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Journal articles on the topic 'Pediatric anesthesia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Korobova, L. S., N. V. Matinyan, L. A. Martynov, D. A. Kuznetsov, A. A. Tsintsadze, and E. A. Kovaleva. "Anesthetic management for enucleation of the eyeball in pediatric oncosurgery." Reflection, no. 1 (June 7, 2022): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2686-6986-2022-1-55-59.

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Aiml. Optimization of anesthesia during enucleation of the eyeball in pediatric oncosurgery with an emphasis on regional methods. Material and Methods. Eight anesthesias were performed in children, whose average age was 3 years, operated on for retinoblastoma from July 2021 to January 2022. All patients underwent combined endotracheal anesthesia. A triple block was used as a regional component: palatal anesthesia, infraorbital anesthesia and van Lint block. Results. The effectiveness and adequacy of the proposed method of anesthesia using regional anesthesia was assessed in terms of hemodynamics – heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the level of oppression of consciousness (BIS-index). The assessment was made at five stages: the beginning of anesthesia, tracheal intubation, 10 minutes after the triple block, at the traumatic stage of surgery, and at the end of anesthesia before tracheal extubation. As a result, it was noted that the studied variant of anesthetic management is characterized by a stable hemodynamic profile, and also does not provoke the development of an oculocardial reflex. There was a decrease in the level of the BIS-index below 40 c.u. at the stage of maintenance of anesthesia, which indicated the possibility of using lower concentrations of sevoflurane. Conclusions. This option of anesthetic management has sufficient efficiency and safety, and also allows to ensure the comfort of the surgeon. Key words: retinoblastoma; combined anesthesia; regional anesthesia.

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2

Pavlova, Kseniya A. "Caudal anesthesia in pediatric practice." Tambov Medical Journal, no. 2 (2023): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2782-5019-2023-5-2-44-50.

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Caudal anesthesia has been used for more than a hundred years. Caudal epidural blockade is the most commonly used regional technique in children and is considered the safest access to the epidural space. This method of anesthesia is used in combination with general anesthesia. With the correct implementation of this anesthetic manual, the risk of complications is small. The technique is used for peri- and postoperative analgesia in children of different ages. The main advantage of the method is high-quality anesthesia during caudal blockade, it is provided in 95–98 % of cases. The level of anesthesia depends on the amount of anesthetic administered; in some cases it may reach the level of the chest. The same advantage is the rapid onset of adequate analgesia and its long-term effect. For successful regional anesthesia in a pediatric patient, it is necessary for the anesthesiologist to know the anatomical and physiological structures of the body, the pharmacology of local anesthetics and the availability of the necessary medical equipment. The research presents a method of using caudal anesthesia as a component of anesthetic support for surgical interventions performed in children. We present the advantages and disadvantages of such anesthesia, indications and contraindications to its use, analyze possible complications, the implementation method.

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3

Korobova, Lyudmila S., and Vladimir V. Lazarev. "Anesthesia in Pediatric Eye Surgery (Review)." General Reanimatology 14, no. 6 (December 27, 2018): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2018-6-114-125.

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The review dwells on the analysis of anesthetic techniques for pediatric eye surgery, including the use of drugs used and methods of anesthesia. While preparing the paper, Cyberleninka (www.cyberleninka.ru), PubMed, Medline databases were used with the targeted search using the following keywords: propofol, sevoflurane, paracetamol, regional anesthesia, ophthalmology, children. The search was not restricted by the date of paper publishing; the focus was made on papers published within the last 10 years. The purpose of the review was to assess the scope of various anesthetic techniques (general anesthesia and regional blockades), anesthetics (sevoflurane, propofol, paracetamol, local anesthetics) in pediatric eye surgery.

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4

Lazarev, V. V., D. M. Khaliullin, R. R. Gabdrafikov, D. V. Koshcheev, and E. S. Gracheva. "XENON ANESTHESIA IN PEDIATRIC DENTAL INTERVENTIONS." Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care 9, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30946/2219-4061-2019-9-1-78-84.

