Journal articles: 'PEG-Based surfactants'

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Wagner, Olaf, Julian Thiele, Marie Weinhart, Linas Mazutis, David A. Weitz, Wilhelm T. S. Huck, and Rainer Haag. "Biocompatible fluorinated polyglycerols for droplet microfluidics as an alternative to PEG-based copolymer surfactants." Lab on a Chip 16, no. 1 (2016): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5lc00823a.

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Polyglycerol-based triblock surfactants with tailored side-chain composition are exemplified in cell encapsulation and in vitro gene expression studies in droplet-based microfluidics as alternative to PEG-based surfactants.

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Lee, Jungno. "An Investigation of the Surfactants and Preservative Ingredients used in Korean Fundamental Cosmetics from 2020-2022." Korea Industrial Technology Convergence Society 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29279/jitr.2022.27.3.73.

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Surfactants and preservative ingredients have a dominant effect on the safety of cosmetics. This study investigated the main surfactants and preservative ingredients in Korean fundamental cosmetics sold within the past three years. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsifiers have been mainly polyethylene glycol (PEG)-free surfactants; however, the main solubilizing agents have remained PEG-based. Paraben, which was the main preservative ingredient, has been replaced by 1,2-hexanediol and ethylhexylglycerin. These technical safety advances concerning surfactants and preservative ingredients have made Korean cosmetics one of the safest in the world.

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Hayat, Muhammad Dilawer, and Peng Cao. "Development of PEG/PMMA Based Binders for Ti-Metal Injection Moulding." Key Engineering Materials 704 (August 2016): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.704.130.

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As the world is moving towards green manufacturing, there is an increasing demand for the use of clean and environmentally friendly binder systems in metal injection moulding (MIM) industry. One example of these developed binders is polyethylene glycol (PEG) - polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) based system. We have systematically evaluated and optimized this binder system, and reported some interesting new results. In this article, we reported the effect of PEG molecular weight on rheological properties of the feedstock and its water debinding behaviour. We also investigated the effects of different surfactants on MIM feedstock rheological and mechanical properties, and identified a potential surfactant that enhances compatibility between the binder components and metal powders. Furthermore, we reported an interesting problem – ‘voids formation’, which is associated with PEG crystallization. To minimize this void formation a crystallization inhibitor is incorporated in the PEG/PMMA system, thereby eliminating the void formation while maintaining the clean nature of this system. This paper is concluded with some new thoughts with regard to binder design.

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Maeda, Tomoki, Midori Kitagawa, Atsushi Hotta, and Satoshi Koizumi. "Thermo-Responsive Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on PEG-b-PLGA Diblock Copolymer and Laponite." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020250.

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Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PEG-b-PLGA) diblock copolymers are widely known as polymeric surfactants for biomedical applications, and exhibit high solubility in water compared to PLGA-b-PEG-b-PLGA triblock copolymers known as gelation agents. In order to overcome the difficulties in the preparation of thermo-responsive hydrogels based on PLGA-b-PEG-b-PLGA due to the low solubility in water, the fabrication of thermo-responsive hydrogels based on PEG-b-PLGA with high solubility in water was attempted by adding laponite to the PEG-b-PLGA solution. In detail, PEG-b-PLGA with high solubility in water (i.e., high PEG/PLGA ratio) were synthesized. Then, the nanocomposite solution based on PEG-b-PLGA and laponite (laponite/PEG-b-PLGA nanocomposite) was fabricated by mixing the PEG-b-PLGA solutions and the laponite suspensions. By using the test tube inversion method and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), it was found that thermo-responsive hydrogels could be obtained by using PEG-b-PLGA, generally known as polymeric surfactants, and that the gelation temperature was around the physiological temperature and could be regulated by changing the solution composition. Furthermore, from the structural analysis by small angle neutron scattering (SANS), PEG-b-PLGA was confirmed to be on the surface of the laponite platelets, and the thermosensitive PEG-b-PLGA on the laponite surface could trigger the thermo-responsive connection of the preformed laponite network.

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Vadapalli, Ratna Sree, and Sunitha Reddy, M. "Formulation and Evaluation of Self-Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS) of Ticagrelor." Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): 628–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2022.v08i11.001.

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The present work mainly emphasized on the enhancement of solubility of Ticagrelor by developing Self- Micro emulsifying drug delivery system. Ticagrelor is a BCS class IV drug with poor aqueous solubility and permeability. The saturated solubility of Ticagrelor in various oils, surfactants and co-surfactants was determined by using UV-spectroscopy. The excipients were selected based on their maximum solubility and compatibility for Ticagrelor. SMEDDS formulations od Ticagrelor were developed using different oils, surfactants and co-surfactant combinations (4:1 and 3:1). Pseudo ternary phase diagrams were constructed and based on pseudo ternary phase diagrams, Nano emulsification area was evaluated .Formulations were designed based on the pseudo ternary phase diagram using various proportions of oil (Capmul MCM E8 EP), surfactant (Labrasol), co-surfactant (PEG-400). The prepared formulations were selected among them F1 was optimized and carried out for further evaluations like dispersibility test, self-emulsification time ,phase separation and stability test, thermodynamic stability studies, droplet size and zeta potential, invitro drug release studies. The results of present study demonstrate that Ticagrelor SMEDDS can be used as a potential means for improving the solubility of Ticagrelor.

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Dairaku, Sachiko, Wataru Horie, and Yukari Sakazaki. "Developing High Performance Sunscreen Products without PEG-based Surfactants." Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan 50, no. 4 (2017): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5107/sccj.50.314.

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Shokuhfar, Ali, S. Alibeigi, Mohammad Reza Vaezi, and Sayed Khatiboleslam Sadrnezhaad. "Synthesis of Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles Prepared by Various Surfactants and Studying their Characterizations." Defect and Diffusion Forum 273-276 (February 2008): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.273-276.22.

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Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were prepared simply by the reverse co-precipitation method from the solution of ferrous/ferric mixed salt in the presence of cationic surfactant (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB) and nonionic surfactant (Polyethylene glycol, PEG) in two concentrations. Meanwhile, Fe3O4 nanoparticles without surfactant are also synthesized under the same condition for comparison. In addition via the reverse co-precipitation method, the pH which is an important factor in synthesis of magnetite was controlled at high values easily. The experimental results reveal that addition of surfactants affected on the size and morphology of the nanoparticles based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterizations.

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Scanga, Randall, Lucie Chrastecka, Ridhwan Mohammad, Austin Meadows, Phenix-Lan Quan, and Eric Brouzes. "Correction: Click chemistry approaches to expand the repertoire of PEG-based fluorinated surfactants for droplet microfluidics." RSC Advances 9, no. 1 (2019): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra90097c.

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Zhang, Mingyu, and Guangyan Zhang. "Recent Advances in the Properties and Applications of Polyglycerol Fatty Acid Esters." Polymers 17, no. 7 (March 25, 2025): 879. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17070879.

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Although polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based surfactants are widely used in various industries due to their wide range of hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) values, their possible by-product, 1,4-dioxane, has been listed as a reasonably anticipated human carcinogen, which may limit their applications in fields closely related to the human body. Polyglycerol fatty acid esters (PGFEs), a class of surfactants based on polyglycerol (another polyether), also have a wide range of HLB values that can be adjust by varying the degree of polymerization of the polyglycerol, the length of the fatty acid carbon chain, or the degree of esterification, but do not have the risks caused by 1,4-dioxane. In addition, all the raw materials (glycerol and fatty acids) required for the preparation of PGFEs can be obtained via hydrolysis of renewable vegetable oils. Therefore, PGFEs, as new eco-friendly and biodegradable non-ionic surfactants, have been proposed as potential green alternatives to PEG-based non-ionic surfactants. This review summarizes the properties of PGFEs specifically including their HLB, surface properties, phase behaviors, stabilizing effect on foams and emulsions, and stability, and highlights their potential applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals observed in the last decade.

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Kubiak, Adam, Zuzanna Bielan, Aleksandra Bartkowiak, Elżbieta Gabała, Adam Piasecki, Maciej Zalas, Anna Zielińska-Jurek, Marcin Janczarek, Katarzyna Siwińska-Ciesielczyk, and Teofil Jesionowski. "Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide via Surfactant-Assisted Microwave Method for Photocatalytic and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Applications." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (May 23, 2020): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050586.

