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Journal articles on the topic 'Pediatric malaria'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Patel, Abhishek, Srinivasa K., and Manjunath G. A. "Species wise incidence of malaria in pediatric age group of Raichur district, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 4 (June 22, 2018): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20182460.

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Background: The incidence of malaria is on the raise in Raichur district of Karnataka in the recent years and there is not much studies on malaria from this region. A hospital and community-based study was conducted to know the species wise incidence of malaria in pediatric age group of Raichur district and to know the efficacy of rapid diagnostic test for the diagnosis of malaria, against the gold standard ‘Microscopic examination’ of thick and thin smear.Methods: Blood samples from 676 children with clinical suspicion of malaria were tested by PBS study and RDT. Differentiation of malaria parasite is based on antigenic differences between pLDH isoforms. Results from the RDT were compared to those obtained by PBS.Results: A total of 302 (44.67%) samples were positive by PBS method of which 54 (8.0%) are Plasmodium falciparum, 248 (36.9%) are Plasmodium vivax and, while 218 (32.2%) were positive by RDT 37 (5.5%) Plasmodium falciparum, 181 (26.8%) Plasmodium vivax. In present study the overall incidence of Plasmodium vivax in Raichur district is 36.69% and Plasmodium falciparum incidence is 7.99% and none of the samples have tested positive for Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale species among the study group. The RDT showed sensitivities of 53.70% and 66.13% and specificities of 98.71% and 96.03%, respectively for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.Conclusions: Plasmodium vivax species remains the most common malarial parasite among the positive case by PBS method in Raichur district, but the incidence of plasmodium falciparum is on the rise which is a matter of concern. The RDT method has a low sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of malaria since the identification of the four-parasite species is not possible. The careful examination of a well-prepared and well-stained blood film currently remains the "gold standard" for malaria diagnosis.

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Washam, Matthew C., Katalin I. Koranyi, and Nicole F. O’Brien. "Imported Pediatric Malaria." Clinical Pediatrics 54, no. 3 (April 24, 2014): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922814532310.

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3

Guenther, Geoffrey, Daniel Muller, Dominic Moyo, and Douglas Postels. "Pediatric Cerebral Malaria." Current Tropical Medicine Reports 8, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40475-021-00227-4.

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4

De, Sangeeta, Pragnadyuti Mandal, Dipak K. Sarkar, Indranil Biswas, Arijit Kayal, Arunansu Talukdar, and Kalyanbrata Mandal. "Assessment of anti-malarial drug prescribing pattern in pediatric and adult malaria patients in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6, no. 4 (July 24, 2019): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20193279.

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Background: Kolkata, one of the major metropolitan cities of India, is also the capital of the state West Bengal, contributes largest number of malaria cases reported from West Bengal. The present study was undertaken to assess the anti-malarial prescribing pattern in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Kolkata.Methods: This was an observational, prospective, cross-sectional study for a period of one year (from March 2017 to February 2018) in which prescriptions of diagnosed pediatric and adult malaria patients were scanned and reviewed for anti-malarial use pattern. Core drug use indicators were also analyzed to assess the rational prescribing pattern.Results: During one-year study period, 122 adult and 24 child malaria patient encounters were screened. Among adult patients, 48(39.3%) patients had P. falciparum and 74(60.7%) patients had P. vivax malaria; in children, 9(37.5%) patients had P. falciparum and 15(62.5%) patients had P. vivax malaria. All adult and pediatric P. vivax malaria patients were treated with chloroquine. Artemisinin derivatives were prescribed to 91.67% of adult and 88.88% of pediatric falciparum malaria patients, 77.09% of adults and 66.67% of children received ACT. Artemether- lumefantrine was the most commonly prescribed ACT (33.34% in adults and 55.56% in children). Prescriptions were usually in generic name and from National EDL. Percentage of encounters with antibiotics was high in both age group but percentage of encounters with injections was low in adults and children. Conclusion: Chloroquine was used rationally for treatment of P. vivax malaria patients. Artemether-lumefantrine was the most common ACT used for treatment of P.falciparum malaria cases though the National guideline for treatment of malaria does not recommend Artemether-lumefantrine for this state and region for treatment of falciprum cases.

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MCCASLIN, R. IAN, ANDREAS PIKIS, and WILLIAM J. RODRIGUEZ. "Pediatric Plasmodium falciparum malaria." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 13, no. 8 (August 1994): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199408000-00006.

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6

Milner, Danny Arnold. "Pediatric cerebral malaria pathology." Pathology 46 (2014): S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pat.0000454144.17275.18.

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7

White, Valerie A. "Malaria in Malawi: Inside a Research Autopsy Study of Pediatric Cerebral Malaria." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 135, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/135.2.220.

