Journal articles: 'Peer pressure in children'

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Kline, Rachel. "Can robots peer-pressure children?" Science 361, no. 6403 (August 16, 2018): 657.7–658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.361.6403.657-g.

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Haun, Daniel B. M., and Michael Tomasello. "Conformity to Peer Pressure in Preschool Children." Child Development 82, no. 6 (October 24, 2011): 1759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01666.x.

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Sandler, Allen G., Leslie B. Arnold, Robert A. Gable, and Phillip S. Strain. "Effects of Peer Pressure on Disruptive Behavior of Behaviorally Disordered Classmates." Behavioral Disorders 12, no. 2 (February 1987): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874298701200206.

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The effect of a peer confrontation procedure on the disruptive classroom behavior of three behaviorally disordered classmates was evaluated. Immediately following each episode of disruptive behavior, the classroom teacher prompted the target student's peers to (a) label the target behavior, (b) indicate why the behavior was unacceptable, and (c) suggest an alternative appropriate behavior. The results suggest that peer confrontation may be an effective procedure for decreasing inappropriate classroom conduct of children with behavioral disorders.

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Han, Sae-Young, and Yeon-Hwa Kim. "Interpersonal Rejection Experiences and Shame as Predictors of Susceptibility to Peer Pressure Among Korean Children." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 7 (August 1, 2012): 1213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.7.1213.

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We examined the relationships among parental and peer rejection, shame, and susceptibility to peer pressure during late childhood. A sample of 610 boys and 575 girls from Korea filled out questionnaires and nominated 3 classmates to measure peer rejection. The results showed that shame is the strongest predictor of susceptibility to peer pressure, and shame provided a pathway by which interpersonal rejection was related to susceptibility to peer pressure. The findings also highlighted the moderating effect of gender with regard to susceptibility to peer pressure. The implications of the effect of interpersonal rejection relationships and shame are discussed in relation to the internal working model perspective.

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Bhave, Swati, Anjali Saxena, Sunil Saini, Alka Saxena, and Neelam Goyal. "156. Peer Pressure Among Adolescent School Children in India." Journal of Adolescent Health 48, no. 2 (February 2011): S98—S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.11.204.

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Koning, Ina, and Carmen Voogt. "Adolescents Spending Time with Their Parents: Does It Matter?" Youth 4, no. 2 (April 22, 2024): 556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/youth4020038.

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The current study aims to explore the relevance of ‘time spent with parents’ for different risk behaviors (i.e., alcohol use, smoking, gambling and problematic social media use), peer factors (i.e., time spent with peers, peer pressure and peer support) and parenting behaviors (i.e., control, relatedness and family support). A cross-sectional design was employed, including 2165 adolescents aged from 12 to 18 years (Mage = 14.7, SD = 1.33; 52% girls; 30% in pre-vocational education). Independent sample t-tests were performed to compare different contrasting groups (≤1 h vs. >1 h; ≤2 h vs. >2 h; ≤3 h and >3 h) for relevant outcomes. Results. Adolescents spending on average >1 h per day with their parents in joint activities reported lower levels of risk behavior, less peer pressure, more peer support and more parental control, relatedness and family support. At the same time, this does not seem to come at the expense of spending time with peers, as adolescents spending 1 h or more with their parents did not spend less time with their peers. All the findings point at the relevance of parents spending time and undertaking joint activities with their adolescent children.

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Benzie, Jacqui. "Keeping children away from crime." Children and Young People Now 2014, no. 17 (August 19, 2014): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/cypn.2014.17.34.

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Borse, Kalpana, and karesh Prasad. "Assessment of Parental Pressure and Peer Factors Affecting the Performance of Undergraduate Nursing Students Studying in Selected Nursing Colleges of Maharashtra." Nursing Journal of India CX, no. 01 (2019): 03–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.48029/nji.2019.cx101.

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Parents put pressure on children for better performance due to their concern for the welfare of their children and for getting employment. Peer pressure is the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitudes, values and behaviour in order to conform to the group norms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the parent pressure and peer-related factors affecting the performance of undergraduate nursing students of selected nursing colleges of Maharashtra. In this study conducted in 2017, descriptive and inferential analysis was used; 50 undergraduate nursing students were selected by stratified random sampling. The findings show that the majority 16 (32%) of nursing students percentage in first year BSc nursing was less than 50 and majority 29 (58%) nursing students percentages in 12th standard was between 40% - 60%. Significant difference was observed between parental pressure-related factors and peer factors. The parental pressure factors had a higher impact (median score=3.65) than peer factors impact (median score=3.30) on nursing students’ performance. There was significant difference between parental pressure factors and gender (p=0.044). The girls experienced more parental pressure (mean rank=30.78) than boys (mean rank=22.53).

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Steinberg, Laurence. "Latchkey children and susceptibility to peer pressure: An ecological analysis." Developmental Psychology 22, no. 4 (1986): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.22.4.433.

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Ulo, Edafe. "Family Pressure, Peer Influence, and Teenagers Involvement in Prostitution." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(1).25.

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The study investigated ‘Family Pressure, Peer Influence, and Teenager’s Involvement in Prostitution’. The study area was Delta State. The target population for the study was teenagers between the ages of 15 and 18 found in some brothels, on the street at night, and in guest houses involved in prostitution as a way of surviving a hard time. The sample size is 120 teenagers. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher and validated by experts in the field of measurement and evaluation. Both instruments have a reliability of 0.78 and 0.85, respectively. An in-depth interview was conducted with six respondents; this was made possible by the participant observation method adopted by the research. A photograph was taken. A semi-structured interview guide was used for the IDI. The researcher transcribed the data acquired from the in-depth interviews through the use of a recording device, and they were compared with the notes taken by the note-taker during the meetings. Both the transcribed tapes and the field notes were utilized for data analysis. Simple regression was used to test the first two hypotheses, and multiple regression was used to analyzing the last hypothesis, as well as content analysis for the In-depth interview. Findings from the study revealed that peer influences are a major variable that propels teenagers into prostitution, and a lack of economic power has put strains on parents to send their girl child to the city in the name of searching for green pasture, who end up becoming prostitutes. A recommendation was made that parents should take full responsibility for the upbringing of their children and should desist from giving their children economic favors from friends and relatives. In most cases, such children end up becoming prostitutes and armed robbers.

