Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pedestrian footbridges

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Pedestrian footbridges'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Pedestrian footbridges"

1

Chen, Zhou, Siyuan Chen, Xijun Ye, and Yunlai Zhou. "A Study on a Mechanism of Lateral Pedestrian-Footbridge Interaction." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (December 3, 2019): 5257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235257.

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Based on the pedestrian lateral force hybrid Van der Pol/Rayleigh model, this study investigates the interaction dynamic model of a pedestrian-flexible footbridge lateral coupling system. A multi scale method is adopted to decouple the equation. The paper also studies the nonlinear dynamic response of the pedestrian-footbridge coupling system as well as the relationship between the lateral displacement of pedestrians and flexible footbridges, and the lateral interaction of the two variables. The results show that with the same frequency tuning parameters, when the mass ratio of pedestrians and footbridges is very small, the larger the mass ratio is, the larger the lateral response amplitude of pedestrians becomes. Conversely, when the mass ratio of pedestrians and footbridges is much larger, the larger the mass ratio is, the smaller the response amplitude becomes. When the natural frequency of a footbridge is larger, its Phase Angle becomes larger. As the lateral amplitude of pedestrians increases, the Phase Angle approaches zero. Moreover, regarding the variation of the Phase Angle between the interaction force and footbridge lateral vibration speed based on the lateral relative displacement of pedestrians, of which the variation range is (0, π ), as the pedestrians’ lateral amplitude increases, the Phase Angle approaches − π / 2 . The dynamic load coefficient varies linearly with the lateral amplitude of pedestrian vibrations.
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Toso, Marcelo André, and Herbert Martins Gomes. "Biodynamic Synchronized Coupled Model for Crowd-Footbridge Interaction." European Journal of Engineering and Formal Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejef.v4i1.p64-74.

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Nowadays there are growing interests in vibration serviceability assessments of composite footbridges. The new design trends of composite footbridges make them slender civil structures that may be affected by the load action of walking pedestrians resulting in large deflections or even uncomfortable vibrations. Furthermore, the presence of people on the footbridges causes the addition of mass to the structural system and due to the human body’s ability to absorb vibrational energy, an increase in structural damping. In this paper, the interaction between pedestrian and structure is modelled using data from pedestrian characteristics and vibration data from a measured footbridge as a comparison basis. A previously developed numerical model was used, this model called Biodynamic Synchronized Coupled Model (BSCM) consists of a fully synchronized force model in the longitudinal and lateral direction of pedestrian’s movement and a biodynamic model with mass, damping and stiffness parameters. The model is coupled with the structure using the Finite Element Method at the feet’s contact points. Pedestrians are treated as individuals with intrinsic kinetic and kinematic parameters following a measured correlation matrix obtained by the use of an especially designed force platform. Finally, the adequacy of the proposed model to represent the pedestrians as BSCM for the walking effects on the structure is investigated by experimentally measured accelerations on a footbridge (freely walking). The numerical results show good agreement with the experimental results.
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De Luca, Antonio, Michael Bauer, Marguerite Pinto, and Elisabeth Malsch. "Vibration analysis of footbridges: an overview of the current practice." MATEC Web of Conferences 211 (2018): 10002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821110002.

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The design of a footbridge is typically controlled by serviceability criteria. The dynamic forces induced by pedestrians may result in high-amplitude vibrations that the users may feel as uncomfortable, or unsafe. As a consequence of the several cases of footbridge vibration problems that occurred over the last two decades, research has been conducted to improve design criteria that account for pedestrian loading, traffic density, and comfort levels. To date, there are no accepted design guidelines in the United States to assess vibration levels in footbridges. This paper offers a general overview of the current practice for the vibration analysis of footbridges.
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Jia, Buyu, Xiaolin Yu, and Quansheng Yan. "Effects of Stochastic Excitation and Phase Lag of Pedestrians on Lateral Vibration of Footbridges." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 07 (July 2018): 1850095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418500955.

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Incidents of pedestrian-induced large lateral vibrations of footbridges reveal the occurrence of an instability-type phenomenon in pedestrian-induced vibration. However, the mechanism involved has yet to be clearly explained. In this work, a novel model for predicting the lateral vibration of footbridges is proposed. Under an algebraic framework of nonlinear stochastic vibration, the narrow-band vibration caused by the pedestrian intra-subject randomness and the phase lag between the footbridge motion and the pedestrian load are considered. The critical condition that triggers the large lateral vibration of the footbridge is identified using the stochastic averaging method and the concept of stability based on the Lyapunov exponent. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed through case studies of three bridges. Through a parametric analysis, the effects of several crucial parameters on the stability/instability of vibration are discussed. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding insights that can be useful to the future designs of footbridges.
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Yang, Zheng, Buyu Jia, Quansheng Yan, Xiaolin Yu, and Yinghao Zhao. "Nonlinear Stochastic Analysis of Footbridge Lateral Vibration Based on Probability Density Evolution Method." Shock and Vibration 2019 (October 27, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2606395.