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Abstract Context.—Malaria is still a major cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa. Objectives.—To describe my participation as a pathologist in a research autopsy study in Malawi and to examine retinal pathologic findings in cerebral malaria and correlate them with those in the brain. To describe the challenges of conducting a research study in sub-Saharan Africa and the personal and scientific benefits resulting from this. Design.—Children with coma are admitted to the pediatric research ward, classified according to the clinical definition of severe malaria or another cause of coma, evaluated, and treated systematically. The eyes are examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy after dilatation. If a child dies and permission is given, a standardized autopsy is carried out. The patients' condition is then reclassified pathologically. Results.—Ninety autopsies have been completed, with the cause of death confirmed as cerebral malaria in 64 cases (71.1%). These patients showed heavy parasite sequestration and often extravascular pathologic findings in the brain, retina, gastrointestinal tract, and subcutaneous fat. Clinical and pathologic findings in the retina correlated with those in the brain, and ophthalmoscopy has become a useful tool in the diagnosis and prognosis of children with cerebral malaria. Twenty-eight percent of patients clinically classified as having cerebral malaria showed another cause of death and no malarial pathologic process or retinopathy. Conclusions.—The human, financial, and transportation resources and organization required for this autopsy project are substantial. The scientific benefits are now becoming evident after sufficient autopsies have been completed for detailed comparisons. Personal benefits include the opportunity to work and travel in an African setting and to develop collaborations world-wide.

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8

Rivera-Matos, Idalia R., A. Clinton White, Cynthia A. Doerr, and Jane T. Atkins. "Pediatric Malaria in Houston, Texas." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 57, no. 5 (November 1, 1997): 560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1997.57.560.

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9

Pradhan, Subal Ku, Pawan Mutalik, Tirumal Subudhi, Arakhita Swain, and Niranjan Mohanty. "Outcomes of paediatric malarial hepatopathy: a study from Eastern India." Paediatrica Indonesiana 54, no. 5 (October 30, 2014): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi54.5.2014.256-9.

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Background Severe malaria causes multi-organ involvement ,including hepatic dysfunction.Jaundice in severe malaria is foundmore commonly in adults than in children. It is important toassess the factors associated with malarial hepatopathy, the variedclinical presentations, as well as the complications in order toinitiate early interventional measures. There are a limited numberof studies in the pediatric population on malarial hepatopathy.Objective To assess the factors associated with malarialhepatopathy, the varied clinical presentations, as well as itscomplications.Methods This prospective study was conducted in the Departmentof Paediatrics, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Post Graduate Institute ofPaediatrics (SVPPGIP), Cuttack, Odisha, India from January 20 10to June 2013, and included 70 children with malaria and jaundice,aged 6 months to 14 years. Malaria was confirmed by microscopicexamination of blood smears. Detailed clinical evaluations andinvestigation s were carried out to find multi-organ afflictions,with a special emphasis on hepatic involvement.Results Of218 children with malaria admitted during this period,70 (32%) children had fever and jaundice on presentation. Allchildren who had both Plasmodium faldparum and vivax infectionhad malarial hepatopathy. Complications, including acutekidney injury (AKI), disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC), cerebral malaria, and mortality, were significantlyhigher among children with malarial hepatopathy compared tochildren without hepatopathy. Howevei; there was no significantdifference of hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS),convulsions or severe anemia, between children with and withouthepatopathy.Conclusion Hepatopathy is more common with mixed malariainfections. The incidence of AKI, DIC, cerebral malaria, andmortality are significantly higher in patients with hepatopathy.Malarial hepatopathy should be considered in patients presentingwith acute febrile illness and jaundice so that specific treatmentcan be initiated early to prevent increased morbidity and mortality.

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Bhanushali, Minal, Terrie E. Taylor, Malcolm E. Molyneux, Monica Sapuwa, Eunice Mwandira, and Gretchen L. Birbeck. "Evoked potentials in pediatric cerebral malaria." Neurology International 3, no. 3 (December 6, 2011): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ni.2011.e14.

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Cortical evoked potentials (EP) provide localized data regarding brain function and may offer prognostic information and insights into the pathologic mechanisms of malariamediated cerebral injury. As part of a prospective cohort study, we obtained somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and brainstem auditory EPs (AEPs) within 24 hours of admission on 27 consecutive children admitted with cerebral malaria (CM). Children underwent follow-up for 12 months to determine if they had any long term neurologic sequelae. EPs were obtained in 27 pediatric CM admissions. Two children died. Among survivors followed an average of 514 days, 7/25 (28.0%) had at least one adverse neurologic outcome. Only a single subject had absent cortical EPs on admission and this child had a good neurologic outcome. Among pediatric CM survivors, cortical EPs are generally intact and do not predict adverse neurologic outcomes. Further study is needed to determine if alterations in cortical EPs can be used to predict a fatal outcome in CM.

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Hawkes, Michael, Robyn E. Elphinstone, Andrea L. Conroy, and Kevin C. Kain. "Contrasting pediatric and adult cerebral malaria." Virulence 4, no. 6 (August 15, 2013): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.25949.

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12

Wolf-Gould, C., L. Osei, J. O. O. Commey, and F. J. Bia. "Pediatric Cerebral Malaria in Accra, Ghana." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 38, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/38.6.290.

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13

Summer, Andrea P., William M. Stauffer, and Philip R. Fischer. "Pediatric malaria in the developing world." Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 16, no. 2 (April 2005): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.spid.2005.12.006.

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14

Taylor, Terrie E. "Malaria: epidemiology, pregnancy, and pediatric infections." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 7, no. 5 (October 1994): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199410000-00003.

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15

Takeshita, Nozomi, and Shuzo Kanagawa. "Prevention of Pediatric Malaria in Japan." Journal of Travel Medicine 18, no. 5 (September 1, 2011): 363.1–363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00545_1.x.