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In this study, titania nanoparticles were obtained using the microwave-assisted technique. Moreover, different surfactants (PEG (Mn = 400), Pluronic P123 and Triton X−100) were used during the synthesis in order to determine their impact on the crystallinity and morphology of the final products. Subsequently, techniques such as XRD, SEM and TEM (performed in high contrast and high-resolution mode), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), low temperature N2 sorption (BET model), FTIR and TGA were carried out. Based on the crystallinity analysis of the obtained materials, it was established that the addition of surfactants results in greater (PEG and Triton X−100) or smaller (Pluronic P123) average crystallite size. The main purpose of this study was to use the synthesized nanomaterials in the photodegradation process (in the UV light range) of the model organic pollutants – phenol (20 mg/L) and etodolac (15 mg/L). Furthermore, it was also pointed out that the dye-sensitized solar cells can be a second application for the synthesized titania nanomaterials. The photo-oxidation and photovoltaic tests have shown that the titanium dioxide obtained using the surfactant-assisted microwave method is characterized not only by better photodegradation efficiency of phenol and etodolac, but also by higher photocurrent density compared to the reference titania samples—the pristine TiO2 and commercial P25.

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Alamri, Ali, Ali Alqahtani, Taha Alqahtani, Adel Al Fatease, Saeed Ahmed Asiri, Reem M. Gahtani, Sulaiman Mohammed Alnasser, Jamal Moideen Muthu Mohamed, and Farid Menaa. "Design, Physical Characterizations, and Biocompatibility of Cationic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in HCT-116 and 16-HBE Cells: A Preliminary Study." Molecules 28, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041711.

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In this study, pEGFP-LUC was used as a model plasmid and three distinct cationic lipids (dioleyloxy-propyl-trimethylammonium chloride [DOTMA], dioleoyl trimethylammonium propane [DOTAP], and cetylpyridinium chloride [CPC]) were tested along with PEG 5000, as a nonionic surfactant, to prepare glyceryl monostearate (GMS)-based cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (cSLNs). Both the type and quantity of surfactant had an impact on the physicochemical characteristics of the cSLNs. Thermal analysis of the greater part of the endothermic peaks of the cSLNs revealed they were noticeably different from the individual pure compounds based on their zeta potential (ZP ranging from +17 to +56 mV) and particle size (PS ranging from 185 to 244 nm). The addition of cationic surfactants was required to produce nanoparticles (NPs) with a positive surface charge. This suggested that the surfactants and extensive entanglement of the lipid matrix GMS provided support for the behavioral diversity of the cSLNs and their capacity to interface with the plasmid DNA. Additionally, hemolytic assays were used to show that the cSLNs were biocompatible with the human colon cancer HCT-116 and human bronchial epithelial 16-HBE cell lines. The DOTMA 6-based cSLN was selected as the lead cSLN for further ex vivo and in vivo investigations. Taken together, these new findings might provide some guidance in selecting surfactants to prepare extremely efficient and non-toxic cSLN-based therapeutic delivery systems (e.g., gene therapy).

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Scanga, Randall, Lucie Chrastecka, Ridhwan Mohammad, Austin Meadows, Phenix-Lan Quan, and Eric Brouzes. "Click chemistry approaches to expand the repertoire of PEG-based fluorinated surfactants for droplet microfluidics." RSC Advances 8, no. 23 (2018): 12960–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra01254g.

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Federer, Christoph, Victor Claus, Nathalie Hock, Julian David Friedl, Richard Wibel, and Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch. "Charge-reversal nanoemulsions: A systematic investigation of phosphorylated PEG-based surfactants." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 613 (February 2022): 121438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121438.

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Patel, Swati, Prabhat Jain, and Geeta Parkhe. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ACYCLOVIR LOADED NOVEL NANO-EMULSION GEL FOR TOPICAL TREATMENT OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRAL INFECTIONS." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5-s (October 1, 2018): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5-s.1968.

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Acyclovir has low bioavailability mainly due to low solubility. This study aimed to formulate an optimized acyclovir (ACV) nanoemulsion gel for the slow, variable and incomplete oral drug absorption in patient suffering from herpes simplex viral infection. The dispersion solubility of acyclovir was studied in various oils, surfactants and co-surfactants and by constructing pseudo phase ternary diagram nanoemulsion area was identified. The optimized formulations of nanoemulsions were subjected to thermodynamic stability tests. After stability study, stable formulation was characterized for droplet size, pH determination, centrifugation, % drug content in nanoemulsion, Zeta Potential and Vesicle size measurement and than nanoemulsion gel were prepared and characterized for spreadability, measurement of viscosity, drug content, In-vitro diffusion, in-vitro release data. Span 40 was selected as surfactant, PEG 400 as co surfactant and castor oil as oil component based on solubility study. The in vitro drug release from acyclovir nanoemulsion gel was found to be considerably higher in comparison to that of the pure drug. The in-vitro diffusion of nanoemulsion gel was significantly good. Based on this study, it can be concluded the solubility and permeability of acyclovir can be increased by formulating into nanoemulsion gel. Keywords: Acyclovir, Nanoemulsion, In-vitro diffusion, Zeta potential, Stability

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Sampora, Yulianti, Muhammad Ihsan Sofyan, Muhammad Ghozali, Evi Triwulandari, Witta Kartika Restu, Sun Theo Constan Lotebulo Ndruru, Yenni Apriliany Devy, Annisa Fitriyah Handayani, Gita Nur Safitri, and Erza Eka Satria. "A Comparative Evaluation of Solid-State Catalysts for Synthesis of Non-Ionic Surfactant Based Oleic Acid for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)." Molekul 20, no. 1 (March 21, 2025): 39. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.1.11077.

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Abstract. The Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) process with chemical techniques carried out by injecting chemicals such as surfactants, can be an alternative to increase oil production, especially in old oil wells. This study investigated the best formulation of non-ionic surfactants based on the mole ratio of oleic acid and PEG-400 as well as catalyst types such as KOH and p-TSA 1%, which are used in surfactant synthesis to be able to increase oil production. The tests carried out are the value of acid, saponification, ester, and iodine, FTIR, NMR as well as a test of compatibility, phase behavior, and IFT. The results showed that the best formulation of ester polyethylene glycol oleate with reaction temperature conditions of 130oC was at a mole ratio of 1: 4 using a 1% p-TSA catalyst with a value of acid is 3,61 mg KOH/g, saponification is 144,12 mg KOH/g, ester is 140,51 mg KOH/g and iodine is 76,70 g I2/100 g. The compatibility tests and phase behavior show that this surfactant can be developed in chemical EOR with an IFT value of 2,6 x 10-1 mN/m. Keywords: Enhanced oil recovery, oleic acid, solid-state catalysts, synthesis

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Annisa, Rahmi, Mochammad Yuwono, and Esti Hendradi. "Formulation and characterization of Eleutherine palmifolia extract-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS)." Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology 32, no. 4 (June 25, 2021): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0400.

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Abstract Objectives This study aimed to determine the effect of different components and ratios of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant on E. palmifolia extract-loaded SNEDDS. Methods E. palmifolia extract loaded SNEDDS was formulated from virgin coconut oil, Miglyol 812 as oil, using Tween 80 and Transcutol as surfactants, as well as propylene glycol and PEG 400 as cosurfactants. The optimization design formula consisted of eight design formulas in five ratio formulas, thus a total of 40 formulas were optimized using different components and ratios of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant. These ratios used were 1:1:1, 1:2:1, 1:3:1, 1:4:1, as well as 1:5:1, and the formula’s components were determined based on the optimization results. Results The optimal formula of E. palmifolia extract loaded SNEDDS had the ratio 1:1:1 (formula A) of Miglyol 812:Tween 80:PEG 400 and 1:3:1 (formula E) of Miglyol 812:Tween 80:propylene glycol. Meanwhile, the optimal formulation characteristics showed a transmittance value above 90%, pH range of 5.10–5.20, 2.21–14.51 cP viscosity, emulsification time below 120 s, and particle size of 24.71–136.77 nm. Conclusions The optimal formula of E. palmifolia extract-loaded SNEDDS, were obtained using different components and ratios. These are Miglyol:Tween 80:PEG 400 at a component ratio of 1:1:1 (formula A) and Miglyol 812:Tween 80:propylene glycol at a component ratio of 1:3:1 (formula E).