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Footbridge lateral vibration remains an unsolved problem and is characterized by the following: (1) pedestrians are sensitive to bridge vibration, which causes the pedestrian’s excitation being dependent on the bridge vibration; (2) pedestrian lateral excitation is a stochastic process rather than a perfect periodic load. Therefore, footbridge lateral vibration is essentially a complex nonlinear stochastic vibration system. Thus far, an effective method of dealing with such nonlinear stochastic vibration of footbridges remains lacking. A framework based on the probability density evolution (PDE) method is presented. For the mathematical model, the parameter resonance model is used to describe the pedestrian-bridge interaction while treating the pedestrian lateral excitation as a narrow-band process. For the analysis method, PDE is used to solve the nonlinear stochastic equations in combination with the number theoretical and finite difference methods. The proposed method establishes a new approach in studying footbridge lateral vibration. First, PDE based on the small sample strategy avoids the large amount of computation. Second, the randomness of both structural parameters and pedestrian lateral excitation could be taken into consideration by the proposed method. Third, based on the probability results with rich information, the serviceability, dynamic reliability, and random stability analyses are realized in a convenient manner.
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Jiménez-Alonso, Javier, Jorge Pérez-Aracil, Alejandro Hernández Díaz, and Andrés Sáez. "Effect of Vinyl Flooring on the Modal Properties of a Steel Footbridge." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071374.

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Damping ratios associated with non-structural elements play an important role in mitigating the pedestrian-induced vibrations of slender footbridges. In particular, this paper analyses the effect of vinyl flooring on the modal parameters of steel footbridges. Motivated by the unexpected high experimental damping ratios of the first vibration modes of a real footbridge, whose deck was covered by a vinyl flooring, this paper aims at assessing more accurately the experimental damping ratios generated by this non-structural element on steel footbridges. For this purpose, a laboratory footbridge was built and vinyl flooring was installed on it. Its numerical and experimental modal parameters without and with the vinyl flooring were determined. The operational modal analysis method was used to estimate experimentally the modal parameters of the structure. The damping ratios associated with the vinyl flooring were obtained via the substraction between the experimental damping ratios of the laboratory footbridge with and without the vinyl flooring. An average increase of the damping ratios of 2.069% was observed due to the vinyl flooring installed. According to this result, this type of pavement may be a useful tool to significantly increase the damping ratios of steel footbridges in order to reduce pedestrian-induced vibrations.
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Pimentel, R. L., A. Pavic, and P. Waldron. "Evaluation of design requirements for footbridges excited by vertical forces from walking." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l01-036.

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The continuing trend towards the design of more slender, lighter, and livelier footbridges has created new challenges that are not properly addressed in a number of widely used codes of practice in Europe and Canada. Recent research into vibration serviceability of slender structures under human-induced dynamic loading suggests that improvements to the existing footbridge design guidelines are possible in the area of modelling human-induced excitation in the vertical direction. This paper evaluates the performance of currently used codes of practice regarding vibration serviceability of footbridges under human-induced loads due to walking. The evaluation is supported by experimental evidence from tests carried out by the authors on potentially lively footbridges. A description of recent research advances is included, together with a comparative analysis of the approaches of some pertinent guidelines used internationally to tackle this design problem. In addition, suggestions are made for re-addressing the problem of vibration serviceability of footbridges by focusing attention on a more realistic definition of vertical pedestrian loading and the corresponding frequency ranges of interest. It was found that the codes are either conservative or lack appropriate safety margins, depending on the frequency range excited by moving pedestrians. This is principally due to the lack of proper consideration for the frequency content of the pedestrian load, which would take into account developments since the 1970s when the scientific data used in the majority of the current codes of practice were produced.Key words: vibration, serviceability, walking, footbridges, design, codes, dynamic loading factor, evaluation.
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DEBONA, G. L., and J. G. S. da SILVA. "Assessment of the dynamic structural behaviour of footbridges based on experimental monitoring and numerical analysis." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 13, no. 3 (June 2020): 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952020000300007.

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Abstract This research work aims to investigate the dynamic structural behaviour and assess the human comfort of footbridges, when subjected to pedestrian walking, based on experimental tests and tuning of finite element model. Therefore, the investigated structure is associated to a real pedestrian footbridge, spanning 24.4m, located at the campus of the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Initially, an experimental modal testing was conducted using two data acquisition strategies. After that the experimental forced vibration tests were performed on the footbridge, considering the pedestrians walking with different step frequencies. In sequence of the study, a finite element model was developed based on the ANSYS computational program. The experimental footbridge tests were used for the calibration of results on the numerical model. Finally, a human comfort assessment was performed, based on the comparisons between the results (peak accelerations), of the dynamic experimental monitoring and the recommendations provided by design guides SÉTRA, HIVOSS and AISC.
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da Silva, Felipe Tavares, Halane Maria Braga Fernandes Brito, and Roberto Leal Pimentel. "Modeling of crowd load in vertical direction using biodynamic model for pedestrians crossing footbridges." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 12 (December 2013): 1196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2011-0587.

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In the analysis of vibration of footbridges in vertical direction, for crowd situations, there is evidence in the literature that the whole effect of pedestrian action is not well modeled when applying current force-only models to represent such an action. In these models, the action of each pedestrian is represented by a pulsating force applied on the structure. In this paper, a crowd load model is proposed for sparse and dense crowds (with densities up to around 1.0 pedestrian/m2) in which biodynamic models are added to represent the whole action of pedestrians. The focus of the investigation is on vibration effects in vertical direction. Comparisons with measurements on a prototype footbridge were carried out and made it possible to identify differences in the structural response when applying force-only and force-biodynamic models to represent the pedestrian action. The latter (proposed) model resulted in a better agreement with the measurements.
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García-Diéguez, Marta, and Jose Zapico-Valle. "Sensitivity of the Vertical Response of Footbridges to the Frequency Variability of Crossing Pedestrians." Vibration 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 290–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vibration1020020.

