlands, nutrient cycling.
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Mazerolle, Marc J., Bruno Drolet, and André Desrochers. "Small-mammal responses to peat mining of southeastern Canadian bogs." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-202.
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Bogs, or ombrotrophic peatlands, are well represented in parts of southeastern Canada but are subjected to increasing pressure from the peat industry. We assessed the impact of peat mining on small mammals inhabiting unexploited bog fragments on the periphery of mined bogs. We conducted two separate studies in bogs mined to different levels (0-83%) in southeastern Québec and New Brunswick. The first study used a low sampling effort over 1 month in 26 bogs, while the second used a high sampling effort of 6 months spread across 2 years in 12 bogs. Of the 15 small-mammal species encountered, only 2 were bog specialists. Abundance and species richness of small mammals in bog fragments increased significantly with percentage of area mined and, in some cases, increased with bog area. Both studies suggest that disturbances resulting from peat mining facilitate the invasion of more generalized small-mammal species. Furthermore, small mammals were more abundant near forest or mined edges than at bog centers, and some species responded strongly to vegetation cover. The response of small mammals to peat mining contrasts with the one documented for birds, amphibians, and plants.
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Инишева, Л. И., Е. В. Порохина, М. А. Сергеева, and К. И. Кобак. "ТОРФЯНЫЕ БОЛОТА И ИХ БИОСФЕРНАЯ РОЛЬ." Biosfera 11, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24855/biosfera.v11i3.509.
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Bogs occupy a significant part of territory in Russia. In the present article, the main factors of formation of peat bogs and their functions in the biosphere are discussed as exemplified with pineal-bushy-mossy biocenoses in Western Siberia. Carbon balance during periods differing in climatic conditions are analyzed. Field observations and mathematical models of peat accretion suggest that net carbon accumulation takes place in bogs of several types. In may be expected that in the forthcoming decades the current climatic conditions will, upon increasing temperature and atmospheric precipitates, result in the activation of bog formation and peat accumulation in the north of Russia, including West Siberia.
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Hood, G. O. "Canadian Peat Harvesting and Its Effects on the Environment." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 754A—754. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.754a.
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Canadian sphagnum peat moss has long been the preferred base for growing media of horticulturists in North America and Europe. Growers, horticultural scientists, and soil media producers have been using peat moss for several decades with excellent results. In the past 5 years, there has been some concern raised, especially in the U.K., that harvesting peat is harmful to the environment. The situation in Canada is far different from that in Europe. The Canadian peat industry is a world leader in restoration research because of its efforts to find the best ways to return harvested bogs to functioning wetlands. The first stage of research just completed by Laval Univ. shows that peat bogs can be effectively, economically, and easily restored. Additional research findings will be described in this paper. But, the conclusion is clear: Peat moss is a safe, environmentally friendly growing medium. This paper also will describe the state of resource in Canada as outlined by an independent environmental group, the steps taken by the Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss Assn. to ensure that resource development is sustainable, as well as the process of how peat is harvest and how bogs are restored to functioning wetlands.
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Schulze, E. D., E. Lapshina, I. Filippov, I. Kuhlmann, and D. Mollicone. "Carbon dynamics in boreal peatlands of the Yenisey region, western Siberia." Biogeosciences 12, no. 23 (December 7, 2015): 7057–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7057-2015.
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Abstract. Here we investigate the vegetation history and peat accumulation at the eastern boarder of the West Siberian Plain, near the Yenisey River, south of permafrost. In this region, peat started to accumulate 15 000 years ago as gyttja of shallow lakes in ancient river valleys. This peat is older than previously reported, mainly due to separating particulate organic carbon (POC) from dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which was 1900–6500 years younger than POC. The probability of finding peat layers older than 12 000 years is about 2 %. Peat accumulated as fen peat at a constant rate of 0.2 mm yr−1 and 0.01 kg C m−2 yr−1. The accumulation was higher in ancient river valley environments. Over the last 2000 years these bogs changed into Sphagnum mires which have accumulated up to about 0.1 kg C m−2 yr−1 until present. The long-lasting fen stage, which makes the Yenisey bogs distinct from the western Siberian bogs, is discussed as a consequence of the local hydrology. The high accumulation rate of peat in unfrozen mires is taken as an indication that thawing of permafrost peat may also change northern peatlands into long-lasting carbon sinks.
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Schulze, E. D., E. Lapshina, I. Filippov, I. Kuhlmann, and D. Mollicone. "Carbon dynamics in boreal peat-lands of the Yenisey region, Western Siberia." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2015): 11279–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-11279-2015.
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Abstract. Here we investigate the vegetation history and peat accumulation at the eastern boarder of the West Siberian plain, near the river Yenisey, south of permafrost. In this region peat started to accumulate 15 000 yr ago as gyttia of shallow lakes in ancient river valleys. This peat is older than previously reported mainly due to separating particulate organic carbon (POC) from dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which was 1900 to 6500 yr younger than POC. The probability to finding peat layers older than 12 000 yr is about 2 %. Peat accumulated as fen-peat at a constant rate of 0.2 mm yr−1 and 0.01 kg C m2 yr−1. The accumulation was higher in ancient river valley environments. Since 2000 yr these bogs changed into Sphagnum mires which accumulate up to about 0.1 kg C m2 yr−1 until present. The long-lasting fen stage, which makes the Yenisey bogs distinct from the West Siberian bogs is discussed as a consequence of the local hydrology. The high accumulation rate of peat in un-frozen mires is taken as an indication that thawing of permafrost peat may change northern peatlands also into long-lasting carbon sinks.
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Shotyk, W. "Natural and anthropogenic sources of copper to organic soils: a global, geochemical perspective." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 100, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 516–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2019-0161.
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Copper (Cu) is essential for all organisms but is commonly deficient in organic soils or found locally in excess. Natural and anthropogenic inputs of Cu were examined using 32 peat cores from bogs in Europe, North America, New Zealand, Greenland, and Antarctica. The natural abundance of Cu in ombrotrophic (rainwater-fed) peat was studied using (1) samples from pre-industrial periods (representing background values), (2) bromine (Br) concentrations and the background Cu/Br ratio, and (3) cores from remote locations. Etang de la Gruère in Switzerland provides a record of 15 000 yr of peat accumulation. The lowest Cu concentrations (1.0 ± 0.20 mg·kg−1) are found in 18 peat layers dating from ca. 6000 to 9000 cal yr BP, when atmospheric deposition of soil-derived dust was at a minimum. Similar background values occur in peat bogs from other regions. Recent peat layers from bogs in developed areas reveal much greater concentrations. Using the Cu/Br ratio, “excess” Cu in peat profiles can be calculated and attributed either to anthropogenic inputs in recent peats or natural inputs from mineral–water interactions in deeper layers. Peat cores from remote regions of northern Alberta show little or no evidence of anthropogenic Cu.
