Journal articles: 'Pedal-powered'

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Verma, Priyanka Suman, and A. K. Sharma. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND PERFORMANCE OF PV SYSTEM AND PEDAL POWER WITH GRID." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 4 (April 30, 2016): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i4.2016.2768.

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A solar cell is essential a PN junction with a large surface area. The N-type material is kept thin to allow light to pass through to the PN junction.Light travels in packets of energy called photons. The generation of electric current happens inside the depletion zone of the PN junction. The depletion region as explained previously with the diode is the area around the PN junction where the electrons from the N-type silicon, have diffused into the holes of the P-type material. 3.2.3- Pedal power- Some applications include pedal powered laptops, pedal powered grinders and pedal powered water wells. Some third world development projects currently transform used bicycles into pedal powered tools for sustainable development. The articles on this page are about the many wonderful applications for pedal power technology

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Kim, Bachyun, Yoseop Woo, and Iksoo Kim. "Warning System Using Multicast Transmission for Pedestrian and Pedal-Cyclist Safety Against the Electric-Powered Driving Means in CVCN Network." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.33 (August 29, 2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.33.18594.

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This paper deals with a warning system for the safety of pedestrians/pedal-cyclists against electric-powered driving means including hybrid/PHEV/EV/FCEV and electric wheel on minor roads. These roads are a subset of connected-vehicle communication network(CVCN). The fatalities of pedestrians/pedal-cyclists declined recently compared to the early 2000s, but fatality rate of vehicle accidents is increasing. Clearly, this phenomenon will continue because of the increasing number of virtually silent hybrid/PHEV/EV/FCEV and electric wheels on the road.The hybrid/PHEV/EV/FCEV such as green electric-powered ones that can reduce environmental pollution are much more dangerous than traditional vehicles to pedestrians/pedal-cyclists on minor roads. The main risk factor of the electric-powered vehicles is that they are very quiet on the road because of the use of electric motor instead of engine. Thus, the safety warning system that can notify pedestrians/pedal-cyclists the dangerous approaches of vehicles from their behind have to be provided on minor roads.The proposed framework for safety warning system using multicast informs pedestrians/pedal-cyclists through smartphone when electric powered driving means are closing from their behind on minor roads. This is a new technology that uses vibration or sound of smartphone instead of artificial noise generation which is equipped to the electric powered driving means recently.

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DiMaggio, Charles J., Marko Bukur, Stephen P. Wall, Spiros G. Frangos, and Andy Y. Wen. "Injuries associated with electric-powered bikes and scooters: analysis of US consumer product data." Injury Prevention 26, no. 6 (November 11, 2019): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043418.

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BackgroundPowered, two-wheeled transportation devices like electric bicycles (E-bikes) and scooters are increasingly popular, but little is known about their relative injury risk compared to pedal operated bicycles.MethodsDescriptive and comparative analysis of injury patterns and trends associated with E-bikes, powered scooters and pedal bicycles from 2000 to 2017 using the US National Electronic Injury Surveillance System.ResultsWhile persons injured using E-bikes were more likely to suffer internal injuries (17.1%; 95% CI 5.6 to 28.6) and require hospital admission (OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 6.1), powered scooter injuries were nearly three times more likely to result in a diagnosis of concussion (3% of scooter injuries vs 0.5% of E-bike injuries). E-bike-related injuries were also more than three times more likely to involve a collision with a pedestrian than either pedal bicycles (OR=3.3, 95% CI 0.5 to 23.6) or powered scooters (OR=3.3, 95% CI 0.3 to 32.9), but there was no evidence that powered scooters were more likely than bicycles to be involved in a collision with a pedestrian (OR=1.0, 95% CI 0.3 to 3.1). While population-based rates of pedal bicycle-related injuries have been decreasing, particularly among children, reported E-bike injuries have been increasing dramatically particularly among older persons.ConclusionsE-bike and powered scooter use and injury patterns differ from more traditional pedal operated bicycles. Efforts to address injury prevention and control are warranted, and further studies examining demographics and hospital resource utilisation are necessary.

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Smith, Julian. "Across the Atlantic by pedal-powered submarine." New Scientist 201, no. 2693 (January 2009): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(09)60307-9.

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Fajobi, M. A., E. Y. Salawu, J. Azeta, J. O. Dirisu, O. O. Ajayi, and P. Onwordi. "Development of a Human Powered Pedal Washing MACHINE." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 811 (May 14, 2020): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/811/1/012035.

