Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pegmatites'

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Na região compreendida entre as cidades do Junco do Seridó/PB e Equador/RN ocorrem diversos depósitos de caulins associados à alteração dos feldspatos nos pegmatitos. A classificação desse minério mostra-se como uma tendência para melhoria do beneficiamento nas unidades da região. Em função das diversas vantagens da utilização de hidrociclones para esta etapa do processo, a inserção deste procedimento tem se mostrado bastante comum e inovadora na região. Assim, a partir de análises granulométricas, mineralógicas, imagens de microscópio eletrônico de varredura, análises químicas e ensaios de classificação no ciclone foram determinados os melhores parâmetros para classificação e beneficiamento do Caulim da região. Os ensaios realizados em hidrociclone em escala de bancada mostraram a possibilidade de obtenção de concentrados com teores de 92,92 % de caulinita, ajustando a pressão de alimentação da polpa em 2,0 kg.cm-2; abertura do apex em 10 mm, alimentação da polpa com válvula aberta. Outros parâmetros foram mantidos constantes como granulometria de alimentação: < 60 malhas Mesh (0,250 mm) e 22,0 % de porcentagem de sólidos.
In the region between the cities of Junco do Seridó / PB and Ecuador / RN there are several kaolin deposits associated with the change of feldspars in pegmatites. The classification of this ore appears to be a trend towards improved processing in the units of the region. Given the various advantages of using hydrocyclones for this stage of the process, the insertion of this procedure has proved to be quite common and innovative in the region. Thus, from granulometric, mineralogical analyzes, scanning electron microscope images, chemical analyzes and cyclone classification tests, it was determined the best parameters for classification and processing of kaolin in the region. The tests carried out on hydrocyclone on a bench scale showed the possibility of obtaining concentrates with contents of 92.92% of kaolinite, adjusting the feed pressure of the pulp to 2.0 kg.cm-2; Opening of the apex in 10 mm, feeding of the pulp with valve open. Other parameters were maintained constant as feed particle size: <60 mesh (0.250 mm) and 22.0% solids percentage.

The garnet line is a planar fabric occuring within the intermediate and core zone in many of the Oxford County, Maine pegmatites. This study focuses primarily on the textural and chemical characteristics of the garnet line within the Mt. Mica and western Mt. Apatite quarries. Smaller, but similarly textured garnet line analogs from the Bennett, Emmons, Havey and Tamminen quarries are also investigated. All of these textures represent specific fractionation events within their respective dikes. In some of these locations, multiple stages of crystallization occur and appear to be post-magmatic, related to late stage metasomatism. These late stage fluids are believed to have migrated from localized and highly evolved regions within these pegmatites. The garnet line at Mt. Mica has the greatest diversity of secondary mineral assemblages, e.g. tourmaline and/or muscovite rims around garnets and ferric pollucite. None of these late stage textures have ever been described before.

Le reequilibrage, a 600#oc-1,5 kbar, d'un beryl naturel riche en alcalins rares (li, cs), avec des solutions de chlorures d'alcalins, montre que li, na et cs sont interchangeables. Le beryllium ne participe pas a la reaction. L'echange est independant de la chlorinite. Le calcul des coefficients de partage montre qu'il n'y a pas de fractionnement du lithium entre beryl et solution. En revanche, le partage de na est en faveur de la solution et celui de cs, en faveur du beryl. Le lessivage du beryl par des solutions d'acide se fait par echange cationique: h(li, na, cs). Le partage des protons est extremement favorable au beryl. L'examen par spectroscopies infra-rouge et de rayons x montre une meme influence des trois elements alcalins sur la structure. Leur presence induit un allongement des laisons si-o impliquees dans si-o-be et si-o-al. Les liaisons be-o ne sont pas affectees. Dans les beryls lessives, on note une augmentation de la periodicite dans la structure. En conclusion, ce travail experimental montre d'une part que contrairement a l'hypothese admise, les trois alcalins li, na et cs occupent des positions structuralement semblables et sont situes dans les canaux, et d'autre part que le beryl est un traceur de la composition du dernier fluide alcalin en equilibre. Celui-ci etait proportionnellement plus riche en na et plus pauvre en cs que le beryl. La circulation de fluides acides conduit a un lessivage des alcalins et s'accompagne d'une reorganisation de la structure