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Gallé, Róbert, Nikolett Gallé-Szpisjak, Andreea-Rebeka Zsigmond, Boróka Könczey, and István Urák. "Tree species and microhabitat affect forest bog spider fauna." European Journal of Forest Research 140, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-021-01359-y.
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AbstractPeat bogs are among the most threatened habitats in Central Europe. They are characterized by stagnant water with low pH and lower nutrient content compared to the surrounding habitats. The flora and fauna of peat bogs comprised of many habitat specialist and rare species. We explored the differences in spider fauna of European spruce and Scots pine forests. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of microhabitat diversity in the bog forests of the Poiana Stampei peat bog complex, Bucovina, Romania. We collected numerous rare and cold-adapted species. .We found a strong effect of forest type, presumably due to the different microclimatic conditions of the forests. European spruce forests had lower species richness of ground-dwelling fauna than Scots pine forests; however, we found contradictory results for vegetation-dwelling species richness. Hummocks had a more positive effect on the ground-dwelling spiders of Scots pine than in European spruce forests, presumably due to the more open structure of sphagnum hummocks than ground level. However, this effect was negative for vegetation dwellers. The cold-adapted species with restricted ranges are vulnerable to climate change, and bogs may serve as important micro-refugia for them. Central European bogs are isolated and highly threatened by anthropogenic activities, such as drainage, peat extraction, and eutrophication. The deterioration habitat quality of peat bogs will result in a significant loss in the regional species pool of the Carpathians.
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Ratnikova, Olga N., Yulian Yu Navosha, and Inna V. Ageichik. "Assessment of the disturbance of peat bogs of the Mogilev region." RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 31, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2023-31-4-468-475.
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The analysis of high- and ultra-high-resolution satellite images of 1,385 peat bogs (with an area of more than 10 hectares) located on the territory of the Mogilev region of the Republic of Belarus showed that about 37 % of the total area of 221 thousand hectares of peat bogs were preserved in their natural state, the rest was subjected to hydraulic reclamation. The share of drained lands with peat soils of agricultural use was about 30 %, covered with forest vegetation - about 7 %, disturbed swamps - 26 %.
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Porohina, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, and Olga Aleksandrovna Golubina. "Oxidoreductase activities in eutrophic peat bogs." Environmental Dynamics and Global Climate Change 5, no. 1 (December 15, 2014): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/edgcc5117-25.
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Приведены результаты по ферментативной активности в торфяных залежах эвтрофных болот Таган (Томский район, Томская область, Западная Сибирь) и Турочакское (Турочакский район, Республика Алтай), различающихся по условиям торфообразования. Установлено, что более высоким показателями активности каталазы и пероксидазы отличается торфяная залежь болота Таган, в то время как активность полифенолоксидазы выше в торфяной залежи болота Турочакское. Наибольший уровень пероксидазной активности наблюдается в глубоких слоях торфяной залежи обоих болот (по сравнению с верхним слоем 0-25 см). Выявлено, что в течение избыточно влажного вегетационного периода сезонная динамика активности каталазы в залежи болота Таган проявляется слабо, а в динамике активности пероксидазы отмечается максимум в сентябре. В торфяной залежи болота Турочакское наиболее выраженная сезонная динамика активности каталазы наблюдается только в слоях 0-25 и 150-175 см и характеризуется двумя пиками активности - в мае и сентябре. В сезонной динамике полифенолоксидазы в верхней двухметровой части залежи болота Турочакское зафиксирован летний максимум активности фермента, в то время как в нижней части залежи активность полифенолоксидазы увеличивается от мая к сентябрю.
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Sugden, A. M. "ECOLOGY: Nutrient Dynamics in Peat Bogs." Science 292, no. 5519 (May 11, 2001): 1023a—1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.292.5519.1023a.
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Spitzer, Karel, and Hugh V. Danks. "INSECT BIODIVERSITY OF BOREAL PEAT BOGS." Annual Review of Entomology 51, no. 1 (January 2006): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151036.
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Dedysh, Svetlana N., Nicolai S. Panikov, and James M. Tiedje. "Acidophilic Methanotrophic Communities fromSphagnum Peat Bogs." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 922–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.3.922-929.1998.
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ABSTRACT Highly enriched methanotrophic communities (>25 serial transfers) were obtained from acidic ombrotrophic peat bogs from four boreal forest sites. The enrichment strategy involved using media conditions that were associated with the highest rates of methane uptake by the original peat samples, namely, the use of diluted mineral medium of low buffering capacity, moderate incubation temperature (20°C), and pH values of 3 to 6. Enriched communities contained a mixture of rod-shaped bacteria arranged in aggregates with a minor contribution ofHyphomicrobium-like cells. The growth stoichiometry of isolates was characteristic of methanotrophic bacteria (CH4/O2/CO2=1:1.1:0.59), with an average apparent yield of 0.41 ± 0.03 g of biomass C/g of CH4-C. DNA from each enrichment yielded a PCR product of the expected size with primers for both mmoX andmmoY genes of soluble methane monooxygenase. Two types of sequences were obtained for PCR-amplified fragments ofmmoX. One of them exhibited high identity to themmoX protein of the Methylocystis-Methylosinusgroup, whereas the other showed an equal level of divergence from both the Methylosinus-Methylocystis group andMethylococcus capsulatus (Bath) and formed a distinct branch. The pH optimum for growth and for CH4 uptake was 4.5 to 5.5, which is very similar to that for the optimum CH4 uptake observed in the original peat samples. These methanotrophs are moderate acidophiles rather than acidotolerant organisms, since their growth rate and methane uptake were much lower at neutral pH. The growth of the methanotrophic community was enhanced by using media with a very low salt content (20 to 200 mg/liter), more typical of their natural environment. All four enriched communities grew on N-free medium.
