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1
Toro, Sebastián Andrés, Alvaro Ridruejo, Carlos González, Miguel A. Monclús, and Juan P. Fernández-Blázquez. "Optimization of Processing Conditions and Mechanical Properties for PEEK/PEI Multilayered Blends." Polymers 14, no. 21 (2022): 4597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214597.
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The goal of producing polyetheretherketone/polyetherimide (PEEK/PEI) blends is to combine the outstanding properties that both polymers present separately. Despite being miscible polymers, it is possible to achieve PEEK/PEI multilayered blends in which PEEK crystallinity is not significantly inhibited, as opposed to conventional extruding processes that lead to homogeneous mixtures with total polymer chain interpenetration. This study investigated a 50/50 (volume fraction) PEEK/PEI multilayered polymer blend in which manufacturing parameters were tailored to simultaneously achieve PEEK–PEI adhesion while keeping PEEK crystallinity in order to optimize the mechanical properties of this heterogeneous polymer blend. The interface adhesion was characterized with the use of three-point bending tests, which proved that a processing temperature below the melting point of PEEK produced weak PEEK–PEI interfaces. Results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed that under a 350 ∘C consolidation temperature, there is a partial mixing of PEEK and PEI layers in the interface that provides good adhesion. The thickness of the mixed homogeneous region at this temperature exhibits reduced sensitivity to processing time, which ensures that both polymers essentially remain separate phases. This also entails that multilayered blends with good mechanical properties can be reliably produced with short manufacturing cycles. The combination of mechanical performance and potential joining capability supports their use in a wide range of applications in the automotive, marine, and aerospace industries.
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Lommen, Julian, Lara Schorn, Christoph Sproll, et al. "Mechanical Fatigue Performance of Patient-Specific Polymer Plates in Oncologic Mandible Reconstruction." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 12 (2022): 3308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123308.
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Mandible defects are conventionally reconstructed using titanium plates. However, titanium causes metallic artifacts which impair radiological imaging. This study aims at evaluating mechanical fatigue of radiolucent fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (f-PEEK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), and polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) polymer plates for mandible reconstruction. A total of 30 plates (titanium [n = 6], f-PEEK [n = 6], PEEK [n = 6], PEKK [n = 6], PPSU [n = 6]) were implanted in synthetic mandibulectomized polyurethane mandibles. Servo-pneumatic mechanical testing with cyclic application of 30–300 N at 3 Hz was conducted. Bite forces were 70% on the unresected and 30% on the resected side. Total number of cycles was set to 250,000. Testing was aborted in case of plate or screw failure. Axial load to failure was tested with a speed of 1 mm/s. Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s post hoc tests were used. Titanium, f-PEEK, and PEEK showed no failure in fatigue testing and PPSU (p < 0.001) failed against titanium, f-PEEK, PEEK, and PEKK. Titanium allowed the highest load to failure compared to f-PEEK (p = 0.049), PEEK (p = 0.008), PEKK (p < 0.001), and PPSU (p = 0.007). f-PEEK, PEEK, and PEKK withstood expected physiological bite force. Although titanium plates provided the highest fatigue strength, f-PEEK and PEEK plates showed no failure over 250,000 chewing cycles indicating sufficient mechanical strength for mandible reconstruction.
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Trajkovski, Ana, Nejc Novak, Jan Pustavrh, Mitjan Kalin, and Franc Majdič. "Performance of Polymer Composites Lubricated with Glycerol and Water as Green Lubricants." Applied Sciences 13, no. 13 (2023): 7413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137413.
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The study analysed the tribological performance of five different polymer composites: polyetheretherketone reinforced with 30% carbon fibres—PEEK CF30, polyetheretherketone reinforced with 10% carbon fibres, 10% graphite and 10% polytetrafluoroethylene—PEEK MOD, polytetrafluoroethylene reinforced with 25% carbon fibres—PTFE CF25, polyoxymethylene with 30% carbon fibres—POM CF30 and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene—UHMW PE. The polymers were tested under the sliding regime of a reciprocating stainless-steel ball on a polymer disc, with test parameters expected for hydraulic valves. Two environmentally safe lubricants were used: glycerol and water. The selected polymer materials and their tribological properties were compared based on the coefficient of friction and the specific wear rate. The worn surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy, and the transfer film was analysed using the energy dispersive spectroscopy technique. When tested in glycerol, a comparable and low coefficient of friction was measured for all polymers (~0.02). At the same time, a significantly lower coefficient was measured for all polymers in glycerol compared to water-lubricated conditions (~0.06–0.22). The polymers differed in the measured specific wear rate, which increases significantly in water for all polymers. A lower specific wear rate was measured for three polymers with higher microhardness: PEEK CF30, PEEK MOD and POM CF30. In water, PEEK CF30 showed superior tribological properties under harsh conditions but was well followed by POM CF30, which showed the most intense transfer film.
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Shetty, Sandeep, Nandish B. T., Vivek Amin, Pooja Harish, Stanly Selva Kumar, and Shahira. "Evaluation of 3D printed PEEK and other 3D printed biocompatible materials as healthcare devices." Biomedicine 42, no. 5 (2022): 956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v42i5.1959.
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Introduction and Aim: Additive manufacturing has sought a widespread attention and higher rate of development which can also be modeled by processing of the data acquired by medical Computer Tomography scan. The object is built on a built plate of the printer in layers to form a final required model. Thus, a patient-specific model can be created from imaging data set. Materials available for such printing are elastomers, polymers, metals, or ceramics. The polymer, Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has been used in health care applications, such as medical devices, and implants due to its high strength, biocompatibility, and light weight. Stainless steel (316L) is commonly used due to its strength, bio-tolerance, corrosion resistance and its formability. The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical strength and biocompatibility of medical grade PEEK and stainless steel. Material and Methods: The test sample of PEEK was prepared using unreinforced PEEK (450G-Victrex Plc., Lancashire, UK) at the Prototyping Lab with a 3D-Printer - INTAMSYS - FUNMAT HT. Samples of stainless steel was printed using the iFusion SF1 Metal 3D Printer using Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) technology. The mechanical tests such as compressive, impact, and tensile tests were performed using an electromechanical universal testing machine (UTM) model- Zwick/Roell Z020 with a 20kN load cell. Biocompatibility tests were done using L929 cells to assess the cytotoxicity of the dental materials. Results: The tensile strength of PEEK polymer was 70+1.6 and the impact strength of PEEK polymer was 289 J/m. Conclusion: The tensile strength of stainless steel was higher compared to that of PEEK polymer, and the impact strength of PEEK polymer higher compared to stainless steel. Thus, it can be concluded that both biomaterial such as 316L stainless steel and PEEK are non-toxic to fibroblast.
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Chen, Ying, Ning Yang, Yi Zhang, and Lei Liu. "Isothermal Equation of State of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) by Optical Imaging Method in Diamond Anvil Cell." Polymers 17, no. 5 (2025): 655. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050655.
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Polymers serve as important functional materials in various environments, including high-pressure conditions. However, the behavior of polymers under high pressure is currently less understood. In this study, the isothermal equation of state of polyether ether ketone (PEEK), an important polymer, was measured using the diamond anvil cell technique at up to 8 GPa. The isotropic compression behavior of PEEK samples was investigated by monitoring the area change in PEEK disks during the compression process using the optical imaging method. The present results shed light on the mechanical properties of PEEK under extreme conditions, which will guide the applications of PEEK at high pressures.