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Introduction. Therapeutic dental manipulations in smaller children are usually done under general anesthesia and sedation using inhalation anesthetics due to their high psychoemotional lability. Xenon (inert gas) is of particular interest among inhalation anesthetic agents due to its unique pharmacological properties such as hypnotic and analgesic effect, lack of toxicity, organ protective properties, etc. Purpose is to estimate adequacy, safety and comfort with anesthesia in pediatric dentistry. Materials and methods. 30 children (18 boys and 12 girls) were involved in an open, prospective, randomized study. They obtained dental treatment for caries and pulpitis. Sevoflurane 8% and concentration of 60–70% xenon with О2 was given to induce anesthesia. Anesthesia adequacy, safety and comfort were estimated based on hemodynamics data, BIS index, concentrations of sevoflurane and xenon in the anesthetic gas, recovery time, rate of agitation, nausea and vomiting. Results. The study demonstrated safety of xenon gas anesthesia in pediatric dentistry. The estimated values were within the reference range. Following anesthesia, recovery occurred after 30 minutes, no single case of postanesthesia agitation, nausea and vomiting was noted. Conclusion. Xenon provides for high effectiveness and safety of anesthesia in pediatric dentistry. The results show that further studies are reasonable.

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5

Dembo, Jeffrey B. "Pediatric Anesthesia." Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 4, no. 4 (November 1992): 837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1042-3699(20)30649-x.

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6

Cubina, Maria L. "Pediatric Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 81, no. 1 (July 1995): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199507000-00068.

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7

Lowe, David A. "Pediatric Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 71, no. 5 (November 1990): 570???571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199011000-00032.

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8

Steward, David J. "Pediatric anesthesia." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 10, no. 3 (June 1997): XXVII—XXIX. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199706000-00002.

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9

MORTON, NEIL S. "Pediatric Anesthesia." Pediatric Anesthesia 18, no. 1 (December 11, 2007): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2007.02402.x.

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10

Steward, David J. "Pediatric anesthesia." Current Opinion in Pediatrics 4, no. 3 (June 1992): 509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008480-199206000-00022.

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11

Cubina, Maria L. "Pediatric Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 81, no. 1 (July 1995): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199507000-00068.

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12

Smulski, Stefanie, and David Faraoni. "Pediatric Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 128, no. 6 (June 2019): e116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000004139.

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13

Olbrecht, Vanessa A., and Alison R. Perate. "Pediatric Anesthesia." Anesthesiology Clinics 38, no. 3 (September 2020): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1932-2275(20)30050-1.

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14

Dembo, Jeffrey B. "Pediatric anesthesia." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 49, no. 8 (August 1991): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(91)90477-4.

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15

Becke, Karin. "Pediatric anesthesia." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 28, no. 3 (June 2015): 300–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aco.0000000000000197.

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16

Dembo, Jeffrey B. "Pediatric anesthesia." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 47, no. 8 (August 1989): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(89)90529-6.

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17

Clarke, Maxine T. "Pediatric Anesthesia." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 6 (February 8, 1985): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350300165045.

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18

De Francisci, Giovanni, Angela Elisa Papasidero, Giorgia Spinazzola, Dario Galante, Marco Caruselli, Dino Pedrotti, Antonio Caso, Massimo Lambo, Matteo Melchionda, and Maria Grazia Faticato. "Update on complications in pediatric anesthesia." Pediatric Reports 5, no. 1 (February 18, 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/pr.2013.e2.

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Complications in pediatric anesthesia can happen, even in our modern hospitals with the most advanced equipment and skilled anesthesiologists. It is important, albeit in a tranquil and reassuring way, to inform parents of the possibility of complications and, in general, of the anesthetic risks. This is especially imperative when speaking to the parents of children who will be operated on for minor procedures: in our experience, they tend to think that the anesthesia will be a <em>light anesthesia</em> without risks. Often the surgeons tell them that the operation is very simple without stressing the fact that it will be done under general anesthesia which is identical to the one we give for major operations. Different is the scenario for the parents of children who are affected by malignant neoplasms: in these cases they already know that the illness is serious. They have this tremendous burden and we choose not to add another one by discussing anesthetic risks, so we usually go along with the examination of the child without bringing up the possibility of complications, unless there is some specific problem such as a mediastinal mass.