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B, Mogaji P. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED PEDAL POWERED WATER PUMP." International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 7, no. 2 (February 25, 2016): 1115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2016.02.006.

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Bharti, Srijan. "Design and Development of Pedal Powered Spin Dryer Machine." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.31318.

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Vere, Bernard. "Pedal-Powered Avant-Gardes: Cycling Paintings in 1912–13." International Journal of the History of Sport 28, no. 8-9 (May 2011): 1156–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2011.567769.

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Subash, R., CM Meenakshi, K. Samuel Jayakaran, C. Venkateswaran, and R. Sasidharan. "Fabrication of pedal powered hacksaw using dual chain drive." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 2 (April 29, 2014): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i2.1813.

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In this Paper, Pedal operated hacksaw machine which can be used for industrial applications and Household needs in which no specific input energy or power is needed. This project consists of a sprocket arrangement, the crank and slider mechanism, the chain drive. In the mechanism, chain drive is directly connected to the hacksaw for the processing of cutting the wooden blocks. The objective of the paper is using the conventional mechanical process which plays a vital role. The main aim is to reduce the human effort for machining various materials such as wooden blocks, steel, PVC etc. Keywords: Sprocket Arrangement, Crank and Slider Mechanism.

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Tambari, Stephen, Ibor Benjamin, Kanee Sorbari, Oruene Watson Daibi, and Opuda Datonye. "Design Analysis of a Pedal Powered Cassava Grinding Machine." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 11, no. 5 (2014): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-11543443.

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Xu, Lin, Wei Nan Bai, Jing Yu Ru, Qiang Li, and Jia Ming Li. "Design and Implementation of the Reciprocating Pedal-Powered Electricity Generating Device." Advanced Materials Research 282-283 (July 2011): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.282-283.735.

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This project is intended to design one kind of automatically reciprocating pedal-powered electricity generator (ARPPEG) in conjunction with the management and control over harvesting the kinetic energy, electricity generation, the electricity storage and the output of electricity. According to the operation testing results, this system has been proved to effective in power generation. In view of the simple structure and low-costs of this system without territory and time limits, the application of ARPPEG designed by us could open a new path to saving the energy and helping build a new energy society.

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Cheng, Qian, Xiaobei Jiang, Haodong Zhang, Wuhong Wang, and Chunwen Sun. "Data-Driven Detection Methods on Driver’s Pedal Action Intensity Using Triboelectric Nano-Generators." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 27, 2020): 8926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218926.

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Driver’s driving actions on pedals can be regarded as an expression of driver’s acceleration/deceleration intention. Quickly and accurately detecting driving action intensity on pedals can have great contributions in preventing road traffic accidents and managing the energy consumption. In this paper, we report a pressure-sensitive and self-powered material named triboelectric nano-generators (TENGs). The generated voltage data of TENGs, which is associated with the pedal action, can be collected easily and stored sequentially. According to the characteristics of the voltage data, we have employed a hybrid machine learning method. After collecting signals from TENGs and driving simulator simultaneously, an unsupervised Gaussian mixture model is used to cluster the pedal events automatically using data from simulator. Then, multi-feature candidates of the voltage data from TENGs are extracted and ranked. A supervised random forest model that treats voltage data of TENGs as input data is trained and tested. Results show that data from TENGs can have a high accuracy of more than 90% using the random forest algorithm. The evaluating results demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed data-driven hybrid learning algorithm for recognition of driver’s pedal action intensity. Furthermore, technical and economic characteristics of TENGs and some common sensors are compared and discussed. This work may demonstrate the feasibility of using these data-driven methods on the detection of driver’s pedal action intensity.

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Siddique, Abu Raihan Mohammad, and M. Shamim Kaiser. "Financial and Performance Analyses of Microcontroller Based Solar-Powered Autorickshaw for a Developing Country." Journal of Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5246435.

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This paper presents a case study to examine the economic viability and performance analysis of a microcontroller based solar powered battery operated autorickshaw (m-SBAR), for the developing countries, which is compared with different types of rickshaws such as pedal rickshaw (PR), battery operated autorickshaw (BAR), and solar-powered battery operated autorickshaw (SBAR), available in Bangladesh. The BAR consists of a rickshaw structure, a battery bank, a battery charge controller, a DC motor driver, and a DC motor whereas the proposed m-SBAR contains additional components like solar panel and microcontroller based DC motor driver. The complete design considered the local radiation data and load profile of the proposed m-SBAR. The Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) analysis, Net Present Worth, payback periods, and Benefit-to-Cost Ratio methods have been used to evaluate the financial feasibility and sensitivity analysis of m-SBAR, grid-powered BAR, and PR. The numerical analysis reveals that LCOE and Benefit-to-Cost Ratio of the proposed m-SBAR are lower compared to the grid-powered BAR. It has also been found that microcontroller based DC motor control circuit reduces battery discharge rate, improves battery life, and controls motor speed efficiency.