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Wu, M., E. Dellacherie, A. Durand, and E. Marie. "Poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles via miniemulsion polymerization. 2. PEG-based surfactants." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 69, no. 1 (February 2009): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.10.003.

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Mezei, Amalia, and Ramon Pons. "MWNTs or PEG as Stability Enhancers for DNA–Cationic Surfactant Gel Particles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 8801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168801.

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Cationic surfactants interact with DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), forming surfactant-DNA complexes that offer particularly efficient control for encapsulation and release of DNA from DNA gel particles. In the present work, DNA-based particles were prepared using CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) as the cationic surfactant and modified using two different additives: (Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes) MWNT or PEG (Poly Ethylene Glycol). The use of both additives to form composites increased the stability of the gel particles. The stability was monitored by the release of DNA and CTAB in different pH solutions. However, not much is known about the influence of pH on DNA–surfactant interaction and the release of DNA and surfactant from gel particles. It was observed that the solubilization of DNA occurs only in very acid media, while that of CTAB does not depend on pH and gets to a plateau after about 8 h. Within 2 h in contact with a pH = 2 solution, about 1% DNA and CTAB was released. Complete destruction for the gel particles was observed in pH = 2 solution after 17 days for PEG and 20 days for MWNT. The composite particles show a considerably enlarged sustained release span compared to the unmodified ones. The dehydration-rehydration studies show that the structure of the composite gel particles, as determined from SAXS (Small-Angle-X-Ray-Scattering) experiments, is similar to that of the unmodified ones. These studies will allow a better knowledge of these particles’ formation and evolution in view of possible applications in drug delivery and release.

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Jiang, Bowen, Jie Guan, Peng Zhao, Yulin Chen, and Zefang Zhang. "Effect of Polyoxyethylene-Based Nonionic Surfactants on Chemical–Mechanical Polishing Performance of Monocrystalline Silicon Wafers." Crystals 14, no. 5 (May 14, 2024): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst14050460.

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The use of surfactants is crucial in the chemical–mechanical polishing fluid system for silicon wafers. This paper examines the impact of the functional group structure of polyoxyethylene-based nonionic surfactants and the variation in the polyoxyethylene (EO) addition number on the polishing performance of monocrystalline silicon wafers, to achieve the appropriate material removal rate and surface quality. The results demonstrated that the straight-chain structure of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO-9) exhibited superior performance in wafer polishing compared to octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (OP-9) and isoprenol polyoxyethylene ether (TPEG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). By varying the number of EO additions of AEO-type surfactants, this study demonstrated that the polishing performance of monocrystalline silicon wafers was affected by the number of EO additions. The best polishing effect was achieved when the number of EO additions was nine. The mechanism of the role of polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactants in silicon wafer polishing was derived through polishing experiments, the contact angle, abrasive particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, XPS, and other means of characterization.

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Jolly, Anju, Véronique Vitry, Golnaz Taghavi Pourian Azar, Thais Tasso Guaraldo, and Andrew J. Cobley. "Surface Defect Mitigation of Additively Manufactured Parts Using Surfactant-Mediated Electroless Nickel Coatings." Materials 17, no. 2 (January 13, 2024): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17020406.

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The emergence of defects during the early production phases of ferrous-alloy additively manufactured (AM) parts poses a serious threat to their versatility and adversely impacts their overall mechanical performance in industries ranging from aerospace engineering to medicine. Lack of fusion and gas entrapment during the manufacturing stages leads to increased surface roughness and porosities in the finished part. In this study, the efficacy of employing electroless nickel–boron (Ni-B) deposition to fill and level simulated AM defects was evaluated. The approach to levelling was inspired by the electrochemical deposition techniques used to fill vias in the electronics industry that (to some extent) resemble the size and shape of AM-type defects. This work investigated the use of surfactants to attenuate surface roughness in electroless nickel coatings, thereby achieving the preferential inhibition of the coating thickness on the surface and promoting the filling of the simulated defects. A cationic surfactant molecule, CTAB (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide), and a nonpolar surfactant, PEG (polyethylene glycol), at different concentrations were tested using a Ni-B electrolyte for the levelling study. It was found that the use of electroless Ni-B to fill simulated defects on ferrous alloys was strongly influenced by the concentration and nature of the surfactant. The highest levelling percentages were obtained for the heavy-molecular-weight PEG-mediated coatings at 1.2 g/L. The results suggest that electroless Ni-B deposition could be a novel and facile approach to filling defects in ferrous-based AM parts.

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Honarvari, Banafsheh, Sara Karimifard, Niyayesh Akhtari, Mehrnoush Mehrarya, Zahra Salehi Moghaddam, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Abduladheem Turki Jalil, et al. "Folate-Targeted Curcumin-Loaded Niosomes for Site-Specific Delivery in Breast Cancer Treatment: In Silico and In Vitro Study." Molecules 27, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 4634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144634.

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As the most common cancer in women, efforts have been made to develop novel nanomedicine-based therapeutics for breast cancer. In the present study, the in silico curcumin (Cur) properties were investigated, and we found some important drawbacks of Cur. To enhance cancer therapeutics of Cur, three different nonionic surfactants (span 20, 60, and 80) were used to prepare various Cur-loaded niosomes (Nio-Cur). Then, fabricated Nio-Cur were decorated with folic acid (FA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) for breast cancer suppression. For PEG-FA@Nio-Cur, the gene expression levels of Bax and p53 were higher compared to free drug and Nio-Cur. With PEG-FA-decorated Nio-Cur, levels of Bcl2 were lower than the free drug and Nio-Cur. When MCF7 and 4T1 cell uptake tests of PEG-FA@Nio-Cur and Nio-Cur were investigated, the results showed that the PEG-FA-modified niosomes exhibited the most preponderant endocytosis. In vitro experiments demonstrate that PEG-FA@Nio-Cur is a promising strategy for the delivery of Cur in breast cancer therapy. Breast cancer cells absorbed the prepared nanoformulations and exhibited sustained drug release characteristics.

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Pradnyani, Putu Dhea, Lutfi Suhendra, and I. Nyoman Semadi Antara. "Karakteristik Mikroemulsi Minyak Atsiri Kulit Buah Lemon (Citrus limon) Pada Penambahan Kosurfaktan Dan Rasio Surfaktan-Kosurfaktan Dengan Minyak Atsirinya." JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI 12, no. 4 (January 3, 2025): 490. https://doi.org/10.24843/jrma.2024.v12.i04.p03.

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ABSTRACT Essential oil from lemon peel (Citrus limon) has a distinctive aroma that can be used as a body mist. Body mist is a type of perfume with an essential oil content of 3-5%. Lemon peel essential oil microemulsion is a water-based body mist product. Lemon essential oil microemulsion is formed from a mixture of surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80 and Span 80), co-surfactant, Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 400, lemon essential oil and water. The first stage of the research was the formation of fruit peel essential oil microemulsions by treating the mixture ratio of surfactant and co-surfactant. The second stage of the research was the formation of fruit peel essential oil microemulsions by treating the ratio of a mixture of surfactant-cosurfactant and lemon peel essential oil. The results of the first stage showed that the microemulsion of lemon peel essential oil with a mixture ratio of surfactant and PEG 400 (50:50) had a turbidity index value of 0.092%, transmittance of 91.6%, was non-sticky, transparent and stable against centrifugation. The results of the first stage are used in the second stage, namely the mixture ratio of surfactant and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 400 (50:50). The results of the second stage, namely the ratio of the mixture of surfactant-PEG 400 and lemon peel essential oil (80:20), showed that the concentration of lemon peel essential oil was the highest which still formed a microemulsion of lemon peel essential oil. This lemon peel essential oil microemulsion has a turbidity index value of 0.089%, transmittance of 91.23%, transparent appearance, stable to centrifugation, stable to pH (4.5; 5.5; 6.5), stable to dilution (1: 9; 1:49; 1:99), stable during 4 weeks of storage, has an average particle size of 32.2 nm and a polydispersion index (PI) value below 0.5. Keywords : Microemulsion, ratio, surfactant, co-surfactant, citrus limon ABSTRAK Minyak atsiri dari kulit buah lemon (Citrus limon) mempunyai aroma khas yang dapat digunakan sebagai body mist. Body mist merupakan salah satu jenis parfum dengan kandungan minyak atsiri sebesar 3-5%. Mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon merupakan salah satu produk body mist yang berbasis air. Mikroemulsi minyak atsiri buah lemon terbentuk dari campuran surfaktan (Tween 20, Tween 80 dan Span 80), ko-surfaktan, Polieteline glikol (PEG) 400, minyak atsiri buah lemon dan air. Tahap pertama penelitian adalah pembentukan mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kulit buah dengan perlakuan rasio campuran surfaktan dan ko-surfaktan. Tahap kedua penelitian adalah pembentukan mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kulit buah dengan perlakuan rasio campuran surfaktan-kosurfaktan dan minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon. Hasil tahap pertama menunjukkan bahwa mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon dengan rasio campuran surfaktan dan Polietilen Glikol (PEG) 400 (50:50) mempunyai nilai indeks turbiditas 0,092%, transmisi 91,6%, tidak lengket, transparan dan stabil terhadap sentrifugasi. Hasil tahap pertama digunakan pada tahap kedua yaitu rasio campuran surfaktan dan PEG 400 (50:50). Hasil tahap kedua yaitu rasio campuran surfaktan-PEG 400 dan minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon (80:20) menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon tertinggi yang masih membentuk mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon. mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon ini mempunyai nilai indeks turbiditas 0,089%, transmisi 91,23%, kenampakan transparan, stabil terhadap sentrifugasi, stabil terhadap pH (4,5; 5,5; 6,5), stabil terhadap pengenceran (1:9; 1:49; 1:99), stabil selama penyimpanan 4 minggu, mempunyai ukuran partikel rata-rata 32,2 nm dan nilai polidispersi indeks (PI) di bawah 0,5. Kata kunci : Mikroemulsi rasio, surfaktan, ko-surfaktan, citrus limon