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19

Vlajkovic-Ivanovic, Ana, Marija Stevic, Ivana Petrov-Bojicic, Marija Marinkovic, and Dusica Simic. "The history of pediatric anesthesia." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo, no. 00 (2023): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh220824044v.

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The beginnings of pediatric anesthesiology go back to the center of nineteenth century, and it?s associated with a rural physician Crawford W. Long, MD, who in the 1842 recorded the first case of giving diethyl ether anesthesia to an eight-year-old boy. The start of development of contemporary pediatric anesthesia is considered to be in 1930: which marked two periods of progress. In the first period were developed anesthesia techniques and accessories adjusted to different children's ages. In the second period, modern anesthetic medications and supervision are introduced into everyday clinical practice in order to better protect vital organs and their functions in the child's body. In 1955 was established the first multidisciplinary pediatric intensive care unit at the Children?s Hospital of Goteburg in Sweden. Dr. Branka Mitrovic is considered to be the beginner of pediatric anesthesiology in our country, as she founded the Department of anesthesiology and reanimation in the University children's hospital in 1955. The history of pediatric regional anesthesia began after it?s introduction in adults, which occurred after the invention of cocaine in 1884. The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia, in 2018, approved a specialisation in pediatric anesthesiology. The development of pediatric anesthesia is fascinating because it completely followed the development of pediatric surgery. Modern pediatric anesthesiology is entirely prepared to meet the needs of the most complex surgical interventions, as well as the treatment of critically ill children, and significantly contribute to the better outcomes of the treatment of pediatric surgical patients.

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Sebeo, Joseph, Stacie G. Deiner, Ron L. Alterman, and Irene P. Osborn. "Anesthesia for Pediatric Deep Brain Stimulation." Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2010 (2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/401419.

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In patients refractory to medical therapy, deep brain stimulations (DBSs) have emerged as the treatment of movement disorders particularly Parkinson's disease. Their use has also been extended in pediatric and adult patients to treat epileptogenic foci. We here performed a retrospective chart review of anesthesia records from 28 pediatric cases of patients who underwent DBS implantation for dystonia using combinations of dexmedetomidine and propofol-based anesthesia. Complications with anesthetic techniques including airway and cardiovascular difficulties were analyzed.

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21

Xu, Jing, Zheng Yao, Shaoqing Li, and Lianhua Chen. "A non-tracheal intubation (tubeless) anesthetic technique with spontaneous respiration for upper airway surgery." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 36, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v36i3.19726.

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Background: The most important consideration for administration of anesthesia in upper airway surgery is maintenance of a patient’s airway for optimal surgical exposure, adequate ventilation and sufficient depth of anesthesia. The tubeless anesthetic techniques, including total intravenous anesthesia with a combination of propofol and remifentanil or inhalation anesthesia with the insufflation of anesthetic gas, are considered experimental in many countries. Methods: Fifteen pediatric (8 to 60 months) and 16 adult (23 to 55 years) patients were included in the study. Anesthesia (gas insufflation) was induced into the pediatric patients by inhalation of 8% sevoflurane in 8 L/min oxygen flow. An endotracheal tube, inserted through the nasal or oral cavity with its tip in the laryngopharynx, was used to maintain anesthesia with 3%-6% sevoflurane in 4 L/min oxygen flow. Total intravenous anesthesia was induced in adult patients by inhalation, 8% sevoflurane in 8 L/min oxygen flow, combined with intravenous injections of propofol (1.5-2 mg/kg) and fentanyl (1.5-2 μg/kg). Assisted ventilation was maintained by use of a face or laryngeal mask. Propofol infusion at 200-300 μg/kg/min, combined with remifentanil infusion at 0.06-0.2 μg/kg/min, was used for maintaining anesthesia. Results: All patients had surgery under tubeless anesthesia with steady spontaneous respiration. The mean time from induction of anesthesia to unconsciousness was 16±3 s and 36±14 s in pediatric and adult groups, respectively. The average times from induction of anesthesia to the attainment of necessary anesthetic level for surgery while keeping steady spontaneous respiration was 4.17±0.96 min and 8.69±3.17 min in pediatric and adult groups, respectively. The frequency and extent of respiration and heart rate were maintained within the normal range; SpO2 was > 98%. None of the patients developed complications. Conclusion: Tubeless anesthesia with spontaneous ventilation induced in patients can provide both an interference-free operative field and continuous observation of airway activity, which may provide an effective approach in excellent surgical conditions for the actual airway operation.