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Xu, Lin, Jing Yu Ru, Xi Jian Zhang, Ya Qiang Chen, and Xi Qing Mu. "The Design of Off-Grid Multi-Energy Complementary Power System." Advanced Materials Research 282-283 (July 2011): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.282-283.739.

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One kind of multi-energy off-grid hybrid power system is designed. The system combines highly efficient solar photovoltaic power generation system, ultra low wind speed electric power facility, pedal-powered electricity generating device with the function of automatic reciprocating type. The signals are selected and controlled by STC12c2052 single chip, then the electric energy is delivered to the storage battery through the DC/DC module. Thus, a system with high efficiency and multi-energies complementary is obtained. It can be conclude that this system, cost-effective and environmentally friendly, has great potential in saving energy and environmental protection.

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Dieltiens, Sien, Frederik Debrouwere, Marc Juwet, and Eric Demeester. "Practical Application of the Whipple and Carvallo Stability Model on Modern Bicycles with Pedal Assistance." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 15, 2020): 5672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165672.

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Increasingly more people cycle with electrically-powered pedal assistance. The reduced pedalling effort attracts physically challenged people and seniors, who have a higher risk of falling. Since electric bicycles are heavier and the centre of masses are located higher, accidents happen easily. This study analyses the influence of the addition of a battery and motor unit on the stability behaviour of common bicycles for women. Based on market research, seven typical bicycle configurations are determined. Geometrics, mass values, and cycling postures are measured, and the theoretical stability behaviour is determined analytically based on the stability model of Whipple and Carvallo. The research shows that bicycles without pedal assistance have a smaller self-stable and semi-stable range than most electric bicycles. The electric bicycle with a motor implemented in the front wheel perform best, as the extra weight of the motor enhances the gyroscopic self-stabilization of the front wheel. Furthermore, a battery in the lower mid-tube is preferred over one in the luggage rack as it lowers the center of mass of the rear frame assembly. Knowledge about the optimal configuration to maximize the stability will enhance the cycling comfort and minimize the chance of accidents.

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Dieltiens, Sien, Carlos Jiménez-Peña, Senne Van Loon, Jordi D’hondt, Kurt Claeys, and Eric Demeester. "Influence of Electrically Powered Pedal Assistance on User-Induced Cycling Loads and Muscle Activity during Cycling." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052032.

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Bicycles with electrically powered pedal assistance (PA) show great potential as ecological alternatives for engine-based vehicles. There is plenty of research available about the influence of various bicycle parameters on cycling technique. Though, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is none about the influence of PA. In this study, a recreational bicycle is equipped with PA and unique instrumentation to measure the user-induced loads on seat, steer and pedals. Joint loading is derived in the sagittal plane from inverse dynamics and muscle activity of the lower limbs is recorded with an electromyography system integrated in cycling pants. An experiment is set up, in which volunteers cycle on an athletics track, with a varying level of PA and a varying seat height. An ANOVA is conducted to determine significant differences due to the level of PA and seat height and to analyze the interaction effect. No interaction effect was found and only differences due to the level of PA were significant. Knowledge about the influence of PA provides insights into (i) electric bicycle design; (ii) the usage of electric bicycle for physically challenged people; (iii) the usage of electric bicycles as a rehabilitation tool.

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Alwyn, Yip Winn Sheng, and Mohd Faizal. "Bicycle Powered Mobile Phone Charger." MATEC Web of Conferences 335 (2021): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133503018.