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Toma, Flavia Roxana, Lavinia Cristina Moleriu, and Liliana Porojan. "Micro-CT Marginal and Internal Fit Evaluation of CAD/CAM High-Performance Polymer Onlay Restorations." Polymers 15, no. 7 (2023): 1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15071715.
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(1) Background: The use of high-performance polymers for fixed restorations requires additional studies regarding their adaptability and processing with CAD/CAM technology. This in vitro study aims to assess the marginal and internal fit of PEEK and PEKK materials using microcomputed tomography. (2) Methods: Twenty-four (n = 8) MOD onlays made of PEKK (Pekkton ivory), unmodified PEEK (Juvora medical), and modified PEEK (BioHPP) were investigated. A typodont mandibular left first molar was scanned to achieve 24 resin, 3D printed abutment teeth. The onlays were fabricated with a five-axis milling machine, and after cementation of the specimens, the marginal (MG) and internal gaps (IG) were evaluated at twelve points in the mesio-distal section and thirteen points in the bucco-lingual section using microcomputed tomography. For statistical data analysis, Wilcoxon signed-rank/paired Student t-Test, Mann–Whitney/unpaired Student t-Test, and one-way ANOVA test were applied. (3) Results: Significant differences (p < 0.05; α = 0.05) were reported between the MG and IG for each material for all three polymers and also among two materials in terms of the MG and IG (except Juvora-BioHPP). The highest IG values were recorded in angular areas (axio-gingival line angle) in the mesio-distal section for all the polymers. (4) Conclusions: For all the materials, MG < IG. The type of polymer influenced the adaptability; the lowest marginal and internal gap mean values were recorded for BioHPP. The analyzed polymer used for onlays are clinically acceptable in terms of adaptability.
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LESIUK, Grzegorz, Aleksandra SAWICKA, José CORREIA, and Roman FRĄTCZAK. "FRACTURE RESISTANCE ANALYSIS OF PEEK-POLYMER." Engineering Structures and Technologies 9, no. 4 (2017): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029882x.2017.1417062.
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PEEK is a thermoplastic polymer with halfcrystallic structure – the scientific name of this material is poly(oxy- 1,4-phenylene-oxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene). It has a high melt and glass transition temperatures (Tm = 340 oC, Tg = 143 oC), high chemical resistance and is melt processable. Thus it has been used in a variety of structural and insulation applications. Nowadays, one of them is the biomedical application. The mechanical properties of PEEK have been extensively investigated in many research papers. However, there is not so high number of papers devoted to the fracture susceptibility of PEEK-material. Therefore, the the aim of this work is to present the results of studies on PEEK material with the use of fracture toughness test and digital image correlation. In order to conduct the tests, there were used two types of samples: SENB and CT. In comparison with other polymeric materials subjected to biomedical application, PEEK material presents relatively good fracture resistance with their biocompatibility.
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Hasegawa, Shin, Kimio Yoshimura, Akihiro Hiroki, Yue Zhao, and Yasunari Maekawa. "Mechanically Tough Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Prepared By Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization of Poly (ether ether ketone) Film." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 43 (2024): 2915. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02432915mtgabs.
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The development of state-of-the-art polymer electrolyte membranes is indispensable for solid polymer fuel cells. To make a desired membrane, we have reported the radiation-induced graft polymerization (RGP) method in our previous studies, which is a fascinating technique with great advantages of low-cost fabrication and imparting new functionality via graft polymers to commercially available substrate polymer films, whose excellent mechanical/thermal properties are maintained. Among various substrate polymers, poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) is regarded as the most promising aromatic hydrocarbon material for the long life-time operation requirement of fuel cells due to its excellent mechanical stability and high gas barrier property at high temperature. However, graft polymerization on PEEK substrate is rather difficult. To successfully obtain PEEK-based polymer electrolyte membranes with suitably-balanced properties, we have extensively investigated the graft polymerization and irradiation conditions. In this work, we will report the synthesis of both PEEK-based proton- and anion-exchange membranes (PEEK-PEMs and PEEK-AEMs, respectively), and the fuel cell performance using these two types of membranes. 1)RGP for making PEEK-PEMs and PEEK-AEMs. The PEEK base films used for RGP was previously immersed in (1, 4-dioxane) DOX at 50°C for 18 hours as a solvent annealing treatment. Ethyl styrene sulfonate (ETSS) and chloromethyl styrene (CMS) are used as precursors for PEMs and AEMs, respectively (Scheme 1). For the synthesis of PEEK-PEMs, the solvent-annealed PEEK films were pre-irradiated with 60Co ϒ-ray at room temperature in argon atmosphere with a total dose 160 kGy. Then the samples were immersed in ETSS/DOX solution (1/1 v/v) at 80°C under the argon atmosphere. The resultant grafted-PEEK membranes has a grafting degree (GD) of 150%. After hydrolysis treatment, the final PEEK-PEM shows an ion-exchange capacity (IEC) of 2.5 mmol/g and a proton conductivity of 0.1 S/cm at 25 °C. For the synthesis of PEEK-AEMs, the same irradiation and polymerization procedures as in the synthesis of PEEK-PEMs were performed, by using CMS as monomers instead of ETSS. The CMS-grafted PEEK with high GD of 66% was obtained in tetraethylenglycol as a solvent. The grafted PEEK was converted to AEM by treating in trimethylamine with a quaternization degree of 76%. The obtained AEM has an IEC of 1.7 mmol/g and an anion conductivity of 0.128 S/cm at 60°C. The mechanical strength and elongation of the resulting PEEK-PEM at 80°C and 100%RH were measured to be 22 MPa and 50%, respectively, which are superior to those of Nafion (10 MPa and 200%, respectively). PEEK-AEM also shows good mechanical strength and elongation of 94 MPa and 18%, respectively, at room temperature and 70% RH. 2)Fuel cell performance evaluation. Fuel cell test using PEEK-PEMs and AEMs was carried out according to previous reports [1]. The membrane was sandwiched by anode and cathode electrodes (Pt or Pt/Ru loading 0.5 mg/cm2) and hot-pressed, and then obtained membrane/electrodes assembly (MEA) was then set into a 5 cm2 fuel cell for testing. The cell was fed with pure hydrogen and oxygen gases at a flow rate of 0.05 L/min each to the anode and cathode, respectively, under atmosphere pressure. The cell condition was 80°C and 100%RH. Fuel cell test with an MEA incorporating 16 μm PEEK-PEM shows a good performance of an open circuit of 0.9 V and a power density of 860 mW/cm2 at a current density of 2240 mA/cm2 (Figure 1(a)). Using the PEEK-g-AEM membrane, it shows an open circuit voltage value of more than 0.9 V and a power density of 673 mW/cm2 at a current density of 1199 mA/cm2 (Figure 1(b)). As described above, utilizing radiation-induced graft polymerization, we have for the first time successfully developed two types of polymer electrolyte membranes, PEEK-PEM and PEEK-AEM, using the mechanically tough and chemically stable aromatic hydrocarbon polymer PEEK as the substrate. [1] J. Chen, et al. J.Membr. Sci. 2008, 319, 1-4. Figure 1
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Singh, Reeti, Ján Kondás, and Christian Bauer. "Connecting Polymers and Metals Using Cold Gas Spray." AM&P Technical Articles 176, no. 8 (2018): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2018-08.p038.
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Abstract Coating development using cold gas spray technology demonstrates the feasibility of bonding polymers to metal substrates and metals to polymer composite substrates with good adhesion. The examples addressed are polyetheretherketone (PEEK) coatings on steel and aluminum substrates and metallic coatings on carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites.