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Handoyo Sahumena, Muhamad, Suryani Suryani, and Neni Rahmadani. "Formulasi Self-Nanoemulsifiying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Asam Mefenamat menggunakan VCO dengan Kombinasi Surfaktan Tween dan Span." Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research 1, no. 2 (September 6, 2019): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37311/jsscr.v1i2.2660.

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Mefenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. Mefenamic acid works by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis as an inflammatory mediator. Mefenamic acid has low drug solubility and a long process of dissolution in the body which greatly affects the speed of absorption and bioavailability of the drug. In this study, mefenamic acid nanoemulsion formulation was carried out through a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) delivery system. SNEDDS is a drug delivery method through isotropic oil extraction, surfactants, cosurfactans and drug that form oil in water (m/a) emulsions which when in contact with the water phase in the digestive tract wiil from a nanoemulsion that occurs spontaneously so that the drug dissolves with a particle size small so as to increase the effective surface area for absorption. The purpose of the study was to determine the ratio of surfactant and cosurfactant composition to the optimum formula of SNEDDS of mefenamic acid with VCO as an oil phase. The SNEDDS formula was obtained by mixing the surfactants tween 80 and span 80, cosurfactant PEG 400 and VCO as the oil phase using the characterization of determining the optimum formula, namely emulsion formation, transmittance and emulsification time. The composition of the optimum formula of SNEDDS of mefenamic acid is 1 mL VCO; 1 mL PEG 400; 6 mL tween 80; 1 mL span 80. Optimum formula showed clear emulsion results, with transmittance values of 89,04% and emulsification time under 1 minute. In this study produced the optimum formula SNEDDS the met the criteria based on droplet size parameters of 153,5 nm, potential zeta value of 8,2 mV and showed good stability.

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Dalibera, Natália Cristina, Maria Helena Ambrosio Zanin, Kleber Lanigra Guimaraes, Leonardo Alencar de Oliveira, and Adriano Marim de Oliveira. "Optimized formulation of thermoresponsive nanoemulsion-based gel for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) application." Applied Petrochemical Research 11, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13203-021-00269-9.

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AbstractA thermoresponsive system of a nanoemulsion-based gel with favorable characteristics to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) application is presented. A full factorial design study with different formulations of thermosensitive nanoemulsion-based gels was performed to assess the influence of the oil chain length, concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and concentration of oil on the rheological behavior of the system. A formulation with low viscosity at room temperature and high viscosity at the temperature of the oil extraction well was presented. Hexane (6-carbon chain), capric acid (10-carbon chain) and isopropyl myristate (17-carbon chain) were used in concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% wt%, also varying the concentration of PEG 400 in 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% wt%. The thermosensitive polymer used was a mixture of Pluronic® F-127 and Pluronic® F-68 6:1 wt% at 4.7% concentration. The surfactants used were Tween 80 and Span 80 (HLB = 13) at 20%. The formulation containing 20% isopropyl myristate (IPM) without the addition of PEG 400 showed a better response, with an increase in viscosity of more than 38 times in relation to its viscosity at 25 °C, and the maximum viscosity was reached at 53 °C. This is a promising formulation for EOR technology.

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Sudhir, M., M. Manjusha, R. R. Manjula, N. Jyothi, and N. Lakshmi Prasanthi. "PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF IBUPROFEN LIQUID FILL FORMULATIONS FOR SOFT GELS." INDIAN DRUGS 54, no. 12 (December 28, 2017): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.54.12.10873.

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The present investigation was undertaken with an objective to prepare and evaluate liquid fill formulations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen (IBU), in order to improve its dissolution properties and thereby its bioavailability. Liquid fill formulations were prepared by employing different co-solvents and surfactants like polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), propylene glycol (PG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-30). The liquid fills were characterized by assay, rheology, clarity, in vitro dissolution studies and FTIR. More than 90% of the drug was released within 5 min from PVP K30 based formulations. Formulations containing PVP K 30 gave better dissolution properties when compared to formulations without PVP K 30, and complete drug dissolution was observed within 5min. Compatibility studies of IBU PEG 400, PG and PVP by IR method indicated that the excipients are compatible.

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Cirri, Marzia, Francesca Maestrelli, Giovanna Corti, Paola Mura, and Maurizio Valleri. "Fast-Dissolving Tablets of Glyburide Based on Ternary Solid Dispersions with PEG 6000 and Surfactants." Drug Delivery 14, no. 4 (January 2007): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10717540601067802.

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Park, Myung-Ju, Yong-Chan Chung, and Byoung Chul Chun. "PEG-based surfactants that show high selectivity in disrupting vesicular membrane with or without cholesterol." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 32, no. 1 (October 2003): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7765(03)00100-0.

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D. V. R. N., Bhikshapathi, and Priya Keerthi. "Design and Characterization of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems of Rosuvastatin." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 11, no. 2 (March 31, 2018): 4042–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2018.11.2.6.

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Development of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) are becoming more popular to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Rosuvastatin is a lipid-lowering agent used in patients suffering from dyslipidemia. It is a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy 3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A, which converts mevalonate to cholesterol. Rosuvastatin is a BCS class II (poor solubility) drug; hence, SNEDDS are being formulated to enhance oral bioavailability of the drug. In the present study, rosuvastatin SNEDDS were formulated using different oils, surfactant and co-surfactant. The optimized formulation F9 has composition of Las (PEG-8-Caprylic glycerides), Maisine 35-1 and Tween 20 as oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant respectively. Composition of SNEDDS was optimized using Pseudo-ternary phase diagram, where the formulations showed increased self-emulsification with increased concentration of surfactants. Formulation F9 was found to be best formulation based on evaluation parameters. The particle size of the optimized SNEDDS formulation was found to be 10.9 nm & Z-Average of 55.6 nm indicating all the particles were in the nanometer range. The zeta potential of the optimized SNEDDS formulation was found to be -11.2 mV, which comply with the requirement of the zeta potential for stability. The developed rosuvastatin SNEDDS have the potential to minimize the variability in absorption and provide rapid onset of action of the drug.

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Irfan, Muhammad, Mir Azam Khan, Maqsood Ur Rehman, Jahangir Khan, Abdullah, Kifayat Ullah Shah, and Aziz Ur Rahman. "Fabrication of Ketoconazole Nanoformulation Using Extra Virgin Olive Oil: A Comparative Pharmacokinetic and Stability Study." Inkwell Innovations in Life Sciences 1, no. 1 (July 28, 2024): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.63079/iils.01.01.017.

