Academic literature on the topic 'Peer group pressure'
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Journal articles on the topic "Peer group pressure"
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Hopkins, Nick. "Peer group processes and adolescent health-related behaviour: More than ‘peer group pressure’?" Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 4, no. 5 (December 1994): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.2450040503.
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Cullingford, Cedric, and Jenny Morrison. "Peer Group Pressure Within and Outside School." British Educational Research Journal 23, no. 1 (February 1997): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0141192970230106.
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Mukminah, Mukminah. "HUBUNGAN MONITORING PARENTAL DAN KEBIASAAN PEER GROUP DENGAN PERILAKU MEROKOK REMAJA SLTP DI KOTA MATARAM." JURNAL BIOSAINS 3, no. 3 (December 21, 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jbio.v3i3.8150.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between peer and parental control factors and smoking behaviour of adolecents among junior high school students in Mataram. Observational study was used to collect data from 108 students aged 12 to 17 on their own smoking status and parental controls. The result showed secondary students who smoke are subjected to peer group pressures and they have fewer parental controls with regard to smoking. More pressures on smoking within the peer groups were associated with a greater likelihood of smoking behaviour (p>0.05; p=0.642). However, parental controls on smoking have also been found to have influence to decreasing the likelihood of smoking behaviour among 7th and 8th students (p>0.05; p=0.440). In general, peers has stronger effects on initiation of adolecents smoking behavior than parental control influences. This findings suggest that more extensive controls on smoking at home may reduce adolecents smoking behaviour. Thus, smoking prevention for adolecents might be focused on social context such as, resisting to peer pressure and enhacing parental communication. Keywords: adolescent; smoking behavior; parental control; peer
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Kudek Mirošević, Jasna, Mirjana Radetić-Paić, and Ivan Prskalo. "STUDENTS’ MENTAL HEALTH RISKS REGARDING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PEER PRESSURE." Acta kinesiologica, N1 2021 (2021): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2021.15.1.7.
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Given that adolescents and young people spend most of their time in the educational system, advancements in neurodevelopmental research emphasize the important and complex role of peers’ influence on adolescents’ behaviour, suggesting that supportive programmes led by peers have a strong potential benefit (King, & Fazel, 2019). In many cases peers are the most important source of social support, and are therefore an important target group to investigate the factors of risk, signs of poor mental health and ways to assess their health behaviour and awareness of the care which should be taken regarding their mental health, as well as the resources and prevention models. The wish is to study whether there are differences regarding the mental behaviour in certain characteristics of susceptibility to peer pressure as a risk for the mental health of students of the Faculty of Educational Sciences of the Juraj Dobrila University of Pula and students of the Faculty of Teacher Education of the University of Zagreb, Division of Petrinja (N=440). The set hypothesis states that there is a statistically significant difference among students of the faculty in Pula and those in Petrinja in their assessment of certain features of peer pressure susceptibility as a possible risk for mental health. The results obtained at the x2-test showed a statistically significant difference between certain peer pressure features among students regarding their study environment linked to hanging out with peers who consume drugs and being tempted to try them, getting involved in risky behaviours if their peers ask them to, and betting or gambling because their friends also do that. The results indicate that in smaller communities social control and conformity in the students’ behaviour is more present due to their wish to fit in a peer group as well as possible, suggesting the need for strengthening the positive health behaviour of young people during their whole education in order to secure a healthy and productive adult population.
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Reyniers, Diane, and Richa Bhalla. "Reluctant altruism and peer pressure in charitable giving." Judgment and Decision Making 8, no. 1 (January 2013): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500004447.
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AbstractSubjects donate individually (control group) or in pairs (treatment group). Those in pairs reveal their donation decision to each other. Average donations in the treatment group are significantly higher than in the control group. Paired subjects have the opportunity to revise their donation decision after discussion. Pair members shift toward each others’ initial decisions. Subjects are happier with their decision when their donations are larger, but those in pairs are less happy, controlling for amount donated. These findings suggest reluctant altruism due to peer pressure in charitable giving.
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Kelly, Brian C., Mike Vuolo, and Alexandra C. Marin. "Multiple Dimensions of Peer Effects and Deviance: The Case of Prescription Drug Misuse among Young Adults." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 3 (January 1, 2017): 237802311770681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023117706819.
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Sociological research has demonstrated that peers play a role in patterns of deviance. Yet, examinations of competing mechanisms in continued patterns of deviance are less well developed. We simultaneously examine multiple peer mechanisms of action on prescription drug misuse. Results identify drug sources, peer group norms, and a desire to enhance social experiences as important factors in the frequency of misuse, non-oral administration, and dependence, whereas peer pressure had no effect net of other peer factors. The results emphasize the importance of considering multiple peer mechanisms in shaping deviance, and as such, future scholarly examinations should focus on multiple dimensions of peer effects to fully understand patterns of continuing deviance.
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Blöte, Anke W., Anne C. Miers, and P. Michiel Westenberg. "Adolescent Social Anxiety and Substance Use: The Role of Susceptibility to Peer Pressure." Child Development Research 2016 (September 15, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9468972.
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The aim of this study was to further our understanding of the link between social anxiety and substance use in adolescents, in particular the role susceptibility to peer pressure plays in this link. The relation between social anxiety and susceptibility to peer pressure was studied in two community samples (n=534 and n=117) each consisting of two age groups (12-13 and 15–17 years). The relation of these two variables with substance use was evaluated in the second sample using regression analysis. Social anxiety was related to susceptibility to peer pressure in both groups and not related to substance use in the younger group and negatively related to substance use in the older group. Susceptibility to peer pressure acted as a suppressor in the relation between social anxiety and substance use. Results suggest that socially anxious adolescents basically avoid substance use but, if susceptible, may yield to peer pressure and start using substances. Parents, teachers, and therapists should be aware of this susceptibility to possibly negative peer pressure of socially anxious adolescents.
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May, Carl. "Resistance to peer group pressure: an inadequate basis for alcohol education." Health Education Research 8, no. 2 (1993): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/8.2.159.
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Borse, Kalpana, and karesh Prasad. "Assessment of Parental Pressure and Peer Factors Affecting the Performance of Undergraduate Nursing Students Studying in Selected Nursing Colleges of Maharashtra." Nursing Journal of India CX, no. 01 (2019): 03–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.48029/nji.2019.cx101.
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Parents put pressure on children for better performance due to their concern for the welfare of their children and for getting employment. Peer pressure is the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitudes, values and behaviour in order to conform to the group norms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the parent pressure and peer-related factors affecting the performance of undergraduate nursing students of selected nursing colleges of Maharashtra. In this study conducted in 2017, descriptive and inferential analysis was used; 50 undergraduate nursing students were selected by stratified random sampling. The findings show that the majority 16 (32%) of nursing students percentage in first year BSc nursing was less than 50 and majority 29 (58%) nursing students percentages in 12th standard was between 40% - 60%. Significant difference was observed between parental pressure-related factors and peer factors. The parental pressure factors had a higher impact (median score=3.65) than peer factors impact (median score=3.30) on nursing students’ performance. There was significant difference between parental pressure factors and gender (p=0.044). The girls experienced more parental pressure (mean rank=30.78) than boys (mean rank=22.53).