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Milner, Danny, Rachel Factor, Rich Whitten, Richard A. Carr, Steve Kamiza, Geraldine Pinkus, Malcolm Molyneux, and Terrie Taylor. "Pulmonary pathology in pediatric cerebral malaria." Human Pathology 44, no. 12 (December 2013): 2719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2013.07.018.

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Orish, Verner N., Joseph Y. Ansong, Isaac B. Anagi, Onyekachi S. Onyeabor, Adekunle O. Sanyaolu, and Nnaemeka C. Iriemenam. "Malaria and associated co-morbidity in children admitted with fever manifestation in Western Ghana: A retrospective study." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2015): 1257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6316.

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Introduction: Children under five years of age are highly vulnerable to malaria infection and often face dire consequences such as severe malaria if they are not promptly and adequately treated with effective anti-malarial medications. We set out to evaluate malaria and associated co-morbidity among children admitted with febrile illness in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. Methodology: This retrospective study focused on children admitted with fever over a three-year period at the pediatric unit of Effia-Nkwanta Regional Hospital. The children were identified, and the medical records of those who were successfully treated and discharged were searched, retrieved, and reviewed. Results: A total of 1,193 children were identified and selected for analysis. The mean duration of admission increased from 2.17 days in 2010 to 3.36 in 2012. Conversely, the mean age decreased from 3.85 years in 2010 to 2.74 in 2012. Overall, laboratory-confirmed malaria prevalence decreased; however, this decrease was only observed among children five years of age or younger, while malaria prevalence increased among children one year of age or younger. The proportion of children with severe malarial anemia significantly increased, while the proportion of those with mild malaria decreased significantly. Conclusions: Despite the general decrease in malaria morbidity seen in this study, children younger than one year of age remain at increased risk of malaria morbidity. With an increase in malaria prevalence among children younger than one year of age over the three years of study, integrated and targeted control measures are highly needed for this age group.

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Schwartz, Kevin R., and Robert Vinci. "Imported Pediatric Malaria Presenting to an Urban Pediatric Emergency Department." Pediatric Emergency Care 28, no. 12 (December 2012): 1385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pec.0b013e318276c88c.

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Cserti-Gazdewich, Christine, Aggrey Dhabangi, Charles Musoke, Nicolette Nabukeera-Barungi, Henry Ddungu, Arthur Mpimbaza, Isaac Ssewanyana, and Walter H. Dzik. "Hematologic Findings and Transfusion Therapy in Severe Pediatric Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria: Results from a Prospective Observational Study in Uganda." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 3041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3041.3041.

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Abstract Background: Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a leading global killer of children and cause for transfusion in endemic areas. Sequestration cytopenias and microvascular insufficiency are pathologic consequences of the acquired cytoadhesivity of P falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBC). Parasite-derived surface knobs (PfEMP1) expressed on iRBC promote their binding to blood group ligands on non-infected blood cells and the microvascular endothelium. The purpose of the Cytoadherence in Pediatric Malaria Study (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT 00707200) is to study the association between malaria outcomes and host markers of cytoadhesion. Methods: This prospective observational study of children with malaria (age 6 m–12 y, HIV-neg) was launched in October 2007 at Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Patients with severe malaria syndromes, as defined by the WHO, were compared with uncomplicated malaria (UM) patients for presenting hematologic features and transfusion practices. Associations between severe malaria syndromes and mortality were also explored. Results: Over the study’s 1st 7 months, 785 patients were screened, 492 enrolled, and 44 excluded (40 malaria false positives, 4 HIV+). A total of 448 were analyzed (199 severe, 249 UM), including 16 deaths (severe malaria case fatality rate: 8%). Patients were 55% male/45% female. Severe malaria patients were significantly younger than those with UM (2.3 ± 1.9 y, 93% ≤ 5 y, vs 3.5 ± 2.7 y, 76% <5 y), p < 2×10−7. Hematologic features of the patients are summarized in Table 1, illustrating significantly greater derangements in the CBC of severe cases versus UM. In contrast, both groups had a similar sickle trait prevalence and level of parasitemia: Table 1: Hematologic Features in Uncomplicated Malaria (UM) vs Severe Malaria UM (n = 249) Severe (n = 199) signifinance WBC Count, × 10 9/L [mean ± sd] 8.1 ± 3.5 12.8 ± 8.1 p = 2.6 × 10−13 Hemoglobin, g/dL [mean ± sd] 9.3 ± 1.5 5.2 ± 2.1 p = 2.1 × 10−71 Severe Malarial Anemia [number, % ], Hb ≥ 5 g/dL 0 (0 %) 130 (65.3 %) χ2 = 226 Platelet Count, × 10 3/μL, [mean ± sd] 160,000 ± 103,000 129,000 ± 98,000 p =.0015 Severe Thrombocytopenia [n, %], Plt ≥ 50,000/μL 17 (6.8 %) 39 (19.6 %) χ2 = 15.3 Sickle Trait on Screen or History [n, %] 11/157 (7.0 %) 12/118 (10.2 %) χ2 =.51 (NS) Quantitative Parasitemia,/μL [median, range] 80,000 (7–10,638,000) 65,000 (60–2,593,000) p =.8 (NS) Hyperparasitemia [n, % ], Parasites ≥250,000/μL 42 (16.9 %) 44 (22.1 %) χ2 = 1.6 (NS) Among severe cases, severe malarial anemia (SMA) was the most common syndrome (n=130, 65%), followed by lactic acidosis (LA, n=93, 47%), respiratory distress (RD, n=91, 46%), hypoglycaemia (HG, n=22, 23%), cerebral malaria (CM, n=43, 22%), and hypoxia (HO, n=14, 7%). Among fatal cases, RD occurred most commonly (94%), followed by LA (75%), CM (56%), HG (42%), and SMA (only 31%). Overall, RBC transfusions were given to 78% of severe cases, and all but 1 of 130 SMA cases. Despite severe anemia, most received only 1 unit (1.2 ±.5 pediatric units/patient, range 1–3). 83% of transfusions were given for SMA and 10% for RD (without SMA). Significant delays or dose insufficiency of blood products occurred in 5.2% of recipients. ABO non-identical but compatible products were given 10.2% of the time. In unadjusted analysis of severe cases, associations between the hemolytic state of SMA and either hypoxia or respiratory distress (as possible signs of pulmonary hypertension) were not apparent (χ2=.01 and 2.2 respectively). LA was associated with SMA (χ2=4.7, p=.03), but not with the smaller subset of SMA patients with HO (χ2=.61, p=.43). The strongest association occurred between LA and RD (χ2=29.3, p<.0001), tying labored breathing to acidotic respiratory compensation. Conclusions: Hematologic abnormalities are seen across the entire spectrum of severe and uncomplicated pediatric P falciparum malaria in Uganda, and are most striking in the severe syndromes. Among patients with severe malaria, SMA is the most common feature, while severe thrombocytopenia occurs in up to 20%. SMA is not as predictive of death as either RD, LA, or CM. LA in turn occurs even in the absence of severe anemia and/or hypoxia, highlighting the potential contribution of microvascular ischemia from cytoadhesion. Cytoadhesion between infected red cells and host ligands is thus an appealing area of focus for studies of the pathogenesis of malaria morbidity and mortality in children.