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Ketoconazole belongs to the class II drugs of the biopharmaceutical classification system and has low solubility issues. In the market, the available drug ketoconazole is 200-400 mg and is associated with low solubility. To cope with these issues nanoemulsion is formulated. During the fabrication of the nanoemulsion, olive oil was used as a lipid, tween 80 as a surfactant, and PEG 600 as a co-surfactant. By changing these ratios of surfactants and co-surfactants, formulations with different particle sizes and polydispersity index were obtained. The optimized lipid-based nanoparticles obtained have a particle size of 50.29 nm, polydispersity index of 0.377, and Zeta potential -17.2 mv. They have an entrapment efficiency of 78% and a drug loading capacity of 3.97%. Further characterization through the FTIR study showed that there is no interaction between drug excipients. The scanning electron microscopy showed white patches, which also confirmed nanoparticles formation. The XRD analysis showed that the drug changed from crystalline to amorphous form. The in vitro study was conducted, and the nanoformulation showed better bioavailability than the marketed one. A statistical model was applied to the in vitro study. The stability study was conducted at different temperatures, and the formulation was found stable at refrigerated, room, and hot temperatures. The in vivo antifungal study proved that nanoformulation has a better recovery rate as compared to the marketed one. The similarity index was 69.3, and the peaks of nanoformulation were above the marketed one in terms of release kinetics. It is concluded from the study that nanoformulation was better in terms of recovery, release, and cost than the marketed drug.

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Putri, Salsabila Ayundiva, and Lina Winarti. "Meloxicam self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system with surfactants combination: Formulation and in vitro release model." Pharmacy Education 23, no. 4 (October 10, 2023): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.46542/pe.2023.234.7175.

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Background: Meloxicam has low water solubility, which affects the dissolution and level of absorption. Objective: The study aimed to develop a self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) based on a non-ionic surfactant combination and evaluate the release kinetics model using the DDsolver program. Methods: Oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant were selected based on the solubility of meloxicam. Results: The best formula showed that 10% of castor oil, 70% of surfactant (tween 80: chromophore RH 40 in 1:1), and 20% of PEG 400 could develop SNEDDS with the 99.84±0.04% percentage of transmittance, 15.47±0.72 sec emulsifying time, and below 50 nm droplet size. The optimised formula is also stable and resistant to various dilutions and pH The dissolution efficiency (DE0-60) reveals a 5.27-fold increase compared to non-SNEDDS meloxicam. Meloxicam follows Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics, while meloxicam SNEDDS follows the Hixon-Crowell model. Conclusion: The best formula of SNEDDS consisting of a surfactant combination generate improvement in vitro dissolution of meloxicam.

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Fatimi, Hana Anisa, Devi Yanthre Sari Manurung, Rizky Dwi Larasati, Irma Hazira Awalinda Ramadhana, Inneke Nurul Dwi Putranti, Kholifatuzzahroh, and Mayra Shafwa. "REVIEW ARTIKEL PENGARUH VARIASI KOSOLVEN TERHADAP STABILITAS SIRUP PARACETAMOL." JIFI (Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Imelda) 8, no. 1 (October 4, 2024): 69–77. https://doi.org/10.52943/jifarmasi.v8i1.1767.

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The syrup is made with the aim of increasing patient acceptance in taking medicine because it is convenient and practical when consumed. Paracetamol is classified as a drug that is rather difficult to dissolve in water with a water solubility of 1: 70 so that in the formulation of syrups it is necessary to assist the dissolution process with several methods such as cosolvention and the addition of surfactants. This review article aims to analyze the studies that have been conducted related to the effect of cosolvent variations on the stability of paracetamol syrup preparation formulations. Several tests were conducted to evaluate the preparation of paracetamol syrup, namely organoleptic test, content determination test, pH test, viscosity test, and specific gravity test. Data was obtained from relevant literature sources such as Google Scholar, ResearchgateNet and Science direct and obtained 10 journals that met the criteria. The use of different cosolvents in syrup will produce different physical values. Paracetamol syrup with PEG 400 and glycerin cosolvents had greater viscosity than paracetamol syrup with propylene glycol and Ryoto sugar ester cosolvents. Paracetamol syrup with PEG 400 and glycerin cosolvents had a greater specific gravity than paracetamol syrup with propylene glycol cosolvents and Ryoto sugar ester surfactant. Based on the results of a review of 10 journal articles, it appears that the use of different cosolvents in paracetamol syrup preparations can modify the preparation and affect the level of stability of the resulting syrup preparation.

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Ascencio, Jesús J., Leticia S. Magalhães, Fabrício B. Ferreira, Otto Heinz, André Ferraz, and Anuj K. Chandel. "Surfactant-Enhanced Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp: The Interrelationship Between Lignin Reduction and Sugar Recovery." Catalysts 15, no. 1 (January 7, 2025): 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15010047.

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This study examines the effect of surfactant-enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis on eucalyptus Kraft pulps produced under high (CPHA) and mild (CPMA) alkali conditions to optimize saccharification and sugar yield. Compositional analysis revealed an increase in glucan content, from 40% in untreated eucalyptus to 70.1% in CPHA. Both pulps were hydrolyzed using Cellic® CTec3 HS enzyme (Novozymes). A 22 factorial design revealed maximum sugar conversion (~100%) with enzyme loading of 10 FPU/g carbohydrate and 10% (w/v) solids. Tween 20 significantly boosted hydrolysis in CPMA, increasing reducing sugars from 42 g/L to 65 g/L and efficiency from 59.6% to 92.2% within 6 h. By contrast, Tween 80 and PEG 400 showed limited effects on CPMA. Surfactants mitigated lignin–enzyme interactions, especially in CPMA, as higher lignin content restricted hydrolysis efficiency. Phenolic content in the hydrolysates revealed that Tween 80 increased the release of inhibitory compounds, while Tween 20 kept phenolic levels lower. Overall, Tween 20 improved sugar yields and hydrolysis efficiency even with moderate lignin removal during kraft pretreatment, highlighting its potential to reduce enzyme loading and costs in industrial biorefineries. This study underscores the importance of optimizing surfactant selection based on biomass composition for effective enzymatic hydrolysis for cellulosic sugar recovery.

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PATIL, MORESHWAR, DEVYANI CHAVAN, ROHAN BHUTADA, and VARDHMAN MURKUNDE. "LIPID BASED SOLID SELF-EMULSIFYING DELIVERY SYSTEM OF PITAVASTATIN CALCIUM: DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 14, no. 02 (March 30, 2020): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25004/ijpsdr.2022.140209.

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Solid self-emulsifying delivery system containing pitavastatin calcium was developed using oil and hydrophilic surfactants. Pitavastatin calcium has low solubility and low bioavailability; hence, it was meaningful to improve solubility and dissolution properties by using suitable formulation component and process. Based on preliminary study, oleic acid, Tween 20 and PEG 400 were utilized for development of self-emulsifying system. Microemulsion region was identified by pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. The liquid system: adsorbent (Aerosil 200) at a ratio of 2:1 was employed for spray drying. The system was evaluated for emulsification time, percent drug content, in-vitro dissolution. The other analytical techniques used for characterization were FTIR, DSC, SEM, particle size, zeta potential and XRD. The optimized formulation had particle size of 172.2 nm and the drug content found was 96.38%. It also had shown 95.98% drug release at the end of 1 hr which was more when compared to pure drug. It was observed that increase in surfactant concentration decreases dispersion time and particle size with concomitant increase in amount of drug released. The XRD diffractogram confirmed the conversion of drug from crystalline to amorphous form. The spray dried particles had smoother surface. The DSC thermogram showed no melting endotherm in the system indicating well dispersed drug with amorphous nature.

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Ayalasomayajula, Lakshmi U., Chandra S. Patro, and Saroj K. Raul. "Selection and Characterization of a Nanoemulsion of Poorly Soluble Drug by Applying Box-Behnken Design and Converting it into a Nanoemulgel for Topical Application." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE 15, no. 01 (March 25, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.15.1.01.