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22

Use, Tadasuke, Haruna Nakahara, Ayako Kimoto, Yuki Beppu, Maki Yoshimura, Toshiyuki Kojima, and Taku Fukano. "Barbiturate Induction for the Prevention of Emergence Agitation after Pediatric Sevoflurane Anesthesia." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 20, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-20.5.385.

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OBJECTIVES: Emergence agitation (EA) is a common and troublesome problem in pediatric patients recovering from general anesthesia. The incidence of EA is reportedly higher after general anesthesia maintained with sevoflurane, a popular inhalational anesthetic agent for pediatric patients. We conducted this prospective, randomized, double-blind study to test the effect of an intravenous ultra-short–acting barbiturate, thiamylal, administered during induction of general anesthesia on the incidence and severity of EA in pediatric patients recovering from Sevoflurane anesthesia. METHODS: Fifty-four pediatric patients (1 to 6 years of age) undergoing subumbilical surgeries were randomized into 2 groups. Patients received either intravenous thiamylal 5mg/kg (Group T) or inhalational Sevoflurane 5% (Group S) as an anesthetic induction agent. Following induction, general anesthesia was maintained with Sevoflurane and nitrous oxide (N2O) in both groups. To control the intra- and post-operative pain, caudal block or ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric block was performed. The incidence and severity of EA were evaluated by using the Modified Objective Pain Scale (MOPS: 0 to 6) at 15 and 30 min after arrival in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). RESULTS: Fifteen minutes after arrival in the PACU, the incidence of EA in Group T (28%) was significantly lower than in Group S (64%; p = 0.023) and the MOPS in Group T (median 0, range 0 to 6) was significantly lower than in Group S (median 4, range 0 to 6; p = 0.005). The interval from discontinuation of Sevoflurane to emergence from anesthesia was not significantly different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Thiamylal induction reduced the incidence and severity of EA in pediatric patients immediately after Sevoflurane anesthesia.

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23

Gu, Li, Hongqiang An, Xifeng Zhang, and Wenxu Jiang. "Clinical Application of Ultrasound Microscopy-Guided Pediatric Brachial Plexus Nerve Block Anesthesia." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2022 (June 23, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3383898.

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In order to investigate the anesthetic effect and safety of the ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block in pediatric upper limb surgery, this study retrospectively analyzed the anesthetic effect of the ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block in pediatric upper limb surgery. From January 2016 to December 2017, 82 children undergoing upper limb surgery in hospital A were selected and randomly divided into two groups by the coin method, with 41 children in each group. Ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block anesthesia and conventional anatomic localization brachial plexus block anesthesia were performed. The anesthetic drug dosage of sensory block at anesthesia completion time and motor block at onset time was compared between the two groups; the one-time puncture success rate and incidence of anesthesia complications were compared between the two groups (local anesthesia poisoning, nerve injury, pneumothorax, hematoma, and phrenic nerve palsy). The results showed that the anesthesia completion time in the study group was slightly longer than that in the control group. The sensory and motor block occurred earlier in the study group than in the control group. Low doses of narcotic drugs are used. The one-time puncture success rate of the study group was higher than that of the control group. The incidence of anesthesia complications was lower than that of the control group. The one-time puncture success rate was 92.8% in the study group and 75.7% in the control group. Ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block anesthesia has a significant effect in pediatric upper limb surgery, which can improve the anesthetic effect and reduce the incidence of complications, and is worthy of clinical promotion.

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24

Andriyanto, Lucky, Arie Utariani, Elizeus Hanindito, Kohar Hari Santoso, Hamzah Hamzah, and Eka Ari Puspita. "Incidence of Emergence Agitation in Pediatric Patient after General Anesthesia." Folia Medica Indonesiana 55, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v55i1.12546.