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Gravis, A. G., E. V. V. Ustinova, O. Е. Ponomareva, D. S. Drozdov, N. M. Berdnikov, and Ya A. Golubkova. "The main results of monitoring the power of the active layer at CALM sites of the Nadymsky object." Vestnik MGTU 27, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2024-27-1-39-51.
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Monitoring of the thickness of the active layer within the lake-marsh type of terrain in the northern taiga was carried out at three sites organized in 1997, 2013 and 2022. In these areas, two types of tracts are distinguished: frozen peat bogs and swampy runoff hollows with a lowered roof of permafrost (the cross-section of the sites is the same type, the only difference is in the thickness of the peat). The work methodology complied with the unified protocol of the international CALM program. Additionally, the surface settlement was assessed (based on leveling from a local benchmark), geophysical studies were carried out and the temperature of the active layer rocks was measured at different gullies. In swampy runoff hollows, hollows with open water and on specific mineral spots within peat bogs, the depth of the permafrost roof is 3–10 m. At the boundaries of peat bogs and in swampy runoff hollows, the thawing depth exceeds 2 m, and on peat bogs it varies from 0.8 to 1.6 m depending on the thickness of the organic layer and the condition of the ground cover. On peatlands with an organic layer more than 1 m thick and a continuous ground cover, the depth of the seasonal thawing layer in some places does not exceed 0.4 m. These peatlands respond poorly to climate change. The depth of the permafrost roof within thin peat bogs (less than 0.5 m of peat) with oppressed vegetation cover is currently more than 2 m, marking the beginning of the replacement of the seasonally thawed layer with seasonally frozen and the formation of areas with a lowered permafrost roof. Monitoring of soil temperatures in such areas has showed that a random combination of climatic factors in individual years can lead to short-term (two years) new formation of permafrost or the merging of seasonal permafrost with permafrost. Thus, the formation of non-merging permafrost is of a reciprocating nature.
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Shishkonakova, E. A., N. A. Avetov, and T. Yu Tolpysheva. "Peat soils of boreal regressive bogs in West Siberia: Problems of biological diagnostics and systematics." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 84 (July 1, 2016): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2016-84-61-74.
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In this paper we consider plant (geobotanical) indicators of soils, occurring in regressive bogs in the north taiga subzone of West Siberia. The specificity of regressive bogs is the difference between current vegetation and botanical composition of the peat surface horizon, which complicates their biological diagnostics. The data on peat botanical composition, degree of decomposition and thickness are presented. Destructive oligotrophic peat soils, the allocation of which is provided in the actual Russian soil classification at the level of subtype, occur in palsa bogs under shrub-lichen vegetation. Their indicators include lichens: Cladonia stellaris, C. rangiferina, C. stygia, C. arbuscula, C. mitis, Alectoria ochroleuca, Сetraria islandica, C. laevigata, Flavocetraria cucullata, F. nivalis, Govardia nigricans. A new subtype - peat oligotrophic regressive soils - which occurs in non-freezing bog is suggested. The indicators of this soil subtype in pine-shrub-sphagnum bogs are lichens Cladonia cenotea, C. chlorophaea, C. coniocraea, C. cornuta, C. crispata, C. deformis, C. gracilis, C. fimbriata, C. mitis, C. ochrochlora, C. pleurota, C. polydactyla, C. pyxidata, C. rangiferina, C. stellaris, C. subulata, C. sulphurina and liverwort Mylia anomala . The indicators of regressive soils in bog hollows are mainly liverwort Cladopodiella fluitans , mosses Warnstorfia fluitans , W. exannulata , and lichen Cetrariella delisei .
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Shotyk, William, and Tommy Noernberg. "Sampling, handling, and preparation of peat cores from bogs: review of recent progress and perspectives for trace element research." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 100, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2019-0160.
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Peat bogs are valuable archives of environmental change, including climate history, landscape evolution, and atmospheric deposition of trace elements, fallout radionuclides, and organic contaminants. Maintaining the fidelity of peat samples during collection and handling can be challenging, given that bogs consist mainly of fossil plant materials that typically have a very low density and are easily compressed. The surface layers of bogs, which are dominated by living plants and poorly decomposed fibrous peats, are especially problematic. To extract peat monoliths, we use a Belarus corer for deep layers and a Wardenaar device for surface layers. Both corers are constructed using titanium alloys to improve strength, reduce weight, and minimize the risk of contamination by the trace metals of environmental relevance. In this review, we include detailed drawings of the Belarus corer and photographs of the modifications to the Wardenaar corer. Modifications to the motorized Noernberg corer for frozen peat are described, and a complete set of drawings provided. A summary is given of simple procedures to minimize the risk of metal contamination in the laboratory from slicing and subsampling the peat cores and milling the dried samples.
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Hamelin, Louis-Edmond. "Les tourbières réticulées du Québec-Labrador subarctique : interprétation morphoclimatique." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 2, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/020064ar.
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In order to indicate the trend of his research, the author first reviews sortie books and articles that deal with similar problems. Then he carefully describes the string-bogs which are essentially a marshy zone formed of ponds separated by strips of vegetation. String-bogs present a rectilinear or a concentric pattern. Their characteristics make them different from other types of peat bogs. String-bogs are found in the Québec-Labrador peninsula inside a zone of which the Southern limit is the 50 th parallel and the Northern limit is approximately the 55 th parallel. The author's objective is to determine the morphoclimatic significance of that phenomenon. This type of string-bogs is usually found in areas of poor drainage ; it is also related to an optimum thickness of peat ; we find it jar South of the perma-frost limit in a region where snow maintains a great depth. It is a recent phenomenon though not necessarily contemporary; it dates from the cold period immediately preceding the present geological age. In order to explain the formation of string-bogs, the author envisions a combination of processes in which either one or the other can dominate locally. The processes are sub-aquatic solifluction, the gathering of isolated vegetation covered hillocks, the tearing of the plant covering by internal balls of ice, the shifting of a material as malleable as peat, the differential formation of ice in the ponds and the action of snow. These string-bogs do not form a part of « normal » geomorphology.
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Dredge, Lynda A., and Robert J. Mott. "Holocene Pollen Records and Peatland Development, Northeastern Manitoba*." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 57, no. 1 (February 10, 2005): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010328ar.