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Hassan, Najia, Sonam Chalotra, and Satinder Aneja. "Clinico-hematological manifestations of malaria in children in Western Uttar Pradesh, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 5 (August 24, 2018): 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20183528.

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Background: Globally, malaria is one of the important causes of mortality in pediatric age group. We describe here the clinico-hematological manifestations of malaria in children in Western Uttar Pradesh.Methods: A Retrospective study was done over 8 months in pediatric ward and pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care centre in Greater Noida. Children below 18 years admitted with acute febrile illness with peripheral smear and / or rapid malaria antigen test positive were included in the study. Detailed clinical, biochemical and hematological characteristics of children hospitalized with severe malaria were recorded and patients were managed according to National Vector Born Disease Control Programme Guidelines for malaria treatment.Results: Out of 115 children admitted with malaria, majority of cases were due to P. vivax (88.7%) compared to P. falciparum (5%) and Mixed infection (6%). Malaria was more common in males and in 1 to 5 years age group. Out of 115 patients, severe malaria was present in 27 (23.4%) patients, all infected with P. vivax. Among them, bleeding was present in 13.04 %, shock in 9.56%, acidosis in 9.56%, jaundice in 5.21%, seizures in 3.47%, severe anemia in 5.21%, renal impairment in 3.47%, impaired sensorium in 1.73% and pulmonary edema was present in 0.86% patients respectively. Case fatality Rate was 1.73%, all due to severe vivax malaria.Conclusions: The study highlights that P. vivax is a common cause of malaria in Western UP and can result in a severe disease with potential mortality.

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Damhoff, Heather N., Robert J. Kuhn, and Laura P. Stadler. "Severe Malaria Complicated by G6PD Deficiency in a Pediatric Tanzanian Immigrant." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 19, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-19.4.325.

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Approximately 1,500 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the United States each year. Most cases are travelers and immigrants returning from parts of the world where malaria transmission occurs. Malaria is the most frequent cause of systemic febrile illness without localizing symptoms in travelers returning from the developing world, so vigilance by providers is needed when evaluating patients returning from areas in which malaria is endemic. Despite the availability of effective treatment, malaria still accounts for more than 1 million deaths per year worldwide, with rates being disproportionately high in young children under the age of 5. We present the case of a 4-year-old refugee who emigrated from Tanzania with severe malaria due to dual infections of Plasmodium falciparum and P. ovale, whose treatment course was complicated by quinidine gluconate cardiotoxicity and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.

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Dugbartey, A. T., M. T. Dugbartey, and F. J. Spellacy. "Somatosensory discrimination deficits following pediatric cerebral malaria." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.393.

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23

Nagaraj, Niranjan, PramodKumar Berwal, Anusha Srinivas, Prem Prakash, MS Ramesh, and Ayush Berwal. "Correlation of hepatorenal dysfunction in pediatric malaria." Tropical Parasitology 8, no. 2 (2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/tp.tp_2_16.

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Postels, Douglas G., Yamikani F. Chimalizeni, Macpherson Mallewa, Michael J. Boivin, and Karl B. Seydel. "Pediatric cerebral malaria: a scourge of Africa." Future Neurology 8, no. 1 (January 2013): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fnl.12.84.

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&NA;. "Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine for pediatric P. falciparum malaria." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1568 (December 2006): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200615680-00030.