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In the present work, nanoemulsion (NE) based hydrogel, i.e., nanoemulgel (NEG) of Itraconazole, an antifungal drug was prepared and investigated to study its potential in delivering a drug topically. NE of Itraconazole was prepared by high energy emulsification method employing anise oil as lipid phase; Gelucire 44/14 and PEG 400 are surfactant and co-surfactants, respectively. The construction of ternary phase diagrams determined the concentration of the ingredients. The prepared NE’s were thus assessed for various parameters such as pH, electric conductivity, refractive index, viscosity, spreadability, poly-dispersity index (PDI), particle size, zeta potential etc and then distributed into suitable gel bases such as Carbopol 934P and Guar gum to obtain nanoemulsion based hydrogel. Therefore, various quality control tests such as pH, electric conductivity, refractive index, viscosity, spreadability, poly-dispersity index (PDI), particle size, zeta potential, swelling index, drug content estimation, in-vitro diffusion and ex-vivo permeation studies, antifungal studies etc were tested on the formulated NEG’s. The optimized formulation FI2 released 98.09 ± 0.84% of the active ingredient in 12 hours and the pH, viscosity, and spreadability were found to suit the skin requirements. The results prove that topical administration of Itraconazole NEG increases the permeability and diffusibility of the drug.

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Mosqueira, Vanessa Carla Furtado, Philippe Legrand, and Gillian Barratt. "Surface-Modified and Conventional Nanocapsules as Novel Formulations for Parenteral Delivery of Halofantrine." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 3193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.444.

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The aim of this work was to develop a stable injectable formulation of the antimalarial drug halofantrine (Hf) based on nanocapsules (NC) prepared from biodegradable polymers with Miglyol® 810N as the oily core. Poly(D,L-lactide) PLA and its copolymers with poly(ethyleneglycol) (PLA-PEG) were used together with the surfactants poloxamer 188 and lecithin to yield NC with different surface properties. Highly efficient loading of the free base form of Hf was obtained; zeta potential measurements indicated that a part of the associated Hf was at the NC surface, interacting with the lecithin. NC were 150–250 nm in diameter and more stable on storage than nanoemulsions formed from oil and lecithin without polymer. The most stable NC, showing minimal size changes and flocculation, were those with a high density of 20-kDa PEG chains covalently grafted at the surface. Hf release from NC occurred mainly by partition with the external medium. In PBS, even when Tween 80 was added, release was limited to 20% of the total content, whatever the formulation. Addition of serum to the medium allowed complete and rapid release from PLA NC stabilized with adsorbed poloxamer 188, because of the high affinity of Hf for lipoproteins. However, the presence of covalently grafted PEG chains at the surface limited release by providing a hydrophilic steric barrier at the particle surface. A dense coverage with long PEG chains provided the best reduction of release. Such systems could constitute a long-circulating intravenous formulation of Hf for treating severe malaria.

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Morikawa, Hiroshi, Shintaro Koike, Megumi Saiki, and Yasuo Saegusa. "Synthesis and characterization of the PEG-based nonionic surfactants endowed with carboxylic acid moiety at the hydrophobic terminal." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 46, no. 24 (December 15, 2008): 8206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.23095.

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Pengnam, Supusson, Samarwadee Plianwong, Kanokwan Singpanna, Nattisa Ni-yomtham, Widchaya Radchatawedchakoon, Boon Ek Yingyongnarongkul, and Praneet Opanasopit. "PEGylated Plier-Like Cationic Niosomes on Gene Delivery in HeLa Cells." Key Engineering Materials 819 (August 2019): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.819.151.

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Lipid-based formulations have been used as a widespread carrier to improve gene delivery. Niosomes, one type of lipid-based vesicular systems are produced from non-ionic surfactants which are generally inexpensive and potentially more stable than phospholipids. This article was to develop PEGylated cationic niosomes for DNA delivery. Thin film hydration and sonication method were applied for cationic niosomes. The niosome formulations were composed of Span 20, cholesterol (Chol) and plier-like cationic lipid B (PCL-B) with or without cholesterol-polyethylene glycol 2000 (Chol-PEG). The physicochemical properties of cationic niosomes and nioplexes were evaluated including particle size, zeta potential, DNA condensation and serum protection. The transfection efficiency and cell viability were examined in HeLa cells. The particle size and surface charge of PEGylated cationic niosome containing Span 20: Chol: PCL-B: Chol-PEG at the molar ratio of 2.5: 2.5: 1.5: 0.14 (N-PEG2) were 129.47 ± 2.15 nm and 25.93 ± 4.18 mV, respectively. These PEGylated cationic niosomes could condense pDNA into the nanosize particles and also enhance the serum protection ability for at least 6 h. Moreover, N-PEG2 exhibited high transfection efficiency in comparison with lipofectamine® 2000 and low cytotoxicity. Therefore, the novel PEGylated cationic niosomes have the capability to develop as a promising potential carrier for DNA delivery.

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Gallego, Cristina, Alba Somoza, Héctor Rodríguez, and Ana Soto. "AOT + Polyethylene Glycol Eutectics for Enhanced Oil Recovery." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 8164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178164.

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Eutectic solvents are currently being proposed as useful chemicals for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In this work, for the first time, the preparation of eutectics based on surfactants and polymers was proposed for this application. These chemicals can be tailored to offer the most desired properties for oil recovery: water/oil interfacial tension reduction and increase of the aqueous phase viscosity, while concomitantly facilitating their handling due to their liquid character at ambient conditions. Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) of three different molecular weights (namely 600, 1000, and 2000 g/mol) were paired in a search for eutectic behaviors. Melting temperatures for all the systems were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The most promising combination was AOT + PEG-600, which exhibited a melting point of 275 K and thermal stability up to 473 K at a 40:60 molar ratio. A promising value of 5.1 × 10−2 mN/m was obtained for the interfacial tension between the optimized formulation and crude oil. The formulation was tested in core-holder experiments to extract oil from a sandstone rock at room temperature, achieving an encouraging 34% of additional oil recovery after the secondary extraction.

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Ainurofiq, Ahmad, Yuniawan Hidayat, Eva Y. P. Lestari, Mayasri M. W. Kumalasari, and Syaiful Choiri. "Resveratrol Nanocrystal Incorporated into Mesoporous Material: Rational Design and Screening through Quality-by-Design Approach." Nanomaterials 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12020214.

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Bioflavonoids from grape seeds feature powerful antioxidant and immunostimulant activities, but they present problems related to solubility and bioavailability. Nanocrystal (NC) incorporated into a mesoporous carrier is a promising strategy to address these issues. However, the preparation of this formulation involves the selection of factors affecting its critical quality attributes. Hence, this study aimed to develop an NC formulation incorporating resveratrol into a soluble mesoporous carrier based on rational screening design using a systematic and continuous development process, the quality-by-design paradigm. A mesoporous soluble carrier was prepared by spray-drying mannitol and ammonium carbonate. The NC was obtained by introducing the evaporated solvent containing a drug/polymer/surfactant and mesoporous carrier to the medium. A 26−2 fractional factorial design (FFD) approach was carried out in the screening process to understand the main effect factors. The type and concentration of polymer and surfactant, resveratrol loading, and solvent were determined on the NC characteristics. The results indicated that drug loading, particle size, and solubility were mainly affected by RSV loading, PEG concentration, and Kolliphor EL concentration. The polymer contributed dominantly to reducing the particle size and enhancing solubility in this screening design. The presence of surfactants in this system made it possible to prolong the supersaturation process. According to the 26−2 FFD, the factors selected to be further developed using a statistical technique according to the quality-by design-approach, Box Behnken Design, were Kolliphor EL, PEG400, and RSV loading.

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Zhou, Qu, Weigen Chen, Shudi Peng, and Wen Zeng. "Hydrothermal Synthesis and Acetylene Sensing Properties of Variety Low Dimensional Zinc Oxide Nanostructures." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/489170.

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Various morphologies of low dimensional ZnO nanostructures, including spheres, rods, sheets, and wires, were successfully synthesized using a simple and facile hydrothermal method assisted with different surfactants. Zinc acetate dihydrate was chosen as the precursors of ZnO nanostructures. We found that polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), glycine, and ethylene glycol (EG) play critical roles in the morphologies and microstructures of the synthesized nanostructures, and a series of possible growth processes were discussed in detail. Gas sensors were fabricated using screen-printing technology, and their sensing properties towards acetylene gas (C2H2), one of the most important arc discharge characteristic gases dissolved in oil-filled power equipments, were systematically measured. The ZnO nanowires based sensor exhibits excellent C2H2sensing behaviors than those of ZnO nanosheets, nanorods, and nanospheres, indicating a feasible way to develop high-performance C2H2gas sensor for practical application.