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Denscombe, Martyn. "Peer Group Pressure, Young People and Smoking: new developments and policy implications." Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 8, no. 1 (January 2001): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687630124121.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Peer group pressure"
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Simpson, Anna T. "The potential buffering effects of group interaction on emotional responses to differential outcomes /." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32942.
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The present research examined the buffering effects of group interaction on emotional responses to both relative success and relative failure in developmentally relevant domains. In Study 1, 192 children and adolescents, in grade 4 and grade 10, from mixed-sex schools participated. In Study 2, 173 participants in grades four, five and ten were recruited from same-sex schools. Participants were given a questionnaire, consisting of schematic drawings of children and adolescents in interindividual and intergroup contexts, to assess their perceptions about how their typical same-sex peers feel when they are experiencing relative success or failure. Results indicated that both male and female participants at all grade levels, in both samples, judged their typical same-sex peers to feel better when experiencing relative success when they were a member of a group that was outperforming another group than when they were individually achieving greater success than another individual. In the sample consisting of participants from same-sex schools they also reported more positive feelings when experiencing relative failure in a group context than in individual interactions. Discussion centers on the implications for achievement and performance in educational contexts.
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Isik, Haci Bayram. "Performance-based voluntary group contracts for nonpoint source water pollution control." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1076970341.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 129 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: D. Lynn Forster, Dept. of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 124-129).
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Matta, Danielle. "Examining Determinants of Group Loan Repayment in the Dominican Republic." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1090935410.
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Damons, Lynne Nesta. "Enhancing a sense of self in a group of socially marginalised adolescent boys through participatory action research." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86657.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation sought to understand the experience of six participants as members of a cluster group of socially marginalised youth in a farmworker community. Through a collaborative process, the study sought to reframe the perceptions around the behavioural outcomes of membership to such an outcast group. Theories of empowerment through active participation underpinned the whole study. The study was qualitative in nature and used a Participatory Action research methodology which created the space for creative exploration with enabling methodologies such as the Youth Engagement Cycle and Activity Theory. Data were collected through focus group- and semi-structured interviews; participant observation and participant generated artefacts. Six adolescent males who were part of an already established cluster group of socially marginalised youth at a school were purposively selected into the study. The analysis of data was an ongoing and iterative process informed by the theories that underpinned the study and through content analysis of emerging themes. The study revealed that the cluster group was not formed with delinquent intent. Instead, it was created as a space that allowed its members to feel a sense of belonging, security and being valued. However, the group dynamic caused individual self-efficacy to become so enmeshed with collective agency that if left unchecked, it had the potential to propel its members along a trajectory to delinquency. The dissertation recommends understanding cluster groups as unique heterogeneous entities that show insight and empathy into the challenges their cohorts experience. Recognising that this elevates the peer group's influence above that of adults the study recommends a collaborative, well-structured and strategic intervention that allows individuals to experience success and self-influence in attaining mastery within the group dynamic.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verhandeling het ten doel gehad om ses deelnemers se ervaring as lede van 'n 'cluster' groep gemarginaliseerde jongmense binne 'n plaaswerker gemeenskap te probeer verstaan. Deur middel van 'n proses van samewerking, het die studie gepoog om die persepsies rakende die gedragsuitkomste van lidmaatskap binne so 'n geïsoleerde groep te herformuleer. Die hele studie is gebaseer op teorie van bemagtiging deur middel van aktiewe deelname. Die verhandeling was kwalitatief van aard en het gebruik gemaak van 'n Deelnemende Aksie Navorsingsmetodologie wat ruimte geskep het vir kreatiewe ontdekking met bemagtigende metodologieë soos bv. "Youth Engagement Cycle" en "Activity Theory". Data is ingesamel deur middel van 'n fokusgroep en semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude; deelnemer waarneming en deelnemer gegenereerde artefakte. Ses adolessente mans wat reeds deel was van 'n gevestigde groep sosiaal-gemarginaliseerde jongmense by 'n skool, is doelbewus geselekteer vir die studie. Die analise van die data was 'n deurlopende en iteratiewe proses wat belig is deur die teorieë waarop die studie gebaseer was asook deur inhoudsanalise van die ontluikende temas. Die studie het getoon dat die 'cluster' groep nie gevorm is met misdaad as doel nie. Inteendeel, die groep het ontstaan as 'n ruimte wat sy lede toegelaat het om 'n mate van geborgenheid, sekuriteit en waardering te ervaar. Die groepsdinamiek het individuele self-doeltreffendheid toegelaat om so verbonde te raak met kollektiewe agentskap dat indien dit nie gekontroleer was nie, dit die potensiaal getoon het om sy lede op 'n trajek van jeugmisdaad te plaas. Die verhandeling beveel dus aan dat 'n 'cluster' groep gesien word as 'n unieke heterogene entiteit wat insig en empatie toon met die uitdagings wat lede ervaar. Op grond van die feit dat dit die portuurgroep se invloed bo die van die volwassenes verhef, wil die studie 'n samewerkende, goedgestruktureerde en strategiese bemiddeling aanbeveel wat die individu sal toelaat om sukses en selfgelding te ervaar met die bereiking van bemeestering binne die dinamiek van die groep.
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Mntuyedwa, Vuyokazi. "First-Year Students’ Experiences of Peer Groups and Peer Pressure in the Residences of a South African University." UWC, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7552.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDIn general, peers have a tendency to influence others positively and negatively. In the main, transition from school to higher education causes some students to experience stress; to respond negatively to new conditions; and to engage in risk behaviour, which hinders epistemological access, negatively affects performance, and often delays graduation. Nonetheless, participation in peer group activities has advantages and potentialities, which are often neglected in popular scholarly discourse. The main research question of the study was to investigate the experiences of peer pressure among first-year students? This study adopted a mixed-method research design and presents findings for both quantitative data which was collected through an electronic survey and qualitative findings from focus group interviews with three different groups: females, males, and, mixed gender. The population comprised first-year students living in two residences of a selected South African university. The qualitative data was analysed through thematic analysis, while the quantitative data was analysed through descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as Spearman’s Rank correlation was used in the study. In consideration with the transition theory, social learning theory, and student involvement theory. Findings reveal that first-year students join different groups and they encounter both positive and negative experiences. Positive experiences were observed in relation to academic performance and sense of belonging. Negative experiences indicate that peers influence others to adopt anti-social behaviour, experience undue materialistic pressure, have poor class attendance, and depend on peers for decisions. Overall, it is found that academic success depends on students’ interconnectedness, sense of belonging, peer support, acceptance, and recognition. The findings can be utilized to inform practical strategies and policies to empower first-year students to deal productively and progressively with peer pressure within the higher education sector. The study recommends the implementation of a First-year Student orientation programme which is called University 101 that can assist first-year students with better transition to higher education and can increase retention output. The programme should address the crucial areas that will assists the first-year with better transitions such as diversity, well-being, self-esteem, academic excellence and peer pressure.