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Ghanghoriya, Pawan, Rahul Borkar, Monica Lazarus, and Manish Ajmariya. "Study of malaria and associated co-morbidity in children admitted with fever manifestation in a tertiary care centre." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20203161.

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Background: Children under five year of age are highly vulnerable to malaria infection and often face dire consequences such as severe malaria if they are not promptly and adequately treated with anti-malarial medications. Authors set out to evaluate malaria and associated co-morbidity among children admitted with febrile illness in tertiary care center NSCB Medical college Jabalpur, India.Methods: This prospective and analytic study focused on children admitted with fever in pediatric unit of N.S.C.B. Medical College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. If any co-morbidity present with malaria their manifestation was noted. Association of co-morbidity with malaria was done, and effect of co-morbidity on severity of malaria and outcome of patients was noted.Results: A total number of 1950 of children suspected to have malaria who were tested by RDT and microscopy (PSMP), out of them 100 children were positive. Mean age calculated was 7.3±4.3 years. Maximum number of severe malaria cases (40.6%) were found in 6 months to <5 years age group. Most common co-morbidity associated with malaria was anemia (53%) followed by pneumonia (36%) hepatitis (26%), diarrhea (24%), enteric fever (15%), septicemia and meningoencephalitis (10%) each, UTI (4%), and AKI (6%), while dengue (3%) and severe acute malnutrition (2%). Out of 69 cases of severe malaria 46.3% cases had two and 34.7% cases had more than two co-morbidities while in 31 cases of uncomplicated malaria 38.7% cases had two co-morbidity and only 3% had more than two co-morbidity.Conclusions: All RDT positive cases have associated co-morbidity with malaria in our study, more is the co-morbidity is longer were the duration of stay and higher the complications and even mortality.

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Mbofana, Francisco, Gertrudes Machatine, and Celeste Moreira. "Policy brief on improving access to artemisinin-based combination therapies for malaria in Mozambique." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 26, no. 2 (April 2010): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462310000255.

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Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Mozambique. Approximately 6 million cases are reported each year. Malaria accounts for approximately 40 percent of all outpatient visits and 60 percent of pediatric hospital admissions. It is the leading cause of death among children admitted to pediatric services. Malaria transmission takes place year round with a seasonal peak extending from December to April. More than 18.5 million people in Mozambique are considered to be at-risk of malaria, including an estimated 3.6 million children less than 5 years old and almost 1 million pregnant women (13). The Presidential Malaria Initiative (PMI) -supported Malaria Indicator Survey, conducted in 2007, found the national prevalence of malaria parasitemia among children 6 to 59 months old to be 38.5 percent, with a range by province from 60.4 percent in Nampula to less than 10 percent in Maputo. Among pregnant women, the parasite prevalence was 16.3 percent, with 30.1 percent of women in their first pregnancy demonstrating parasites on blood slides (11).

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Ayyoub, Amal, Janthima Methaneethorn, Michael Ramharter, Abdoulaye A. Djimde, Mamadou Tekete, Stephan Duparc, Isabelle Borghini-Fuhrer, Jang-Sik Shin, and Lawrence Fleckenstein. "Population Pharmacokinetics of Pyronaridine in Pediatric Malaria Patients." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 3 (December 14, 2015): 1450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02004-15.

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Pyramax is a pyronaridine (PYR)-artesunate (PA) combination for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in adult and pediatric patients. A granule formulation of this combination is being developed for treatment of uncomplicatedP. falciparumandP. vivaxmalaria in pediatric patients. The aims of this study were to describe the pharmacokinetics of PYR using a total of 1,085 blood PYR concentrations available from 349 malaria patients younger than 16 years of age with mild to moderate uncomplicated malaria and to confirm the dosing regimen for the pediatric granule formulation. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling using NONMEM software was used to obtain the pharmacokinetic and inter- and intraindividual variability parameter estimates. The population pharmacokinetics of PYR were described by a two-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. Allometric scaling was implemented to address the effect of body weight on clearance and volume parameters. The final parameter estimates of PYR apparent clearance (CL/F), central volume of distribution (V2/F), peripheral volume of distribution (V3/F), intercompartmental clearance (Q/F), and absorption rate constant (Ka) were 377 liters/day, 2,230 liters, 3,230 liters, 804 liters/day and 17.9 day−1, respectively. Covariate model building conducted using forward addition (P< 0.05) followed by backward elimination (P< 0.001) yielded two significant covariate-parameter relationships, i.e., age onV2/Fand formulation onKa. Evaluation of bootstrapping, visual predictive check, and condition number indicated that the final model displayed satisfactory robustness, predictive power, and stability. Simulations of PYR concentration-time profiles generated from the final model show similar exposures across pediatric weight ranges, supporting the proposed labeling for weight-based dosing of Pyramax granules. (These studies have been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00331136 [phase II study] and NCT00541385, NCT00403260, NCT00422084, and NCT00440999 [phase III studies]. The most recent phase III study was registered at pactr.org under registration no. PACTR201105000286876.)

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Ong'echa, John M., Gregory C. Davenport, John M. Vulule, James B. Hittner, and Douglas J. Perkins. "Identification of Inflammatory Biomarkers for Pediatric Malarial Anemia Severity Using Novel Statistical Methods." Infection and Immunity 79, no. 11 (August 22, 2011): 4674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05161-11.