Lors de la cristallisation des mineraux des pegmatites granitiques a elements rares, les fluides hydrothermaux jouent un role important. L'objectif de ce travail est de definir par l'experimentation la composition en alcalins de ces fluides qui sont tamponnes par la presence d'un couple de mineraux tel que albite-pollucite, albite-petalite, albite-spodumene et pollucite-petalite qui ont ete etudies ici. La composition d'un fluide en li, na et cs peut alors etre calculee dans les conditions experimentales choisies. On obtient a 450#oc li/r=0,455 na/r=0,495 et cs/r=0,050 (r=li+na+cs) et a 600#oc li/r=0,404 na/r=0,487 et cs/r=0,109 pour le systeme petalite-albite-pollucite. Pour le systeme spodumene-albite-pollucite les chiffres sont assez voisins demontrant ainsi que le rapport na/li est toujours voisin de 1 et peu dependant de la temperature. A plus basse temperature (300#oc) on observe des variations plus importantes qui conduisent a des modifications du systeme lors des phenomenes metasomatiques. La composition des beryls alcalins cristallisant dans ces memes corps pegmatitiques confirme que la composition du fluide definie experimentalement est tout a fait realiste. Elle explique la constante des rapports entre les alcalins dans les autres mineraux qui piegent ces elements dans leur structure. On montre que l'entropie d'exces de melange des fluides est importante du fait des changements tres faibles de concentrations entre 450 et 600#oc

Les pegmatites à éléments rares de type LCT sont depuis longtemps étudiées et exploitées pour leurs gemmes et les métaux rares qu’elles contiennent. Malgré de nombreuses études réalisées sur les processus d’enrichissement en éléments rares, ou les mécanismes à l’origine de leurs textures, très peu d’études ont été dédiées aux mécanismes de mise en place des pegmatites et à leur répartition spatiale à l’échelle du champ. Afin de déterminer les mécanismes moteurs à l’origine de l’ascension de ces magmas, une étude multidisciplinaire a été menée sur 3 champs de pegmatites à éléments rares, répartis à l’échelle de la chaîne Varisque. Les résultats démontrent la proximité entre la localisation des pegmatites minéralisées et l’intensité de la déformation encaissante. De plus, la mise en place de ces magmas semble facilitée par un certain mode de fracturation. La modélisation numérique de la mise en place des magmas dans ces zones crustales fragilisées indique que l’ascension est facilitée par leurs faibles viscosité et densité, mais aussi par des perméabilités crustales très élevées (> 10⁻¹² m²), à des profondeurs de l’ordre de 10 km. Enfin, d’après les signatures isotopiques du Li mesurées sur des micas pegmatitiques, le lithium ne fractionne pas depuis le granite voisin, jusqu’aux pegmatites les plus différenciées, puisque les valeurs δ⁷Li (‰) sont toutes comprises dans une gamme de - 2 à + 2 ‰, similaire à celle rencontrée dans les granites orogéniques. Nous suggérons donc que la genèse des magmas pegmatitiques est commune à celle des granites hyperalumineux. Les mécanismes de fracturation et d’attraction (« magma-pumping ») sont envisagés pour avoir favorisé l’ascension de ces magmas résiduels, enrichis en éléments rares, de faibles volumes, au cours de transitions brutales et de courtes durées (~ 10³ ans), de la perméabilité. L’ensemble de ces résultats permet de remettre en question le modèle du granite parent classiquement utilisé pour la prospection de ces gisements, et de proposer un modèle revisité couplant la genèse et la mise en place de ces magmas
LCT-type rare-element pegmatites have long been studied and exploited for their gems and rare metals they contain. Despite many studies about the rare-element enrichment, or about the mechanisms leading their exotic textures, very few studies have been dedicated to the mechanisms controlling their emplacement and their spatial distribution at the scale of the pegmatite field. To better investigate the origin of ascent-driving mechanisms of these magmas, a multidisciplinary study was conducted on 3 rare-element pegmatite fields across the Variscan belt. The results demonstrate the spatial proximity of the rare-metals-rich pegmatites with the intensity of deformation of the hosting rocks. In addition, spatial statistical analyses suggest that the emplacement of such magmas has been facilitated by fracture-controlled model. According to numerical models, the rise of these pegmatite-forming melts along weakened crustal zones would be facilitated by their peculiar physico-chemical properties (low viscosity and density), but also by very high crustal permeability (> 10⁻¹² m²) at depths around 10 km. Finally, accordingly to Li isotope signatures measured on pegmatitic micas, lithium does not fractionate from neighbouring granite up to the more differentiated pegmatites, since all δ⁷Li (‰) fall within a range of - 2 to + 2 ‰, as for orogenic granites. Therefore, we suggest that the genesis these pegmatite-forming melts is common to that of peraluminous granites. Mechanisms of fracturation and magma-pumping may have favoured the rise of these low volumes of residual melts, enriched in rare-elements, during short periods (~ 10³ yrs) of strong permeability increase. These results question the granitic model commonly used for the exploration of this type of mineral deposits. We suggest a revisited model accounting for both genesis and emplacement controlling mechanisms of the pegmatite-forming melts