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Contemporary design codes and guides for vibration serviceability assessment include some simplifications in load modelling. The same statistical distribution of the inter-pedestrian variability of the step interval (frequency) is proposed for all applications. Moreover, walking loads are considered to be periodic. The intra-pedestrian variability of the step interval is neglected. A more realistic load modelling trying to overcome the limitations of the codes is intended in this paper. Instead of a single mean value of the inter-pedestrian distribution of walking speed, a range of possible variation, which account for the real variations that occur in practice depending on the footbridge location and usage, is considered. An enhanced model is proposed in this paper to reproduce statistically both the intra- and inter-pedestrian variability of the step interval as a function of the walking speed distribution. This innovative model is then applied to study the sensitivity of the vertical response of footbridges to the variability of the step interval and to evaluate the influence of the aforementioned simplifications on the predicted characteristic responses. For this purpose, low-frequency footbridges excited by single-pedestrian crossings are chosen. The response is statistically characterized through Monte Carlo numerical simulations including 720 different configurations and 10,000 load cases in each configuration. Results of the study provide an overview of the influence of the footbridge and load parameters on the responses, which can be useful in practical applications where human–structure interactions are negligible. As for the simplifications of the codes, it is found that either using a single distribution to model the inter-pedestrian variability of the spatiotemporal parameters or neglecting the intra-pedestrian variability can lead to a significant underestimation of the characteristic response of footbridges.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pedestrian footbridges"

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Claff, Daniel E. "Pedestrian-induced lateral excitation of footbridges." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:52927335-c9ae-4579-8c0c-d66e9b0074af.

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This thesis investigates human-structure interactions between pedestrians and oscillating footbridges via experimental kinematic and kinetic tests. The first aspect was to improve and validate a simple frontal plane gait model, the Inverted Pendulum Model (IPM), based on kinematic and kinetic gait data for stable ground walking. Next, test subjects were recorded while crossing a laterally swaying footbridge in order to examine kinematic and kinetic walking patterns and assess the model's accuracy at predicting unstable gait. Participants were recorded walking over force plates in a gait laboratory so their normal ground forces could be compared to each other and the IPM. High inter-subject variability and low intra-subject variability were observed. The IPM did not reproduce transient components of the ground forces. An analysis of the IPM's inherent assumptions revealed that some were inappropriate. A Modified Inverted Pendulum Model (MIPM) is proposed, eliminating some of the IPM's assumptions. For all samples examined, the correlation between the real ground forces and the MIPM was higher than that of the IPM. Custom-designed force plates were installed into a novel laboratory footbridge rig. The footbridge was excited naturally by the participants' walking and the participants responded naturally to the swaying of the bridge. The participants' step widths could be predicted by the phase of the structure at the previous heel strike. At high structural amplitudes, CoP and ground force patterns were dominated by the motion of the structure. Centre of Mass (CoM) motion was found to be 'fixed-in-space' with patterns dissimilar to those anticipated by the IPM. The MIPM was typically better than the IPM at predicting ground forces on the moving base. Finally, a spherical model was compared to the two-dimensional MIPM. The model exhibited few discrepancies to the spherical kinematic data, but the predicted medial-lateral ground forces were significantly different to the force plate data.
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Zäll, Emma. "Modelling Pedestrian-Induced Vertical Vibrations of Footbridges." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-101831.

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A pedestrian crowd walking on a footbridge causes the footbridge to vibrate. These vibrations become an issue of serviceability and can give rise to discomfort for the pedestrians, whereby they should, to as large extent as possible, be prevented. Currently, there is a lack of reliable models to describe a dynamic load on a footbridge, due to a walking crowd. Therefore, there is a need for such models. Lately, a great amount of research has been carried out on the subject pedestrian-induced vibrations of footbridges, though most of it with focus on lateral vibrations. Conversely, this project has been performed aiming to accurately model pedestrian-induced vertical vibrations of a general footbridge. For that purpose, starting from an existing model, a somewhat improved model, comprising three sub-model, has been developed. The sub-models are: one model of the pedestrian crowd walking along the footbridge, one model describing the load from the pedestrian footstep and one model describing the interaction between the pedestrians and the footbridge. In order to get statistically reliable results, numerous simulations of the pedestrian-induced vertical vibrations of a specific footbridge have been performed, using the developed model. Averaging the results over the simulations, we could conclude that the model gives an average error of 7 %, compared to experimental data. The measured quantity giving these results was the absolute maximum value of the acceleration at the midpoint of the footbridge. The achieved dynamical response of the footbridge is qualitatively satisfying, while the quantitative error is larger than we hoped for, whereby we conclude that further improvement of the model is needed before we are able to accurately model pedestrian-induced vertical vibrations of footbridges.
När en folksamling går över en gångbro uppstår vibrationer i gångbron. Dessa vibrationer påverkar brons användbarhet och kan ge upphov till obehagskänsla hos fotgängarna, vilket gör att vibrationerna i största möjliga utsträckning bör motverkas. I nuläget saknas pålitliga modeller för att beskriva den dynamiska last en gångbro utsätts för när en folksamling går över den. Således föreligger ett behov att utveckla en sådan modell. Under de senaste decennierna har mycket forskning utförts inom området människoinducerade vibrationer i gångbroar. Dock har merparten av denna forskning berört endast laterala vibrationer. Detta projekt däremot, har genomförts med syftet att, med ett noggrant resultat, modellera människoinducerade vertikala vibrationer i en generell gångbro. För att uppnå detta har jag utgått från en befintlig modell och från den utvecklat en ny modell bestående av tre delmodeller. De tre delmodellerna är: en modell som beskriver hur folksamlingen rör sig över gångbron, en modell som beskriver den kraft det mänskliga fotsteget uträttar på gångbron och en modell som beskriver interaktionen mellan fotgängarna och gångbron. För att uppnå statistiskt tillförlitliga resultat har modellen som utvecklats i detta projekt använts för att utföra åtskilliga simuleringar av människoinducerade vertikala vibrationer i en specifik gångbro. Om vi medelvärdesbildar resultaten över simuleringarna framgår det att modellen som utvecklats ger ett resultat som avviker med 7 % från experimentellt data. Detta gäller för den maximala accelerationen vid gångbrons mittpunkt. Den resulterande dynamiska responsen ser kvalitativt sett bra ut, medan den kvantitativa avvikelsen är större än vi hoppats på. Därför drar vi slutsatsen att vidare förbättringar av modellen behövs för att den ska kunna användas till att på ett noggrant sätt modellera människoinducerade vertikala vibrationer i gångbroar.
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FAN, YINA, and FANGZHOU LIU. "Dynamic Analysis of Long Span Footbridges." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169183.