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Post anesthesia agitation is common problem in pediatric post anesthesia care unit. The incidences range from 10 to 80%. EA has been described as a dissociated state of consciousness in which the child is inconsolable, irritable, and uncooperative typically thrashing, crying, moaning or incoherent. This study was done to determine the incidence of emergence agitation and associated risk factors in pediatric patients who underwent general anesthesia. This descriptive and analytic study was performed on 105 pediatric patient aged 1-12 years that underwent general anesthesia for various elective diagnostic and surgeries at Dr. Soetomo Hospital between January and February 2016. The presence of emergence agitation was recorded using Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. The factors that linked with Emergence Agitation were recorded in a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software with logistic regression. p - values less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Forty two (40%) children had Emergence Agitation. Preoperative anxiety (p = 0.006) and Pain (p=0.035) were associated with higher rates of post anesthetic emergence agitation. This study identified preoperative anxiety and pain as risk factors, which are associated with emergence agitation in children. To minimize the incidence of post anesthetic emergence agitation, these risk factors should be considered in the routine care by anesthetist.

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Andriyanto, Lucky, Arie Utariani, Elizeus Hanindito, Kohar Hari Santoso Hari Santoso, Hamzah Hamzah, and Eka Ari Puspita. "Incidence of Emergence Agitation in Pediatric Patient after General Anesthesia." Folia Medica Indonesiana 55, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v55i1.24340.

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Post anesthesia agitation is common problem in pediatric post anesthesia care unit. The incidences range from 10 to 80%. EA has been described as a dissociated state of consciousness in which the child is inconsolable, irritable, and uncooperative typically thrashing, crying, moaning or incoherent. This study was done to determine the incidence of emergence agitation and associated risk factors in pediatric patients who underwent general anesthesia. This descriptive and analytic study was performed on 105 pediatric patient aged 1-12 years that underwent general anesthesia for various elective diagnostic and surgeries at Dr. Soetomo Hospital between January and February 2016. The presence of emergence agitation was recorded using Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. The factors that linked with Emergence Agitation were recorded in a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software with logistic regression. p - values less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Forty two (40%) children had Emergence Agitation. Preoperative anxiety (p = 0.006) and Pain (p=0.035) were associated with higher rates of post anesthetic emergence agitation. This study identified preoperative anxiety and pain as risk factors, which are associated with emergence agitation in children. To minimize the incidence of post anesthetic emergence agitation, these risk factors should be considered in the routine care by anesthetist.

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26

Joseph, Crystal, Alexander Eaton, Nathalie Peiris, Christina LaMonica, Erika Lindholm, Autumn Nanassy, Pravin Taneja, and Aysha Hasan. "DO NOT Remove the Catheter: A Case Report on Pediatric Palliative Pain Management with an Erector Spinae Plane Block." Pain Medicine Case Reports 5, no. 5 (July 31, 2021): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.277.

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BACKGROUND: Erector spinae plane block (ESB) is a novel fascial plane regional anesthetic technique for pain management. The case report highlights the need for multidisciplinary education on regional nerve blockade in pediatric palliative medicine. CASE REPORT: The patient was a 5-year-old girl with relapsed metastatic Wilms tumor who presented with recurring malignant pleural effusion, necessitating chest tube insertion. She received a thoracic ESB via catheter to successfully manage uncontrolled pain. Radiation was needed, but radiation providers refused to continue ESB treatment, erroneously citing possible interactions between ESB and radiation therapy. The catheter was removed, and the patient suffered from complications before passing away. CONCLUSION: Interdisciplinary education on regional nerve blockade in pediatrics is imperative to prevent premature removal of anesthetic catheters during treatment, thereby causing unnecessary pain after risk of placement is undertaken. Further, we propose that the ESB is feasible for palliative pain management despite patient age and size. KEY WORDS: Acute pain anesthesiology, erector spinae plane block, palliative medicine, pediatric anesthesia, regional anesthesia

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27

Haas, A. I., D. O. Koval, and O. O. Haas. "Regional anesthetics: traditions and innovations." Pain medicine 3, no. 2 (September 6, 2018): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31636/pmjua.v3i2.100.