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Ni, Huan Jie. "The impact of peer association on juvenile delinquency among Chinese adolescents." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3953672.
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Burger, Inanda. "The primary school girl's perception of body image and the influence thereof on her sense-of-self." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08142008-170332.
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Gillam, Susan. "Social pressures and resistance to cigarette smoking : a phenomenological study with young adolescent women /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0021/MQ55506.pdf.
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Gheorghiu, Alexandra. "Comportements dangereux au volant chez les jeunes. Le rôle des mécanismes d’influence sociale dans le groupe." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21991/document.
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Les accidents routiers restent un problème important du secteur public de la santé au niveau international, national et régional. L’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé estime que plus d’un million de personnes meurent chaque année à cause d’un accident routier et entre 20 et 50 millions sont blessées ("Global status report on road safety: time for action," 2009). Parmi les conducteurs tués dans des accidents routiers, les jeunes conducteurs représentent au moins un quart (OECD, 2006). Les causes principales des accidents routiers, telles qu’elles sont mises en évidence dans le rapport de 2004 de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (Peden et al., 2004), sont : la conduite sous l’influence de l’alcool, la vitesse, la conduite en état avancé de fatigue, l’utilisation du téléphone portable, la visibilité réduite et les facteurs appartenant à la qualité de la route. A ces causes, pour les jeunes, il faut rajouter la recherche des sensations, l’excitabilité et l’influence des pairs (A. F. Williams, 2006). L’influence des pairs représente un sujet controversé dans la littérature de spécialité à cause des résultats obtenus. Une partie des chercheurs considèrent que la présence des pairs a un effet plutôt négatif (Arnett et al., 1997; Doherty et al., 1998; Moller & Gregersen, 2008), pendant que l’autre envisage plutôt un effet positif (Delhomme, 1994; Engstrom, Gregersen, Granstrom, & Nyberg, 2008; Rueda-Domingo et al., 2004; Vollrath, Meilinger, & Krager, 2002). Cette recherche analyse l’effet des pairs sur les comportements à risque des jeunes conducteurs roumains et français en utilisant la théorie du comportement planifié, mais aussi l’effet de différents types de pressions de la part des pairs sur le comportement du jeune conducteur. Les résultats ont mis en évidence que les normes subjectives et surtout les normes subjectives de la part des amis, contribuent significativement à expliquer l’intention de réaliser des comportements à risque comme le dépassement de la vitesse et la conduite sous l’influence de l’alcool. Les analyses comparatives ont montré aussi des différences entre les deux populations. Par exemple, pour la population roumaine, les normes se retrouvent plus souvent dans les resultats des analyses que dans le cas de la population française. En plus, les jeunes conducteurs français ont un point de vue plutôt instrumental envers la voiture, en tant que pour les jeunes conducteurs roumains, la voiture représente plutôt un moyen d’impressionner les autres. Un autre résultat intéressant souligne le caractère souvent situationnel de la prise de risques chez les jeunes conducteurs accompagnés par des pairs, mais aussi les implications d’un groupe d’amis à prise de risques élevée. Pour conclure, les résultats obtenus à l’égard du rôle des normes et de l’effet de la pression des pairs sur les comportements à risque des jeunes conducteurs sont encourageantsRoad crashes remain a significant public health problem at international, national and regional level. World Health Organization estimates that more than a million persons die each year in road car crashes and that 20 to 50 million other persons are injured in those crashes ("Global status report on road safety: time for action," 2009). Among the drivers that die in car crashes almost a quarter are young drivers (OECD, 2006). The main causes of car crashes identified by WHO are driving while intoxicated, speeding, driving while tired, phone use, low visibility and poor road conditions (Peden et al., 2004). To these causes, in the case of young drivers we can add sensation seeking, excitability and peer influence (A. F. Williams, 2006). Peer influence on young drivers’ behaviour is a controversial topic in the literature due to the rather contradictory conclusions of the researches on this theme. Some researchers have found a negative effect of peer presence (Arnett et al., 1997; Doherty et al., 1998; Moller & Gregersen, 2008), while others have found a protective effect (Delhomme, 1994; Engstrom, Gregersen, Granstrom, & Nyberg, 2008; Rueda-Domingo et al., 2004; Vollrath, Meilinger, & Krager, 2002). This research analyses the effect that peers can have on young drivers’ risky behaviours by using the theory of planned behaviour approach and by looking into the effect that peer pressure type can have on the young driver. The results highlight that subjective norms and especially friend’s perceived norms contribute significantly to explaining young drivers’ intention to speed or to drive while intoxicated. The comparative analysis showed some interesting differences among the two populations. For example, for the Romanian drivers norms play a much more important role in explaining risky driving behaviours that for the French population. Also, young French drivers perceive the car as having rather an instrumental role while Romanian drivers see it more like a way to impress. Another interesting result emphasizes on the situational character of young drivers risk taking but also on the implications that risk taking peers might have. Finally, the results obtained regarding the role of norms and the effects of peer pressure on young drivers’ behaviour are rather encouraging
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Solaiman, Barry. "Evaluating lobbying in the United Kingdom : moving from a corruption framework to 'institutional diversion'." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269394.
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The lobbying of Parliament and the Government in the United Kingdom by wealthy or influential groups and individuals raises concerns about corruption and political equality. Professional lobbying is available mainly to those with significant resources and is often the most effective means of influencing decision-makers. Unchecked, it corrodes public trust in core public institutions. This thesis argues that the problems attending the lobbying of Parliament and Government in the UK need to be identified and understood more clearly so that targeted regulatory solutions can be determined. Currently, lawmakers, organisations and academics have struggled to propose clear pathways for identifying the main issues and understanding them. This is due to a failure to agree on the nature and scope of the central problems associated with lobbying, the relationship between them, and how they are relevant to the model of democratic government in the UK. To overcome this, an analytical framework called ‘institutional diversion’ is developed, tested and evaluated. The framework is developed from institutional corruption literature in the United States and is divided into three parts. Part 1 provides elements which help to identify specific lobbying concerns and provide a rich account of the underlying issues. Part 2 articulates a test to determine whether the identified problem in Part 1 causes a diversion from the purpose of the relevant public institution. It is argued that the critical purpose of decision-makers in Parliament and the Government is to ‘act in the public interest’ and that a diversion from that purpose can be tested using the two criteria of ‘integrity’ and ‘objectivity’. Further, it is not sufficient for a framework to simply identify and help to understand the concerns with lobbying. The logical next step is to identify solutions, and that process must also be rationally guided. Therefore, guidelines are developed from an analysis of an interview with the Registrar of Consultant Lobbyists in the UK conducted specifically for this thesis. The guidelines are intended to help future reform analyses by highlighting the practical and political restrictions within which solutions must be developed otherwise they will be unlikely to succeed.