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A footbridge in Slussen is planned to be built and will connect the area of Gamla Stan with Sodermalm. As an increasing number of footbridges with large span tend to become more flexible and light these days, the corresponding dynamic problems due to decreased stiffness and mass draw much more attention. Specifically speaking, reduced stiffness and mass lead to smaller natural frequencies, which make the structure more sensitive to pedestrian-induced loading, especially in lateral direction. Fortunately, in this master thesis, only the vibration in vertical direction is focused due to that the footbridge in Slussen project uses enough lateral bracings to make sure that the safety of lateral vibration is kept at an acceptable level. In order to analyze dynamic response of the footbridge, the real footbridge structure is converted into a FE model by the commercial software LUSAS. In this thesis, four different kinds of critical standards are introduced, which are Sétra [8], Swedish standard Bro 2004 [9], ISO 10137 [5] and Eurocode respectively. By comparing these four criteria, Sétra and Eurocode are finally chosen to be the standard and guidelines for this project. They give the basic theories about how to model the pedestrian loading and provide critical values to check the accelerations in both vertical and lateral direction. By using FE software LUSAS, natural frequencies of the footbridge and the corresponding mode shapes can be calculated directly. Then, according to these results and relevant theories introduced by Sétra, the pedestrian loading can be modeled and the acceleration response of any specific mode can be obtained as well. Finally, based on the worst case with excessive acceleration, the methods to reduce dynamic response will be presented. Commonly, there are two ways to reduce acceleration response. One method is to increase the stiffness of the structure. However, the increased stiffness is always accompanied with increased mass of the structure. Because of this reason, the other way that installing dampers is widely used in recent years. In this thesis, the tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are introduced in detail as well as the information about the design principles of it. With important parameters known, TMDs can be added to the model to check how the accelerations can be reduced.
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Pimentel, Roberto Leal. "Vibrational performance of pedestrian bridges due to human-induced loads." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3447/.

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The vibrational performance of footbridges due to human-induced loads has been investigated, based on modal and pedestrian tests carried out on three prototype footbridges. Analyses using calibrated finite element models of these structures were also conducted. All test structures presented natural frequencies within the range of excitations produced by pedestrians and were therefore suitable for investigating the applicability of some current guidelines for vibration performance. In addition, the inclusion of a footbridge made of glass reinforced plastic in the test programme enabled the performance of this new type of footbridge construction to be investigated. The techniques of ambient excitation, impulse response using an instrumented hammer, and free-vibration decay were employed to obtain the modal properties of the test structures. The practicalities of using these techniques are discussed and improvements in their application are suggested. Very good agreement was obtained between the experimental and the numerical results. The calibrated numerical models were employed to investigate ways of removing the natural frequencies of the structures from the common range of pedestrian excitation, thereby improving their vibration performance. The handrails were identified as a potential way to increase the stiffness and thus the natural frequencies of a structure. In addition, use of a catenary shape or pre-camber in combination with horizontal restraint at the bearings were also shown to be useful for increasing natural frequencies since beneficial axial effects are introduced. In the case of the glass reinforced plastic footbridge, it was shown that a selective distribution of mass that could be conveniently added within the cells of the deck was the best strategy for frequency tuning. Guidelines for vibration performance are suggested, focusing on the definition of the pedestrian load and frequency ranges of interest, acceptability limits to vibration, treatment of multi-frequency component vibrations and vandal loading.
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Huang, Ming-Hui. "Dynamic characteristics of slender suspension footbridges." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16450/.