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AbstractPeatlands cover extensive parts of northeastern Manitoba that have low relief and impermeable substrates, with peat thicknesses varying between 25 and 400 cm. Peat reserves average 1.5 x 106m3/km2. Fens, forested plateau bogs, and polygonal plateau bogs are the prevalent peatland types. The thickest peat deposits consist ofSphagnumbogs that developed on glaciolacustrine or marine silt. Thinner deposits are composed of fen peat, or bog peat developed on sandy till. There is a positive relationship between peat thickness and time since postglacial emergence of the land. Also, recently emerged areas are dominated by fen peat, whereas bog peat is more prevalent on older surfaces. Pollen analysis of peat cores show that spruce trees have been abundant in the region south of Churchill for the past 6300 years. Local changes in peat type and accumulation rate occurred as bog and fen habitats changed, probably in response to changes in water table induced by aggradation and degradation of permafrost. Other taxa typical of boreal forest occupied suitable habitats similar to today, with bog and fen habitats increasing as paludification continued through time.
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Belenguier, Luc, Marine Kreder, Christophe Galkowski, Thomas Pèlerin, and Maxime Sacré. "Préférences des fourmis en matière de type et de structure d’habitat : résultats sur quatre tourbières d’Auvergne (Hymenoptera : Formicidae)." Osmia 10 (November 12, 2022): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47446/osmia10.6.
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Habitat type and structure preferences in ants: results from four peat bogs in Auvergne (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). - The link between habitats and ants was studied in the Parc naturel régional des Volcans d’Auvergne to understand better the ecological conditions favorable to the species. The study area was composed of four peat bogs in the Puy-de-Dôme. The method consisted in the description of the habitat (type and structure) and the inventory of ants by baits within 1149 plots of 16 m2. The analyses highlight links between habitat and myrmecofauna within these peat bogs. The species concerned are Formica picea Nylander, 1846, Formica lemani Bondroit, 1917, Lasius platythorax Seifert, 1991, Myrmica ruginodis Nylander, 1846 and Myrmica scabrinodis Nylander, 1846. The bibliographic elements concerning the ecological preferences of the different species are globally confirmed. Formica picea and Myrmica scabrinodis are particularly associated with raised bog habitats with a low vegetation structure. Formica lemani is found almost exclusively in mesophilic grasslands where it prefers higher vegetation. Lasius plathythorax is found in raised bog and low marsh habitats and transitional bogs in particular, with low vegetation. Only Myrmica ruginodis is favored by tall vegetation structures and preferentially frequents molinia and megaphorbia.
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Sousa, A., J. Morales, L. García-Barrón, and P. García-Murillo. "Changes in the Erica ciliaris Loefl. ex L. peat bogs of southwestern Europe from the 17th to the 20th centuries ad." Holocene 23, no. 2 (September 14, 2012): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683612455545.
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This paper analyses a reconstruction of changes from the 17th to the 20th centuries in peat bogs with Erica ciliaris Loefl. ex L. heathlands in southwestern Europe. The reconstruction is performed by means of a multidisciplinary method based on photointerpretation, the examination of historical sources (documentation and maps), and an analysis of microtopography. Historical sources and aerial photos from 1956 and 1987 have also been used to reconstruct the impacts of anthropic activity. In the study area, Doñana Natural Park (SW Iberian Peninsula), peat bogs currently occupy slightly more than 8% of the area that they covered at the beginning of the 17th century. A parallel analysis of anthropic activity in the area over the last four centuries reveals the key role of humans in the disappearance of these peat bogs. This drastic reduction of peat bog area during the 20th century is due to a lowering of the water-table as a result of the impacts of anthropic activity, primarily the establishment of monocultures of Eucalyptus spp. and Pinus pinea. An earlier lowering of the water-table, before these plantations, is attributable to a process of aridisation associated with post-‘Little Ice Age’ warming. Therefore, the impacts associated with climatic trends are synergistically superimposed on those derived from the intense anthropic activity that occurred during the second half of the 20th century. This synergy resulted in a reduction of the surface occupied by the studied peat bogs and their associated E. ciliaris heathlands by 91.1% in SW Europe.
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Konttinen, Esa, Miikka Salo, and Sakari Möttönen. "Turvetuotannon sosiaalisen toimiluvan menetys Saarijärven reitillä." Alue ja Ympäristö 47, no. 1 (June 26, 2018): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30663/ay.60607.
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Following the 1970s oil crisis the search for alternative energy sources intensified in Finland. As a result, peat harvesting from peat bogs was launched programmatically. This included peat bogs around the Saarijärvi waterway in central Finland, consisting today about 50 peat harvesting sites. As in a number of cases, these peat harvesting operations are opposed by the local residents, who insist that peat harvesting is spoiling the waters, and thus damaging recreational activities like fishing, swimming, and the enjoyment of nature. The aim of our study was to investigate the situation in greater detail by eliciting local residents’ experiences. In the fall of 2015 a questionnaire was sent to the residents of four municipalities in the area, producing 478 responses, a response rate of 23.9 per cent, which represents the local population fairly well. Peat harvesting was reportedly the most harmful source of water pollution. The results were analyzed using the concept of social license to operate. A generalization can be made that peat production in the district has largely lost local residents’ approval.
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Shotyk, William. "Peat bog archives of atmospheric metal deposition: geochemical evaluation of peat profiles, natural variations in metal concentrations, and metal enrichment factors." Environmental Reviews 4, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 149–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a96-010.