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Killen, Melanie, Alexandra Henning, Megan Clark Kelly, David Crystal, and Martin Ruck. "Evaluations of interracial peer encounters by majority and minority US children and adolescents." International Journal of Behavioral Development 31, no. 5 (September 2007): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025407081478.

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US majority (European-American) and minority (African-American, Latin-American, Asian-American) children were interviewed regarding race-based and non-race based reasons for exclusion in interracial peer contexts ( N = 685), evenly divided by gender at 9, 12, and 15 years of age (4th, 7th, and 10th grades) attending 13 US public schools. All children judged race-based exclusion as wrong using moral reasons. In contrast, non-race based reasons such as lack of shared interests, parental discomfort, and peer pressure were viewed as more wrong by minority children than by majority children. This pattern decreased with age for all participants. Further minority children were more likely to expect that racial exclusion occurs, indicating that ethnic background, social experience, and age are significantly related to interpretations of interracial peer motives for exclusion.

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Adeyinka, Olalekan Lawrence, Joshua Emmanuel Temiloluwa, and Aham Anastasia Chioma. "Individual Parental Involvement versus Peer Relationships Influences on Student Academic Achievement in Biology." Research and Analysis Journal 5, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 06–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/raj.v5i9.336.

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This paper attempts to review the impacts of single parenting, it’s factors versus peer groups and its factors on students’ academic performance in Biology, the paper research objectives such as investigating the differences in academic achievement between kids raised by co-parents and those by single parents, investigating the academic performance gaps between single-parent students who are male and female, determining how much a student's peer group affects their academic achievement, determining if children of single parents are more susceptible to peer pressure than children of co-parents. The paper reviewed several previous works from scholars on different concepts revolving around the research study including; Single Parenting, Peer Group, Concept of Academic achievements, Concept of Parenting and Academic achievements and Concept of Peer group and Academic achievement.

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Granberry, Phillip J., María Idalí Torres, Jeroan J. Allison, Sharina D. Person, and Milagros C. Rosal. "Supports for Maternal Communication About Peer Pressure to Have Sex Among Puerto Rican Families." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 42, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x211021046.

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This research tests the independent contribution of social capital and the use of the internet to obtain health information to support maternal-child communication about peer pressure to have sex among Puerto Rican families. A sample of 413 Puerto Rican households in Springfield, MA provides the data to independently test these hypotheses. The results of a logistic regression model suggest that Puerto Rican mothers with increased social capital and who accessed the internet for health information are more likely to communicate with their adolescent children about peer pressure to have sex. The combination of these two mechanisms provide opportunities to convey culturally generated resources to Puerto Rican mothers to assist them in helping their children develop healthy sexual behaviors.

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Muhliawati, Yeni, and Purwadi Purwadi. "The effect of permissive parenting style and peer pressure on disruptive behavior: An explanatory study." ProGCouns: Journal of Professionals in Guidance and Counseling 4, no. 1 (May 29, 2023): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/progcouns.v4i1.59914.

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This research aims to examine the influence of permissive parenting style and peer pressure on disruptive behavior of students at Muhammadiyah 2 Yogyakarta junior high school The research method used is a quantitative-correlational method with a prediction design. The population of this research is 498 students who were registered as 7th and 8th graders in the 2021/2022 academic year. The research subjects consist of 74 students, selected using purposive sampling technique, with the criteria that they perceive their parents as permissive and have been identified to have a tendency towards disruptive behavior. The measuring instruments used consist of the disruptive behavior scale, the permissive parenting style scale, and the peer pressure scale. The analysis technique used is multiple regression. The findings of this study indicate that there is a significant simultaneous effect of permissive parenting style and peer pressure on disruptive behavior. The effective contribution produced is 42%. Permissive parenting style partially does not have an influence on disruptive behavior, while peer pressure significantly affects the occurrence of disruptive behavior. The school is recommended to increase its awareness of peer pressure that triggers disruptive behavior in students. Parents are expected to adjust their parenting style to minimize the growth of disruptive behavior in children.

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Toraman, Cetin, and Burak Aycicek. "An Investigation of the Relationships Between Attachment Levels to School and the Variables of the Perception of School Life Quality and Peer Pressure Among High School Students." Journal of Education and Training Studies 7, no. 1 (December 11, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i1.3720.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between attachment levels to school and the variables of the perception of school life quality and peer pressure among high school students and whether school life quality and peer pressure predict students’ attachment levels to school significantly. The relational screening model was used in the research. The sample group for the research comprised a total sum of 1533 high school students from 12 different high schools in six counties in Hatay province in Turkey. Sample of the study was selected using purposive and easily accessible sampling. “School Attachment Scale Among Children and Adolescents (High School Form) (SASACA)”, “The Quality of Life in High Schools Scale (QLHSS)” and “Peer Pressure Scale (PPS)” were used as tools of data collection. A Pearson Correlation analysis was performed to determine whether there was a significant relationship between the scores of the scales used in the study. Considering the findings of the study it was found out that there was a significant and positive relationship between the levels of students' attachment to school and school life quality. In addition, a high level, negative and significant relationship was found between the level of students' attachment to school and peer pressure. Peer pressure and school life quality are significant explanations of the level of attachment to school.

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Harris, G. "Tasting, rating and peer pressure; increases willingness to try new foods in children." Appetite 101 (June 2016): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.045.

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McKay, Michael T., and Jon C. Cole. "The relationship between alcohol use and peer pressure susceptibility, peer popularity and general conformity in Northern Irish school children." Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 19, no. 3 (December 19, 2011): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2011.641133.

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Pastorelli, Concetta, Gian Vittorio Caprara, Claudio Barbaranelli, Jarek Rola, Sandor Rozsa, and Albert Bandura. "The Structure of Children's Perceived Self-Efficacy: A Cross-National Study." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 17, no. 2 (May 2001): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.17.2.87.