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Due to the emergence of new materials and advanced engineering technology, slender footbridges are increasingly becoming popular to satisfy the modern transportation needs and the aesthetical requirements of society. These structures however are always "lively" with low stiffness, low mass, low damping and low natural frequencies. As a consequence, they are prone to vibration induced by human activities and can suffer severe vibration serviceability problems, particularly in the lateral direction. This phenomenon has been evidenced by the excessive lateral vibration of many footbridges worldwide such as the Millennium Bridge in London and the T-Bridge in Japan. Unfortunately, present bridge design codes worldwide do not provide sufficient guidelines and information to address such vibrations problems and to ensure safety and serviceability due to the lack of knowledge on the dynamic performance of such slender vibration sensitive bridge structures. A conceptual study has been carried out to comprehensively investigate the dynamic characteristics of slender suspension footbridges under human-induced dynamic loads and a footbridge model in full size with pre-tensioned reverse profiled cables in the vertical and horizontal planes has been proposed for this purpose. A similar physical suspension bridge model was designed and constructed in the laboratory, and experimental testings have been carried out to calibrate the computer simulations. The synchronous excitation induced by walking has been modelled as crowd walking dynamic loads which consist of dynamic vertical force, dynamic lateral force and static vertical force. The dynamic behaviour under synchronous excitation is simulated by resonant vibration at the pacing rate which coincides with a natural frequency of the footbridge structure. Two structural analysis software packages, Microstran and SAP2000 have been employed in the extensive numerical analysis. Research results show that the structural stiffness and vibration properties of suspension footbridges with pre-tensioned reverse profiled cables can be adjusted by choosing different structural parameters such as cable sag, cable section and pretensions in the reverse profiled cables. Slender suspension footbridges always have four main kinds of vibration modes: lateral, torsional, vertical and longitudinal modes. The lateral and torsional modes are often combined together and become two kinds of coupled modes: coupled lateral-torsional modes and coupled torsionallateral modes. Such kind of slender footbridges also have different dynamic performance in the lateral and vertical directions, and damping has only a small effect on the lateral vibration but significant effect on the vertical one. The fundamental coupled lateral-torsional mode and vertical mode are easily excited when crowd walking dynamic loads are distributed on full bridge deck. When the crowd walking dynamic loads are distributed eccentrically on half width of the deck, the fundamental coupled torsional-lateral mode can be excited and large lateral deflection can be induced. Higher order vertical modes and coupled lateral-torsional modes can also be excited by groups of walking pedestrians under certain conditions. It is found that the coupling coefficient introduced in this thesis to describe the coupling of a coupled mode, is an important factor which has significant effect on the lateral dynamic performance of slender suspension footbridges. The coupling coefficient, however, is influenced by many structural parameters such as cable configuration, cable section, cable sag, bridge span and pre-tensions, etc. In general, a large dynamic amplification factor is expected when the fundamental mode of a footbridge structure is the coupled lateral-torsional mode with a small coupling coefficient. The research findings of this thesis are useful in understanding the complex dynamic behaviour of slender and vibration sensitive suspension footbridges under humaninduced dynamic loads. They are also helpful in developing design guidance and techniques to improve the dynamic performance of such slender vibration sensitive footbridges and similar structures and hence to ensure their safety and serviceability.
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Garmendia, Purroy Javier. "Serviceability assessment of footbridges when subjected to vibrations induced by running pedestrians." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210930.

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Vibration serviceability in the design of footbridges is gathering enormous prominence as comfort restrictions get enhanced. Comfort verifications are often becoming critical when considering human induced dynamic loading on lightweight structures, which are increasing in slenderness and flexibility. The aim of this work was to build up understanding about the running load effects on the response of footbridges and proving that it could imply a critical load case that would require verification. Additionally, the accuracy of potential models to estimate the structural response was evaluated. Finally, aiming for a practical application, this work provides a step forward towards the possibility of adopting a simplified design methodology to be included in the future guidelines and an insight into the potential effects of a marathon event. While the walking load case is a well-studied phenomenon, not much attention has been paid to the running induced excitation. Guidelines motivate that there is no need for verification and exceptionally, some get to suggest a time domain load model definition. The interaction phenomena as well as the effects of groups of runners in the dynamic response of the structure remain still unknown. Limiting the work to the vertical component of the response and force and based on a large set of additional assumptions, experimental and numerical analyses were performed. Three footbridges were tested and subjected to tests involving different motion forms; jumping, walking and running. On the other hand, the time domain load models available in the literature were applied accounting for the spatial displacement of each of the pedestrians along the footbridge. In the most advanced of the models, aiming to account for interaction effects, the subjects were modelled as independent mechanical systems. The results derived from the experimental study helped characterizing the running load effect on the footbridge's response and proved that there may be structures in which running could comprise a critical load case. Furthermore, the numerical analyses allowed to verify the accuracy of the suggested models and the improvement that the human structure interaction effects involve. The analyses resulted in complementary sets of conclusions that built up understanding about the running load effects on footbridges; such as the sensitivity of the estimated response to the structure's modal properties and the influence of the parameters that characterize the running motion. Finally, the suggested simplified design methodology was able to estimate, with a very reasonable error for the current case study, the calculated response by the most accurate of the models. To sum up, this work serves as a motivation to include the running load case in the guidelines and establishes a starting point for further research and simplified design methodologies based on the strategy and models suggested in this work.
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Husebo, Jon F. "The search for a sculptural paradigm: the design of a pedestrian bridge." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53321.

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Výborný, Martin. "Lávka přes řeku Úpu v Trutnově." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227860.

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The goal of this thesis was to design a steel structure of a footbridge for pedestrians and cyclists over the river Úpa in Trutnov spanning 20m. Also, it was calculated with a crossing of 3,5t vehicle. Preliminary design was carried for two variants. Variant B is truss structure, structure of Variant A is carried by prestressed cable and is further developed. Main structural beams of variant A are designed to be a shape of parabole with the middle beam connected by arbitrary profiled vertical beams to supporting prestressed high yield cable. For the design of structure, SLS was the main factor so elastic check is performed for ULS.
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Hallak, Neilson John Peter. "Numerical and experimental dynamic analyses of the Vega Pedestrian bridge including seasonal effects." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-255536.