Books on the topic "Peer group pressure"
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1970-, Powell Kara Eckmann, ed. Friends and peer pressure. Ventura, Calif: Regal, 2009.
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Davezies, Laurent. Identification of peer effects using group size variation. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.
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K, Brendtro Larry, ed. Positive Peer Culture. 2nd ed. New York: Aldine Pub. Co., 1985.
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ill, Lemerise Bruce, and Berk Bernice, eds. Who hates Harold?: A book about peer-group pressure. New York: Golden Book, 1986.
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Paul, Reid, and Great Britain. Home Office. Central Drugs Prevention Unit., eds. Amphetamine-misusing groups: A feasibility study of the use of peer group leaders for drug prevention work among their associates. London: [Central Drugs Prevention Unit, Home Office?], 1995.
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Denscombe, Martyn. Peer group pressure, young people and smoking: New developments and policy implications. Leicester: De Montfort University, Leicester Business School, 1999.
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Legault, David F. The effects of peer and group pressure on decision making by university students. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 2005.
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Bohnsack, Ralf. "Gesellschaft ist wie die Army": Jugendgewalt und Jugendmilieus in West- und Ostberlin. Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 1997.
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Freeman, Shelley MacKay. From peer pressure to peer support: Alcohol and other drug prevention through group process : a curriculum for grades 7-8. Minneapolis: Johnson Institute, 1993.
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Freeman, Shelley MacKay. From peer pressure to peer support: Alcohol and other drug prevention through group process : a curriculum for grades 9-10. Minneapolis: Johnson Institute, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Peer group pressure"
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Nast, Julia. "Bringing the Local Back In: How Schools Work Differently in Different Neighborhood Contexts." In Knowledge and Space, 175–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78597-0_9.
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AbstractLocal settings have not been central to the debate on educational inequality. If researchers have taken neighborhoods into account, they have focused on (social) compositions, peer group effects, or school access. Yet I draw on interviews and observations at two Berlin schools to suggest that neighborhoods are also important as they shape the organizational practices of teachers and other educational professionals. Combining a Bourdieusian perspective and new institutional theory, I show how local settings become important as social, symbolic, and administrative units. As such, neighborhoods structure the interplay of institutional pressures and objective power relations both within and between schools. This perspective not only allows for a better understanding of the processes producing educational inequality; it also highlights that institutional changes might play out differently in different contexts, with consequences for neighborhood inequality in the field of education and beyond.
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Lochman, John E., Karen C. Wells, and Lisa A. Lenhart. "Session 32: Group Creates Peer Pressure Poster." In Coping Power, 247–50. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195327878.003.0034.
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Collins, Tai A., Renee O. Hawkins, Kamonta Heidelburg, and Keisha Hill. "Group Contingencies." In Handbook of Behavioral Interventions in Schools, 204–33. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190843229.003.0011.
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Group contingencies describe interventions in which a reward is delivered to a group of individuals based on meeting a predetermined target level of performance. Group contingencies have repeatedly been found to be effective in modifying student behavior. Not only are group contingences effective, but they also have several logistical advantages over individual contingencies. Namely, the delivery of a common consequence to a group of individuals increases efficiency, the use of peers as change agents increases positive peer pressure for appropriate behavior, group contingencies are flexible, and they allow access to a variety of reinforcers. Three different types of group contingencies are described. Finally, specific examples of group contingencies are provided. This includes the Good Behavior Game, Positive Peer Reporting, and Mystery Motivator.
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Singh, Shaili, and Mahua Guha. "Peer Effect on Corporate Social Responsibility." In Research Anthology on Developing Socially Responsible Businesses, 1579–97. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5590-6.ch077.
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This study explores a firm's response to institutional pressure from industry peers on their Social community spending. Social community spending is symbolic of the fulfillment of a firm's corporate social responsibility (CSR). The authors hypothesize that mimetic isomorphism occurs among firms in an industry and organizational characteristics, i.e., business group affiliation, ownership status (state-owned versus private), and firm size strengthen or weaken the influence of industry peers. The authors test the propositions on a pooled time-series cross-sectional data of firms in India, with 3,307 observations from 2009-2017 using Generalized Least Squares (GLS) random-effects model. The findings suggest industry peers have a positive influence on a firm's SCS, and this effect is stronger for state-owned enterprises and large firms and weaker for a business group affiliated firms which further aggravates with group size. This article establishes the positive role of the industry association in driving its member firm's SCS and offers an understanding of the contingencies in the above relationship.
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Nkwocha, Obinna Udodiri, Javed Hussain, Hatem El-Gohary, David J. Edwards, and Ernest Ovia. "Dynamics of Group Lending Mechanism and the Role of Group Leaders in Developing Countries." In Research Anthology on Microfinance Services and Roles in Social Progress, 151–70. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7552-2.ch009.
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Group lending mechanisms have increasingly become popular among microfinance providers in recent years. This is largely due to its ability to leverage joint liability to increase loan repayments whilst promoting an entrepreneurial spirit among borrowers. Meanwhile, a group-lending mechanism is also very important in promoting women's empowerment through cooperative engagements of all group members. However, the effectiveness of the group lending methodology in the delivery of microfinance within a developing country context is largely under-researched. Using data from extensive focus groups interviews of women borrowers held in Nigeria among participants from 150 different groups, this article analyses the dynamics of group lending mechanism (group formation, peer monitoring, pressure and support). The article widens the current narrow literature on group leaders by providing a detailed empirical account of the activities of group leaders in a microfinance intervention. The findings showed that because group leaders are primarily held liable for loan delinquency of group members, they are more highly motivated than other members to monitor and pressure members. The results also suggest that while group leaders were found to perform vital roles, some of these group leaders abused their positions in ways that undermine group cohesion and microfinance sustainability. Lastly, the article introduces the “multiple card phenomenon” in group-based microfinance intervention.
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Brown, Candy Gunther. "Ethics." In Debating Yoga and Mindfulness in Public Schools, 286–96. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648484.003.0015.
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Chapter 14 advances an ethical argument that respect for cultural and religious diversity and informed consent require transparency and voluntarism. Many school yoga and meditation programs borrow from Asian religious traditions, as interpreted by middle-to-upper-class European Americans, and then target low-income African Americans and Latinos. Such programs risk dual racialization and cultural stereotyping of Asian Hindus and Buddhists as well as American people of color; positive orientalist stereotypes imagine Asians as wiser and more spiritual, while negative stereotypes encourage racial disciplining of black and brown boys to manage classroom behavior. Differentials in wealth and power can also produce hegemony, where interests of one group pass for interests of society. Programs risk cultural appropriation and cultural imperialism by extracting and potentially distorting cultural resources from one socially and politically less-privileged group of cultural ‘others,’ and imposing those resources on still-less-privileged ‘others,’ for the primary benefit of the socially dominant group. School programs sometimes disclose religious roots but are rarely transparent about ongoing religious associations. Informed consent implies that participation is voluntary. Yet coercion is inherent in classroom yoga and meditation, even if opting out is permitted, because teacher authority and peer pressure exert indirect pressure to conform to social expectations.