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Summary: The present study investigated the replicability of the factor structure of the Children's Perceived Self-Efficacy scales (CPSE; Bandura, 1990 ) in Italy, Hungary, and Poland. The findings of this cross-national study support the generalizability of the factor structure of children's social and academic efficacy. Perceived efficacy to resist peer pressure to engage transgressive conduct had a somewhat different factor structure for Hungarian children. Gender and national differences in the pattern of efficacy beliefs underscore the value of treating perceived self-efficacy as a multifaceted attribute. There were no overall gender differences in perceived social efficacy, but girls in all three societies have a higher sense of efficacy for academic activities and to resist peer pressure for transgressive activities. Italian children judge themselves more academically efficacious than do Hungarian children and more socially efficacious than their counterparts in both of the other two countries. An analysis of the facets of academic efficacy revealed that Hungarian children have a high sense of efficacy to master academic subjects but a lower efficacy than their Italian and Polish counterparts to take charge of their own learning. Polish children surpassed their counterparts in academic self-regulatory efficacy.

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Garcia, Ghian Louie, Marinell Moral, Angeline Rose Rocete, Marithe Ilagan, John Claude Cabido, Hannah Gabrielle Escueta, Ken Joseph Novilla, and Lourence Retone. "Influence of Social Pressures on the Academic Performance of HUMSS Students at NU-Nazareth." Edukasiana: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan 3, no. 1 (December 2, 2023): 57–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.56916/ejip.v3i1.496.

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This study aims to investigate the influence of social pressures on the academic performance of Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) students at NU-Nazareth. Students may experience various types of social pressure, including peer pressure, family pressure, and academic pressure, which can impact their academic performance and well-being. Social pressure is the influence exerted on an individual by peers, family, or society to conform to certain behaviors, leading to affect their motivation, focus, and overall success in school. Insufficient literature on social pressures experienced by HUMSS students, their impact on academic performance, and coping mechanisms are the reasons why the researchers conducted this study. The study will be utilizing qualitative research employing a phenomenological approach to identify how external factors affect a student's academic success, explore the different ways in which social pressures impact academic performance, and know the coping mechanism that HUMSS students use to manage social pressure in order to achieve their academic goals. Using thematic analysis, the findings of the study were: 1.) HUMSS Students Experienced Family Pressure as the Most Common Type of Social Pressure Driven by High Standards and Expectations by Parents; 2.) The Influence of Social Pressure to the Academic Performance of HUMSS Students; 3.) HUMSS Students' Strategies for Managing and Coping with Social Pressures. Based on the study's findings, it is crucial for parents to engage in open communication with their children, balancing aspirations with realistic expectations, and encouraging dialogue about academic goals and challenges. Moreover, future research should delve into the potential long-term effects of social pressure on students' academic, physical, and personal well-being beyond their time in educational institutions, employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches for a comprehensive understanding in sociology and psychology.

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Wang, Ying Jian, Hui-Fang Shang, and Paul Briody. "Investigating the Impact of Using Games in Teaching Children English." International Journal of Learning and Development 1, no. 1 (October 16, 2011): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v1i1.1118.

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Abstract The ever increasing numbers of EFL learners adds greater urgency to the need to prioritize the most effective means by which language proficiency can be enhanced; developing language skills through games being one such method. This study examines the overall effects of using games on the improvement of young children’s English proficiency in relation to the following criteria: motivation; vocabulary acquisition; and anxiety due to peer pressure. The overarching aim of the research is to investigate the relationship between the usage of games and students’ English proficiency. In this study, the subjects numbered 50 grade-six EFL students from one elementary school. By applying quantitative and qualitative research methods, the major findings demonstrate that students evidenced significant improvements in their learning motivation and vocabulary acquisition, and that their anxiety levels due to peer pressure were reduced when learning included games. Other findings reveal that there is a significant relationship/difference in the utilization of games and students’ English performance, most notably with regards to proficiency levels. The various implications for pedagogical application of gaming components in regards to enhancing young learners’ English performance and attitudes are also presented. Keywords: Motivation; vocabulary acquisition; anxiety; games; English proficiency

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Vollmer, Anna-Lisa, Robin Read, Dries Trippas, and Tony Belpaeme. "Children conform, adults resist: A robot group induced peer pressure on normative social conformity." Science Robotics 3, no. 21 (August 15, 2018): eaat7111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aat7111.

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Obrusnikova, Iva, Martin Block, and Suzanna Dillon. "Children’s Beliefs Toward Cooperative Playing With Peers With Disabilities in Physical Education." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 27, no. 2 (April 2010): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.27.2.127.

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Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) was used to elicit salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs of children without disabilities toward playing with a hypothetical peer with a disability in general physical education. Participants were 350 elementary and middle school students who completed two questionnaires. Questionnaires were assessed for content validity. Participants provided more affective (68%) than instrumental (32%) responses for favorable behavioral beliefs and more instrumental (76%) than affective (24%) responses for unfavorable beliefs. Peer social pressure was prevalent in favorable (69%) and unfavorable (99%) responses. Social pressure significantly varied across five grades, χ2(4, N = 448) = 40.51, p < .01. Participants responded many factors in the class would positively (76%) or negatively (89%) influence the behavior.

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Kapange, Solomon Godfrey, Given Msomba, and Sosthenes Ruheza. "Social Factors Leading to Street Children Abscondment from Rehabilitation Centres in Iringa Municipality, Tanzania." Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies 49, no. 2 (October 18, 2023): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2023/v49i21126.

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This study examined social factors leading to street children's abscondment from rehabilitation centres in Iringa Municipality. Specifically, the study investigated the children’s peer pressure, social culture and children’s autonomy factors contributing to children's abscondment from the rehabilitation centres. A snowball chain was used to obtain 10 street children who absconded from the centres and Purposive sampling key informants. Interviews and documentary reviews were used for data collection. Thematic analysis technique (TAT) was used to analyze data. The results showed that social factors significantly influenced children's decisions to abscond from rehabilitation centres. The study found social factors that drive children’s decisions were peer pressure, social culture practised at rehabilitation centres and the desire for children’s freedom or autonomy played a significant role towards children's decisions to abscond from rehabilitation centres. These factors are rooted in their social experiences, relationships, and perceptions of the environment that they lived in before joining rehabilitation centres. To end the study, it concludes that children's abscondment from the rehabilitation centres was a result of a combination of social factors ranging from the influence of peer pressure, street children's autonomy and desire to regain self-independence as well as the social culture practised at the rehabilitation centres. The study recommends: (i) To rehabilitation centre, addressing social factors effectively requires rehabilitation programs to incorporate comprehensive vocational training, financial education, and sustainable livelihood options that cater to the unique needs and aspirations of street children (ii) The government must develop a coordinated multi-agency strategy to identify and share information about concerns for a children person’s safety when absconding from centres. (iii) Recommendations to scholars, the study recommends examining political ecology factors contributing to children's abscondment from rehabilitation centres to cover large areas to enable generalization.