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As timber structures become increasingly relevant and sought after – since they enable improvements in building time while reducing a structure’s life cycle impacts – streamlining their design can have meaningful economic and environmental implications. For timber footbridges, its design is frequently governed by serviceability criteria linked to excessive vibrations. To address this in design, it is necessary to correctly characterize the structure’s dynamic properties and understand what the leading parameters in its behaviour are. This thesis studied an existing timber arch footbridge, aiming to evaluate its dynamic behaviour both with experimental measurements and with theoretical models. The influence of temperature change over different seasons was considered, particularly around its effect on the asphalt layer – whose stiffness is highly correlated to temperature. The experimental results showed high correlation between temperature and natural frequencies: a variation of +21°C reduced the natural frequency for the 1st transverse mode of the deck by as much as 30.6% while the 1st vertical mode was reduced by 17.7% (variation of 0.029Hz/°C). The damping ratio was also measured, though a definitive correlation between its value and temperature was not identified. This change in behaviour cannot be explained by the influence of the asphalt layer alone however, as there is a high degree of uncertainty around many other components of the bridge and their interactions, such as the connections. Thus, to fully characterize the influence of each component with changing temperature, further experimental tests would have to be performed, or simpler structures with fewer connections should be considered. In designing a new structure, considering the asphalt layer as an added mass is a straightforward way to treat this material at the most critical condition (i.e. no contribution to stiffness). This strategy lead to sufficiently similar results between the computational model and the experimental results at warm temperatures. The asphalt stiffness could perhaps be considered for the 1st transverse mode of the deck, since it is in this mode that the asphalt layer plays its largest contribution.
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Rotmeyer, Juliana Adele. "Publicness of elevated public space in Central, Hong Kong: an inquiry into the publicness of elevated pedestrian walkway systems asplaces and non-places." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47300292.

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The transformation of Hong Kong into a high-density city has created a unique three-dimensional urban fabric defined through networks of urban activity and infrastructure within tight spatial constraints of mountainous slopes and the island shoreline. In Hong Kong urban development, the government performs a dual role both as landlord and as administrator determining the development agenda. With limited space available for development high land price policies have restricted land supplies and priority is given to ‘economic space’ rather than ‘life space’. This has created a city of mobility based on consumption where privatized public spaces such as shopping malls, corporate plazas and elevated walkways are linked primarily to promote shopping. Public spaces are increasingly managed by private parties, and the degree of publicness of such spaces is often not clearly distinguishable to their potential users. Due to Hong Kong’s population density of approximately 33,000 persons/km2, practices of everyday life are increasingly limited by multiple restrictions controlling the use of spaces that only seem to be public. The district of Central, Hong Kong features an urban network of both publicly and privately maintained elevated pedestrian walkways that provide a secondary circulation space. Designed according to commercial priorities, the walkway system in Central typically links privately owned second floor lobbies with similar owners to promote consumption. Although these regulated spaces are required to allow public access 24 hours a day, pedestrian connectivity seems merely an after thought. In such private public spaces, pedestrians move between consumption nodes through a maze of displays and windows filled with luxury consumer goods. This study takes focus on the walkways in Central thus investigating publicness specifically within the context of Hong Kong's high-density urban fabric, then within a wider context of elevated pedestrian walkway systems in Asian Pacific cities. To this end, this thesis employs an empirical case study methodology consisting of a series of observational studies. Each of these studies publicness transcribed through observations of use, users and use patterns. This study identifies a distinction that underlies the discussion of publicness: that of non-place as opposed to place. The distinction of space and place relates to whether users establish personal relationships to the spaces they use and has drawn much critical attention in urban studies over the past several decades. Places typically provide the stage for social practices. The relationship between place and mobility at an elevated level has however, not been studied in detail yet. As mobile urban populations pass through places more than we dwell in them, a new type of space has emerged to facilitate a ‘frictionless passage’, or non-place. Within this realm of non-place pedestrians pass through zones of movement like passengers experiencing a lack of relationship or disconnectivity with a space. This leads to the question whether elevated pedestrian walkways consisting of spatial flows, movement and transitional zones are only capable of performing as non-places? Can relationships develop between the walkways and their users, making them more than non-places, but places? A case study forms the main part of this thesis and specifically focuses on observing aspect of movement and circulation within Central that determine perceptions of publicness. Findings resulting from this study provide an understanding of the ambiguous nature of spaces in Central. From a background study of elevated pedestrian walkways in six Asian Pacific cities, indicators of publicness are established that provide a framework to distinguish characteristics of elevated pedestrian walkways. In Central, gatherings among domestic helpers are found to contribute to the success of the elevated pedestrian walkway system into urban context. Results of this study indicate that elevated pedestrian walkways can be both places and non-places depending on the publicness of space and suggest how a transition of publicness can occur within such spaces.
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Architecture
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Books on the topic "Pedestrian footbridges"

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Borri, Claudio, and Claudio Mannini, eds. Aeroelastic Phenomena and Pedestrian-Structure Dynamic Interaction on Non-Conventional Bridges and Footbridges. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-202-8.

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Fluid-structure and pedestrian-structure interaction phenomena are extremely important for non-conventional bridges. The results presented in this volume concern: simplified formulas for flutter assessment; innovative structural solutions to increase the aeroelastic stability of long-span bridges; numerical simulations of the flow around a benchmark rectangular cylinder; examples of designs of large structures assisted by wind-tunnel tests; analytical, computational and experimental investigation of the synchronisation mechanisms between pedestrians and footbridge structures. The present book is addressed to a wide audience including professionals, doctoral students and researchers, aiming to increase their know-how in the field of wind engineering, bluff-body aerodynamics and bridge dynamics.
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American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures. Guide specifications for design of pedestrian bridges. Washington, D.C: AASHTO, 1997.

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Breshears, John. Tools and technology, body and world: A structurally dynamic pedestrian bridge. [Houston, Tex.]: Rice University School of Architecture, 1993.

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Strʹaskʹy, Jiřʹi. Stress ribbon and cable-supported pedestrian bridges. London: Thomas Telford, 2005.

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Stress ribbon and cable-supported pedestrian bridges. London: Thomas Telford, 2005.