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Kucher, Michael, Martin Dannemann, Niels Modler, Christian Hannig, and Marie-Theres Weber. "Effects of Endodontic Irrigants on Material and Surface Properties of Biocompatible Thermoplastics." Dentistry Journal 7, no. 1 (2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj7010026.
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Passive irrigation is an efficient method for a successful endodontic treatment. During sonic activation biocompatible polymer tips are used to activate irrigants. Compared to ultrasonic activation with metallic tips, polymer tips have the advantage of a reduced risk of fracture and minimise dentine damage. Hence, two polymers, polyether ether ketones (PEEK) and polyamide (PA6), were identified for the manufacturing of novel irrigation tips. The chemical resistance against the irrigants ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 20%, chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) 2% and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 5.25% was analysed. Using microindentation, the change of hardness, elasticity, surface roughness and appearance of the polymers was determined. PA6 had a high absorption of irrigant compared to PEEK. PEEK was resistant to the investigated irrigants and showed no significant alteration of surface and mechanical properties, whereas PA6 slightly increased its hardness, elastic modulus and surface roughness during long-term exposure at 37 °C. However, PA6 tips seem to be a promising disposable product due to the material’s high deformability and low manufacturing costs. Particularly with regard to structural-dynamic properties and high chemical resistance, PEEK can be considered as a material for reusable irrigation tips.
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Guo, Cheng, Xiaohua Liu, and Guang Liu. "Surface Finishing of FDM-Fabricated Amorphous Polyetheretherketone and Its Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite by Dry Milling." Polymers 13, no. 13 (2021): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132175.
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In recent years, many investigations have been devoted to fused deposition modeling (FDM) of high-performance polymer-polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and carbon-fiber-reinforced PEEK (CF/PEEK) for biomedical and aerospace applications. However, the staircase effect naturally brought about by FDM restricts further applications of 3D-printed PEEK and its composites in high-temperature molds, medical implants, and precision components, which require better or customized surface qualities. Hence, this work aimed to reduce the staircase effect and improve the surface quality of 3D-printed PEEK and CF/PEEK parts by dry milling of the fluctuant exterior surface. The co-dependency between 3D printing parameters (raster angle and layer thickness) and milling parameters (depth of cut, spindle speed, and feed rate per tooth) were investigated through experiments. The difference in removal mechanisms for PEEK and CF/PEEK was revealed. It was confirmed that the smearing effect enhanced the surface quality based on the morphology analysis and the simulation model. Both the raster angle of +45°/−45° and the small layer thickness could improve the surface quality of these 3D-printed polymers after dry milling. A large depth of cut and a large feed rate per tooth were likely to deteriorate the finished polymer surface. The spindle speed could influence the morphologies without significant changes in roughness values. Finally, a demonstration was performed to verify that dry milling of 3D-printed amorphous PEEK and CF/PEEK parts could lead to a high surface quality for critical requirements.
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Danylenko, Vladyslav, and Volodymyr Lipovskyi. "Review of polymer fused deposition material additive manufacturing technology for aerospace application." Journal of Rocket-Space Technology 34, no. 1 (2025): 21–30. https://doi.org/10.15421/452502.
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This review article explores the polymer-based fused deposition modeling (FDM) role in aerospace additive manufacturing. It focuses on analyzing thermoplastics like ABS, PEEK, and PEI. Composites such as carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK are also examined. The research uses scientific literature and industrial examples. Real cases highlight FDM’s ability to create lightweight, complex designs. The technology also reduces material waste and costs. Semi-crystalline polymers like PEEK show high strength-to-weight ratios. Their oriented molecular chains improve performance. Amorphous polymers, such as ABS, are cheaper but less thermally stable. Composites bridge the gap between polymers and metals. Carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK offers tensile strengths up to 100 MPa and withstands temperatures above 260°C without adding density. The study links polymer microstructure to function. Crystalline regions enhance strength. Amorphous areas limit thermal resistance. Ashby plots compare tensile strength, density, and cost. These charts guide material selection. Practical insights include guidelines for material selection. ABS suits prototypes and non-critical parts like UAV brackets. PEEK and PEI are better for high-stress uses, such as outer panels. Printed parts often have directional weakness (anisotropy). Long-term durability data under extreme conditions is scarce. Examples include UV exposure and cyclic loading. Performance varies across FDM printers. Standardization and certification remain challenges for critical systems. Future work should focus on high-temperature polymers for hypersonic flight. Multi-material printing could create graded parts, like heat-resistant exteriors with flexible interiors. Bio-sourced or recyclable filaments would support sustainability. AI-driven optimization may improve defect detection. Hybrid methods, like combining FDM with CNC machining, could boost precision. The research provides a roadmap to address technical and regulatory barriers. It positions FDM as a sustainable solution for aerospace. Balancing performance, cost, and environmental goals is key.
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Park, Ki-Won. "Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Polymer Research on Physical Changes in Plastics." Korea Industrial Technology Convergence Society 29, no. 1 (2024): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29279/jitr.2024.29.1.173.
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The cmp process is key to the uniformity of the thin film surface of wafers in semiconductor chip production. Retaining is an important process that is used in the field to maintain the surface of a thin film uniformly during wafer polishing; additionally, a ring is used in a style that facilitates the bonding of metal and plastics in various processes. This results in an extended manufacturing period and the adhering and subsequent solidification of the slurry to the diameter of the inner surface of the metal, which results in a scratch on the wafer owing to arbitrary dropout.
 This study aimed to replace the existing method by developing an injection-type insert-embedded ring to address the aforementioned challenge. Thermal stress tests for the accurate injection of polyetheretherketone materials detected phenol, phenyl ether, and dibenzofuran components using Py-Gc/MS. DSC analysis showed that the glass transition temperature was as high as 150 °C and the melting temperature was 342 °C. During TG-DTA, the heat weight was reduced by 50%, and the change in the calorific value of the peak occurred at 585.1 °C when the heating and cooling rates were constant.
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Koike, Hitonobu, Koshiro Mizobe, Shunsuke Oyama, Yuji Kashima, Kenji Kanemasu, and Katsuyuki Kida. "Comparison of Wear on PEEK-PTFE and PPS-PTFE Radial Bearings under Rolling Contact Fatigue." Applied Mechanics and Materials 372 (August 2013): 503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.372.503.
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In this paper, the wear performance of polymer radial ball bearings (PEEK-PTFE and PPS-PTFE) were investigated. For effective operation of equipment in clean energy facilities environment, the polymer bearings were developed. These polymer bearings were produced by machining and their rolling contact fatigue (RCF) behavior under non-lubricated condition was carried out. PEEK accumulation layer with PTFE and graphite was formed on the bearing's inner ring under 3000 rpm high rotation speed. Due to the self-lubrication of PEEK layer, the wear loss of PEEK-PTFE bearing was lower than PPS-PTFE radial bearing. Moreover, it was found that the thin PEEK layer protected the raceway from the friction heat and wear. The wear durability of PEEK-PTFE bearing was superior to PPS-PTFE one.
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Panin, Sergey V., Duc A. Nguyen, Dmitry G. Buslovich, et al. "Effect of Various Type of Nanoparticles on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Wear-Resistant PEEK + PTFE-Based Composites." Materials 14, no. 5 (2021): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051113.