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The invention of electricity has become an essential part of every aspect of the society globally. With the increasing demand for the electrical appliance and electronic gadgets, this has also increased the consumption of energy significantly. As a result, we experience power outage which causes huge losses to industries. Hence, this research address if it is sustainable to use alternative energy in the form of bicycle power to charge a mobile phone. Bicycle power is a form of renewable energy that does not require the burning of fossil fuel to generate energy. The objective of this study is to design a mobile phone charger electrical circuit which consist of the integration of electrical components. Subsequently, the energy and power consumption between the conventional charging method and pedal powered charger can be assessed. This analysis is done to determine if pedal power is an economically sustainable solution to generate electricity. In this analysis, three selected dynamos hubs were assessed based on the performance data during low, medium, and high speed. The relationship between voltage, power speed, and time were obtained from the performance data and calculations. The chosen dynamo hub was the mid-range model, Shimano DH-3D72 which produces sufficient power at low and high speed to charge the mobile phone. The next analysis was the DC-DC converter topology which was essential to ensure that the output voltage was capped at 5V. The results have shown that a SEPIC converter was chosen based on the designed electrical circuit and application used. The third analysis was the selection of ultracapacitor which was needed to store energy during high speed and discharge energy during low speed. The selected ultracapacitor was justified with relevant calculations and further simulated in an analog circuit software, LTSpice XVII. All the selected electrical components were integrated to form a complete electrical circuit and were simulated under various inputs condition. The outcome of the results shown that the efficiency of the charging system was improved by 30%. The payback period for this system would require only 406 days which is equivalent to 1.1 years.

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Aubry, Judicaël, and Bertrand Barbedette. "Assessment of the interest of series hybridisation for a human-powered vehicle. Electric pedal generator pre-sizing." European Journal of Electrical Engineering 17, no. 5-6 (December 30, 2014): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/ejee.17.419-438.

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Brown, Matthew. "Cycling in South America, 1880-1920." Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura 48, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 287–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/achsc.v48n1.91552.

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Historians have tended to ignore the South American experience of cycling. The continent’s diverse history of sports has been effaced by a popular and academic focus on soccer. The global history of cycling has therefore omitted South America from its analysis, perpetuating mistaken assumptions about the continent’s absence from technological and social innovation. This article analyses the sources located across the continent to demonstrate that cyclists raced, toured, and did acrobatics, often watched by thousands of spectators, attracting the attention of chroniclers and the media. The physical sensations of travelling through the environment on a pedal-powered machine were new and unexpected. With its focus on cycling as sport, recreation and mode of transport, this article inserts South America into the early global history of cycling.

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Ibrahim Momoh Bello, Omiogbemi, Itsisor Daniel Omomoh, Oaikhinan Patrick Egwakhide, Obada David Olubiyi, and Chira Chike Vincent. "Development of a Manually Operated Guillotine Cutter." مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية خضوري للأبحاث 2, no. 2 (March 9, 2021): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/ptukrj.v2i2.30.

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A manually operated foot leverage pedal with adjustable blades guillotine cutter was designed and constructed using locally available materials. This machine was designed to shear variety of materials with various thicknesses and sizes depending on the cutting blade capacity and the shearing angle, which cuts the materials with minimal waste and without the formation of chips and bending of the material. The machine is foot powered. It works by first clamping the material with a ram. A moving blade then comes down across a fixed blade to shear the material. The moving blade was inclined at 0.5°, this angle is called the rake angle, to keep the material from becoming wedged between the blades. Test carried out on mild steel shows that the machine is capable of shearing the metal sheet with maximum thickness of 0.5mm.

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Ibrahim Momoh Bello, Omiogbemi, Itsisor Daniel Omomoh, Oaikhinan Patrick Egwakhide, Obada David Olubiyi, and Chira Chike Vincent. "Development of a Manually Operated Guillotine Cutter." مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية للأبحاث 2, no. 2 (March 9, 2021): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/pturj.v2i2.30.

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A manually operated foot leverage pedal with adjustable blades guillotine cutter was designed and constructed using locally available materials. This machine was designed to shear variety of materials with various thicknesses and sizes depending on the cutting blade capacity and the shearing angle, which cuts the materials with minimal waste and without the formation of chips and bending of the material. The machine is foot powered. It works by first clamping the material with a ram. A moving blade then comes down across a fixed blade to shear the material. The moving blade was inclined at 0.5°, this angle is called the rake angle, to keep the material from becoming wedged between the blades. Test carried out on mild steel shows that the machine is capable of shearing the metal sheet with maximum thickness of 0.5mm.

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Hatta, Hatta, Mochammad Mochammad, Tjahjani IK, and Awang Wicaksono. "Pedal Powered Water Pump Application To Support Irrigation Activities In Carat Village, Gempol District, Pasuruan Regency, East Java Province." Kontribusia (Research Dissemination for Community Development) 2, no. 2 (September 9, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30587/kontribusia.v2i2.999.