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Banda, Lazarus Obed Livingstone, Jane Thokozani Banda, Chigonjetso Victoria Banda, Eretia Mwaene, and Ceasar Heatherwick Msiska. "Unraveling substance abuse among Malawian street children: A qualitative exploration." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 29, 2024): e0304353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304353.

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This qualitative study adopts a phenomenological and symbolic interactionist approach to comprehensively explore substance abuse among street children in Lilongwe, Malawi. The research aims to uncover the complex sociocultural, economic, and environmental determinants influencing substance abuse within this marginalized cohort. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews, the study engages with street children to understand their subjective experiences, perceptions, and interpretations of substance abuse within their community context. Employing convenience, purposive, and snowball sampling strategies, the research collected data from street children, acknowledging their transient nature and societal challenges. Thematic analysis was conducted on interview transcripts to derive comprehensive insights. Results revealed five key thematic areas: familial absence and emotional void, societal normalization and peer pressure, economic hardships, coping mechanisms, environmental accessibility, and peer influence and belongingness. These themes highlighted the intricate interplay between personal experiences, socio-environmental factors, and peer dynamics, shaping the prevalence and persistence of substance abuse among street children. This study’s implications for practice underscore the need for tailored interventions and support mechanisms addressing substance abuse within this demographic. It emphasizes the urgency for context-specific strategies and policy formulations aimed at ameliorating the challenges faced by street children dealing with substance abuse in Malawi. Ultimately, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of substance abuse among marginalized street children, advocating for compassionate and contextually sensitive interventions within this overlooked drug abusers’ population subset.

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Rashidi, Zawadi, and Kalafunja Osaki. "Influence of Family Supervision and Peer Pressure on Female Students Behavior in Public Secondary Schools: A study conducted in Ubungo Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." World Journal of Education and Humanities 5, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): p50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjeh.v5n1p50.

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Young female students are often torn between family supervision, which can be positive or negative, and peer pressure to conform to the pressures on life decisions and behavior orientation as they grow up and learn. Little is known as to how they cope especially in a large city and with the media influence they face. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences on female students’ behaviour (focusing on family supervision and peer pressure) in public secondary schools. Specifically, the study intended to determine the nature of family supervision and peer pressure among female students; to identify the main forms of behavioural issues that affect female students’ learning; and to find out in what ways family and peer pressure influences female students’ behaviour focusing on time management, work habits and truancy. The study has used a descriptive research design employing questionnaires and interview guides to collect data from a sample of 133 students, 50 teachers, 10 parents and 4 school heads. Qualitative data [mainly interviews with students, parents and teachers] collected were analyzed using thematic analysis techniques while quantitative data from a questionnaire used descriptive statistics approach. The study found that parents, school environment, peers and school management have both negative and positive effects on female students’ behaviour inside and outside school. It has also revealed that some students learn bad behaviour from their homes and community with some of the friends influencing to affect their academic performance. The most predominant disciplinary cases among female students were involvement in sexual relationships while schooling. The study concluded that parental supervision and teacher-parents coordination is essential in providing learning support to female students. The study recommends that administering corporal punishment in school should focus on shaping childrens’ behaviour rather than cause psychological torture. Frequent seminars and meetings between students and teachers on the importance of schooling are essential in raising awareness. Additionally, schools may invite experts from a government institution or private organization responsible for transforming students’ behaviour who will talk to students about adolescence and its social impact. Owners and managers of schools should establish a friendly schooling environment that promotes and enhance the teaching and learning process. Schools should be fenced to avoid external interactions and prevent truancy.

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Matiti, Lawrence, and Dr T. Velmurugan. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Children Safe Spaces (Children's Corners) on the Lives of Orphans and Vulnerable Children: A Case of Chanyungu Children's Corner in Machinga District." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 2542–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i10.el03.

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The HIV and AIDS epidemic is exerting the pressure on the immediate and extended family that the traditional care and support system has been stretched to the limit. Despite this, the family and the community are still the best providers of care and support to children. In response to the negative effects that children are facing, Government of Malawi introduced childrens corners as a community-based structure that, if properly implemented, can offer community parenting to address some of the childrens challenges. In exploring the effectiveness of these child safe spaces (childrens corners) on the psychosocial lives of orphans and vulnerable children, this study will be carried out in Chanyungu Village in Machinga District - Malawi. The researcher has an assumption of that childrens corners help to bring change in the lives of children such that if the programs are more targeted on the vulnerable children they can help to reverse the impact of vulnerability. This research will try to establish that vulnerable children acquire adequate information from childrens corners and it is this information that will help them change behaviour because they interact with their peers and share experiences. Previous studies done in other countries has also found that effective interventions such as peer education, resilience building are needed to help the vulnerable children maintain coping skills on challenges of life.

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Štefan, Lovro, Mario Kasović, and Martin Zvonar. "Association between the levels of physical activity and plantar pressure in 6-14-year-old children." PeerJ 8 (February 14, 2020): e8551. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8551.

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Background The main purpose of the study was to determine whether lower levels of physical activity were associated with higher plantar pressure generated under each foot. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 641 children aged 6–14 years (agemean ± SD = 9.7 ± 2.4 years; heightmean ± SD = 143.6 ± 15.3 cm, weightmean ± SD = 37.6 ± 13.4 kg; body-mass indexmean ± SD = 17.6 ± 3.2 kg/m2; 44.2% girls). We used EMED –XL pressure platform to measure force time integral, pressure-time integral, contact-time and contact area, peak plantar pressure and mean plantar pressure of the right and the left foot during the gait analysis. The level of physical activity was measured by using The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ–C). The associations were calculated by using generalized estimating equations with linear regression models. Results Lower levels of physical activity were associated with higher force- and pressure-time integrals, longer contact time and higher peak and mean plantar pressures in both feet. Conclusion Our study shows that the level of physical activity is strongly and inversely associated with plantar pressure in a sample of 6–14 year olds.