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Setiana, Desi, Siti Norsarah, Norainna Besar, Tiro Anna, Marlina Nasution, and Heru Susanto. "Technology Disruption in the Time of the Digital Ecosystem Society's Adoption." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 238–55. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8524-5.ch013.
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The internet and technologies are revolving around the world today. Most of the people around this world have access to the internet easily nowadays; it can lead to a most common and dangerous problem, which is cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is considered as a crime which usually occurs among the young people. Cases from cyberbullying have shown that there is a growing significantly which is becoming a worrying topic for the societies to be aware of. This study revealed cyberbullying teen actors involved within the area of Jakarta. The result is very interesting. Parents play a vital role to the teens as they will become a support for them (actor and victim) and also peer groups give the high impact of the actors to conduct cyberbullying to another group. Much cyberbullying happens for the same reasons as any other form of bullying. Generally, the cyber bullies act in such manner due to them being insecure, to gain popularity, social pressure, and jealousy as well as personal grudges.
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Mafrici, Nina. "Cultivating Positive Embodiment Through Peer Connections." In Handbook of Positive Body Image and Embodiment, edited by Tracy L. Tylka, Niva Piran, and Niva Piran, 223–31. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190841874.003.0022.
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Peers represent important transmitters of weight- and body-related norms and ideals. Although much research exists on peer processes that disrupt girls’ and women’s connection to their bodies, this chapter examines the literature specifically pertaining to protective peer influences that support girls and women in distancing from appearance norms and facilitate enhanced connection with their bodies. In this regard, the chapter reviews three domains of protective influences that exist within the peer environment and contribute to positive body image and embodiment. First are peer norms related to (a) body acceptance, (b) distancing from appearance-based comments and comparisons, and (c) alternative norms fostering resiliency from peer appearance-based pressure. Second are interventions designed to support peer groups in resisting and protecting against teasing and harassment. The final domain is initiatives that facilitate activism and empowerment as positive determinants to social power within peer groups. The chapter concludes with a discussion of implications for clinical and prevention initiatives.
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Fung, Courtney J. "Theory and Empirical Strategy." In China and Intervention at the UN Security Council, 39–60. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842743.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 focuses on theory and empirical strategy. The chapter defines status and situates it against oft-interchanged concepts like honor, prestige, and reputation, and identifies gaps in the status literature. The chapter then explains when China is most status sensitive—i.e. that status drivers can trump other concerns regarding intervention—when there are two components. First, when China’s peer groups are able to exact social costs or social benefits on China by way of social influence. China’s peer groups are most able to do so when they are cohesive with no significant defectors from the peer group, unified around a single policy position, and willing to exact social costs on China for not executing their policy prescription. With these conditions met, peer groups have narrowed and defined policy options for China, so China can clearly understand what the peer group expectations are. A second component is the presence of a status trigger. Status triggers heighten or accentuate China’s pre-existing status concerns by emphasizing China’s isolation from its peer groups, making China more susceptible to status pressures. Status triggers are either speech acts that draw a contemporary parallel to a low status time in China’s foreign policy or attacks on China’s high-profile status-rewarding events. The chapter specifies why the great powers and the Global South are China’s peer groups for intervention, and debunks the popular assumption that Russia stands as China’s peer in the context of intervention.
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Thomas, Paul E. J., and Stacey Frier. "11. Campaigning to Change Law and Policy." In Exploring Parliament. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198788430.003.0011.
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This chapter considers the ways in which backbench Members of Parliament (MPs) and peers campaign to change laws and government policies. Policy and legislative campaigning is often conducted by groups of MPs and peers who work together across party lines. Such groupings are commonly supported by external pressure groups, who help to keep the parliamentarians informed on the issue, and who can also provide resources to support campaigning activities. MPs and peers also coordinate their parliamentary activities with lobbying by their pressure group partners. The chapter first examines traditional assumptions about influencing government before turning to actors involved in campaigning to change law and policy. It also describes the formal parliamentary tools as well as informal means employed by backbenchers who campaign for policy or legislative change, along with contemporary developments regarding such activity.
Conference papers on the topic "Peer group pressure"
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"Peer Group Pressure and Its Impact on the Transition into Homeownership in Britain in the 1990s." In 11th European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2004. ERES, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2004_553.
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Blair, Bryan M., and Katja Hölttä-Otto. "Comparing the Contribution of the Group to the Initial Idea in Progressive Idea Generation." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70309.
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Successful Idea Generation (IG) is more likely to lead to original and innovative products. It is usually recommended that idea generation is done in groups. Specifically, progressive idea generation methods, such as 6-3-5/C-Sketch, have been developed to gain from the benefits of group based ideation while being less subject to the peer pressure of a typical brainstorming session, where people can call out ideas simultaneously. In this study, we investigate the contributions that the group makes to the initial ideas in such progressive idea generation. Participants developed concepts for one of two products, namely alarm clocks or litter grabbers. Statistical analysis was used to compare the results of the initial ideas to the entire group for both products. Samples were rated at feature level using three metrics: originality, number of innovation characteristics hit, and feasibility. Results indicate that, in general, the originality and innovativeness of the initial concepts is improved by the rest of the group members. Non-original initial ideas were improved in all four sample groups. Highly original initial ideas also were improved in most cases. Feasibility was generally lowered, but not with statistical significance. Results from the perspective of particular product feature and innovation characteristic categories were varied; some more popular than others.
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Métais, T., T. Gilman, P. Genette, and A. Chinthapalli. "Optimization of the Existing Screening Method by Introducing Fen Correlations." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45295.
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In the wake of numerous experimental tests carried out in air and also in a PWR environment, both abroad and in France, an update of the current fatigue codification is underway. Proposals are currently being formulated in France [1] [2] and discussions are taking place in the frame of a French working group involving EDF, AREVA and CEA. In parallel with these worldwide modification efforts, it is necessary to evaluate their impact on the NSSS components. In the USA, many such evaluations have already been implemented for license renewal to operate power plants beyond their initial 40 years of operation. In order to reduce the scope of the calculations to perform, a preliminary screening was carried out on the various areas of the primary loop: this screening is detailed in an EPRI report [3]. The output of this screening process is a list of locations that are most prone to EAF degradation process and it is on these zones only that detailed EAF calculations are carried out. In France, with the approaching fourth decennial inspection of the 900 MWe (VD4 900 MWe) power plants, EDF needs also to map out the impact of these updates to the RCC-M code before initiating detailed calculation efforts. The EPRI report was not applicable as such to the French plants due to domestic specificities and more particularly, a need for a more detailed Fen estimation. A method was therefore developed by EDF, peer-reviewed by SI with the main innovation being the introduction of correlations enabling the calculation of Fen on the basis of the geometrical dimensions and the information available in the transient document. This paper presents how these correlations were built and proposes to benchmark them with some existing sample case problems.