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The wide implementation of different regional anesthesia techniques is also actual in pediatric anesthesiology. Using modern methods of regional anesthesia (RA) and modern local anesthetics is a new level in development of pediatric anesthesiology. This article is about advantages of regional pediatric anesthesia in intra- and post-surgery pain management and analgesia. We analyse the techniques of spinal and epidural anesthesia, as well as their varieties such as unipolar spinal block and caudal anesthesia, compare their advantages and disadvantages. Some more techniques such as paravertebral block, TAP-block are considered as an alternative to epidural anesthesia. Methods and possibilities of ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric and TAP-blocks are also mentioned here. The use of the above-mentioned methods allows to reduce the use of narcotic analgesics and hypnotics and, as a consequence, reduces their systemic effects on the child’s body. These methods are safer for use, since they allow you to plan a safe anesthetic for each child and minimize complications.

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28

Hannallah, Raafat S. "Pediatric Outpatient Anesthesia." Urologic Clinics of North America 14, no. 1 (February 1987): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-0143(21)00817-x.

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29

OSAKA, Yoshiko. "Pediatric Epidural Anesthesia." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA 32, no. 4 (2012): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2199/jjsca.32.501.

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30

Kim, Jarmila. "Pediatric Anesthesia Procedures." Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie 69, no. 2 (November 9, 2021): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12630-021-02146-4.

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31

Barker, I. "Pediatric Anesthesia Practice." British Journal of Anaesthesia 100, no. 3 (March 2008): 426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aen006.

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32

McNiece, William L. "Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia." Critical Care Medicine 17, no. 3 (March 1989): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198903000-00031.

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33

Gaynor, J. David. "Pediatric anesthesia guidelines." Journal of the American Dental Association 111, no. 6 (December 1985): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1985.0225.

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34

Javorski, Joseph J., and Frederick A. Burrows. "Pediatric cardiac anesthesia." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 8, no. 1 (February 1995): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199502000-00011.

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35

Berman, Jeffrey M., and John K. Hall. "Pediatric trauma anesthesia." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 8, no. 2 (April 1995): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199504000-00014.

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Schmitz, Bernd, and Sven Albrecht. "Pediatric trauma anesthesia." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 15, no. 2 (April 2002): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-200204000-00008.

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37

Golianu, Brenda, and Gregory B. Hammer. "Pediatric thoracic anesthesia." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 18, no. 1 (February 2005): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-200502000-00003.

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Biebuyck, Jullen F., Myron Yaster, and Lynne G. Maxwell. "Pediatric Regional Anesthesia§." Anesthesiology 70, no. 2 (February 1989): 324–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198902000-00024.

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39

Seo, Il Sook. "Pediatric Outpatient Anesthesia." Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine 18, no. 2 (2001): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2001.18.2.145.

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40

Verghese, Susan, A. Barry Belman, Linda Jo Rice, and Gareth Lovett. "PEDIATRIC CAUDAL ANESTHESIA." Anesthesiology 77, Supplement (September 1992): A1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199209001-01157.

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41

Davis, Deborah Ann. "Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 86, no. 6 (June 1998): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199806000-00058.

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42

Greeley, William J. "Clinical Pediatric Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 87, no. 1 (July 1998): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199807000-00063.

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Davis, Deborah Ann. "Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 86, no. 6 (June 1998): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199806000-00058.

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Greeley, William J. "Clinical Pediatric Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 87, no. 1 (July 1998): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199807000-00063.

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Agarwal, Munisha. "Clinical Pediatric Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 129, no. 1 (July 2019): e32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000004214.

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Hammer, Gregory B. "Pediatric thoracic anesthesia." Anesthesiology Clinics of North America 20, no. 1 (March 2002): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8537(03)00059-2.

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Busoni, Paolo. "Pediatric regional anesthesia." Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 3, no. 3 (July 1999): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1084-208x(99)80032-9.

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Hammer, Gregory B., and Jay B. Brodsky. "Pediatric thoracic anesthesia." Seminars in Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain 21, no. 3 (September 2002): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/sane.2002.34191.

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Webb, Michael D. "Pediatric Office Anesthesia." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 108, no. 4 (October 2009): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.06.053.

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Hannallah, R. S. "Pediatric Outpatient Anesthesia." Journal of Urology 139, no. 3 (March 1988): 667–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)42592-4.

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