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Żółtowski, Krzysztof. Pieszy na kładkach: Obciążenia i odpowiedź konstrukcji. Gdańsk: Wydawn. Politechniki Gdańskiej, 2007.

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Pedestrian Bridges: Ramps, Walkways, Structures. Detail Business Information GmbH, The, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pedestrian footbridges"

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Živanović, Stana, Justin Russell, Marko Pavlović, Xiaojun Wei, and J. Toby Mottram. "Effects of Pedestrian Excitation on Two Short-Span FRP Footbridges in Delft." In Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, 143–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74421-6_19.

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Jiménez-Alonso, Javier Fernando, José Manuel Soria Herrera, Carlos Martín de la Concha Renedo, and Francisco Guillen-González. "Motion-Based Design of Semi-active Tuned Mass Dampers to Control Pedestrian-Induced Vibrations in Footbridges Under Uncertainty Conditions." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 783–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58653-9_75.

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Kumar, Prakash, Anoop Kumar Godara, and Anil Kumar. "Serviceability Analysis of a Footbridge Subjected to Pedestrian Walking." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 405–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6469-3_36.

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Pedersen, Lars, and Christian Frier. "Footbridge Vibrations and Their Sensitivity to Pedestrian Load Modelling." In Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, 225–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12115-0_31.

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Lenci, Stefano, and Laura Marcheggiani. "On the Dynamics of Pedestrians-Induced Lateral Vibrations of Footbridges." In Nonlinear Dynamic Phenomena in Mechanics, 63–114. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2473-0_2.

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Georgakis, Christos T., and Nina G. Jørgensen. "Change in Mass and Damping on Vertically Vibrating Footbridges Due to Pedestrians." In Topics in Dynamics of Bridges, Volume 3, 37–45. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6519-5_4.

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Van Nimmen, K., G. Lombaert, G. De Roeck, and P. Van den Broeck. "Dynamic performance of a footbridge with tuned mass dampers exposed to pedestrian traffic." In Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 163–68. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-28.

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Toso, M., and H. Gomes. "Pedestrian-induced vibrations in footbridges: A Fully Synchronized Force Model." In Advanced Materials and Structural Engineering, 423–27. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20958-90.

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Keogh, J., R. Duignan, and C. Caprani. "Characteristics of pedestrian crowd flow demand for vibration serviceability of footbridges." In Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life Extension, 370–77. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17063-50.

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Gladysz, M., and W. Zielichowski-Haber. "Spectral analysis of dynamic response of footbridges to random pedestrian loads." In Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Resilience and Sustainability, 3094–101. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12352-468.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pedestrian footbridges"

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Zäll, Emma, Mahir Ülker-Kaustell, Andreas Andersson, and Raid Karoumi. "Evaluation of load model for crowd-induced vibrations of footbridges." In IABSE Congress, Stockholm 2016: Challenges in Design and Construction of an Innovative and Sustainable Built Environment. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/stockholm.2016.0065.

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Due to a trend in designing light and slender structures, many modern footbridges are prone to excessive vibrations. Severely vibrating footbridges can give rise to discomfort for the pedestrians. Therefore, during the last decades, pedestrian-induced vibrations of footbridges have become a subject of great interest. In this study, the performance of a coupled crowd-structure model, where the bridge is described using its first two modes of vibrations and each pedestrian is described as a moving mass-spring-damper system, in combination with a walking load, is evaluated. The model is used to estimate vertical deck accelerations of a real footbridge which is known to be susceptible to vibrations, and the results are then compared to measurements. The model performs satisfactory in the time domain, but poorly in the frequency domain, which is concluded to be mainly due to discrepancies in the simulated load compared to the measured load.
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Biliszczuk, Jan, Hanna Onysyk, Marco Teichgraeber, and Robert Toczkiewicz. "Solutions to the problem of safe pedestrian traffic flow in cities." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2354.

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<p>Heavy car traffic on main streets is nowadays a major problem of modern cities. In order to improve safety of pedestrians and cyclists and at the same time maintain fluent car traffic flow, a separation of those two traffic types may be desirable in some cases. This paper presents different possible solutions to this problem implemented in Polish cities.</p><p>Underpasses or footbridges across busy streets in urbanized areas can be an alternative to pedestrian crossings. Footbridges apart from ensuring safe communication, can be attractive architectural elements of urban space. The cable stayed footbridge in Jaworzno will not only facilitate safe pedestrian communication between a large housing estate and a sports hall, but is likely to become a landmark of the city.</p><p>An attractive proposal for pedestrians and cyclists moving along crowded and polluted streets are routes marked out on riverside areas. The footbridges connecting islands on the Odra River in Wrocław not only have enabled efficient communication, but also have changed the islands into easily accessible places of relaxation. Free communication along the river embankments intersected by busy routes can be facilitated by building additional passages under existing bridges. The subject of the competition in Poznań was a footbridge over the Warta River, located close to the historical part of the city. Its implementation, apart from the main function of connecting the university campus with the city centre, will create a great recreational place for students and all citizens.</p><p>An unusual supplement for traditional means of transport in urbanized area can be an aerial tramway line. “Polinka” cable car that connects both parts of the campus of Wrocław University of Science and Technology separated by the Odra River have turned out to be an unconventional and attractive alternative to a typical footbridge.</p>
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Stráský, Jiří, Pavel Sliwka, Pavel Kaláb, and Lenka Zapletalova. "New Suspension Footbridges." In Footbridge 2022 (Madrid): Creating Experience. Madrid, Spain: Asociación Española de Ingeniería Estructural, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24904/footbridge2022.237.