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The mechanical and tribological properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK)- and PEEK + PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)-based composites loaded with and four types of nanoparticles (carbonaceous, metallic, bimetal oxide, and ceramic) under metal- and ceramic-polymer tribological contact conditions were investigated. It was found that loading with the nanofillers in a small content (0.3 wt.%) enabled improvement of the elastic modulus of the PEEK-based composites by 10–15%. In the metal–polymer tribological contact, wear resistance of all nanocomposites was increased by 1.5–2.3 times. In the ceramic-polymer tribological contact, loading PEEK with metal nanoparticles caused the intensification of oxidation processes, the microabrasive counterpart wear, and a multiple increase in the wear rate of the composites. The three component “PEEK/10PTFE/0.3 nanofillers” composites provided an increase in wear resistance, up to 22 times, for the metal–polymer tribological contact and up to 12 times for the ceramic-polymer one (with a slight decrease in the mechanical properties) compared to that of neat PEEK. In all cases, this was achieved by the polymer transfer film formation and adherence on the counterparts. The various effects of the four types of nanoparticles on wear resistance were determined by their ability to fix the PTFE-containing transfer film on the counterpart surfaces.
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Gray, Kerrie, Takahiro Matsueda, Taisei Nishiyama, Soji Matsubayashi, and Katsuyuki Kida. "Weibull Distribution to Evaluate the Reliability of PEEK Thrust Bearings under Rolling Contact Fatigue in Water." Solid State Phenomena 331 (April 29, 2022): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-8r8z28.
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Bearings are important in moving machinery. Today machines are used in varied fields, including environments where metals are not ideal materials. Industrial polymers are a possible alternative due to their mechanical properties, and the thermoplastic polymer Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is suitable in many varied conditions. The failure mechanisms of PEEK are not fully understood, so the purpose of this study is to continue examining the relationship between load and rotation speed in rolling contact fatigue of PEEK thrust bearings in water conditions, to evaluate fatigue strength and life.
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Jonas, Alain, and Roger Legras. "PEEK oligomers: a model for polymer physical behavior. 3. Nature of oligomers in the PEEK polymer." Macromolecules 26, no. 11 (1993): 2674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00063a005.
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Khatri, Bilal, Manuel Francis Roth, and Frank Balle. "Ultrasonic Welding of Additively Manufactured PEEK and Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced PEEK with Integrated Energy Directors." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, no. 1 (2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7010002.
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The thermoplastic polymer polyether ether ketone (PEEK) offers thermal and mechanical properties comparable to thermosetting polymers, while also being thermally re-processable and recyclable as well as compatible with fused filament fabrication (FFF). In this study, the feasibility of joining additively manufactured PEEK in pure and short carbon-fiber-reinforced form (CF-PEEK) is investigated. Coupon-level samples for both materials were fabricated using FFF with tailored integrated welding surfaces in the form of two different energy director (ED) shapes and joined through ultrasonic polymer welding. Using an energy-driven joining process, the two materials were systematically investigated with different welding parameters, such as welding force, oscillation amplitude and welding power, against the resulting weld quality. The strengths of the welded bonds were characterized using lap-shear tests and benchmarked against the monotonic properties of single 3D-printed samples, yielding ultimate lap-shear forces of 2.17kN and 1.97kN and tensile strengths of 3.24MPa and 3.79MPa for PEEK and CF-PEEK, respectively. The weld surfaces were microscopically imaged to characterize the failure behaviors of joints welded using different welding parameters. Samples welded with optimized welding parameters exhibited failures outside the welded region, indicating a higher weld-strength compared to that of the bulk. This study lays the foundation for using ultrasonic welding as a glue-free method to join 3D-printed high-performance thermoplastics to manufacture large load-bearing, as well as non-load-bearing, structures, while minimizing the time and cost limitations of FFF as a fabrication process.
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Sakamoto, W. K. "Dielectric spectroscopy and thermally stimulated discharge current in PEEK film." Eclética Química 28, no. 2 (2003): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-46702003000200006.
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The complex permittivity of films of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has been investigated over a wide range of frequency. There is no relaxation peak in the range of 1Hz to 10(5) Hz but in the low-frequency side (10-4 Hz) there is an evidence of a peak that also can be observed by thermally stimulated discharge current measurements. That peak is related with the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer. The activation energy of the relaxation was found to be 0.44 eV, similar to that of several synthetic polymers. Space charges are important in the conduction mechanism as shown by discharging transient.
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Li, Yunxi, Yunping Zhao, Tao Liu, Xigui Yue, and Zhenhua Jiang. "Development of a high-performance poly(ether ether ketone) copolymer with extremely low melt viscosity." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 3 (2017): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008317690794.
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The conventional poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and two other PEEK copolymers (PEEEKK-PEK and PEEEKK-PEEEK) were successfully synthesized and investigated on their thermal stabilities, mechanical properties, and rheological behaviors. Both of the PEEEKK-PEK and PEEEKK-PEEEK were composed of the same chemical components with conventional PEEK (phenyl–ether–ketone equals 3:2:1), but the sequences of their components (phenyl, ether, and ketone) were different. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis indicate that PEEEKK-PEK and PEEEKK-PEEEK have extremely close glass transition temperatures and melting points with conventional PEEK, which suggests their similar operating temperatures. They also process similarly high mechanical properties based on their stress–strain tests. However, PEEEKK-PEK, PEEEKK-PEEEK, and PEEK exhibit significant differences in their rheological behaviors; PEEEKK-PEK even shows an excessively low melt viscosity (51% of PEEK). These results reveal the effects of sequence distribution on polymer properties and thereby demonstrate the processing viscosity of PEEK could be decreased without sacrificing its operating temperature or material performances.
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Mitalova, Zuzana, Jan Duplak, Dariana Duplakova, Dusan Mital, and Juliana Litecka. "PEEK-Polymer for Dental Implants: A Concise Review." Materiale Plastice 61, no. 1 (2024): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.24.1.5713.
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The biomaterials applicable in dental implantology, or implantology generally, are subject to specific requirements, namely biocompatibility, osseointegration, resistance to fracture/ oxidative degradation/ long-term compressive stress/ hydrolisis in boiling water, suitable morphology, suitable physical properties (including mechanical properties), aesthetics, etc. When selecting a suitable material for dental implants, it is also necessary to consider the patient s current health condition and possible complications when placing titanium implants and alloys. If there is a risk of an allergic reaction or hypersensitivity to any of the components of the metal prosthesis, the placement of a semi-crystalline thermoplastic implant - called polyetheretherketone, abbreviated PEEK - is a possible option. Such a wide range of stiffness means that PEEK formulations can be produced with modulus values similar to cortical bone. PEEK is classified as a High Performance Polymer of polymer pyramide (such as Polysulfones polybutylene terephthalate). PEEK can be applied for dental abutment and dental body. This article summarises basic information on the structure and properties of PEEK polymer, advantages/ disadvantages (compared to metal - titanium restorations), application and general information from the examined field.
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Song, Meiyun, Xiaoqing Wang, Ran Du, et al. "Effects of liquid crystal polymer (LCP) on the structure and performance of PEEK/CF composites." RSC Advances 12, no. 20 (2022): 12446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01450e.
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Here a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) was introduced into a PEEK/CF system as a new solution to simultaneously promote processing and mechanical performance of PEEK/CF and other polymer-based composites.
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Song, Meiyun, Xiaoqing Wang, Ran Du, et al. "Effects of liquid crystal polymer (LCP) on the structure and performance of PEEK/CF composites." RSC Advances 12, no. 20 (2022): 12446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01450e.
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Here a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) was introduced into a PEEK/CF system as a new solution to simultaneously promote processing and mechanical performance of PEEK/CF and other polymer-based composites.