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Hay, Ian. "Facilitating Children's Self-Concept: A Rationale and Evaluative Study." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 15, no. 1 (July 1, 2005): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.15.1.60.

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AbstractThis study reports on the design and effectiveness of the Exploring Self-Concept program for primary school children using self-concept as the outcome measure. The program aims to provide a procedure that incorporates organisation, elaboration, thinking, and problem-solving strategies and links these to children's multidimensional self-concept. The results of this research support the notion that teachers and guidance counsellors need to establish a nonthreatening framework that allows them to discuss with children a range of relevant issues related to peer pressure, parent relations, self-image, body image, gender bias, media pressure, values and life goals, in a systematic, objective and cooperative manner. Within the paper, notions associated with self-concept maturation, ‘crystallisation’ of self-concept beliefs, cognitive differentiation and self-concept segmentation are reviewed.

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Oliva, Sonia. "VIP Tickets Required: Latino High School Students and Limited Access." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.3.pp00300x30051600.

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As the Latino population increases, many public school systems throughout the United States are struggling to meet the educational needs of Latino children. Latinos remain the most undereducated segment of the nation's school aged children; they comprise the largest group of highschool dropouts, and high school graduates are much less likely to attain advanced degrees (Zambrana 1995). There are numerous internal and external factors related to the Latinos' relatively low educational attainment including poverty, educators' low expectations, language, low self-esteem and peer group pressure (Reyes et al. 1999).

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McIntosh, J., F. MacDonald, and N. McKeganey. "Why do children experiment with illegal drugs? The declining role of peer pressure with increasing age." Addiction Research & Theory 14, no. 3 (January 2006): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16066350500330465.

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Elliott, Richard, and Clare Leonard. "Peer pressure and poverty: exploring fashion brands and consumption symbolism among children of the ‘British poor’." Journal of Consumer Behaviour 3, no. 4 (June 2004): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cb.147.

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Abdoli, Marzieh, Marco Scotto Rosato, Annarosa Cipriano, Rosanna Napolano, Paolo Cotrufo, Nadia Barberis, and Stefania Cella. "Affect, Body, and Eating Habits in Children: A Systematic Review." Nutrients 15, no. 15 (July 27, 2023): 3343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15153343.

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The present review investigates the complex associations between children’s affective states, body perceptions, and eating habits, thus providing crucial insights for potential health interventions. Following PRISMA guidelines, three databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies exploring the relationship between eating habits, emotional states, and body image perceptions in a population of children (5 to 11 years old). A total of seven articles were included. Our findings revealed a pattern of associations between negative emotional states, like anxiety and depressive feelings, and maladaptive eating behaviors. Additionally, explicit influences from parental feeding practices, peer pressure, socioeconomic factors, and children’s body perceptions were observed to shape eating habits, with a pronounced tendency among older girls towards dieting and food preoccupation. Our results underline the intertwining nature of age, gender, and emotional states. Furthermore, our findings accentuate the urgency for comprehensive interventions that acknowledge and address the complex interplay of emotional, familial, and socioeconomic factors alongside children’s body image perceptions. The criticality of continued research, particularly ones employing longitudinal designs and diverse demographic samples, is highlighted as we strive to understand and navigate such multifaceted relationships to enhance children’s health and well-being.

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Emond, Alan M., and Mark D. Griffiths. "Gambling in children and adolescents." British Medical Bulletin 136, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldaa027.

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Abstract Introduction Children are susceptible to problems with gambling because of developmental and cognitive immaturities, as well as a sensitivity to peer pressure and marketing. Sources of data This review uses recent UK data from the Gambling Commission and from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, and evidence from recent reviews of gambling in children and adolescents. Areas of agreement The prevalence of gambling in children worldwide and in the UK is stable, having generally decreased since 2013. Online gambling is increasing in children and young people. A small minority of adolescents who gamble develop a gambling disorder. Adolescents who have problems with gambling tend to have lower self-esteem and a history of hyperactivity and impulsivity, are more likely to have parents who gamble, report less parental supervision and to use more alcohol than their peers. Areas of controversy Children’s access to slot machines, the relationship between gaming and gambling, and social media advertizing of gambling targeting children. Growing points An increase in online gambling and in-play sports betting by adolescents and the use of skins betting in video gaming. Areas timely for developing research: impact on young people of betting on e-gaming. How best to protect children from early exposure to gambling in the current internet age. Implications for clinicians Need to be aware of the growing and complex phenomenon of gaming and gambling, and implications for the mental health of children and adolescents. The effective management of gambling disorders in children and adolescents requires close working with families.

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Handley, Sally, Rachael Murray, and Manpreet Bains. "P211 Teens and sexting – a public health concern?" Sexually Transmitted Infections 93, Suppl 1 (June 2017): A85.2—A85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053232.253.

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IntroductionSexual messaging (sexting) has become a norm of peer-to-peer communication among young people. There are concerns about the negative impact sexting has on young people’s health and wellbeing. However, little is known about the nature of public health messages currently being provided on sexting. This study sought to understand the nature of information and advice on sexting available online for children, young people and adults.MethodsA document analysis explored online resources from national agencies involved in promoting the welfare of children and young people. Thirty-eight documents were identified which included audio-visual files. The nature of information was analysed thematically.ResultsDefinitions of sexting, the scope of the problem and the role of technology were key themes across the documents. Safeguarding prioritised the welfare of young people with advice and scenarios on legal issues. Immediate and longer-term consequences considered peer pressure, coercion, bullying and control, psycho-social distress, reputation damage and internet related crime. Advice focused on how to say ‘no’, minimising risk, dealing with the problem, relationship advice, safety and harm reduction including how to use social media.DiscussionSexting may play an important part in normative sexual development and sexual enquiry. Online digital relationships also create concern for some children and young people. This research found that there was a wealth of information and advice available and the nature of it is consistent across agencies. Harm reduction could be strengthened through a multi-agency commitment to promote inclusive, cross-curricular online safety and healthy peer relationship messages.