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In this PKM program, our partner is a fruit farmer in Carat Village, which is the name of a village in GempolDistrict, Pasuruan Regency, East Java Province. This village actually has the opportunity to develop in the plantation sector with its main plants cucumber, cantaloupe, cucumber mas, and roses. However, it is constrained by the condition of very barren rice fields and plantations covering an area of 60 hectares, due to the lack of support for the local irrigation system currently being implemented. Based on interviews and observations in the field, there are 2 main focuses of the problems currently faced by partners, namely: 1) The production sector is caused by the large amount of energy that must be spent to drawwater from the well with the distance of the water source to the plantation using simple equipment and 2). Field of management due to the under-optimal distribution of crop yields and monitoring functions of yields in each period. Some of the things planned by the PKM team are innovating bicycles which are named pedal power as plantation irrigation equipment and solutions in the field of production, as well as providing training and mentoring in financial reporting as a solution in the field of management. The purpose of this activity is to realize a system improvement, increase crop production, and create effective, efficient and competitive management. This activity was realized with an approach in the form of making a sustainable cooperation program untilthe end of PKM, creating a family atmosphere between the two and understanding that the problems experienced werea shared problem so that they could be solved together according to the level of responsibility to achieve the expectedbenefits, namely increased yields, production and productivity and competitiveness, independence and welfare of thecommunity.

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Rhoads, Edward J. M. "Cycles of Cathay." Transfers 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020207.

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Introduced into China in the late nineteenth century, the bicycle had to compete with a variety of alternative modes of personal transportation that for a number of years limited its appeal and utility. Thus, during the 1920s and 1930s it took a back seat to the hand-pulled rickshaw and during the 1940s to the pedicab (cycle rickshaw). It was only in the 1950s that the bicycle became the primary means of transportation for most urban Chinese. For the next four decades, as its use spread from the city to the countryside, China was the iconic “bicycle kingdom.“ Since the 1990s, however, the pedal-powered bicycle has been overtaken by the automobile (and motorcycle). Nevertheless, with the recent appearance and growing popularity of the e-bike, the bicycle may yet play an important role in China's transport modal mix. This overview history of the bicycle in China is based on a wide range of textual sources in English and Chinese as well as pictorial images.

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Child, Malcolm S., and L. Alberto Cangahuala. "Sea Beaver: Design, Construction, and Performance of a Human-Powered Submersible." Marine Technology and SNAME News 31, no. 03 (July 1, 1994): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1994.31.3.231.

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This paper reports on the history of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's entry in the 2nd International Human-Powered Submarine Race. The design of this entry was an evolution of the MIT design (named Icarus) from the first competition, held in 1989. Anticipating an increase in competitive entries, the new MIT entry (hereafter referred to as Sea Beaver) was designed to be more reliable and faster than Icarus. Sea Beaver was designed with a maximum diameter four inches smaller than Icarus. This change in cross section forced a change from a rotary to linear pedaling mechanism. The linear pedal motion was transferred to the drive shaft through an innovative arrangement of pulleys and one-way hub bearings. This arrangement allowed the pedals to remain independent from one another, opening up the possibility to experiment with different pedaling cadences. The propeller was designed for efficiency and to minimize the possibility of entanglement with lines along the course. The steering system was arranged to take up the least volume inside the hull as possible. In addition to taking advantage of experience gained in the design of Icarus, the MIT team also made significant advances in construction techniques. The hull, propellers, and nose cones were all fabricated from molds built by team members. Compared with the Icarus construction history, Sea Beaver was completed in less time, at less cost, with more spare parts available during the competition. For the design and construction of the propulsion system, the Sea Beaver team received the 1991 Medal of Engineering Excellence from Popular Science Magazine.

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Baldissera, Paolo, Cristiana Delprete, and Anatolii Zahar. "Design and Construction of a Moving Cassette Electronic Gear-Shift for Human Powered Vehicles." Machines 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines7030055.

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In this article, the design and implementation of an electronic bicycle gear-shift with moving cassette is presented. The niche context where the needs developed is explained and the project evolution over two versions is described. Technical aspects considered in the design phase are discussed and detailed explanations of hardware layout and control software logic are given. Performance of the two implemented versions are compared through data recorded during the target competition (pedaling cadence and torque), highlighting the higher reliability of the second design thanks to mechanical simplification and a more stable position feedback. An additional comparison with cadence data from other competitors in a speed-challenge competition is then presented to highlights the main benefit obtained: a reduced variance in cadence that enables the rider to pedal at his optimal rate since the early stage and through the whole run-up. Finally, the current development of the project under a Proof of Concept grant is presented by discussing its potential application on the standard bicycle market, the need for an assessment of its value proposition and the main obstacles to overcome for complying (or not) with the current market standards. The article offers an overview of practical aspects to be considered when designing high-speed human powered vehicle transmissions, including technical details of an innovative solution and critical considerations about the possibility of such a specific design to develop within the standard bicycle market.