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Hui, Pan, and Sonja Buchegger. "Groupthink and Peer Pressure: Social Influence in Online Social Network Groups." In 2009 International Conference on Advances in Social Network Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asonam.2009.17.
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Park, Jong-Po, Zili Xu, and Seok-Ju Ryu. "Fracture Analysis and Retrofit Design of 1st Stage Blades for a Low-Pressure Steam Turbine." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41137.
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Cracking of blade fingers occurred in a few numbers of 1st stage blades for low-pressure steam turbines. In order to find out the fault mechanism, one of the cracked blades has been inspected. The inspection results showed that the cracking blades has been inspected. The inspection results showed that the cracking of the blade finger was caused by high cycle fatigue. Vibratory modes of the blade group have been calculated and measured using a 3-D finite element S/W and impact test, respectively. The results showed that resonance of the second type group axial vibration mode with nozzle passing frequency was the source of high cycle fatigue load. To avoid the dangerous resonance, the blade groups have been modified into 10 blades per group. The new blade groups have been operated safely more than one year since the modification.
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Matsumae, Akane, and Sei Hadano. "How an Incorrect Decision Caused by Peer Pressure and Personality Affects Regret." In Human Systems Engineering and Design (IHSED 2021) Future Trends and Applications. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001116.
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The authors conducted experimental research using two examinee groups, one with peer pressure and one without, to compare the intensity of regret for an incorrect decision. The results show statistically significant differences be-tween the two groups, depending on whether they submitted to peer pressure. Those who changed their decision due to peer pressure showed significantly greater regret for their decision than those who did not change their answer, while there was no significant difference between those who changed and those who did not change where no peer pressure was involved. The authors also analyzed the results from the perspective of each examinee’s Big Five personality characteristics, and the results suggested a negative correlation between an extraverted personality and the intensity of regret among those who did not change their decision despite peer pressure to do so.
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Hedden, Owen F. "Changes Needed to Address Current Institutional Problems." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1805.
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The voluntary support of ASME boiler and pressure vessel Code-writing activity began with the boiler manufacturer leaders getting together to address the problem of catastrophic failures of boilers and pressure vessels. Even into the 1970s, many companies sent their V-P level engineering people to the “Boiler Code”. Not just the major manufacturers, but also the architect-engineers, material suppliers, and inspection/insurance companies had staffs devoted to ASME codes and standards activities. In 1969 I was assigned to a group of four engineers whose full-time responsibility was to the work of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee. And there were many others in the company who were also heavily involved in these and other ASME standards committees. The companies were also making other related contributions, such as designing, manufacturing, and donating test vessels to industry R&D groups. All of this meant that we had a great deal of technical support, as well as the usual secretarial support. And six Code meetings per year.
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Pearce Churchill, Meryl, Daniel Lindsay, Diana H Mendez, Melissa Crowe, Nicholas Emtage, and Rhondda Jones. "Does Publishing During the Doctorate Influence Completion Time? A Quantitative Study of Doctoral Candidates in Australia." In InSITE 2022: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences. Informing Science Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4912.
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Aim/Purpose This paper investigates the association between publishing during doctoral candidature and completion time. The effects of discipline and of gaining additional support through a doctoral cohort program are also explored. Background Candidates recognize the value of building a publication track record to improve their career prospects yet are cognizant of the time it takes to publish peer-reviewed articles. In some institutions or disciplines, there is a policy or the expectation that doctoral students will publish during their candidature. How-ever, doctoral candidates are also under increasing pressure to complete their studies within a designated timeframe. Thus, some candidates and faculty perceive the two requirements – to publish and to complete on time – as mutually exclusive. Furthermore, where candidates have a choice in the format that the PhD submission will take, be it by monograph, PhD-by-publication, or a hybrid thesis, there is little empirical evidence available to guide the decision. This pa-per provides a quantitative analysis of the association between publishing during candidature and time-to-degree and investigates other variables associated with doctoral candidate research productivity and efficiency. Methodology Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the predictors (discipline [field of research], gender, age group, domestic or international student status, and belonging to a cohort program) of doctoral candidate research productivity and efficacy. Research productivity was quantified by the number of peer-reviewed journal articles that a candidate published as a primary author during and up to 24 months after thesis submission. Efficacy (time-to-degree) was quantified by the number of Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) years of candidature. Data on 1,143 doctoral graduates were obtained from a single Australian university for the period extending from 2000 to 2020. Complete publication data were available on 707 graduates, and time-to-degree data on 664 graduates. Data were drawn from eight fields of research, which were grouped into the disciplines of health, biological sciences, agricultural and environmental sciences, and chemical, earth, and physical sciences. Contribution This paper addresses a gap in empirical literature by providing evidence of the association between publishing during doctoral candidature and time-to-degree in the disciplines of health, biological sciences, agricultural and environmental sciences, and chemical, earth, and physical sciences. The paper also adds to the body of evidence that demonstrates the value of belonging to a cohort pro-gram for doctoral student outcomes. Findings There is a significant association between the number of articles published and median time-to-degree. Graduates with the highest research productivity (four or more articles) exhibited the shortest time-to-degree. There was also a significant association between discipline and the number of publications published during candidature. Gaining additional peer and research-focused support and training through a cohort program was also associated with higher research productivity and efficiency compared to candidates in the same discipline but not in receipt of the additional support. Recommendations for Practitioners While the encouragement of candidates to both publish and complete within the recommended doctorate timeframe is recommended, even within disciplines characterized by high levels of research productivity, i.e., where publishing during candidature is the “norm,” the desired levels of student research productivity and efficiency are only likely to be achieved where candidates are provided with consistent writing and publication-focused training, together with peer or mentor support. Recommendations for Researchers Publishing peer-reviewed articles during doctoral candidature is shown not to adversely affect candidates’ completion time. Researchers should seek writing and publication-focused support to enhance their research productivity and efficiency. Impact on Society Researchers have an obligation to disseminate their findings for the benefit of society, industry, or practice. Thus, doctoral candidates need to be encouraged and supported to publish as they progress through their candidature. Future Research The quantitative findings need to be followed up with a mixed-methods study aimed at identifying which elements of publication and research-focused sup-port are most effective in raising doctoral candidate productivity and efficacy.
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Lee, Joon Ho, In Yeung Kim, and Jae Hwan Bae. "Seismic Analysis Study of the HP Turbine Steam Supply Piping for APR1400." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25550.