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O'Sullivan, Elizabeth. "Tooth wear in children: prevalence, presentation and prevention." Dental Update 50, no. 10 (November 2, 2023): 884–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2023.50.10.884.

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Tooth wear in children is a multifactorial process that can be due to either physiological or pathological processes. The most frequent type of tooth wear in children is erosion, and its contribution to overall tooth wear is explained. The prevalence, aetiology, presentation and management of tooth wear, especially erosion, are discussed in this article, with practical clinical advice for the treating clinician and families. The challenges to giving practical preventive advice, and the complexities involved in overcoming dietary and lifestyle changes in an environment of powerful advertising, peer pressure and social media influencers are discussed in detail. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Erosive tooth wear is common in children, so understanding the aetiology and giving families practical and relevant preventive advice is important.

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Sethi, Rajesh Kumar, Raghava Badabagni, Padmaja Sridevi Pabbineedi, and Radhika Chennupati. "Study of blood pressure in relation with age, sex and BMI in school going children of age group 5-15 years in Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 3 (April 30, 2019): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20191438.

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Background: The measurement of blood pressure is an important component of routine Pediatric physical examination. Children with higher levels of blood pressure tend to maintain higher blood pressure levels in adulthood in comparison to their peer group. The aims and objectives of this study were to define the normal pattern of blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension in urban school children between the age group of 5-15 years and to evaluate relationship of blood pressure with variables such as age, sex, height, weight and BMI in Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh.Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional observational study conducted from July 2016 to December 2018 in Department of Pediatrics, KIMS Amalapuram.Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension in the present study was 3.2%. Of these 16 children 11 were males amounting to 4.41% of total number of males and 5 were females amounting to 1.99% of total number of females. The prevalence of hypertension was more in the males. It was observed that there is not much increase in mean blood pressure up to 130 cms (both in males and females) and increased significantly and gradually in children above 130 cms of height. Blood pressure increases gradually and in a proportionate manner with increase in weight and BMI.Conclusions: Blood pressure is an important vital sign which reflects the integrity of the cardiovascular system, renal, endocrinal system and other systems in the body. Blood pressure of an individual varies with age, sex, height, weight and BMI. It also has a strong correlation with family history of hypertension. Thus, concluded that hypertension has its roots in childhood and early adolescence.

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Chen, Zeng-yin, and Ruth X. Liu. "Comparing Adolescent Only Children with Those Who Have Siblings on Academic Related Outcomes and Psychosocial Adjustment." Child Development Research 2014 (January 14, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/578289.

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This study uses a large and representative sample of adolescents to test the theoretically informed hypotheses comparing adolescent singletons with those who have siblings. The results found that, for academic related outcomes (educational expectations, time spent on homework, and self-reported grades), there are no differences between singletons and firstborns who have any number of younger siblings. Singletons are also not different from laterborns from two-child families. In contrast, singletons are more advantageous compared to laterborns who have two or more siblings on educational expectations and grades. Singletons also spend more time on homework than laterborns who have three or more siblings. For psychosocial outcomes (psychological distress, susceptibility to negative peer pressure, and problem behaviors), singletons are not different from both firstborns and laterborns with any number of siblings. The findings suggest that singletons are not at any disadvantage compared to their peers who have siblings and they enjoy some advantages over laterborns from medium to large families on academic related outcomes.

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Gerber, Markus, Katharina Endes, Christian Herrmann, Flora Colledge, Serge Brand, Lars Donath, Oliver Faude, Uwe Pühse, Henner Hanssen, and Lukas Zahner. "Does Physical Fitness Buffer the Relationship between Psychosocial Stress, Retinal Vessel Diameters, and Blood Pressure among Primary Schoolchildren?" BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6340431.

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Background. Strong evidence exists showing that psychosocial stress plays an important part in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Because physical inactivity is associated with less favourable retinal vessel diameter and blood pressure profiles, this study explores whether physical fitness is able to buffer the negative effects of psychosocial stress on retinal vessel diameters and blood pressure in young children.Methods. 325 primary schoolchildren (51% girls,Mage=7.28years) took part in this cross-sectional research project. Retinal arteriolar diameters, retinal venular diameters, arteriolar to venular ratio, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed in all children. Interactions terms between physical fitness (performance in the 20 m shuttle run test) and four indicators of psychosocial stress (parental reports of critical life events, family, peer and school stress) were tested in a series of hierarchical regression analyses.Results. Critical life events and family, peer, and school-related stress were only weakly associated with retinal vessel diameters and blood pressure. No support was found for a stress-buffering effect of physical fitness.Conclusion. More research is needed with different age groups to find out if and from what age physical fitness can protect against arteriolar vessel narrowing and the occurrence of other cardiovascular disease risk factors.

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Murray-Close, Dianna, Nicki R. Crick, Wan-Ling Tseng, Nicole Lafko, Casey Burrows, Clio Pitula, and Peter Ralston. "Physiological stress reactivity and physical and relational aggression: The moderating roles of victimization, type of stressor, and child gender." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 3 (July 22, 2014): 589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941400025x.

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AbstractThe purpose of the present investigation was to examine the association between physiological reactivity to peer stressors and physical and relational aggression. Potential moderation by actual experiences of peer maltreatment (i.e., physical and relational victimization) and gender were also explored. One hundred ninety-six children (M = 10.11 years, SD = 0.64) participated in a laboratory stress protocol during which their systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and skin conductance reactivity to recounting a relational stressor (e.g., threats to relationships) and an instrumental stressor (e.g., threats to physical well-being, dominance, or property) were assessed. Teachers provided reports of aggression and victimization. In both boys and girls, physical aggression was associated with blunted physiological reactivity to relational stress and heightened physiological reactivity to instrumental stress, particularly among youth higher in victimization. In girls, relational aggression was most robustly associated with blunted physiological reactivity to relational stressors, particularly among girls exhibiting higher levels of relational victimization. In boys, relational aggression was associated with heightened physiological reactivity to both types of stressors at higher levels of peer victimization and blunted physiological reactivity to both types of stressors at lower levels of victimization. Results underscore the shared and distinct emotional processes underlying physical and relational aggression in boys and girls.