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<p>Three suspension pedestrian and cyclist bridges built in Sweden and in the Czech Republic are described in terms of their architectural and structural solution, static and dynamic behaviour, and technology of their construction. The bridges with span length up to 179 m have slender decks which are fix connected with suspension cables. The dynamic analysis proved that all structures are comfortable to users and they have a sufficient aerodynamic stability. The footbridges are structurally efficient, they are light and transparent, correspond to the scale of the landscape and the structural members have human dimensions.</p>
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Stráský, Jiří, Tomas Romportl, Pavel Kaláb, and Leonard Šopík. "New Arch Footbridges." In Footbridge 2022 (Madrid): Creating Experience. Madrid, Spain: Asociación Española de Ingeniería Estructural, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24904/footbridge2022.238.

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<p>Four arch pedestrian and cyclist bridges built in the USA, Slovakia and in the Czech Republic are described in terms of their architectural and structural solution, static and dynamic behaviour, and technology of their construction. The bridges with span length up to 104 m have slender decks which are suspended on arches of a butterfly arrangement. The dynamic analysis proved that all structures are comfortable to users. The footbridges are structurally efficient, they are light and transparent, correspond to the scale of the landscape and all structural members have human dimensions.</p>
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Hwang, Doyun, Sunjoong Kim, and Ho-Kyung Kim. "System Identification of Long-Span Suspended Footbridges." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1667.

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<p>Long-span suspended footbridges are gaining traction for their low cost, minimum impact to the surrounding environment and landmark value. Without specific guidelines in the general bridge design code governing these structures, there is a need for detailed vibration testing and analysis for individual structures. These structures are highly elastic and light-weighted compared to typical bridges, and thus display unique behaviors that are not generally observed in large-scale cable bridges. Such behaviors include coupled modes and observable change in natural frequency from pedestrian loading. Thus, detailed system identification is needed to gain a better understanding of their complex dynamic characteristics and behavior. Operational modal analysis (OMA) based techniques such as frequency domain decomposition (FDD), natural excitation technique (NExT) and eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA) were used to extract modal shapes, natural frequencies and damping ratios from sensor data. The results from OMA analyses are compared with results from finite element models and discussed. Damping ratios and structural responses near the pedestrian excitation frequency are also discussed.</p>
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Pyrzowski, Łukasz, and Mikołaj Miskiewicz. "Modern GFRP Composite Footbridges." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.143.

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Application of GFRP composites in civil engineering is still not large but already noticeable. Advantages of this material, such as: low volume weight, relatively high stiffness and strength, well fatigue resistance, easiness in shaping, high material damping and high environmental resistance, make it attractive for bridge and in particular footbridge designers. It is estimated that nowadays in the world there are realized hundreds of bridges, the construction of which, whole or in part is made of GFRP. Most of them are small span structures. However, it is possible to find some interesting designs. The paper presents an overview of the most spectacular examples of footbridge structures, in which the GFRP materials plays a key role. The few examples are: Aberfeldy Footbridge in Scotland, the world's largest structure of this kind; Lleida Pedestrian Bridge, the longest arch bridge made out standard GFRP pultruded profiles or EXPO Footbridge in Lisbon, truss bridge of 30 m span length. The last example is the footbridge designed and constructed by polish consortium Fobridge. The footbridge, which arose as a result of scientific project was studied in a great details taking into account, among others: material testing, validation studies and load tests.
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Sadeghi, Faraz, Ahmad Kueh, and Mohammadreza Vafaei. "Dynamic response of composite footbridges under running pedestrian load." In 2013 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/beiac.2013.6560130.

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Georgiadis, Konstantinos, Ana M. Ruiz-Teran, and Peter J. Stafford. "Investigation of Under-Deck Cable-Stayed Footbridges under Dynamic Pedestrian Loading." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1654.

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<p>Under-deck cable-stayed (UDCS) footbridges are slender structures that promote the axial behaviour. This allows designers to take advantage of the entire sectional areas and reduce the required construction materials. Besides their high structural efficiency and sustainability, they also possess a number of other advantages such as multiple construction possibilities and strong aesthetic characteristics, therefore becoming an attractive solution in urban infrastructure. However, due to their slenderness, they are more prone to vibrations. Recent closures of footbridges of this typology, indicate that fundamental aspects of their structural response still remained unclear. This paper presents a set of example bridges built with this typology and a detailed investigation of a benchmark case under the dynamic action of pedestrians. Results show that, although ULS is satisfied using a very high deck slenderness (1/100), the SLS of vibrations is the critical design criterion that governs the slenderness of the deck (leading to values of 1/60).</p>
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James, Stephen. "Kaponjärbron Göteborg - The Future of Footbridges in Göteborg." In IABSE Conference, Nara 2015: Elegance in structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/nara.2015.nm10.

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<p>This paper focuses on the design development of a ground-breaking pedestrian bridge project in Göteborg, Sweden. Building on the city's rich automotive and ship-building industrial heritage; Ramboll's proposal is for an ultra-lightweight FRP structure, thought to be the first of its kind in Sweden.</p><p>At less than ¼ the weight of an equivalent structure in steel, the FRP structure requires reduced foundations, imposes minimal loading on the fragile historic walls, and will greatly ease buildability. The use of advanced composites allows this to be achieved with a graceful, organic monocoque form that appears to float above the waterline.</p>
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Ferrarotti, Alberto, and Federica Tubino. "EQUIVALENT SPECTRAL MODEL FOR PEDESTRIAN-INDUCED FORCES ON FOOTBRIDGES: A GENERALIZED FORMULATION." In 5th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120115.3551.800.

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