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Shrishail M Ghurghure, Priya L. Ingale, Anup A. Dhange, Akshay S Javalgikar, Rudramuni H Kore, and Dadagouda M Birajdar. "Itraconazole Self-Nano Emusifying Drug Delivery System for Enhancement of Solubility." Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, no. 5 (December 8, 2023): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44i5.2577.

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The main objective of formulation is to enhance the bioavailability of the drug within the body. Some of the challenging subjects associated with poorly water-soluble drugs concern solubility and bioavailability factors. To overcome these problems, new technologies, such as lipid-based drug delivery systems including micro or nano emulsifying drug delivery system, have obtained importance in recent years, due to their enhanced solubility and bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract. Such systems are solubilized within the lipid excipients or mixed with oils or surfactants/co-solvents to facilitate the solubility and absorption rate, which can enhance the bioavailability of the targeted drug. The research was targeted to develop a self-Nano Emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for oral bioavailability enhancement of BCS II antifungal drug Itraconazole. Nano Emulsions are consignment methods that improve the solubility and distribution of lipid medicines to the intended areas. SNEDDS of Itraconazole were developed using Castor oil, Tween 20 as surfactant and PEG 200 as co-surfactant. SNEDDS formulation can be obtained through phase diagram approach. Pseudo Ternary phase diagrams were constructed, using Chemix software, to optimize the concentrations of excipients. Thermodynamic stability studies were satisfactory. Robustness to dilution did not exhibit phase separation and drug precipitation. The Among 4 formulations, B1F3 formulation showed more than 95% of drug content and were considered superior and subjected to droplet size analysis and zeta potential measurement. Droplet size ranged from 120 nm to 505 nm. The Nano size was obtained for formulation. The zeta-potential results indicated the range -35 mV. Based on all evaluation tests, formulation B2F3 was chosen as the best. Thus, this self-Nano Emulsifying drug delivery system should be an effective oral dosage form for improving oral bioavailability of lipophilic drug Itraconazole.

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Shah, Muhammad Khurshid Alam, Abul Kalam Azad, Asif Nawaz, Shafi Ullah, Muhammad Shahid Latif, Habibur Rahman, Khalaf F. Alsharif, et al. "Formulation Development, Characterization and Antifungal Evaluation of Chitosan NPs for Topical Delivery of Voriconazole In Vitro and Ex Vivo." Polymers 14, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010135.

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This study aims to develop chitosan-based voriconazole nanoparticles (NPs) using spray-drying technique. The effect of surfactants and polymers on the physicochemical properties, in vitro release, and permeation of NPs was investigated. The prepared NPs containing various surfactants and polymers (e.g., Tween 20 (T20), Tween 80 (T80), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), propylene glycol (PG), and Polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG-4000)) were physiochemically evaluated for size, zeta potential, drug content, percent entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, and permeation across rats’ skin. A Franz diffusion cell was used for evaluating the in vitro release and permeation profile. The voriconazole-loaded NPs were investigated for antifungal activity against Candida albicans (C. albicans). The prepared NPs were in the nano range (i.e., 160–500 nm) and positively charged. Images taken by a scanning electron microscope showed that all prepared NPs were spherical and smooth. The drug content of NPs ranged from 75% to 90%. Nanoparticle formulations exhibited a good in vitro release profile and transport voriconazole across the rat’s skin in a slow control release manner. The NPs containing SLS, T80, and PG exhibited the best penetration and skin retention profile. In addition, the formulation exhibited a potential antifungal effect against C. albicans. It was concluded that the development of chitosan NPs has a great potential for the topical delivery of voriconazole against fungal infection.

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Dewan, Irin, Ananta Saha, SM Ashraful Islam, Mahjabeen Gazi, Tasnuva Amin, and Sayeeda Fahmee Chowdhury. "Study and Evaluation of Release Kinetics of Tramadol HCl from Lipid Based Sustained Release Capsules by Melt Matrix." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (April 15, 2013): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v11i2.14572.

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The aim of our study was to improve the dissolution of Tramadol hydrochloride (TH) via its semisolid filled lipid based capsules. Sustained release formulation is designed to achieve a prolonged therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication over an extended period of time after administration of single dose. Semisolid matrixes of TH were prepared by melt-matrix method and were filled in hard gelatin capsule shell (size 0). In this experiment, a mixture of Glycerol monostearate (GMS) and lipid materials like different lipophilic oils and surfactants were used to improve the matrix integrity and drug release. The effects of different oils like Arachis oil, Soyabean oil, castor oil, neobee oil and olive oil and different surfactants such as Span 80, Tween 80, PEG 400, Chremophore RH 40, Cremophor EL were analyzed by formulating at various ratios. The matrices were subjected to the paddle dissolution method using 900 ml of phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The dissolution test was performed at 100 RPM and the temperature was set at 37 ± 0.50C. The amount of drug was measured from the absorbance with a UV spectrophotometer at 270 nm. The release of drug was plotted in zero order-, 1st order- and Higuchi-release patterns. The correlation coefficients values of the trend lines of the graphs revealed that the formulations best fit in Higuchian release pattern. So it can be said that the pharmaceutical quality of Tramadol HCl capsules can be improved by using a semisolid lipophilic matrix filled in hard gelatin capsules. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v11i2.14572 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 11(2): 137-145, 2012 (December)

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Andersen, F. Alan. "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Ceteareth-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18,-20,-22,-23,-24,-25,-27, -28, -29, -30, -33, -34, -40, -50, -55, -60, -80, and -100." International Journal of Toxicology 18, no. 3_suppl (April 1999): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109158189901800306.

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Ceteareths, used in a large number of cosmetics as surfactants, are the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers of Cetearyl Alcohol (q,v.). To supplement the limited available data on Ceteareths, previous findings from the safety assessment of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), several fatty alcohols (Cetearyl Alcohol, Cetyl Alcohol, and Stearyl Alcohol), and Steareths were considered. These data indicate little evidence of toxicity. Although various metabolites of monoalkyl ethers of ethylene glycol are reproductive and developmental toxins, given the methods of manufacture of Ceteareth compounds, there is no likelihood of such compounds being present as impurities. Further, there would be only limited ethylene glycol monomer linked by an ether group to the Ceteareth moiety for the PEG-5 compounds, little for the PEG-10 compounds, and virtually none for the PEG-20 and higher compounds. Even if linked to ethylene glycol monomer, it was considered unlikely that the Ceteareth moieties would be metabolized (e,g., via β-oxidation) to simple methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl alkyl groups. As the current data indicate, such short alkyl chains are needed in order for the production of toxic alcohol or aldehyde dehydrogenase metabolites. For longer alkyl chains there is evidence of diminishing toxicity, and extrapolation to much longer chains such as expected in the Ceteareth moieties suggests that there is no reproductive or developmental hazard posed by these Ceteareth compounds. The principal clinical finding related to PEGs is based on data in bum patients— PEGs were mild irritants/sensitizers and there was evidence of nephrotoxicity. No such effects were seen in animal studies on intact skin. Cosmetic manufacturers should adjust product formulations containing Polyethylene Glycol to minimize any untoward effects when products are used on damaged skin. In the absence of specific impurities data, the possible presence of 1,4-dioxane and ethylene oxide impurities was of concern. The importance of using the necessary purification procedures to remove these impurities was stressed. Creams containing Ceteareth-20 enhanced drug absorption. Ceteareth-15 (10% in formulation) was minimally irritating to rabbits after a single dermal exposure. In ocular studies, ethoxylated Cetearyl Alcohol solution was a severe irritant to unrinsed rabbit eyes and moderately irritating to rinsed eyes. In clinical studies, Ceteareth-15 (1.5 % in formulation) produced minimal irritation when tested in both a 4- and 21-day patch test, and was not a sensitizer when tested (1.35% in formulation) in a repeat-insult patch test. Based on the limited data on Ceteareths and the extensive data on chemically related ingredients, it was concluded that these ingredients are safe as used in cosmetic formulations. These ingredients, however, should not be used on damaged skin.

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Tayal, Shivam, Akash Sharma, and Abhay Kumar. "Development and Characterization of Non-Aqueous based Self Emulsifying Nano Emulsion of Curcumin." Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology 06, no. 02 (2023): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46431/mejast.2023.6216.