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Stroud, Laura R., Elizabeth Foster, George D. Papandonatos, Kathryn Handwerger, Douglas A. Granger, Katie T. Kivlighan, and Raymond Niaura. "Stress response and the adolescent transition: Performance versus peer rejection stressors." Development and Psychopathology 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409000042.

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AbstractLittle is known about normative variation in stress response over the adolescent transition. This study examined neuroendocrine and cardiovascular responses to performance and peer rejection stressors over the adolescent transition in a normative sample. Participants were 82 healthy children (ages 7–12 years, n = 39, 22 females) and adolescents (ages 13–17, n = 43, 20 females) recruited through community postings. Following a habituation session, participants completed a performance (public speaking, mental arithmetic, mirror tracing) or peer rejection (exclusion challenges) stress session. Salivary cortisol, salivary alpha amylase (sAA), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and heart rate were measured throughout. Adolescents showed significantly greater cortisol, sAA, SBP, and DBP stress response relative to children. Developmental differences were most pronounced in the performance stress session for cortisol and DBP and in the peer rejection session for sAA and SBP. Heightened physiological stress responses in typical adolescents may facilitate adaptation to new challenges of adolescence and adulthood. In high-risk adolescents, this normative shift may tip the balance toward stress response dysregulation associated with depression and other psychopathology. Specificity of physiological response by stressor type highlights the importance of a multisystem approach to the psychobiology of stress and may also have implications for understanding trajectories to psychopathology.

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Sessanna, Loralee. "Incorporating Florence Nightingale’s theory of nursing into teaching a group of preadolescent children about negative peer pressure." Journal of Pediatric Nursing 19, no. 3 (June 2004): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2004.02.002.

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Neuman, Susan B., Donna Celano, and Robyn Fischer. "The Children's Literature Hour: A Social-Constructivist Approach to Family Literacy." Journal of Literacy Research 28, no. 4 (December 1996): 499–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862969609547938.

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Pursued from a social-constructivist perspective, this study reports the results of a series of peer group discussions with adolescent parents enrolled in a family literacy program. The purpose of these discussions was to provide opportunities for learners to critically reflect on their goals and their literacy strengths and needs, as well as their needs for their children. We engaged a total of 18 adolescent mothers in 1-hour discussion sessions of multicultural children's literature books. Analysis of the conversations indicated that literacy was seen as important because it served as a tool to address economic and social concerns. Parents' goals for themselves focused on independence, being a role model to their children, and self-respect. For their children, they wished to convey a sense of cultural pride, independence from peer pressure, and a “gift of childhood.” The social aspects of the discussions seemed to strengthen and expand the possibilities for meaningful interaction between parents, creating a space for discourses which included their shared realities. It is suggested that family literacy programs should build on these issues and be context specific, working collaboratively with participants to create new visions that challenge the status quo.

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Zuin, Valentina, Vandy Moung, Rachel Juay, and Jessica Tribbe. "Jumping up the sanitation ladder in rural Cambodia: The role of remittances and peer-to-peer pressure in adopting high-quality latrines." PLOS Water 3, no. 5 (May 29, 2024): e0000151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000151.

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Over the last 50 years, a combination of factors has driven sanitation improvements in rural areas of low-income and emerging economies in Asia. While open defecation remains an important challenge in many countries, Cambodia has rapidly increased rural sanitation coverage in the last 20 years. Using data collected via 92 interviews and seven focus group discussions, this qualitative study analysed the macro-level, community, and individual factors that motivated rural households to invest in high-quality latrines in seven villages in Cambodia that achieved and sustained open defecation free status with at least 85% latrine coverage. Local demand for adoption of high quality latrine was stimulated by a number of factors which include: a) NGO-led interventions that included behaviour change communication, sanitation marketing, and community-led total sanitation, all magnified by the strong support of local leaders at the village and commune levels; b) an increased proportion of rural households engaging in factory work, with access to raising wages, higher disposable incomes, and remittances; and c) subsidies and microcredit. Furthermore, migrants not only transferred financial resources to their home villages, but also transferred a set of ideas, norms, expectations, information, and behaviors back to their communities that reflect the migrants’ new ways of life, and economic possibilities. We provide evidence that new habits among factory workers, and ownership and display of new technologies and consumer commodities as symbols of modern success and social status facilitated high-quality latrine adoption. Peer-to-peer pressure at the village level, and among adult children commuting to factories or visiting their rural hometown ensured widespread adoption.

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Yadav, Sonal, Anuj Jhakar, Priyanka Sharma, Samar Hossain, and Vandna Sen. "A cross-sectional study of characteristics of street children in Jaipur city, Rajasthan." Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences 3, no. 3 (August 15, 2017): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32463/rphs.2017.v03i03.13.

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Objective: To study the socio-demographic profile of street children in Jaipur city, Rajasthan. Setting and Design: Cross-sectional study. Material and Method: Children between 5-15 years residing on the streets of Jaipur city were the study population. Result: Majority of the street children (74.5%) were in 9 to 13 years of age group followed by 5-9 years (13.5%) and 13-15 years (12.0%). 91.0% of street children were males. 65.3% street children were from nuclear family. Out of 400 street children 45.8% had left home to earn money followed by 21.0% and 11.8% street children who left home due to domestic violence and to avoid parental restrictions respectively. Peer pressure was cited as reason by only 4.8% street children. Conclusion: During the study it was also observed that approximately half of the street children i.e. 45.8% had left home to earn money 21.0% had left home due to domestic violence and 11.8% street children had left, to avoid parental restrictions. Death of the father and mother were the reasons to leave their homes for 5.8% and 4.8% street children respectively.

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Mui Lee, Houang, and Phung Anh Loo. "Gamification of Learning in Early Age Education." Journal La Edusci 2, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallaedusci.v2i2.380.