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ABSTRACTAreas wherePlasmodium falciparumtransmission is holoendemic are characterized by high rates of pediatric severe malarial anemia (SMA) and associated mortality. Although the etiology of SMA is complex and multifactorial, perturbations in inflammatory mediator production play an important role in the pathogenic process. As such, the current study focused on identification of inflammatory biomarkers in children with malarial anemia. Febrile children (3 to 30 months of age) presenting at Siaya District Hospital in western Kenya underwent a complete clinical and hematological evaluation. Children with falciparum malaria and no additional identifiable anemia-promoting coinfections were stratified into three groups: uncomplicated malaria (hemoglobin [Hb] levels of ≥11.0 g/dl;n= 31), non-SMA (Hb levels of 6.0 to 10.9 g/dl;n= 37), and SMA (Hb levels of <6.0 g/dl;n= 80). A Luminex hu25-plex array was used to determine potential biomarkers (i.e., interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1Ra], IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], alpha interferon [IFN-α], IFN-γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha [MIP-1α], MIP-1β, IFN-inducible protein of 10 kDa [IP-10], monokine induced by IFN-γ [MIG], eotaxin, RANTES, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]) in samples obtained prior to any treatment interventions. To determine the strongest biomarkers of anemia, a parsimonious set of predictor variables for Hb was generated by least-angle regression (LAR) analysis, controlling for the confounding effects of age, gender, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, and sickle cell trait, followed by multiple linear regression analyses. IL-12p70 and IFN-γ emerged as positive predictors of Hb, while IL-2R, IL-13, and eotaxin were negatively associated with Hb. The results presented here demonstrate that the IL-12p70/IFN-γ pathway represents a set of biomarkers that predicts elevated Hb levels in children with falciparum malaria, while activation of the IL-13/eotaxin pathway favors more profound anemia.

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Osei, Akoto Kwame, and Davidson H. Hamer. "Management of Pediatric Malaria: Role of Nutritional Interventions." Annales Nestlé (English ed.) 66, no. 1 (2008): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000113307.

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Angurana, Suresh, and Madhusudan Samprathi. "Managing malaria in the pediatric intensive care unit." Journal of Pediatric Critical Care 4, no. 3 (2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21304/2017.0403.00195.

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32

White, Valerie A., Susan Lewallen, Nicholas A. V. Beare, Malcolm E. Molyneux, and Terrie E. Taylor. "Retinal Pathology of Pediatric Cerebral Malaria in Malawi." PLoS ONE 4, no. 1 (January 29, 2009): e4317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004317.

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Viani, Rolando M., and Kenneth Bromberg. "Pediatric Imported Malaria in New York: Delayed Diagnosis." Clinical Pediatrics 38, no. 6 (July 1999): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000992289903800603.

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34

Gray, Taryn C., Melissa L. Cooke, Helena Rabie, Martin Kidd, and Mark F. Cotton. "PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT IMPORTED MALARIA IN CAPE TOWN." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 28, no. 7 (July 2009): 644–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e318197c3e5.

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35

BARNES, K., F. LITTLE, P. SMITH, A. EVANS, W. WATKINS, and N. WHITE. "Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine pharmacokinetics in malaria: Pediatric dosing implications." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 80, no. 6 (December 2006): 582–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2006.08.016.

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36

Kusi, Kwadwo A., Ben A. Gyan, Bamenla Q. Goka, Daniel Dodoo, George Obeng-Adjei, Marita Troye-Blomberg, Bartholomew D. Akanmori, and Jonathan P. Adjimani. "Levels of Soluble CD163 and Severity of Malaria in Children in Ghana." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15, no. 9 (July 16, 2008): 1456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00506-07.

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ABSTRACT CD163 is an acute-phase-regulated monocyte/macrophage membrane receptor expressed late in inflammation. It is involved in the haptoglobin-mediated removal of free hemoglobin from plasma, has been identified as a naturally soluble plasma glycoprotein with potential anti-inflammatory properties, and is possibly linked to an individual's haptoglobin phenotype. High levels of soluble CD163 (sCD163) in a malaria episode may therefore downregulate inflammation and curb disease severity. In order to verify this, the relationships between sCD163 levels, malaria severity, and selected inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin-6 [IL-6], and IL-10) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using plasma samples obtained from pediatric malaria patients with uncomplicated malaria (UM [n = 38]), cerebral malaria (CM [n = 52]), and severe malarial anemia (SA [n = 55]) during two consecutive malaria transmission seasons (2002 and 2003). Median sCD163 levels were higher in UM (11.9 μg/ml) patients than in SA (7.7 μg/ml; P = 0.010) and CM (8.0 μg/ml; P = 0.031) patients. Levels of sCD163 were also higher in all patient groups than in a group of 81 age-matched healthy controls. The higher sCD163/TNF-α ratio in UM patients, coupled with the fact that sCD163 levels correlated with TNF-α levels in UM patients but not in CM and SA patients, suggests inflammatory dysregulation in the complicated cases. The study showed that sCD163 levels are elevated during acute malaria. High sCD163 levels in UM patients may be due to the induction of higher-level anti-inflammatory responses, enabling them to avoid disease complications. It is also possible that UM patients simply lost their CD163 receptors from macrophages in inflammatory sites while complicated-malaria patients still had their receptors attached to activated macrophages, reflecting ongoing and higher-level inflammation associated with complicated malaria.