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The surface layers in ombrotrophic peat bogs are fed solely by atmospheric deposition; there is no chemical influence by groundwaters and other mineral soil waters. Bogs that have remained in this condition for the past hundreds or thousands of years may act as archival repositories of a wide variety of atmospheric constituents. Thus, peat cores taken from such bogs have the potential to provide detailed records of the changing rates of atmospheric metal deposition. However, not all bogs are appropriate for this type of investigation and the emphasis of this paper is on the geochemical factors that must be considered to select proper sites. Specifically, the objectives of this review are to (i) outline some of the geochemical characteristics that can be used to establish the existence of an ombrotrophic zone and illustrate the importance of this condition, (ii) provide examples of variations in bulk density and mineral matter contents and show how this can affect metal concentration profiles, and (iii) explain how natural variations in metal concentrations can be separated from anthropogenic inputs. Examples are taken mainly from two Sphagnum bogs in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland. At La Tourbière des Genevez (TGe), the geochemical properties of both the solid and aqueous phases indicate that there exists only a thin veneer of ombrotrophic peat, extending no deeper than 20 cm and representing less than 50 years of peat accumulation; the remainder of the profile is essentially minerotrophic. Here there is a striking natural As enrichment with increasing depth, which clearly shows the great danger in using inappropriate peat samples (such as those from peatlands that are mainly minerotrophic and whose metal budgets may be dominated by mineral-water interactions and groundwater flow patterns) for studying atmospheric processes. At Étang de la Gruyère (EGr), the geochemical data reveal an ombrotrophic layer that extends down to 250 cm and is estimated to represent 5000 years of peat accumulation. The uppermost 102 cm of this profile (core 2f) was studied in some detail and found to represent 2110 ± 30 years of peat formation. This core preserves the changing record of atmospheric Pb deposition since the Roman period. Normalizing metal concentrations to Sc provides an effective means to correct for variations in bulk density and ash content and to separate natural from anthropogenic metal inputs. In core 2f the minimum Pb/Sc ratios are at least seven times higher than the crustal ratio, showing that human activity has had a significant effect on the atmospheric Pb fluxes throughout the past 2110 years. The background Pb concentrations at EGr are found only at depths below 150 cm. The results from this profile emphasize the need to examine complete, ombrotrophic peat cores, not only to identify possible natural sources of the metals to the peat but also to quantify the true impact of human activity on atmospheric metal deposition.Key words: heavy metals, atmospheric deposition, peat cores, ombrotrophic bogs, historical records, Pb.
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Sommer, Robert S., Volker Thiele, Gennadi Sushko, Marcin Sielezniew, Detlef Kolligs, and Dalius Dapkus. "The distribution pattern of mire specialist butterflies in raised bogs of the northern lowlands of Central Europe." Nota Lepidopterologica 45 (January 13, 2022): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.45.75182.
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Raised bogs are extreme and azonal ecosystems with a characteristic hydrological balance, microclimatic conditions and a specific flora and fauna. Recently, these ecosystems have increasingly become the focus of scientific and general attention because of their important ecosystem roles in the face of global warming and providing biodiversity refuges. From a biogeographical and evolutionary context, the peat bogs of the European Lowlands serve as palaeorefugia, acting as cold, edaphic island habitats for arcto-alpine or boreo-montane insect species in temperate biomes. Analysing 105 peat bog sites in the northern lowlands of Central Europe, we compare the diversity and geographic distribution pattern of a subset of six butterfly species, which appear to be tyrphobiontic or tyrphophile mire specialists. We demonstrate a decrease in mean species number in the European Lowlands on a gradient from the east (Northern Belarus, about 4 species) to the west (Northern Germany, about 1 species), and suggest that the decreasing species number may be mainly caused by human impact in the past. The individual distribution pattern shows a nearly complete gap in occurrence of the sensitive bog specialist species Colias palaeno and Boloria eunomia in Northern Germany and an increasing presence of those species in peat bogs of eastern Europe. Boloria aquilonaris shows a different pattern, which, in contrast to C. palaeno, is continuously distributed in all sampled regions and seems to be the more tolerant of tyrphobiontic butterflies in the face of human impact on peat bogs. In the light of other recent findings our results also suggest that Boloria aquilonaris and Plebejus optilete may serve as target species reflecting success in ecological restoration of peat bog ecosystems.
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Sotek, Zofia, Małgorzata Stasińska, Ryszard Malinowski, Renata Gamrat, and Małgorzata Gałczyńska. "Birch Bog on Anthropogenically Transformed Raised Bogs. A Case Study from Pomerania (Poland)." Water 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061224.
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Birch bog is formed on the margins of or within raised bogs, on secondary habitats. The study aim was to understand the vegetation and mycological diversity of birch bog on the background of habitat conditions on raised bogs subject to anthropogenic changes, including 15 areas located on seven bogs. Two of the analyzed areas were located on a peat bog not subject to human impact. Phytosociological and mycosociological relevés were taken and substrate analyses were carried out (pH, humidity, N-NH4, N-NO2, N-NO3 and P-PO4). Based on habitat predictors, two area groups were distinguished, differing primarily in humidity. More humid habitats were present on the margins of bogs, and were characterized by lower acidity and higher N-NH4 and P-PO4 abundance. Despite the fact they were enriched by runoffs from the neighboring arable fields, this was not always reflected in the plant and fungi species richness. Quercus robur appeared on less humid habitats, which may be a symptom of unfavorable changes toward habitat drying. In the majority of cases, changes in the habitat independent of the birch patches located and the human impact type are not yet reflected in the vegetation. However, they may be indicated by the fungal diversity, highest in former peat extraction pits, and lowest in pristine peat.
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Freléchoux, François, Alexandre Buttler, Fritz H. Schweingruber, and Jean-Michel Gobat. "Stand structure, invasion, and growth dynamics of bog pine (Pinus uncinata var. rotundata) in relation to peat cutting and drainage in the Jura Mountains, Switzerland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 1114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-039.
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A description of bog pine stands (Pinus uncinata Ramond var. rotundata (Link) Antoine) on uncut oligotrophic mires affected by drainage and nearby peat cuttings at three sites of the Jura Mountains (Switzerland) is given. In all sites, three situations were chosen: (i) central parts of the bogs, (ii) surfaces near cutting walls and bog margins, and (iii) intermediate situations. Population structures were characteristic for each situation. In the open and wet central parts of the bogs, trees were scattered, small, and uneven aged. In the intermediate situations, tree density was higher, and the stand was multilayered with taller and uneven-aged individuals. Near the edges of the bogs or close to the peat cutting walls, the trees were tall, even-aged, and younger with a high growth rate. The nonsynchronous colonization of the bog pine trees on the three sites indicates that local factors such as drainage and peat cuttings in the vicinity of the uncut surfaces were more influential than climate factors. Radial growth patterns, very similar between the sites and the various pinewood stands, and the numerous common pointer years reflect local and regional climate fluctuations. The pinewood development on uncut bogs in the Jura Mountains thus represents a recent dynamics, which is strongly linked to human activities.