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Pravin, Kumari Sindhu, Bibhuti Prasanna, Ujjal Chatterjee, Neeta Sinha, Nagbhushan Mandal, and Sumit Kr Roy. "APPLICATION OF PEEK: A FUTURE REVOLUTION IN PROSTHODONTICS." DENTAL JOURNAL OF INDIRA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 1 (February 15, 2022): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/djigims_20220101_56.
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The aim of this study is to review polyether ether ketone (PEEK), its characteristics and use in prosthodontics. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is one of the most used semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymers in aeronautics and aerospace. This new material matches the technological advancements and patient's desires for a natural and aesthetic look, thanks to its strength, superior biocompatibility, low plaque affinity and aesthetics characteristics close to the desired natural dental structure. PEEK has good mechanical and electrical properties such as resistance to high temperature and resistance to hydrolysis. Satisfactory findings have also been observed when used in knee, hip, spine and other implants. PEEK polymer is suitable to use in prosthodontics. PEEK can fulfil the long-term demand of an ideal multipurpose material for biomedical applications. However, there are not enough statements about complications, biofilm formation on PEEK surface and its resistance to compression. More research should be done to find out the results.
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Jung, Hana, Kwak Jin Bae, Yuna Oh, Jeong-Un Jin, Nam-Ho You, and Jaesang Yu. "Effects on the Thermo-Mechanical and Interfacial Performance of Newly Developed PI-Sized Carbon Fiber–Polyether Ether Ketone Composites: Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulations." Polymers 15, no. 7 (2023): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15071646.
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In this study, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) composites reinforced with newly developed water-dispersible polyimide (PI)-sized carbon fibers (CFs) were developed to enhance the effects of the interfacial interaction between PI-sized CFs and a PEEK polymer on their thermo-mechanical properties. The PI sizing layers on these CFs may be induced to interact vigorously with the p-phenylene groups of PEEK polymer chains because of increased electron affinity. Therefore, these PI-sized CFs are effective for improving the interfacial adhesion of PEEK composites. PEEK composites were reinforced with C-CFs, de-CFs, and PI-sized CFs. The PI-sized CFs were prepared by spin-coating a water-dispersible PAS suspension onto the de-CFs, followed by heat treatment for imidization. The composites were cured using a compression molding machine at a constant temperature and pressure. Atomic force and scanning electron microscopy observations of the structures and morphologies of the carbon fiber surfaces verified the improvement of their thermo-mechanical properties. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the effects of PI sizing agents on the stronger interfacial interaction energy between the PI-sized CFs and the PEEK polymer. These results suggest that optimal amounts of PI sizing agents increased the interfacial properties between the CFs and the PEEK polymer.
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de Riccardis, M. Federica, Daniela Carbone, and Daniela Cuna. "Electrophoretic Deposition of Lignin Reinforced Polymer Coatings." Key Engineering Materials 654 (July 2015): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.654.247.
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Composite coatings based on PEEK and Lignin were obtained by EPD. The addition of Lignin had some beneficial effects, the most relevant being an increased coating adhesion on conductive substrates. Before using in EPD suspensions, Lignin was functionalised by a carbonyl group. This functionalisation produced chemical interactions between PEEK powder and Lignin, and, as a consequence, better results in terms of both EPD efficiency and adhesion coating. Moreover, the addition of Lignin increased the hydrophobicity of PEEK coatings when they were thermally treated at temperature lower than the melting point of PEEK.
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Yan, Ying, Yu Mao, Bo Li, and Ping Zhou. "Machinability of the Thermoplastic Polymers: PEEK, PI, and PMMA." Polymers 13, no. 1 (2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010069.
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The thermoplastic polymer such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and polyimide (PI) is a kind of polymer material with properties of good mechanical strength. It has been widely used in the fields of aerospace, optical engineering, and microfluidics, etc. Thermoplastic polymers are considered to be one of the most promising engineering plastics in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to further study its mechanical properties and machinability, especially in ultra-precision machining. Furthermore, mechanical property and machinability were studied in this work. Through the dynamic mechanical analysis experiment, the elastic modulus and temperature effect of PMMA, PEEK, and PI are analyzed. In addition, the high-speed micromilling experiment is conducted to show that the surface roughness, burrs, and cutting chip characteristics in the high-speed micromilling process. In general, the surface quality of the brittle removal is generally better than that of the viscoelasticity state. The results show that PMMA, PEEK, and PI have good mechanical properties and machinability. Base on the results, the material will be in a viscoelastic state as the temperature increases. The surface quality of the brittle removal is generally better than the viscoelastic state.
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Gurenkov, V. M., N. N. Molotkova, I. M. Shelonina, M. A. Petrova, M. Yu Gorshkova, and T. N. Prudskova. "Molecular weight characteristics of polyetheretherketone (PEEK): analysis of determination conditions." Plasticheskie massy 1, no. 11-12 (2022): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2021-11-12-3-6.
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Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), which is highly resistant to aggressive media and various types of radiation, is widely used in various industries. At the same time, the information on the molecular weight characteristics of PEEK, which is necessary for the creation of polymer materials with specifi ed properties, is quite limited. Determination of these characteristics is complicated by the almost complete insolubility of PEEK in organic solvents. The work is devoted to the analysis of the applicability of viscometry, determination of the melt fl ow index and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for assessing the molecular weight characteristics of PEEK. The preliminary modifi cation of the polymer to transform it into a soluble state has been considered as an alternative approach. A GPC-method of the determination of molecular mass of sulfonated PEEK has been developed. The values of average molecular weights for samples produced by Petrov Institute of Plastics and a commercial sample Victrex 150G were determined. Good agreement of the GPC data with the results of determining the melt fl ow index of the polymer makes it possible to consider the latter as an express method for assessing the molecular weight of a polymer.
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Mizobe, Koshiro, Takashi Honda, Hitonobu Koike, Edson Costa Santos, Katsuyuki Kida, and Yuji Kashima. "Relationship between Load, Rotation Speed and, Strength in All - PEEK and PEEK Race – PTFE Retainer Hybrid Polymer Bearings under Dry Rolling Contact Fatigue." Advanced Materials Research 567 (September 2012): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.567.66.
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The production of bearings is focusing on polymers, such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK), a tough semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer with excellent mechanical properties and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a material with low friction coefficient. The purpose of this study was to establish the properties of hybrid PEEK races – PTFE retainer bearings. Rolling contact fatigue tests were performed in order to investigate the wear properties of such components and the relation between load and rotation speed. It is concluded that by using a PTFE retainer, no wear occurs under thrust load ranging from 200N to 800N at 300rpm.
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Massocchi, Davide, Giacomo Riboni, Nora Lecis, Steven Chatterton, and Paolo Pennacchi. "Tribological Characterization of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) Polymers Produced by Additive Manufacturing for Hydrodynamic Bearing Application." Lubricants 9, no. 11 (2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9110112.
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The coating materials commonly used in hydrodynamic bearings are the so-called “Babbitt metals” or “white metals”, as defined by ASTM B23-00. Their low Young’s modulus and yield point have encouraged researchers to find new coatings to overcome these limitations. In this paper, the friction and wear of PEEK are studied in a dry sliding environment (without lubrication) using a ball-on-disk tribometer and compared to those of Babbitt metal. Furthermore, the bond strength tests between PEEK and metals/alloys are evaluated. PEEK polymer samples were obtained from cylindrical rods, manufactured by an innovative process for polymer bonding on bearing surfaces, using additive manufacturing technology. The morphologies of the degraded surfaces were examined using a high-resolution metallurgical optical microscope (OM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The coefficients of friction (CoF) were obtained under the alternating ball-on-disk dry tribometer. The results of the experimental activity show that PEEK polymers have CoFs of about 0.22 and 0.16 under the 1 and 5 N applied load, respectively. The CoF and wear volume loss results are reported and compared to the reference Babbitt coating.