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Akech, Samuel, Mercy Chepkirui, Morris Ogero, Ambrose Agweyu, Grace Irimu, Mike English, and Robert W. Snow. "The Clinical Profile of Severe Pediatric Malaria in an Area Targeted for Routine RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Vaccination in Western Kenya." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 2 (August 26, 2019): 372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz844.

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Abstract Background The malaria prevalence has declined in western Kenya, resulting in the risk of neurological phenotypes in older children. This study investigates the clinical profile of pediatric malaria admissions ahead of the introduction of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine. Methods Malaria admissions in children aged 1 month to 15 years were identified from routine, standardized, inpatient clinical surveillance data collected between 2015 and 2018 from 4 hospitals in western Kenya. Malaria phenotypes were defined based on available data. Results There were 5766 malaria admissions documented. The median age was 36 months (interquartile range, 18–60): 15% were aged between 1–11 months of age, 33% were aged 1–23 months of age, and 70% were aged 1 month to 5 years. At admission, 2340 (40.6%) children had severe malaria: 421/2208 (19.1%) had impaired consciousness, 665/2240 (29.7%) had an inability to drink or breastfeed, 317/2340 (13.6%) had experienced 2 or more convulsions, 1057/2340 (45.2%) had severe anemia, and 441/2239 (19.7%) had severe respiratory distress. Overall, 211 (3.7%) children admitted with malaria died; 163/211 (77% deaths, case fatality rate 7.0%) and 48/211 (23% deaths, case fatality rate 1.4%) met the criteria for severe malaria and nonsevere malaria at admission, respectively. The median age for fatal cases was 33 months (interquartile range, 12–72) and the case fatality rate was highest in those unconscious (44.4%). Conclusions Severe malaria in western Kenya is still predominantly seen among the younger pediatric age group and current interventions targeted for those <5 years are appropriate. However, there are increasing numbers of children older than 5 years admitted with malaria, and ongoing hospital surveillance would identify when interventions should target older children.

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Vaos, George, Ioannis D. Kostakis, Nick Zavras, and Athanasios Chatzemichael. "The Role of Calprotectin in Pediatric Disease." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/542363.

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Calprotectin (CP) is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein of the S100 family expressed mainly by neutrophils with important extracellular activity. The aim of the current review is to summarize the latest findings concerning the role of CP in a diverse range of inflammatory and noninflammatory conditions among children. Increasing evidence suggests the implication of CP in the diagnosis, followup, assessment of relapses, and response to treatment in pediatric pathological conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, celiac disease, intestinal cystic fibrosis, acute appendicitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Kawasaki disease, polymyositis-dermatomyositis, glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, malaria, HIV infection, hyperzincemia and hypercalprotectinemia, and cancer. Further studies are required to provide insights into the actual role of CP in these pathological processes in pediatrics.

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Flavio, Ashungafack, Yamssi Cedric, Noumedem Anangmo Christelle Nadia, and Vincent Khan Payne. "Malaria and Helminth Coinfection among Children at the Douala Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2021 (July 1, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3702693.

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Background. Malaria and helminth infections are major public health issues in sub-Saharan Africa including Cameroon. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria and helminth coinfection among children in the Douala Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital (HGOPED) in Douala, southwestern Cameroon. Material and Methods. The study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study that took place from January to July 2020 where 203 children were involved. Blood samples were collected from the children and thick blood smears were prepared and examined microscopically for malaria parasites. Stool samples were also collected and examined through the Kato-Katz technique for the identification of helminth eggs. Demographic and socioeconomic data and information of participant’s knowledge on the transmission of malaria and helminth infections were collected with the use of a well-structured questionnaire. Results. The overall prevalence of P. falciparum infection was 28.8%, while the overall prevalence of helminth was 9.36%. The only species of helminth identified were Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura with a prevalence of 4.26% and 2.95%, respectively, and mixed infection of both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura with a prevalence of 1.47%. Coinfection of malaria and helminth was observed with a prevalence of 6.90%. Associations of malaria-helminth coinfection with age groups, parent’s educational level, type of latrine, and source of water factors were not statistically significant ( p > 0.05 ), while the prevalence of the coinfection with respect to parent’s occupation, presence of stagnant water around homes, washing of hands after using the toilet, and washing of fruits before eating was statistically significant ( p < 0.05 ). Conclusion. The findings suggest that helminths and malaria infections tend to occur in children. Not washing hands after using the toilet, not washing fruits before eating, the presence of stagnant water around homes, and parents’ occupation were found to be strongly associated with coinfection. Health education on the importance of better sewage disposal, draining of stagnant water around homes, and other sanitary practices is recommended.

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Delhaes Jeanne, L., A. Berry, E. Dutoit, F. Leclerc, J. Beaudou, S. Leteurtre, D. Camus, and F. Benoit-Vical. "Molecular method for the diagnosis of imported pediatric malaria." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 40, no. 2 (February 2010): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2009.04.011.

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41

Losimba Likwela, J., U. D’Alessandro, P. Donnen, and M. Wilmet Dramaix. "Clinical aspects and outcome of suspected severe pediatric malaria." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 42, no. 7 (July 2012): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2012.05.008.