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The high pressure (HP) turbine steam supply piping for APR1400 (Korea’s advanced power reactor 1400 MW-class) is routed from the Containment Building to the Turbine building via the Main Steam Isolation Valve Room in the Auxiliary building and supported by multiple structures. As such, the seismic analysis utilizing the Independent Support Motion (ISM) is preferable to the Enveloped Response Spectrum (ERS) method which is overly conservative but more widely used in seismic evaluation of piping systems. The ISM method is a mathematically rigorous technique that utilizes the principle of modal analysis to calculate the piping responses from each structure or support group and combines them to obtain the final results. In spite of the more realistic and less conservative approach of the ISM method for the piping systems subjected to multiple support excitations, the application of ISM method on a regular basis has been limited in nuclear power plant piping design because guidelines from the nuclear industry and the regulator are conservative and unclear. In this study, several related studies are performed to evaluate the adequacy of utilizing the ISM method for seismic analysis of the HP turbine steam supply piping for APR1400. Topics studied include support grouping effects, combination effects of responses between support groups, damping effects between PVRC and 4% damping per Regulatory Guide 1.61, and closely spaced modes effects. The results show that the support grouping by each floor of buildings, SRSS combination of support groups, 4% damping with ±15% spectrum peak broadening and absolute double sum (ADS) of modal combination are technically sound and preferable.
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Li, Yueying, Yong Li, Sherif Hassanien, Chike Okoloekwe, and Samer Adeeb. "Application of Gaussian Process Regression for the Accuracy Assessment of a Three-Dimensional Strain-Based Model." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-94039.
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Abstract Dents are one of the common integrity threats of long-distance transmission pipelines. The current CSA Z662 standard assesses dents based on the dent depth. However, the severity of dent features is a function of many factors. Most recently, numerical modeling via finite element analysis (FEA) has been utilized to assess dent severity, however the approach is computationally expensive. Recently, the authors’ research group developed a robust but much simplified analytical model to evaluate the strains in dented pipes based on the geometry of the deformed pipe. When the strain distribution predicted using the analytical model is benchmarked against the strains by nonlinear FEA they showed a good agreement with certain error. The procedure, however, predicts more conservative results in terms of the maximum equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ). In order to estimate the accuracy in the recently developed model, a series of nonlinear FEA pipe indentation simulations were conducted using the finite element analysis tool, ABAQUS and compared with the analytical prediction. This paper presents an application of a Bayesian machine learning method named Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) for the accuracy assessment of the developed analytical model for dent strain assessment, quantifying the error in comparison with the FEA in terms of the maximum PEEQ. The Gaussian Process (GP) model holds many advantages such as easy coding, prediction with probability interpretation, and self-adaptive acquisition of hyper-parameters. By varying the dent depth and the indenter radius, this paper provides a model that quantifies the error in the developed analytical model. The proposed model can be utilized to rapidly determine the severity of a dent along with the accuracy of the prediction. This analysis method can also serve as a reference for other analytical expressions.
Reports on the topic "Peer group pressure"
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Kast, Felipe, Stephan Meier, and Dina Pomeranz. Under-Savers Anonymous: Evidence on Self-Help Groups and Peer Pressure as a Savings Commitment Device. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18417.
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Wideman, Jr., Robert F., Nicholas B. Anthony, Avigdor Cahaner, Alan Shlosberg, Michel Bellaiche, and William B. Roush. Integrated Approach to Evaluating Inherited Predictors of Resistance to Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome (Ascites) in Fast Growing Broiler Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575287.bard.
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Background PHS (pulmonary hypertension syndrome, ascites syndrome) is a serious cause of loss in the broiler industry, and is a prime example of an undesirable side effect of successful genetic development that may be deleteriously manifested by factors in the environment of growing broilers. Basically, continuous and pinpointed selection for rapid growth in broilers has led to higher oxygen demand and consequently to more frequent manifestation of an inherent potential cardiopulmonary incapability to sufficiently oxygenate the arterial blood. The multifaceted causes and modifiers of PHS make research into finding solutions to the syndrome a complex and multi threaded challenge. This research used several directions to better understand the development of PHS and to probe possible means of achieving a goal of monitoring and increasing resistance to the syndrome. Research Objectives (1) To evaluate the growth dynamics of individuals within breeding stocks and their correlation with individual susceptibility or resistance to PHS; (2) To compile data on diagnostic indices found in this work to be predictive for PHS, during exposure to experimental protocols known to trigger PHS; (3) To conduct detailed physiological evaluations of cardiopulmonary function in broilers; (4) To compile data on growth dynamics and other diagnostic indices in existing lines selected for susceptibility or resistance to PHS; (5) To integrate growth dynamics and other diagnostic data within appropriate statistical procedures to provide geneticists with predictive indices that characterize resistance or susceptibility to PHS. Revisions In the first year, the US team acquired the costly Peckode weigh platform / individual bird I.D. system that was to provide the continuous (several times each day), automated weighing of birds, for a comprehensive monitoring of growth dynamics. However, data generated were found to be inaccurate and irreproducible, so making its use implausible. Henceforth, weighing was manual, this highly labor intensive work precluding some of the original objectives of using such a strategy of growth dynamics in selection procedures involving thousands of birds. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. Healthy broilers were found to have greater oscillations in growth velocity and acceleration than PHS susceptible birds. This proved the scientific validity of our original hypothesis that such differences occur. 2. Growth rate in the first week is higher in PHS-susceptible than in PHS-resistant chicks. Artificial neural network accurately distinguished differences between the two groups based on growth patterns in this period. 3. In the US, the unilateral pulmonary occlusion technique was used in collaboration with a major broiler breeding company to create a commercial broiler line that is highly resistant to PHS induced by fast growth and low ambient temperatures. 4. In Israel, lines were obtained by genetic selection on PHS mortality after cold exposure in a dam-line population comprising of 85 sire families. The wide range of PHS incidence per family (0-50%), high heritability (about 0.6), and the results in cold challenged progeny, suggested a highly effective and relatively easy means for selection for PHS resistance 5. The best minimally-invasive diagnostic indices for prediction of PHS resistance were found to be oximetry, hematocrit values, heart rate and electrocardiographic (ECG) lead II waves. Some differences in results were found between the US and Israeli teams, probably reflecting genetic differences in the broiler strains used in the two countries. For instance the US team found the S wave amplitude to predict PHS susceptibility well, whereas the Israeli team found the P wave amplitude to be a better valid predictor. 6. Comprehensive physiological studies further increased knowledge on the development of PHS cardiopulmonary characteristics of pre-ascitic birds, pulmonary arterial wedge pressures, hypotension/kidney response, pulmonary hemodynamic responses to vasoactive mediators were all examined in depth. Implications, scientific and agricultural Substantial progress has been made in understanding the genetic and environmental factors involved in PHS, and their interaction. The two teams each successfully developed different selection programs, by surgical means and by divergent selection under cold challenge. Monitoring of the progress and success of the programs was done be using the in-depth estimations that this research engendered on the reliability and value of non-invasive predictive parameters. These findings helped corroborate the validity of practical means to improve PHT resistance by research-based programs of selection.