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This research presented a novel as well as an easy method for a non-aqueous based self-emulsifying nanoemulsion of hydrophobic drug. In this Non Aqueous based self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of curcumin was prepared, and in vitro Analysis was done. Oleic acid serves as the oil phase in Curcumin SENE formulations, which also contain Tween 20. PEG 400 as co-surfactants was selected. The preliminary confirmation was done by FTIR spectra and 1603.80cm -1 [C=C], 3420.87 cm -1 [polymeric OH stretching], 1377.22 cm -1 [C=O stretching] was observed. The preformulation study was also done with excellentflow property. Melting point of curcumin was shown at the range of 180-183°C. The λ max of Curcumin was found to be at 424 nm in methanol. Highest solubility of curcumin was found in oleic acid. The primarily confirmation of nano emulsion was done by conductivity test, fluorescence test and Viscosity. Characterization of formulation was done by FT-IR, Droplet size, viscosity, drug content, % Transmittance and robustness study. The spectrum FT-IR of pure drug and self emulsifying nanoemulsion (SENE) was showing the changes.

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Lee, Jong-Hwa, and Gye-Won Lee. "Formulation Approaches for Improving the Dissolution Behavior and Bioavailability of Tolvaptan Using SMEDDS." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020415.

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Tolvaptan, a selective vasopressin receptor antagonist, is a Class IV agent of Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). To improve bioavailability after oral administration, the new tolvaptan-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) was further optimized using a “design of the experiment (DoE)” including components of D-optional mixture design. Based on a solubility study of tolvaptan in various oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants, Capryol® 90, Tween 20, and Transcutol® HP [or polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200)] were finally selected for optimization of tolvaptan-loaded SMEDDS formulations. The fitting models of, and poly-nominal equations for, all response variables were acceptable, as revealed by analysis of variance (ANOVA, R2 > 0.900, p < 0.0001). The optimized formulations A-1 (Capryol® 90/Tween 20/Transcutol® HP = 10%/70%/20% w/w) and B-1 (Capryol® 90/Tween 20/PEG 200 = 10%/70%/20% w/w) with desirabilities of 0.905 and 1.000, respectively, showed low droplet size and the dissolution rate exceeded 95% at 15 and 60 min. The tolvaptan-loaded SMEDDS remained stable for 3 months under accelerated conditions, thus with no change in any of content, color, particle size, or dissolution rate. In a rat pharmacokinetic study, the bioavailability of formulations A-1 (16.6%) and B-1 (11.5%) were 23–33-fold higher than that of raw tolvaptan powder (0.5%). Thus, the use of “quality by design (QbD)” during development of tolvaptan-loaded SMEDDS improved the dissolution rate and oral drug bioavailability.

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Magina, Sandra, Ana Barros-Timmons, and Dmitry V. Evtuguin. "Synthesis of Lignosulfonate-Based Dispersants for Application in Concrete Formulations." Materials 14, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 7388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237388.

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Lignosulfonates (LS) are products from the sulfite pulping process that could be applied as renewable environmentally-friendly polymeric surfactants. Being widely used as plasticizers and water-reducing admixtures in concrete formulations LS compete in the market with petroleum-based superplasticizers, such as naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde polycondensate (NSF) and copolymer polycarboxylate ethers (PCE). In this work, different chemical modification strategies were used to improve LS performance as dispersants for concrete formulations. One strategy consisted in increasing the molecular weight of LS through different approaches, such as laccase and polyoxometalate-mediated polymerization, glyoxalation, and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The other strategy consisted of preparing LS-based non-ionic polymeric dispersants using two different epoxidized oligomer derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG). Modified LS were used to prepare cement pastes, which were examined for their fluidity. Results revealed that the most promising products are PPG-modified LS due to the introduction of PPG chains by reaction with phenolic moieties in LS. The enhanced dispersant efficiency of the ensuing products is probably related not only to electrostatic repulsion caused by the sulfonic ionizable groups in LS but also to steric hindrance phenomena due to the grafted bulky PPG chains.

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Jeong, Da In, Sungyun Kim, Ja Seong Koo, Song Yi Lee, Minju Kim, Kwang Yeol Kim, Md Obyedul Kalam Azad, et al. "Manganese Sulfate Nanocomposites Fabricated by Hot-Melt Extrusion for Chemodynamic Therapy of Colorectal Cancer." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 7 (June 27, 2023): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15071831.

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The development of metal salts-based nanocomposites is highly desired for the Fenton or Fenton-like reaction-based chemodynamic therapy of cancer. Manganese sulfate (MnSO4)-dispersed nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated with a hot-melt extrusion (HME) system for the chemodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer in this study. MnSO4 was homogeneously distributed in polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (as a hydrophilic polymer) with the aid of surfactants (Span 80 and Tween 80) by HME processing. Nano-size distribution was achieved after dispersing the pulverized extrudate of MnSO4-based composite in the aqueous media. The distribution of MnSO4 in HME extrudate and the interactions between MnSO4 and pharmaceutical additives were elucidated by Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Hydroxyl radical generation efficiency by the Fenton-like chemistry capability of Mn2+ ion was also confirmed by catalytic assays. By using the intrinsic H2O2 in cancer cells, MnSO4 NPs provided an elevated cellular reactive oxygen species level, apoptosis induction capability, and antiproliferation efficiency. The designed HME-processed MnSO4 formulation can be efficiently used for the chemodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer.

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Morinaga, Hisatoyo, Bungo Ochiai, Hideharu Mori, and Takeshi Endo. "Synthesis and characterization of block copolymers by metal- and solvent-free ring-opening polymerization of cyclic carbonates initiated from PEG-based surfactants." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 44, no. 6 (2006): 1985–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.21306.

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Cao, Mingzhuo, Yuan Wang, Heyun Jing, Zeqian Wang, Yijia Meng, Yu Geng, Mingsan Miao, and Xiu-Min Li. "Development of an Oral Isoliquiritigenin Self-Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (ILQ-SNEDDS) for Effective Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Induced by Food Allergy." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15121587.

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Isoliquiritigenin (ILQ) is a natural flavonoid with various pharmacological activities. In this study, we optimized the preparation method of self-nano-emulsion-loaded ILQ to further improve its bioavailability based on our previous study. In addition, its effect on the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis was also evaluated. Combined surfactants and co-surfactants were screened, and the optimal formulation of ILQ-SNEDDS was determined according to droplet size, droplet dispersity index (DDI), and drug loading. The formulation was composed of ethyl oleate (oil phase), Tween 80 & Cremophor EL (surfactant, 7:3), and PEG 400 & 1,2-propylene glycol (cosurfactant, 1:1), with a mass ratio of 3:6:1. Its physicochemical properties, including drug loading, droplets’ size, Zeta potential, appearance, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, were characterized. In vitro release profile, in situ intestinal absorption, and in vivo pharmacokinetics were applied to confirm the improvement of oral ILQ bioavailability by NEDDS. Finally, the efficacy of ILQ-SNEDDS in the treatment of food allergy-induced eosinophilic esophagitis (EOE) was further evaluated. When the ILQ drug loading was 77.9 mg/g, ILQ-SNEDDS could self-assemble into sub-spherical uniform droplets with an average size of about 33.4 ± 2.46 nm (PDI about 0.10 ± 0.05) and a Zeta potential of approximately −10.05 ± 3.23 mV. In situ intestinal absorption showed that optimized SNEDDS significantly increased the apparent permeability coefficient of ILQ by 1.69 times, and the pharmacokinetic parameters also confirmed that SNEDDS sharply increased the max plasma concentration and bioavailability of ILQ by 3.47 and 2.02 times, respectively. ILQ-SNEDDS also significantly improved the apparent signs, allergic index, hypothermia and body weight of EoE model mice. ILQ-SNEDDS treatment significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-5, and the level of PPE-s-IgE in serum, and significantly inhibited the expression of TGF-β1 in esophageal tissue. SNEDDS significantly improved the solubility and bioavailability of ILQ. Additionally, ILQ-SNEDDS treatment attenuated symptomatology of EoE model mice, which was associated with inhibiting the production of TH2 inflammatory cytokines and PPE-s-IgE and the expression of TGF-β1. The above results shows that ILQ-SNEDDS has great potential as a good candidate for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis.

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Journal articles on the topic 'PEG-Based surfactants'

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