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KOWALSKI, Sławomir. "Sample structural solution for a city tricycle with an additional solar drive." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 109 (December 1, 2020): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2020.109.8.

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The everyday use of the bicycle is becoming increasingly common. People noticed the need to take care of both their health and the environment. The geographical location of Poland encourages cycling, which is the reason new kilometres of cycling routes are being built every year. This is associated with the rising interest in buying a bicycle. A conceptual tricycle with an additional electric drive powered by solar panels is presented in this article. The photovoltaic panel is installed on the basket roof. The electric motor may be used during an uphill ride and when the driver has run out of energy for pedalling. In the crank mechanism, there is a sensor which starts the motor when a small foot pressing force on the pedal is detected. The tricycle has an all-purpose structure, owing to which the seat mounted in the basket can be easily replaced with a double seat, a shopping bin or a child's safety seat. The tricycle may be used by both private persons and companies involved in tourist transport. The cost of the structural details of the tricycle suggested in this article does vary considerably from standard electric bikes, however, that solution has several important advantages, which may be decisive in the purchase of this solution.

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Cochrane, Colin, Tariq Muneer, and Bashabi Fraser. "Design of an Electrically Powered Rickshaw, for Use in India." Energies 12, no. 17 (August 30, 2019): 3346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173346.

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The main aim of this article is to present research findings related to the design of an electric rickshaw for use in Kolkata, India, identifying weaknesses in the current cycle rickshaw, developing a design solution to address problems found, and exploring the possibility of utilising solar power. Through research and testing it was found there were many design issues, concerns with health and safety, comfort, and ergonomics. All problems found were addressed by implementing design upgrades. The testing of the current cycle rickshaw identified the power and energy required to implement an electric drive system, where a 500 W 24 V DC motor and a battery capacity of 220 ampere hours was used in conjunction with a pedal assist system to provide a range of up to 52 km. A conceptual prototype was developed to prove the successful application of a pedal assist system, which was established as a viable option for design. The design has been critically evaluated and the relevant issues discussed.

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"Pedal-powered cooler." Refocus 7, no. 4 (July 2006): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-0846(06)70587-x.

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Junaid Baig, Prathamesh Baikerikar, Anasuya Barik, and Anoop Ghuge, Kamlesh Sasane. "Pedal Powered Clothes Washer." International Journal of Engineering Research and V4, no. 04 (April 28, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.17577/ijertv4is040775.

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"Pedal-powered composite boat." Reinforced Plastics 55, no. 6 (November 2011): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-3617(11)70156-4.

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"Design and Fabrication of Pedal Powered Stair Climbing Trolley." International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering and Research 4, no. 3 (March 31, 2018): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.23883/ijrter.2018.4153.afiwg.

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Dix, R., R. Pal, D. A. Brown, and M. Makhous. "Development of a Pedal Powered Wheelchair." Journal of Medical Devices 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3136756.

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A first student project to put pedals on a wheelchair for exercise and propulsion was unsuccessful. The need remained and in June of 2005 the “Eureka” event occurred. Seeing a five-year-old on her training-wheel-equipped bicycle suggested that a fifth wheel could be added in the center between the wheelchair's two large rear wheels, and a mast supported by the fifth wheel's axle could extend forward to support a front axle and pedal set. A chain drive completed the propulsion system. There are no pedal-powered wheelchairs currently on the market. Around 2001 a product (EZChair) without retractable pedals was on the market but withdrawn. A team at the University of Buffalo invented and patented a pedal-powered wheelchair in 1993 (US Patent 5,242,179), but it was not commercialized. Also, a Japanese company designed and built a series of fifth-wheel wheelchair designs. Between 2006 and late 2008 we built many prototypes incorporating geometries that permitted retracting the pedal. For compactness a “Pedalong” with three telescoping tubes was built but it proved impossible to secure tightly. In the next design twin telescoping tubes passing above and to the rear of the rear axle provided the desired extension. A clamp at the front of the outer tube provided tightness of the assembly. In the Northwestern research program (see below), there was some success, but awkwardness in operation prevented commercialization. In October 2008 a major design change from a fifth wheel in the center to a powering of the two standard rear wheels was begun. This required a new chain path geometry and addition of a differential to the drive train. With the new design user control, arm-powering and braking through the rear wheels is retained, and chair stability is improved. Twelve individuals with chronic post-stroke hemiplegia (>6 months post-stroke event) participated in a study to examine the metabolic energy expended when participants performed a 6-minute walk test, a 6 minute leg-propelled wheelchair trial (using the Pedalong), and a 6 minute arm-propelled wheelchair trial. VO2, VCO2, and distance traveled were measured using a portable metablic cart system and wheel-based distance measurement system. The Pedalong and walking trials showed equivalent oxygen consumption levels, but manual pushing was, on average, significantly less. All three modes (walking, leg-propelled and arm-propelled) resulting in similar distances traveled within the 6 minute period. The leg-propelled trials generated the greatest amount of VCO2 during expiration compared with the other modes. This means that more of the available oxygen is being utilized (metabolized) during the leg-propelled mode and so, a greater number of calories were being burned during this 6-minute test.