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Doležal, Tomáš, Lukáš Vlček, Jan Kocum, and Bohumír Janský. "Hydrological regime and physico-chemical water properties of various types of peat bog sites: case study of Mezilesní peat bog, Šumava Mts." Geografie 125, no. 1 (2020): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2020125010021.
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In a period with frequently occurring hydrological extremes, research on areas with a high retention potential is brought into focus. The Šumava Mountains peat bogs are important parts of the landscape in the headwater area of the Otava river basin. The study objective is to describe the variability of discharges and the dynamics of groundwater level changes in various types of peat bogs, and to identify connections between observed physico-chemical water properties. This is assessed by basic statistical methods. The rainfall-runoff process and physico-chemical water properties can be affected by many factors. In this case, strong relations between the observed parameters were identified along with considerable differences in the involvement of various types of peat bog sites in the runoff process. It is evident that the peat bog pattern and its vegetation cover have an essential effect on the hydrological regime and water properties stored in a peat bog.
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STOICA, Adrian-Ilie, Marcel CIOBANU, and Gheorghe COLDEA. "PROPOSAL FOR THE INCLUSION OF TWO ACTIVE RAISED BOGS IN THE ROSCI0116 MOLHAȘURILE CĂPĂȚÂNEI PROTECTED AREA OF COMMUNITY INTEREST." Contribuţii Botanice 57 (December 30, 2022): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/contrib.bot.57.4.
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Oligotrophic peat bogs reach the southern boundary of their European distribution area in the Romanian Carpathians. They shelter boreal species considered glacial relicts, surviving from the Würmian III period. Such areas (habitats) conserving relict species have major phytohistorical importance. They provide insights into the history of forest vegetation in the region and past climatic conditions. Based on floristic, phytocoenological and phytogeographical data, we propose to include two active raised bogs, namely “Calul de Piatră” and “Izvorul văii Șoimului” in the ROSCI0116 Molhașurile Căpățânei site of community interest. The inclusion of the two bogs in the ROSCI0116 Molhașurile Căpățânei protected area will increase the peat bog surface in the Apuseni Mountains and will be beneficial for the conservation of the wetland habitats and their typical flora, both very vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic disturbances.
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Neuhäusl, Robert. "Primary and secondary succession on wooded peat-bogs." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 61, no. 1 (2014): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/1160.
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Study of primary and secondary succession on wooded peat- bogs are presented. Research has been done on a complex of mountain peat-bogs in the Bohemian Moravian Highland (Czechoslovakia). Natural succession series began with reed sedge and reed stands and terminated with <i>Viccinio uliginosi-Pinetum</i>, <i>Calamagrostio villosae-Piceatum</i> and <i>Alnion glutinosae</i> uder oligotrophic, oligo-mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic conditions, respectively. In marginal parts of peat-bogs (lagg) sedge fens are followed by birch cart. Open pine stands (<i>Pino rotundatae-Sphagnetum</i>) is submitted to cyclic succesion. The secondary succession may begin with the <i>Sphagnum cuspidatum</i>, <i>Eriophorum angustifolium</i> or <i>Carex rostrata</i>, and <i>Carex rostrata</i> stages, depending on trophic conditions of water. The final stage is usually <i>Vaccinio uliginosi</i>-<i>Pinetum</i> or <i>Pino rotundatae</i>-<i>Spagnetum</i>. Secondary succession pattern is influenced both by eutrophication and peat-land drainage.
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Vos, P. C., and E. Knol. "Holocene landscape reconstruction of the Wadden Sea area between Marsdiep and Weser." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 94, no. 2 (May 20, 2015): 157–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2015.4.
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AbstractThis paper describes the background of five palaeogeographical maps between the Marsdiep and the Weser River, and discusses the natural and anthropogenic processes driving the coastal changes during the last part of the Holocene. Before 2500 BC, during the first half of the Holocene, tidal basins were formed in the lower lying Pleistocene valley system as a result of the Holocene sea-level rise. The tidal basins were filled during the second half of the Holocene and on the deposits from the Pleistocene in the hinterland large coastal peat bogs developed. These peat bogs were vulnerable and sensitive to marine ingressions when the peat surface subsided due to drainage, compaction and erosion. During the Subatlantic (450 BC to present), the different ingression systems in the coastal area between Marsdiep and Weser had their own histories in timing and evolution. The ingressions were naturally caused by lateral migration of coastal barrier and tidal-inlet systems or by changes in the natural drainage system in the hinterland. From the Late Iron Age onwards, humans started to be the major cause of ingressions. By reclaiming and cultivating the seaward margins of coastal peat bogs, these areas subsided significantly and were flooded by high storm surges. When coastal areas were embanked during the historical period, the situation for the lower lying peat lands became more dramatic. When the sea dikes breached, the peat land was flooded, leading to casualties and huge material damages and loss of land. Drowning of the peat lands of the Jade and Dollard in the 14th and 15th centuries are examples of such catastrophes.
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Grover, S. P. P., B. M. McKenzie, J. A. Baldock, and W. A. Papst. "Chemical characterisation of bog peat and dried peat of the Australian Alps." Soil Research 43, no. 8 (2005): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04014.
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The importance of bogs in the catchment hydrology of the Australian Alps has been long recognised but little studied. Damaged bogs are thought to be the source of dried peats now common throughout the Alps. We described the characteristics of a bog peat and a dried peat, to better understand the relationship between the two. Standard chemical properties of peat were measured: pH, loss on ignition, gravimetric contents of carbon and nitrogen, and electrical conductivity. We also measured the concentrations of total and plant-available elements, and the chemical composition of the organic carbon, leading to a measure of the extent of decomposition. The results suggest that this is a typical Sphagnum bog peat—low pH, high carbon content—and the distribution of carbon groups and other elements reflect the stable water source of this groundwater-fed Sphagnum bog. The properties of the dried peat were most similar to the catotelm (lower layer) of the bog peat. This resemblance, combined with decades of field observations, indicates that dried peat may form from the catotelm of bog peat, after the acrotelm (upper layer) dries and erodes. These results have implications for the management of Alps catchments, and further studies are needed to ascertain the hydrologic and carbon cycling roles of organic soils in the Australian Alps.
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Janssens, Jan A., and Paul H. Glaser. "The bryophyte flora and major peat-forming mosses at Red Lake peatland, Minnesota." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 427–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-058.