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42

Gupta, Sanchit, Karl Seydel, Miguel A. Miranda-Roman, Catherine M. Feintuch, Alex Saidi, Ryung S. Kim, Gretchen L. Birbeck, Terrie Taylor, and Johanna P. Daily. "Extensive alterations of blood metabolites in pediatric cerebral malaria." PLOS ONE 12, no. 4 (April 20, 2017): e0175686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175686.

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43

Barman, Himesh. "Exchange transfusion in complicated pediatric malaria: A critical appraisal." Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 19, no. 4 (2015): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-5229.154554.

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44

Fanella, Sergio T., Hailey Lipkin, and Maryanne E. Crockett. "Presentation of Pediatric Malaria to a Canadian Children's Hospital." Journal of Travel Medicine 19, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2012.00662.x.

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45

Pikuza, O. I., N. K. Shoshina, and R. A. Faizullina. "To the centenary of the death of an outstanding russian pediatrician Petr Mikhailovich Argutinskiy-Dolgorukov." Kazan medical journal 93, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2168.

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In this article described were the main milestones of life of the founder of the pediatric school in Kazan - Professor P.M. Argutinskiy-Dolgoruky. He made great efforts to organize the teaching of pediatrics in Kazan University at the European level, was one of the founders of a new pediatric hospital on the Arskiy field in 1900. Professor P.M. Argutinskiy-Dolgorukov devoted his scientific career mainly to the study of infectious diseases. In Russia P.M. Argutinskiy-Dolgorukov was the founder of the studies of malaria in children. Progressive methods of diagnosis and treatment were introduced into the clinical practice under the guidance of the Professor, including such as the method of treatment of scarlet fever with the Moser serum, the study of measles, X-ray examinations at the patient’s bedside.

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46

Kitabi, Eliford, Timothy J. Bensman, Justin C. Earp, Dakshina M. Chilukuri, Heidi Smith, Leslie Ball, Elizabeth O’Shaughnessy, Yuliya Yasinskaya, Philip M. Colangelo, and Kellie S. Reynolds. "Effect of Body Weight and Age on the Pharmacokinetics of Dihydroartemisinin: Food and Drug Administration Basis for Dose Determination of Artesunate for Injection in Pediatric Patients With Severe Malaria." Clinical Infectious Diseases 73, no. 5 (February 19, 2021): 903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab149.

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Abstract For treatment of severe malaria, the World Health Organization recommends 3 mg/kg intravenous artesunate in pediatric patients weighing less than 20 kg. Here we describe the Food and Drug Administration’s rationale for selecting 2.4 mg/kg in pediatric patients weighing less than 20 kg based on literature review and independent analyses.

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Kanık, Mehmet Kemal, Ayşe Şahin, Nazan Dalgıç, Zeynep Yıldız Yıldırmak, Banu Bayraktar, and Nurbanu Bilgin. "Plasmodium vivax’ın Etken Olduğu Pediatrik Sıtma Olgusu." Journal of Pediatric Infection 12, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/ced.66786.

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48

Ivan, Ignatius, Ignatius Ivan, Maureen Miracle Stella, Maureen Miracle Stella, Kevin Tandarto, Kevin Tandarto, Fanny Budiman, Fanny Budiman, Freggy Spicano Joprang, and Freggy Spicano Joprang. "Plasmodium falciparum Breath Metabolomics (Breathomics) Analysis as a Non-Invasive Practical Method to Diagnose Malaria in Pediatric." Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease 9, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v9i1.24069.

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Children under 5 years of age are particularly vulnerable to malaria. Malaria has caused 445,000 deaths worldwide. Currently, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are the fastest method to diagnose malaria. However, there are limitations that exist such as low sensitivity in detecting infections with low parasitemia. Practical, non-invasive and high ability tests to detect parasite are needed to find specific biomarkers for P. falciparum infection to determine the potential of P. falciparum 4 thioether in breathomics analysis by GC-MS as a practical non-invasive method in diagnosing malaria in pediatrics. Literature reviews from Google Scholar and ProQuest were published no later than the last 5 years. The concept of breathomics is that the breath’s volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile is altered when the health condition changes. Breath samples from individuals infected with P. falciparum malaria were taken by exhalation. Through GC-MS analysis, it was found that 4 thioether compounds (allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), 1-methylthio-propane, (Z) -1-methylthio-1-propene and (E) -1-methylthio-1-propene) underwent a significant change in concentration during the infection. Based on experiments conducted on mice and humans, the breathomics method is known to be able to detect parasitemia levels up to <100 parasites/µL, has a sensitivity level of about 71% to 91% and a specificity of about 75% to 94%. The discovery of 4 thioether compounds by GC-MS is a strong indication of malaria, because it has the potential for high sensitivity and specificity, and the detection power exceeds the ability of RDTs.

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Millichap, J. Gordon, and John J. Millichap. "The Retina as a Surrogate Marker for Pediatric Cerebral Malaria." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 28, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-28-9-5.

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Hawkes, Michael, Andrea L. Conroy, Robert O. Opoka, Sophie Namasopo, Kathleen Zhong, W. Conrad Liles, Chandy C. John, and Kevin C. Kain. "Slow Clearance ofPlasmodium falciparumin Severe Pediatric Malaria, Uganda, 2011–2013." Emerging Infectious Diseases 21, no. 7 (July 2015): 1237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2107.150213.

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