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Verot, S., and P. Battesti. "Étude par CNDO/2 des mouvements de rotation des unités moléculaires constituant le squelette des polymères du type: PEK, PEEK et PEEKK." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 4 (1995): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-075.
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Diphenyl ether (DPE) and diphenyl ketone (DPK) are the molecular constituents of polymers such as PEK, poly(ether–ketone); PEEK, poly(ether–ether–ketone), and PEEKK, poly(ether–ether–ketone–ketone). A conformational analysis of DPE and DPK is examined by means of semiempirical calculations using CNDO/2 (Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap). The modelization is first run disregarding electronic interactions and steric effects, then introducing them in the calculations. We found that the absolute minimum energy conformer has torsional angles (θ1,θ2) = (30°,150°) for the DPE (with and without interactions) and (θ1,θ2) = (90°,90°) for the DPK (without interactions). Considering the polymer chains of PEK, PEEK, and PEEKK, the motion of DPE is expected to be easier than that of DPK in regions of local motions and for equivalent steric effects. Keywords: conformational analysis, diphenyl ether, diphenyl ketone, CNDO/2, rotational barriers.
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Nagel, Jürgen, Philipp Zimmermann, Simona Schwarz, and Kornelia Schlenstedt. "Selective Grafting of Polyamines to Polyether Ether Ketone Surface during Molding and Its Use for Chemical Plating." Coatings 8, no. 10 (2018): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8100333.
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We present a new approach of surface functionalization of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) that is carried out during the molding step. Thin films of polymers with different functional groups were applied to the surface of a mold and brought in close contact with a PEEK melt during injection molding. The surfaces of the produced parts were characterized after solidification. Only those PEEK surfaces that were in contact with polymers bearing primary amino groups exhibited a wettability for water. Obviously, the thin polymer film was grafted to the surface by a chemical reaction initiated by the high melt temperature. The formation of azomethine bonds between PEEK and the polyamine by coupling to the ketone groups was proposed. The other amino groups in the molecule were still in function after the molding process. They adsorbed different anionic molecules and anionic charged nanoparticles from aqueous solutions. The surfaces could be chemically plated by copper and nickel with high adhesion.
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Becker, Marc, Steffen Lorenz, Dennis Strand, Christian-Friedrich Vahl, and Matthias Gabriel. "Covalent Grafting of the RGD-Peptide onto Polyetheretherketone Surfaces via Schiff Base Formation." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/616535.
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In recent years, the synthetic polymer polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has increasingly been used in a number of orthopedic implementations, due to its excellent mechanical properties, bioinertness, and chemical resistance. Forin vivoapplications, the surface of PEEK, which does not naturally support cell adhesion, has to be modified to improve tissue integration. In the present work we demonstrate a novel wet-chemical modification of PEEK to modify the surface, enabling the covalent grafting of the cell-adhesive RGD-peptide. Modification of the polymer surface was achieved via Schiff base formation using an aliphatic diamine and subsequent crosslinker-mediated immobilization of the peptide. In cell culture experiments with primary osteoblasts it was shown that the RGD-modified PEEK not only significantly promoted cellular adhesion but also strongly enhanced the proliferation of osteoblasts on the modified polymer surface.
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Ranjan, Nishant. "Chitosan withPVC Polymer for Biomedical Applications: A Bibliometric Analysis." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (2021): 2986–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.2338.
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Chitosan (CS) is a natural and biopolymer that are suitable biomedical properties such as; biocompatibility, non-toxicity, biodegradability and bioactive polymer that’s reason with a very large application (fabrication of biomedical scaffolds, implants). Some of the biocompatible thermoplastic polymers (PLA, PEEK,PLGA, PE, PP, PMMA, PET and etc.) are most widely used in biomedical field as per their properties from last two decades. Poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) thermoplastic polymer are most widely used in medical field but there are some limitations of their uses. For enhancement of PVC thermoplastic polymers properties sometimes add some bioactive and biocompatible fillers or other bioactive thermoplastic polymers. In this review paper try to link and discussed about the possible reinforcement CS in PVC thermoplastic polymer for biomedical applications.
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Shukla, Devesh, Yuvraj Singh Negi, and Vijai Kumar. "Modification of Poly(ether ether ketone) Polymer for Fuel Cell Application." Journal of Applied Chemistry 2013 (December 3, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/386903.
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Polyelectrolyte membrane (PEM) is an important part of PEM fuel cell. Nafion is a commercially known membrane which gives the satisfactory result in PEM fuel cell operating at low temperature. Present research paper includes functionalization of Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) polymer with phosphonic acid group. The functionalization was done with the help of nickel-based catalyst. Further, the polymer was characterized by the FTIR, EDAX, DSC, TGA, and 1H NMR, and it was found that PEEK polymer was functionalized with phosphonic acid group with good thermal stability in comparison to virgin PEEK. Finally, the thin films of functionalized polymer were prepared by solution casting method, and proton conductivity of film samples was measured by impedance spectra whose value was found satisfactory with good thermal stability in comparison to commercially available Nafion membrane.
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Zhu, Yan Ji, Hui Juan Qian, Gui Ying Wang, and Huai Yuan Wang. "Tribological Behaviors of Polymer Based Composites under Alkaline Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 510 (April 2012): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.510.563.
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In this paper, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) based composites reinforced with various amounts of potassium titanate whiskers (PTWs) or short carbon fibers (CF) were designed and fabricated respectively. The friction and wear properties of PEEK and PTFE based composites sliding under rigorous alkaline were comparatively investigated. Also, the morphologies of the worn and counterpart surfaces were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Because of the stable tunnel crystal structure and frame structure micro-reinforcement capacity, PTWs show outstanding performances in increasing the wear resistance and reducing the friction coefficients of both PEEK and PTFE based composites under alkaline. However, CF leads to the degradation of wear resistance and the increase of friction coefficient of PEEK based composites under alkaline. Furrows and abrasive wear were the main mechanisms for CF/PTFE/PEEK and CF/PTFE composites sliding in alkali. The results show that PTW/PTFE composites exhibit higher wear resistance under lower load, while PTW/PTFE/PEEK composite is more suitable for higher load under alkaline condition. Owing to the primary cooling and boundary lubricating effects of alkali, the wear rates and friction coefficients of PTFE composites and PTW/PTFE/PEEK composites decreased obviously, though the transfer films onto the counterpart steel surface were hindered considerably.
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Ashraf, Cheruvu Mohammed, Sujesh M, Ravi Kumar C, Rajanikanth A, Chalapathi Rao Duggineni, and Sunitha K. "An overview of applications of PEEK polymer in prosthodontics." International Journal of Dental Materials 04, no. 02 (2022): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37983/ijdm.2022.4204.