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Gamification teaches children many new abilities at a young age. It also increases their emotional well-being and emotional intelligence. Gamification enables your kid to study in a distraction-free atmosphere in a familiar setting. Gamification helps foster a positive attitude toward learning by creating engaging, personalized, and amusing learning materials. The majority of educational learning applications include unique music that will aid language development. Gamification allows your kid to study and participate at their own speed, free of peer or teacher pressure

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Agrawal, Sanjana, Anita Kahar, Usha Radke, and Jayshree Joshi. "Attitude of urban schoolchildren towards their dental appearance in Nagpur city." Journal of Advances in Dental Practice and Research 1 (June 30, 2022): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jadpr_4_2022.

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Objectives: In this epoch, the children are more concern about their dental esthetics because exposure to various social media. The influence of social media and peer pressure is found to be additional in urban schools. The aim of the study was to assess the attitude of urban schoolchildren toward their dental appearance. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed and pre-validated 8-item questionnaire was distributed among the urban schoolchildren of age group 10–18 years. Results: Forty-four (73%) of children agreed that teeth have great effect on persons appearance. While in comparison, 15 (75%) of all the age groups children will visit dentist immediately if they have any dental-related problems. Conclusion: The urban schoolchildren were concern about their esthetics. The children with the age group of 16–18 years were found to be more concern about the esthetics as compare to other age group children.

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Gudugbe, Senyo, Emmanuel Papa Kwadwo Acquah, Rosaline Seyram Akuaku, Brian Nuo-Ire Nang-Beifubah, Solomon Jaaga, and Patrick Maison. "Teasing-Induced Self-Circumcision in a Teenager: A Case Report." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 35, no. 24 (December 22, 2023): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2023/v35i245331.

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Aim: Male circumcision in traditionally circumcising communities is often performed by an experienced traditionalist or a surgeon. Transitioning through teenage years as an uncircumcised male in these communities can be challenging. This report highlights the psychosocial pressures of uncircumcised teenagers and the need for early formal circumcision to prevent self-injurious behaviour. Case Presentation: We present a 13-year-old male, who performed a self-circumcision using a kitchen knife after enduring repeated teasing episodes at annual sports camps. He was resuscitated and later had penile skin reconstruction done. He did not have an underlying psychological disorder. Discussion: Self-circumcision is rare and mostly reported amongst patients with underlying psychological disorders. Cases amongst teenagers with no underlying pathologies are ever rarer. Negative peer pressure in the form of teasing and push such patients to self-injurious behaviour. Early appropriate surgical intervention following self-circumcision results in good clinical outcomes. Conclusion: Uncircumcised teenagers in traditionally circumcising communities may suffer adverse psychological trauma from peers leading to self-harm. Parents of such children should seek early medical care to avert the risks of self-injurious behaviour.

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Owens, Jayanti. "Relationships between an ADHD Diagnosis and Future School Behaviors among Children with Mild Behavioral Problems." Sociology of Education 93, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 191–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038040720909296.

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder among U.S. children. ADHD diagnoses have risen among children with both severe and mild behavioral problems, partly in response to mounting academic pressure. This study examines the consequences of ADHD diagnosis. Diagnosis can bring beneficial pharmacological treatment and social supports, but it can also trigger negative social and psychological processes, as suggested by labeling theory. For children with mild behavioral problems, diagnosis may trigger awareness of being ‘‘different’’ for the first time, for example through negative teacher/peer effects. By matching diagnosed and otherwise comparable undiagnosed children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort of 1998–1999, I find that medication has positive effects for diagnosed children with severe prediagnosis behavioral problems, yielding comparable future teacher-rated school behaviors as undiagnosed matches. However, diagnosed and medicated children with mild prediagnosis behavioral problems exhibit poorer future teacher-rated social and academic behaviors than their undiagnosed matches, consistent with labeling theory.

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Jadhav, Aishwarya, and Amar Taksande. "Reliability of the Automatic Blood Pressure Monitor for Measuring the Blood Pressure in Children." Pediatric Education and Research 3, no. 3 (2015): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/per.2321.1644.3315.2.

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Tusman, Gerardo, Stephan H. Böhm, Alejandro Tempra, Fernando Melkun, Eduardo García, Elsio Turchetto, Paul G. H. Mulder, and Burkhard Lachmann. "Effects of Recruitment Maneuver on Atelectasis in Anesthetized Children." Anesthesiology 98, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200301000-00006.

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Background General anesthesia is known to promote atelectasis formation. High inspiratory pressures are required to reexpand healthy but collapsed alveoli. However, in the absence of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), reexpanded alveoli collapse again. Using magnetic resonance imaging, the impact of an alveolar recruitment strategy on the amount and distribution of atelectasis was tested. Methods The authors prospectively randomized 24 children who met American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II criteria, were aged 6 months-6 yr, and were undergoing cranial magnetic resonance imaging into three groups. After anesthesia induction, in the alveolar recruitment strategy (ARS) group, an alveolar recruitment maneuver was performed by manually ventilating the lungs with a peak airway pressure of 40 cm H2O and a PEEP of 15 cm H2O for 10 breaths. PEEP was then reduced to and kept at 5 cm H2O. The continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) group received 5 cm H2O of continuous positive airway pressure without recruitment. The zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) group received neither PEEP nor the recruitment maneuver. All patients breathed spontaneously during the procedure. After cranial magnetic resonance imaging, thoracic magnetic resonance imaging was performed. Results The atelectatic volume (median, first and third standard quartiles) detected in the ZEEP group was 1.25 (0.75-4.56) cm3 in the right lung and 4.25 (3.2-13.9) cm3 in the left lung. The CPAP group had 9.5 (3.1-23.7) cm3 of collapsed lung tissue in the right lung and 8.8 (5.3-28.5) cm3 in the left lung. Only one patient in the ARS group presented an atelectasis of less than 2 cm3. An uneven distribution of the atelectasis was observed within each lung and between the right and left lungs, with a clear predominance of the left basal paradiaphragmatic regions. Conclusion Frequency of atelectasis was much less following the alveolar recruitment strategy, compared with children who did not have the maneuver performed. The mere application of 5 cm H2O of CPAP without a prior recruitment did not show the same treatment effect and showed no difference compared to the control group without PEEP.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Peer pressure in children'

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