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Monetary Policy Report - October 2022. Banco de la República Colombia, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr4-2022.
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1.1 Macroeconomic summary In September, headline inflation (11.4% annually) and the average of core inflation indicators (8.6% annually) continued on a rising trend, and higher increases than expected were recorded. Forecasts increased again, and inflation expectations remained above 3%. Inflationary surprises in the third quarter were significant and widespread, and they are the result of several shocks. On the one hand, international cost and price shocks, which have mainly affected goods and foods, continue to exert upwards pressure on national inflation. In addition to these external supply shocks, domestic supply shocks have also affected foods. On the other hand, the strong recovery of aggregate demand, especially for private consumption and for machinery and equipment, as well as a higher accumulated depreciation of the Colombian peso and its pass-through to domestic prices also explain the rise in inflation. Indexation also contributes, both through the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and through the Producer Price Index (PPI), which continues to have a significant impact on electricity prices and, to a lesser degree, on other public utilities and rent. In comparison with July’s report, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) is higher in the forecast horizon, mainly due to exchange rate pressures, higher excess demand, and indexation at higher inflation rates, but it maintains a trend of convergence towards the target. In the case of food, a good domestic supply of perishable foods and some moderation in international processed food prices are still expected. However, the technical staff estimates higher pressures on this group’s prices from labor costs, raw material prices, and exchange rates. In terms of the CPI for regulated items, the new forecast supposes reductions in electricity prices at the end of the year, but the effects of indexation at higher inflation rates and the expected rises in fuel prices would continue to push this CPI group. Therefore, the new projection suggests that, in December, inflation would reach 11.3% and would decrease throughout 2023 and 2024, closing the year at 7.1% and 3.5%, respectively. These forecasts have a high level of uncertainty, due especially to the future behavior of international financial conditions, external price and cost shocks, the persistence of depreciation of the Colombian peso, the pace of adjustment of domestic demand, the indexation degree of nominal contracts, and the decisions that would be made regarding domestic fuel and electricity prices. Economic activity continues to surprise on the upside, and the projection of growth for 2022 rose from 6.9% to 7.9% but lowered for 2023 from 1.1% to 0.5%. Thus, excess demand is higher than estimated in the previous report, and it would diminish in 2023. Economic growth in the second quarterwas higher than estimated in July due to stronger domestic demand, mainly because of private consumption. Economic activity indicators for the third quarter suggest that the GDP would stay at a high level, above its potential, with an annual change of 6.4%, and 0.6% higher than observed in the second quarter. Nevertheless, these numbers reflect deceleration in its quarterly and annual growth. Domestic demand would show similar behavior, with a high value, higher than that of output. This can be explained partly by the strong behavior of private consumption and investment in machinery and equipment. In the third quarter, investment in construction would have continued with mediocre performance, which would still place it at levels lower than those observed before the pandemic. The trade deficit would have widened due to high imports with a stronger trend than that for exports. It is expected that, in the forecast horizon, consumption would decrease from its current high levels, partly as a consequence of tighter domestic financial conditions, lower repressed demand, higher exchange rate pressures on imported goods prices, and the deterioration of actual income due to the rise in inflation. Investment would continue to lag behind, without reaching the levels observed before the pandemic, in a context of high financing costs and high uncertainty. A lower projected behavior in domestic demand and the high levels of prices for oil and other basic goods that the country exports would be reflected in a reduction in the trade deficit. Due to all of this, economic growth for all of 2022, 2023, and 2024 would be 7.9%, 0.5%, and 1.3%, respectively. Expected excess demand (measured via the output gap) is estimated to be higher than contemplated in the previous report; it would diminish in 2023 and could turn negative in 2024. These estimates remain subject to a high degree of uncertainty related to global political tension, a rise in international interest rates, and the effects of this rise on demand and financial conditions abroad. In the domestic context, the evolution of fiscal policy as well as future measures regarding economic policy and their possible effects on macroeconomic imbalances in the country, among others, are factors that generate uncertainty and affect risk premia, the exchange rate, investment, and the country’s economic activity. Interest rates at several of the world’s main central banks continue to rise, some at a pace higher than expected by the market. This is in response to the high levels of inflation and their inflation expectations, which continue to exceed the targets. Thus, global growth projections are still being moderated, risk premia have risen, and the dollar continues to gain strength against other main currencies. International pressures on global inflation have heightened. In the United States, core inflation has not receded, pressured by the behavior of the CPI for services and a tight labor market. Consequently, the U.S. Federal Reserve continued to increase the policy interest rate at a strong pace. This rate is expected to now reach higher levels than projected in the previous quarter. Other developed and emerging economies have also increased their policy interest rates. Thus, international financial conditions have tightened significantly, which reflects in a widespread strengthening of the dollar, increases in worldwide risk premia, and the devaluation of risky assets. Recently, these effects have been stronger in Colombia than in the majority of its peers in the region. Considering all of the aforementioned, the technical staff of the bank increased its assumption regarding the U.S. Federal Reserve’s interest rate, reduced the country’s external demand growth forecast, and raised the projected trajectory for the risk premium. The latter remains elevated at higher levels than its historical average, within a context of high local uncertainty and of extensive financing needs from the foreign sector and the public sector. All of this results in higher inflationary pressures associated to the depreciation of the Colombian peso. The uncertainty regarding external forecasts and its impact on the country remain elevated, given the unforeseeable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, of geopolitical tensions, and of the tightening of external financial conditions, among others. A macroeconomic context of high inflation, inflation expectations and forecasts above 3%, and a positive output gap suggests the need for contractionary monetary policy, compatible with the macroeconomic adjustment necessary to eliminate excess demand, mitigate the risk of unanchoring in inflation expectations, and guarantee convergence of inflation at the target. In comparison with the July report forecasts, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed output level that surpasses the economy’s productive capacity. Headline and core inflation have registered surprising rises, associated with the effects of domestic and external price shocks that were more persistent than anticipated, with excess demand and indexation processes in some CPI groups. The country’s risk premium and the observed and expected international interest rates increased. As a consequence of this, inflationary pressures from the exchange rate rose, and in this report, the probability of the neutral real interest rate being higher than estimated increased. In general, inflation expectations for all terms and the bank’s technical staff inflation forecast for 2023 increased again and continue to stray from 3%. All of the aforementioned elevated the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could heighten widespread indexation processes that push inflation away from the target for a longer time. In this context, it is necessary to consolidate a contractionary monetary policy that tends towards convergence of inflation at the target in the forecast horizon and towards the reduction of excess demand in order to guarantee a sustainable output level trajectory. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its September and October of 2022 meetings, Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR) decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. In September, the BDBR decided by a majority vote to raise the monetary policy interest rate by 100 basis points (bps), and in its October meeting, unanimously, by 100bps. Therefore, the rate is at 11.0%. Boxes 1 Food inflation: a comparison with other countries