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he rapid evolution of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) led to the introduction of newer materials that could be precisely milled for the fabrication of dental prostheses. PEEK (PolyEtherEtherKetone) has been explored for a number of applications for clinical dentistry, including removable dental prostheses, fixed dental prostheses, implant-supported prostheses, resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses and implant-retained overdentures. The major beneficial property of PEEK is its lower Young's modulus, and as elastic as bone, providing a cushioning effect and reduction of stress transferred to abutment teeth. It is a material with high biocompatibility, good mechanical properties, high-temperature resistance, chemical stability, polishability, good wear resistance, and high bond strength with luting cements. Further, PEEK is also recommended for a wide range of CAD-CAM fabricated fixed and removable prostheses, fabrication of occlusal splints, intra-radicular posts, implant abutments and provisional restorations. PEEK material shows a property of radiolucency, which is advantageous for the evaluation of both osseointegrationand tissue surrounding the implant on computed tomography. Considering these properties, PEEK is increasingly being used in implantology.
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Ashraf, Cheruvu Mohammed, Sujesh M, Ravi Kumar C, Rajanikanth A, Chalapathi Rao Duggineni, and Sunitha K. "An overview of applications of PEEK polymer in prosthodontics." International Journal of Dental Materials 04, no. 02 (2022): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37983/ijdm.2022.4204.
Full textAbstract:
he rapid evolution of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) led to the introduction of newer materials that could be precisely milled for the fabrication of dental prostheses. PEEK (PolyEtherEtherKetone) has been explored for a number of applications for clinical dentistry, including removable dental prostheses, fixed dental prostheses, implant-supported prostheses, resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses and implant-retained overdentures. The major beneficial property of PEEK is its lower Young's modulus, and as elastic as bone, providing a cushioning effect and reduction of stress transferred to abutment teeth. It is a material with high biocompatibility, good mechanical properties, high-temperature resistance, chemical stability, polishability, good wear resistance, and high bond strength with luting cements. Further, PEEK is also recommended for a wide range of CAD-CAM fabricated fixed and removable prostheses, fabrication of occlusal splints, intra-radicular posts, implant abutments and provisional restorations. PEEK material shows a property of radiolucency, which is advantageous for the evaluation of both osseointegrationand tissue surrounding the implant on computed tomography. Considering these properties, PEEK is increasingly being used in implantology.
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Li, Hongxia, Jianqun Yang, Feng Tian, Xingji Li, and Shangli Dong. "Study on the Microstructure of Polyether Ether Ketone Films Irradiated with 170 keV Protons by Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) Technology." Polymers 12, no. 11 (2020): 2717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112717.
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Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) films irradiated with 170 keV protons were calculated by the stopping and ranges of ions in matter (SRIM) software. The results showed that the damage caused by 170 keV protons was only several microns of the PEEK surface, and the ionization absorbed dose and displacement absorbed dose were calculated. The surface morphology and roughness of PEEK after proton irradiation were studied by atomic force microscope (AFM). GISAXS was used to analyze the surface structural information of the pristine and irradiated PEEK. The experimental results showed that near the surface of the pristine and irradiated PEEK exists a peak, and the peak gradually disappeared with the increasing of the angles of incidence and the peak changed after irradiation, which implies the 170 keV protons have an effect on PEEK structure. The influences of PEEK irradiated with protons on the melting temperature and crystallization temperature was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC results showed that the crystallinity of the polymer after irradiation decreased. The structure and content of free radicals of pristine and irradiated PEEK were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The stress and strain test results showed that the yield strength of the PEEK irradiated with 5 × 1015 p/cm2 and 1 × 1016 p/cm2 was higher than the pristine, but the elongation at break of the PEEK irradiated with 5 × 1015 p/cm2 and 1 × 1016 p/cm2 decreased obviously.
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Kumar, Sivakoti Shyam, Rahul Chhibber, and Rajeev Mehta. "PEEK Composite Scaffold Preparation for Load Bearing Bone Implants." Materials Science Forum 911 (January 2018): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.911.77.
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Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), a thermoplastic polymer with remarkable mechanical properties apart from being bio-inert and approved by Food and Drug Administration-U S (FDA), is a promising bio-material at load bearing sites such as bone implants. The major challenge in PEEK associated bio composites is its process ability. Several ways have been attempted in past and finally resolved the issue by inkjet binder customized technique and Selective Laser Sintering for PEEK composite. An alternate method is presented in this work with ingenious process ability of PEEK, a polymer replacement for bone Collagen and Hydroxyapatites, the bone reinforcement prepared from egg shells. The alternate way suggested in this work is economically attractive without significant compromise in quality of the composite prepared.
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Qiuling Wang and George S. Springer. "Moisture Absorption and Fracture Toughness of PEEK Polymer and Graphite Fiber Reinforced PEEK." Journal of Composite Materials 23, no. 5 (1989): 434–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199838902300501.
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Zsidai, Laszlo, and Robert Keresztes. "Tribological behaviour and surface quality of polymeric industrial sealing materials." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 1, no. 1 (2010): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v1i1.20427.
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Tests presented in our research work as an example give look into the wear and frictionbehaviour of some typical polymer sealing compound (POM, PEEK, PA). The measurementsexamine above all the effect of surface roughness onto the wear and friction behaviour wear incase of optimal loading relations. We have carried out the test in pin-on –disc system. Based onthe test results we have classified the polymers on the basis of wear and friction factors.Keywords polymer tribology, sliding seals, surface roughnes, pin on disc
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Khalesi, Rayhaneh, Mahdi Abbasi, Zahra Shahidi, Masoumeh Hasani Tabatabaei, and Zohreh Moradi. "Interfacial Fracture Toughness Comparison of Three Indirect Resin Composites to Dentin and Polyether Ether Ketone Polymer." European Journal of Dentistry 14, no. 03 (2020): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713309.
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Abstract Objectives Advances in laboratory composites and their high wear resistance and fracture toughness have resulted in their growing popularity and increasing use for dental restorations. This study sought to assess the fracture toughness of three indirect composites bonded to dental substrate and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) polymer. Materials and Methods This in vitro study was conducted on two groups of dental and polymer substrates. Each substrate was bonded to three indirect composite resins. Sixty blocks (3 × 3 × 12 mm) were made of sound bovine anterior teeth and PEEK polymer. Sixty blocks (3 × 3 × 12 mm) were fabricated of CRIOS (Coltene, Germany), high impact polymer composite (HIPC; Bredent, Germany), and GRADIA (Indirect; GC, Japan) composite resins. Composites were bonded to dentin using Panavia F 2.0 (Kuraray, Japan). For bonding to PEEK, Combo.lign (Bredent) and Visio.Link (Bredent) luting cements were used. In all samples, a single-edge notch was created by a no. 11 surgical blade at the interface. The samples were subjected to 3,500 thermal cycles, and their fracture toughness was measured in a universal testing machine (Zwick/Roell, Germany) by application of four-point flexural load. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis. Results The fracture toughness of CRIOS–PEEK interface was significantly higher than HIPC–PEEK. The fracture toughness of GRADIA–PEEK was not significantly different from that of HIPC and CRIOS. The fracture toughness of GRADIA–dentin was significantly higher than HIPC–dentin. Conclusion Considering the limitations of this study, GRADIA has the highest bond strength to dentin, while CRIOS shows the highest bond strength to PEEK.
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Rajmohan, T., R. Rangarajan, D. Seshadhri, L. Seshan, and D. Kumar. "Synthesis and Characterisation of Multi Wall Carbon Nano Tubes (MWCNT) Reinforced Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.235.