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Mogaji Pius Bamidele. "Development of an Improved Pedal Powered Hacksaw Machine." Journal of Materials Science and Engineering B 6, no. 6 (December 28, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.17265/2161-6221/2016.11-12.002.

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Machin, M., HC Younan, AM Guéroult, S. Onida, J. Shalhoub, and AH Davies. "Systematic review of inframalleolar endovascular interventions and rates of limb salvage, wound healing, restenosis, rest pain, reintervention and complications." Vascular, March 31, 2021, 170853812110042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17085381211004246.

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Objectives Peripheral artery disease is estimated to affect 237 million individuals worldwide. Critical limb ischaemia, also known as chronic limb threatening ischaemia is a consequence of the progression of peripheral artery disease which occurs in ∼21% of patients over a five-year period. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the use of additional below-the-ankle angioplasty in comparison to the use of above-the-ankle angioplasty alone, and the subsequent rates of amputation, wound healing, restenosis, rest pain, reintervention and complications. Methods This systematic review was undertaken in accordance with PRISMA guidelines following a registered protocol (CRD42019154893). Online databases were searched using a search strategy of 20 keywords. Included articles reported the outcome for inframalleolar (pedal artery, pedal arch, plantar arteries) angioplasty with additional proximal angioplasty in comparison to proximal angioplasty alone. GRADE assessment was applied to assess the quality of the evidence. Results After screening 1089 articles, 10 articles met the inclusion criteria. Comparative performance assessment of below-the-ankle with above-the-ankle versus above-the-ankle angioplasty alone was undertaken in 3 articles, with the remaining 7 articles reporting outcomes of below-the-ankle with above-the-ankle angioplasty with no distinct comparator group. Significant decrease in major lower limb amputation at the last follow-up in the below-the-ankle group when compared with the above-the-ankle angioplasty alone group was observed in a single study (3.45% vs. 14.9%, p < 0.05). Improved wound healing rate at follow-up in the below-the-ankle group versus above-the-ankle angioplasty alone group was also reported in a single study (59.3% vs. 38.1%, p < 0.05). Subsequent rate of amputation after below-the-ankle angioplasty has been estimated as 23.5%. Conclusion To date, there is a lack of studies assessing inframalleolar interventions and their use in improving limb salvage, wound healing and symptomatology. Prospective RCTs should be undertaken with adequate participant numbers to be sufficiently powered and report clinically important end-points.

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Bourne, Jessica E., Angie Page, Sam Leary, Robert C. Andrews, Clare England, and Ashley R. Cooper. "Electrically assisted cycling for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial." Pilot and Feasibility Studies 5, no. 1 (November 23, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40814-019-0508-4.