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Red Lake peatland, a vast mire complex in northern Minnesota, contains 21 Sphagnum species, 47 other mosses, and 17 liverwort taxa in its present flora, and several other species present only as fossils in the peat. Four broad vegetation types are recognized: (i) bogs, (ii) poor fens, (iii) forested rich fens, and (iv) rich-fen pools (flarks). These vegetation types are differentiated by water chemistry and bryophyte associations. Most of the major peat-forming moss species are common, circumboreally distributed taxa, and they are distinct in their ecology. Shifts in some of their habitat requirements, however, are evident among different geographic regions of the northern hemisphere. In bogs the major peat-formers are Sphagnum species, while on minerotrophic sites in Red Lake peatland they belong mainly to the family Amblystegiaceae.
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Chlost, Izabela, and Roman Cieśliński. "Effects of environmental and anthropogenic determinants on changes in groundwater levels in selected peat bogs of Slowinski National Park, northern Poland." Geologos 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logos-2018-0002.
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Abstract The present study focuses on two Baltic-type peat bogs in Slowinski National Park, namely that at Żarnowskie and at Kluki, located in the Lake Łebsko catchment and both characterised by a centrally located dome with a very marshy fringe area featuring an emerging marshy coniferous forest (Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum). The Żarnowskie bog is under active protection. A total of 24 flow barriers were installed in drainage ditches during the years 2006 and 2007. The purpose of these barriers was to put a halt to water outflow. In addition, 30 hectares of young pine forest were cleared in order to decrease loss of water via evapotranspiration. Kluki peat bog is only partially protected by Polish law. The lack of efforts to prevent outflow via the canal is due to the fact that the canal is utilised to drain meadows in the vicinity of the village of Łokciowe outside of the national park. Peat formation no longer occurs in this peat bog. The hydrological condition of the bog is catastrophic as a result of its main canal, referred to as Canal C9, which is 2.5 to 3.0 m deep and 10 m wide in places. Both peat bogs are monitored for fluctuations in groundwater. Research has shown that changes in water levels fluctuate based on season of the year and geographical location, which is illustrated quite well using the two studied peat bogs. The water retention rate of the Żarnowskie peat bog may be considered fairly high and is likely to improve due to protective measures enabled by Polish environmental laws. The water retention rate of the bog is consistently improving thanks to these measures, fluctuations in water level are small and the water level does not drop under 0.5 m below ground level even under extreme hydrometeorological conditions. This yields optimum conditions for renewed peat formation in this area. One potential threat is the Krakulice peat extraction facility, which is located in the southern part of the bog close to the boundary with the national park.
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Shishkonakova, E. A., N. A. Avetov, G. V. Vindeker, T. Yu Tolpysheva, and N. R. Garaeva. "Soil- and biodiversity of the former peat mines in Shaturskaya Meshchera in the context of their anthropogenic transformation." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 111 (September 25, 2022): 30–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2022-111-30-76.
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The problem of pedo- and biodiversity of mire ecosystems under the long-term multiple anthropogenic impact was studied in one of the most intensively technogenically transformed areas of Shaturskaya Meshchera, adjacent to power station Shaturskaya in the north and stretching along the route Kerva – Dolgusha – Severnaya Griva. For more than a hundred years, mires in the Shatura area have been under the influence of drainage, peat extraction, fires, attempts to create agricultural land, secondary watering and pollution, resulting from the power station, transport, and settlements wastewaters. Currently, the bio- and soil diversity of secondary ecosystems has increased significantly compared to undisturbed mires. Instead of bog, in some cases there appeared secondary meadow, grass-shrub communities, small-leaved forests, and dry sparse areas. The remaining bogs experience stable eutrophication, which leads to the formation of mesotrophic and eutrophic phytocenoses and, accordingly, peat mesotrophic and oligotrophic secondary eutrophic soils. In addition, the proportion of eutrophic mires is slightly increased by the peat formation in shallow lakes, which at the initial stage of peat extraction were used for storing wood waste. The phenomenon of secondary oligotrophization of the disturbed bogs of Meshchera, noted in the literature, is not observed in the area under consideration due to a significant anthropogenic load. To preserve the local flora of oligotrophic bogs, marginal areas of flooded quarries and cofferdams with undeveloped peat deposits are of great importance. The increase in pedodiversity was facilitated by the agricultural development of drained peatlands for the cultivation of perennial grasses, which resulted in the formation of torfozems and agrotorfyano-gleyzems.
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Glatzel, S., I. Forbrich, C. Krüger, S. Lemke, and G. Gerold. "Environmental controls of greenhouse gas release in a restoring peat bog in NW Germany." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 1 (January 16, 2008): 213–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-213-2008.
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Abstract. In Central Europe, most bogs have a history of drainage and many of them are currently being restored. Success of restoration as well as greenhouse gas exchange of these bogs is influenced by environmental stress factors as drought and atmospheric nitrogen deposition. We determined the methane and nitrous oxide exchange of sites in the strongly decomposed center and less decomposed edge of the Pietzmoor bog in NW Germany in 2004. Also, we examined the methane and nitrous oxide exchange of mesocosms from the center and edge before, during, and following a drainage experiment as well as carbon dioxide release from disturbed unfertilized and nitrogen fertilized surface peat. In the field, methane fluxes ranged from 0 to 3.8 mg m−2 h−1 and were highest from hollows. Field nitrous oxide fluxes ranged from 0 to 574 μg m−2 h−1 and were elevated at the edge. A large Eriophorum vaginatum tussock showed decreasing nitrous oxide release as the season progressed. Drainage of mesocosms decreased methane release to 0, even during rewetting. There was a tendency for a decrease of nitrous oxide release during drainage and for an increase in nitrous oxide release during rewetting. Nitrogen fertilization did not increase decomposition of surface peat. Our examinations suggest a competition between vascular vegetation and denitrifiers for excess nitrogen. We also provide evidence that the von Post humification index can be used to explain greenhouse gas release from bogs, if the role of vascular vegetation is also considered. An assessment of the greenhouse gas release from nitrogen saturated restoring bogs needs to take into account elevated release from fresh Sphagnum peat as well as from sedges growing on decomposed peat. Given the high atmospheric nitrogen deposition, restoration will not be able to achieve an oligotrophic ecosystem in the short term.