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Recently, the polymers and their composites are getting more popular in tribological applications under water condition to replace metallic materials as rubbing materials due to the corrosion problems of the metals. With the outstanding performance such as high mechanical properties, high chemical resistance, and high wear resistance, poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) becomes one of the most promising polymer material for the tribological applications. Carbon nanotubes containing PMCs are being developed and projected for diverse applications in various fields of engineering like automotive, avionic, electronic and bio-medical sectors due to their good tribological, mechanical and thermal properties. In the present investigation, PEEK and PEEK reinforced with MWCNT are synthesized by injection moulding route. Microstructure of MWCNT reinforced PEEK are investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hence the distribution of reinforcement was noted. The chemical compositions of the different phases were investigated through Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) detector
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Bourne, N. K., S. C. Garcea, D. S. Eastwood, et al. "On compression and damage evolution in two thermoplastics." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2197 (2017): 20160495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0495.
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The well-known Taylor cylinder impact test, which follows the impact of a flat-ended cylindrical rod onto a rigid stationary anvil, is conducted over a range of impact speeds for two polymers, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK). In previous work, experiments and a model were developed to capture the deformation behaviour of the cylinder after impact. These works showed a region in which spatial and temporal variation of both longitudinal and radial deformation provided evidence of changes in phase within the material. In this further series of experiments, this region is imaged in a range of impacted targets at the Diamond synchrotron. Further techniques were fielded to resolve compressed regions within the recovered polymer cylinders that showed a fracture zone in the impact region. The combination of macroscopic high-speed photography and three-dimensional X-ray imaging has identified the development of failure with these polymers and shown that there is no abrupt transition in behaviours but rather a continuous range of responses to competing operating mechanisms. The behaviours noted in PEEK in these polymers show critical gaps in understanding of polymer high strain-rate response.
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Ahmed, Sabbir, and Shantanu Bhowmik. "Interpenetrating polymer network adhesive bonding of PEEK to titanium for aerospace application." Journal of Polymer Engineering 39, no. 1 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2018-0148.
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Abstract This investigation highlights the rationale of epoxy-novolac interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) adhesive bonding of low-pressure plasma treated polyether ether ketone (PEEK) to plasma nitrided titanium for aerospace application. Physico-chemical characterization of surface modified PEEK is carried out by surface energy measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Lap shear tensile tests are carried out to measure mechanical properties such as lap-shear tensile strength, Young’s modulus, percentage elongation at break (% EB) and toughness of the adhesive bonded PEEK to titanium joint. XPS analysis reveals the presence of the oxygen (O) functional group into the plasma treated PEEK surface. This polar functional group O increases the surface energy on the plasma treated PEEK surface, and consequently, the adhesive bond strength is enhanced. The values of Young’s modulus, % EB and toughness of epoxy-novolac IPN adhesive bonded plasma treated PEEK to plasma nitrided titanium are increased considerably in respect to epoxy-novolac IPN adhesive bonded untreated PEEK to untreated titanium joint. Therefore, the present investigation concludes that the adhesive bond strength not only depends on the surface characteristics of PEEK and titanium, but also on the cohesive properties of the adhesive.
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Liu, Xiuru, Linji Zhang, Chaosheng Yuan, et al. "A Study of the Pressure-Induced Solidification of Polymers." Polymers 10, no. 8 (2018): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080847.
Full textAbstract:
By using a self-designed pressure-jump apparatus, we investigated the melt solidification behavior in the rapid compression process for poly-ethylene-terephthalate (PET), polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), isotactic polypropylene (iPP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and the living polymer sulfur. The experimental results clearly show that crystallization could be inhibited, and some melts were solidified to the full amorphous state for PET, PEEK, and sulfur. Full amorphous PEEK that was 24 mm in diameter and 12 mm in height was prepared, which exceeded the size obtained by the melt quenching method. The bulk amorphous sulfur thus obtained exhibited extraordinarily high thermal stability, and an abnormal exothermic transition to liquid sulfur was observed at around 396 K. Since the solidification of melt is realized by changing pressure instead of temperature and is not essentially limited by thermal conductivity, it is a promising way to prepare fully amorphous polymers. In addition, novel properties are also expected in these polymers solidified by the pressure-jump within milliseconds.
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Lin, Li, Yuntao Han, Xiaohan Zhao, et al. "Effectively improving the performance of MWNT/PEEK composite by choosing PAK-Cz as the solubilizer." High Performance Polymers 31, no. 8 (2018): 875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318804045.
Full textAbstract:
Improvement of the interfacial compatibility between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a polymer matrix is a key problem in the preparation of high-performance CNTs/polymer composites, such as the CNT/poly(ether-ether ketone) (PEEK) composite. Because it contains large conjugated carbazole side chains, PAK-Cz has been shown to have an outstanding dispersive capacity for multi-walled CNTs (MWNTs; 608 mg L−1 in N-methyl pyrrolidone, which is far better than other commonly used poly(aryl ether) solubilizers). Therefore, in this work, PAK-Cz was used for the first time in MWNT/PEEK composites as a solubilizer. A series of MWNT/PEEK composites with the PAK-Cz solubilizer were prepared by simple physical blending. As expected, all of these composites exhibited better performance characteristics, such as mechanical properties, tensile strength, flexural strength and simultaneous toughening effect, than the pure PEEK material and the MWNT/PEEK (without any solubilizer) composites.
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Pryjmaková, Jana, Daniel Grossberger, Anna Kutová, et al. "A New Promising Material for Biological Applications: Multilevel Physical Modification of AgNP-Decorated PEEK." Nanomaterials 13, no. 24 (2023): 3079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13243079.
Full textAbstract:
In the case of polymer medical devices, the surface design plays a crucial role in the contact with human tissue. The use of AgNPs as antibacterial agents is well known; however, there is still more to be investigated about their anchoring into the polymer surface. This study describes the changes in the surface morphology and behaviour in the biological environment of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with immobilised AgNPs after different surface modifications. The initial composites were prepared by immobilising silver nanoparticles from a colloid solution in the upper surface layers of polyetheretherketone (PEEK). The prepared samples (Ag/PEEK) had a planar morphology and were further modified with a KrF laser, a GaN laser, and an Ar plasma. The samples were studied using the AFM method to visualise changes in surface morphology and obtain information on the height of the structures and other surface parameters. A comparative analysis of the nanoparticles and polymers was performed using FEG-SEM. The chemical composition of the surface of the samples and optical activity were studied using XPS and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Finally, drop plate antibacterial and cytotoxicity tests were performed to determine the role of Ag nanoparticles after modification and suitability of the surface, which are important for the use of the resulting composite in biomedical applications.
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Kovar, R. F. "ORGANOMETALLIC SURFACE-TREATMENT OF PBZT AND PBO ORDERED POLYMER FILMS FOR IMPROVED ADHESION." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 11, no. 4 (1995): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087919951104290.
Full textAbstract:
Poly(bisbenzothiazole) and poly(bisbenzoxazole), (PBZT and PBO, respectively) when used to make ordered polymer films, enable the fabrication of strong, lightweight, thinwalled structures without the limitations of fiber- reinforced composite structures. However, the bonding of these films to adhesive resins is weak due to the chemical inertness of their surfaces. Foster-Miller applied an organometallic surface-treatment (OST) to heat- treated PBZT and PBO films for the purpose of attaching polar carboxylic acid groups that would increase interfacial interaction in ordered polymer film- based composites. Poly(etheretherKetone) (PEEK), thermoplastic and epoxy thermoset adhesive resins were evaluated. OST significantly increased the wettability of PBZT and PBO film surfaces toward water and epoxy resin in comparison to untreated films. PBZT film/PEEK adhesive peel strength increased more than fivefold, with samples exhibiting cohesive failure. However, the absolute value for peel strength was low, a consequence of low interlaminar shear strength within the films themselves.