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Abstract Background The global incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing. Given the many complications associated with T2DM, effective management of the disease is crucial. Physical activity is considered to be a key component of T2DM management. However, people with T2DM are generally less physically active than individuals without T2DM and adherence to physical activity is often poor following completion of lifestyle interventions. As such, developing interventions that foster sustainable physical activity is of high priority. Electrically assisted bicycles (e-bikes) have been highlighted as a potential strategy for promoting physical activity in this population. E-bikes provide electrical assistance to the rider only when pedalling and could overcome commonly reported barriers to regular cycling. This paper describes the protocol of the PEDAL-2 pilot randomized controlled trial, an e-cycling intervention aimed at increasing physical activity in individuals with T2DM. Methods A parallel-group two-arm randomized waitlist-controlled pilot trial will be conducted. Forty individuals with T2DM will be randomly assigned, in a 1:1 allocation ratio, to an e-cycling intervention or waitlist control. Recruitment and screening will close once 20 participants have been randomized to each study arm. The intervention will involve e-bike training with a certified cycle instructor and provision of an e-bike for 12 weeks. Data will be collected at baseline, during the intervention and immediately post-intervention using both quantitative and qualitative methods. In this trial, the primary interests are determination of effective recruitment strategies, recruitment and consent rates, adherence and retention and delivery and receipt of the intervention. The potential impact of the intervention on a range of clinical, physiological and behaviour outcomes will be assessed to examine intervention promise. Data analyses will be descriptive. Discussion This paper describes the protocol for the PEDAL-2 pilot randomized controlled trial. Results from this trial will provide information on trial feasibility and identify the promise of e-cycling as a strategy to positively impact the health and behaviour of individuals with T2DM. If appropriate, this information can be used to design and deliver a fully powered definitive trial. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN67421464. Registered 03/01/2019.

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"1H NMR-based metabolomics approach for exploring the effect of astaxanthin supplementation on plasma metabolites after high-intensity physical exercise." Journal of Men’s Health, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31083/jomh.2021.020.

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Purpose: In this study, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy was used to evaluate the effect of astaxanthin (ASTA) supplementation on changes in human plasma elicited by high-intensity exercise. Methods: Sixteen adult males were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 8 per group), namely the control group C (placebo for 28 d, 4 weeks) and experimental group M (supplement medium dose ASTA: 12 mg/d for 28 d, 4 weeks). At 08:00 on the 29th day, fasting blood sampling was carried out on all the participants, and the samples were tested in the laboratory for the ﬁrst time. Later, the participants performed acute exercise on a pedal-powered bicycle with full strength for 30 s × 3/3 min intervals (loading a weight of 0.075 kg/kg). Blood sampling was then respectively performed immediately, 1 h after the acute exercise, and 1 d after the acute exercise. Results: (1) The metabolites of the subjects of the two groups were found to be diverse at different time points, and 34 types of metabolites were screened from the two groups. (2) The metabolites with differences between the two groups 1 h after exercise were β-hydroxybutyrate, creatine, and glycerol. The levels of β-hydroxybutyric acid and glycerol in group M were signiﬁcantly lower than those in group C, while the level of creatine was signiﬁcantly higher. Compared with the resting state 1 h after exercise, the metabolites in common between the two groups were leucine (Leu), valine (Val), and citric acid (CA), and their levels were signiﬁcantly decreased. (3) During the period between 1 h and 1 d after exercise, the different metabolites between the two groups were methionine (Met) and glycerol. The glycerol levels of group M were signiﬁcantly lower than those of group C, while the levels of Met were signiﬁcantly higher. The co-metabolites of the subjects in groups C and M 1 d after exercise were creatine, glucose, and glycerol, the levels of which were all signiﬁcantly increased. Conclusions: (1) One hour after exercise, the consumption of creatine, amino acids, fatty acids, and CA was found to be obvious, and ASTA intake was conducive to their recovery. (2) After high-intensity exercise, changes occurred in the body's energy metabolism that involved the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and proteins, and basic recovery was found 1 d after exercise. The ﬁndings of this study suggest that ASTA intake can accelerate metabolic recovery induced by physical exercise.

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"Improved Cost-Effective Design of Man-Powered Tricycle/Rickshaw." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 2600–2606. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b2881.078219.

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Paddle rickshaw/tricycle is still used widely in many parts of developing countries for small distance transportation of goods and passengers. The design of the paddle rickshaw is almost same everywhere, with minor variations largely focused on the appearance. The pedal rickshaw used are ergonomically not very efficient. They are mostly pulled by daily wage laborers who have to put large effort in pedaling the rickshaw due to its inefficient design. Subsequently very little research is available on the subject of the effort applied by rickshaw puller with respect to rpm and load of on paddle Rickshaw. In the current case, systematic experimental study has been performed to find out the effort applied by the rickshaw puller at various conditions of speed and load on paddle rickshaw. Based on these results, a two gear mechanism has been designed to reduce the effort of the rickshaw puller to almost 50% in the initial start condition, where maximum effort has to be applied by the puller. The result of this research work can have implication on the society by easing the life of these people.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pedal-powered'

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