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Glatzel, S., I. Forbrich, C. Krüger, S. Lemke, and G. Gerold. "Small scale controls of greenhouse gas release under elevated N deposition rates in a restoring peat bog in NW Germany." Biogeosciences 5, no. 3 (June 11, 2008): 925–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-925-2008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. In Central Europe, most bogs have a history of drainage and many of them are currently being restored. Success of restoration as well as greenhouse gas exchange of these bogs is influenced by environmental stress factors as drought and atmospheric nitrogen deposition. We determined the methane and nitrous oxide exchange of sites in the strongly decomposed center and less decomposed edge of the Pietzmoor bog in NW Germany in 2004. Also, we examined the methane and nitrous oxide exchange of mesocosms from the center and edge before, during, and following a drainage experiment as well as carbon dioxide release from disturbed unfertilized and nitrogen fertilized surface peat. In the field, methane fluxes ranged from 0 to 3.8 mg m−2 h−1 and were highest from hollows. Field nitrous oxide fluxes ranged from 0 to 574 μg m−2 h−1 and were elevated at the edge. A large Eriophorum vaginatum tussock showed decreasing nitrous oxide release as the season progressed. Drainage of mesocosms decreased methane release to 0, even during rewetting. There was a tendency for a decrease of nitrous oxide release during drainage and for an increase in nitrous oxide release during rewetting. Nitrogen fertilization did not increase decomposition of surface peat. Our examinations suggest a competition between vascular vegetation and denitrifiers for excess nitrogen. We also provide evidence that the von Post humification index can be used to explain nitrous oxide release from bogs, if the role of vascular vegetation is also considered. An assessment of the greenhouse gas release from nitrogen saturated restoring bogs needs to take into account elevated release from fresh Sphagnum peat as well as from sedges growing on decomposed peat. Given the high atmospheric nitrogen deposition, restoration will not be able to achieve an oligotrophic ecosystem in the short term.
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van der Plicht, Johannes, Dan Yeloff, Marjolein van der Linden, Bas van Geel, Sally Brain, Frank M. Chambers, Julia Webb, and Phillip Toms. "Dating Recent Peat Accumulation in European Ombrotrophic Bogs." Radiocarbon 55, no. 3 (2013): 1763–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200048670.
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This study compares age estimates of recent peat deposits in 10 European ombrotrophic (precipitation-fed) bogs produced using the 14C bomb peak, 210Pb, 137Cs, spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs), and pollen. At 3 sites, the results of the different dating methods agree well. In 5 cores, there is a clear discrepancy between the 14C bomb peak and 210Pb age estimates. In the upper layers of the profiles, the age estimates of 14C and 210Pb are in agreement. However, with increasing depth, the difference between the age estimates appears to become progressively greater. The evidence from the sites featured in the study suggests that, provided aboveground plant material (seeds, leaves) is selected for dating, the 14C bomb peak is a reliable dating method, and is not significantly affected by the incorporation of old carbon with low 14C content originating from sources including air pollution deposition or methane produced by peat decomposition. 210Pb age estimates that are too old may be explained by the enrichment of 210Pb activity in the surface layers of peat resulting from a hypothesized mechanism where rapidly infilling hollows, rich in binding sites, may scavenge 210Pb associated with dissolved organic matter passing through the hollow, as part of the surface drainage network. Until further research identifies and resolves the cause of the inaccuracy in 210Pb dating, age estimates of peat samples based only on 210Pb should be used with caution.
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Ponomareva, Tamara, Svetlana Selyanina, Anastasia Shtang, Ivan Zubov, and Olga Yarygina. "Transformation of an Oligotrophic Sphagnum Bog during the Process of Rewetting." Land 10, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070670.
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The vast peatlands of the European North of Russia were drained in the 20th century. Some of the drained areas were left without management and maintenance, which led to re-waterlogging. The current trend towards peatlands restoration requires an understanding of all the changes that have taken place in such ecosystems. The study aims to assess the changes in vegetation cover relative to changes in peat deposits in the rewetted oligotrophic bogs. The objects of research were located on the south-White Sea oligotrophic bogs. The studies were carried out using generally accepted geobotanical and geoecological methods in conjunction with the authors’ method for studying the group chemical composition of peat organic matter. The species diversity, structure and spatial distribution of the vegetation cover, the structure and composition of the peat, as well as the composition of the peat organic matter have been studied. It was shown that the transformation of an oligotrophic bog during the process of rewetting manifests itself in a significant change in the vegetation species diversity, somewhat reversible concerning ecologically tolerant species. Changes occurring in the peat deposit are irreversible. That limits the possibility of restoration of species of oligotrophic habitats to the initial state.
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Howie, S. A., and H. J. van Meerveld. "Regional and local patterns in depth to water table, hydrochemistry, and peat properties of bogs and their laggs in coastal British Columbia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 3 (March 12, 2013): 3143–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-3143-2013.
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Abstract. In restoration planning for damaged raised bogs, the lagg at the bog margin is usually not given considerable weight and is sometimes disregarded entirely. However, the lagg is critical for the proper functioning of the restored bog, as it supports the water mound in the bog. In order to include the lagg in a restoration plan for a raised bog, it is necessary to understand the ecohydrological characteristics and functions of this transition zone. To this end, we studied 13 coastal British Columbia (BC) bogs and identified two different gradients in depth to water table, hydrochemistry, and peat properties: (1) a local bog expanse – bog margin gradient, and (2) a regional gradient related to climate and proximity to the ocean. Depth to water table generally increased across the transition from bog expanse to bog margin, but did not differ regionally. In the bog expanse, pH was above 4.2 in the Pacific Oceanic wetland region (cooler and wetter climate) and below 4.3 in the Pacific Temperate wetland region (warmer and drier climate). Both pH and pH-corrected electrical conductivity increased significantly across the transition from bog expanse to bog margin, though not in all cases. Sodium and magnesium concentrations were generally highest in exposed, oceanic bogs and lower in inland bogs. Ash content in peat samples increased across the bog expanse – bog margin transition, and appears to be a useful abiotic indicator of the location of the bog margin. These gradients highlight both local and regional diversity of bogs and their associated laggs. Knowledge of these gradients is critical if undisturbed bogs are used as templates for the restoration of damaged raised bogs.