Lithium and tantalum mineralization in rare-element pegmatites has been studied in 4 field areas. Three field areas are within a pegmatite belt which stretches for 450 km from Steinkopf, Namaqualand in the west, to Kenhardt in the east along the Orange River in South Africa, incorporating Tantalite Valley, Namibia in the central area. This Belt is considered to be of 1200 my age. The 4th field area is in central Namibia in the Karibib-Usakos region of 500 my age. Lithium mineralization involves primary minerals, petalite and spodumene (crystallizing< 650° C) and amblygonite which crystallize from a magma +/- an aqueous fluid, and lithian mica which along with cleavelandite is one of the last mineral assemblages to form, probably these last two assemblages are replacement in origin. Petalite is dominant in the Karibib area and spodumene in Steinkopf, Namaqualand and Tantalite Valley. The Kenhardt area is poor in lithium in comparison with the western and central portions of the Pegmatite Belt. Amblygonite-montebrasite is present in Karibib and Tantalite Valley usually in association with cleavelandite and lithian mica. Hydrothermal low temperature replacements, < 400°C occur in spodumene in the Steinkopf and Tantalite Valley pegmatites, being pseudomorphed by albite and mica +/- sericite. Amblygonite-montebrasite in Karibib displays replacements of natromontebrasite (the first occurrence in Karibib, Namibia), crandallite, brazilianite and possibly cookeite. Apatite is always prominent at the contact. An unusual occurrence of Mn-tantalite lamellae, primarily parallel, lying in microlite, is intergrown with montebrasite at the Rubicon pegmatite, Karibib, suggesting simultaneous crystallization of these three minerals, i.e. Ta-dominated tantalite and microlite and LiAl(F/P04) involving late fluids rich in F, P and Ta. Mn-tantalite and Ta-rich microlite are the dominant Ta-minerals in the rare-element Li-rich pegmatites of Namaqualand, Tantalite Valley and Karibib. In contrast, columbite (Nb-rich) is prevalent in the Li-poor, less differentiated pegmatites in the eastern Pegmatite Belt near Kenhardt. Microlite replaces Mn-tantalite in Li-rich rare-element pegmatites in all three field areas. A uranmicrolite from Karibib, Namibia contains 14.35% UO2, 1.03% PbO, 56.12% Ta205, 13.18% Nb205, 0.58% Fe203, 6.87% CaO, 0.54% SrO, 0.59% MnO, 0.86% Na2O and 0.47% F. U-plumbomicrolite or Pb-uranmicrolite is intergrown with manganotantalite from the same pegmatite. Throughout one aggregate of microlite PbO varied from 21.98 to 1.57% and UO2 from 12.89 to 16.20%. Pb appears to be concentrated around the periphery of the crystal. Backscattered electron images reveal metamict textures in radioactive microlites and distinctive subspheroidal features. A uranoan microlite from Tantalite Valley, Namibia, revealed two essentially different compositions; a more hydrated rim area of 200 mum radius containing 7% higher Ta2O5, 10% lower CaO and 1.3% lower F than a main central area of slightly variable composition. Crystals of uranoan microlite from Steinkopf, Namaqualand contain remnants of a bismuth phase. Bismuth intergrowths with quartz reveal the presence of two rare-minerals, pyromorphite [Pb5(PO4) 3 C1] and m0ttramite[PbCu(VO4)OH], new data is given for these minerals. Ferro tantalite occurs at Rubicon mine. A schematic diagram is produced for the paragenetic sequence of mineral assemblage in each of the pegmatite areas in Karibib, Tantalite Valley, and Steinkopf, Namaqualand in relation to T and P of formation, and the magma and fluids effecting the crystallization sequence. Finally different fractionation trends of Ta-Nb, Mn-Fe, Rb-K and Cs-K in columbite-tantalites and lithian mica have highlighted variable paths of differentiation in contrasting rare-element pegmatites which may reflect different sources of original parental magma.

The pegmatite field on Mount Begbie, near Revelstoke, B.C., is a Li-rich pegmatite field in the southern Canadian Cordillera that is relatively well-known among prospectors, but until now, under-studied by academics. Mapping the pegmatite field on the northeastern slope of the mountain revealed a dense population of S-type granitic pegmatites belonging to the LCT family with diverse ranges of mineralogy corresponding to barren, beryl-columbite, beryl-columbite-phosphate, and lepidolite-subtype compositions. Typically, the pegmatites are not strongly metamorphosed and show only rare foliation, meaning they primarily postdate the exhumation of the Thor-Odin Culmination that occurred during the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene. They are likely related to other granitic bodies (i.e., the Ladybird granite suite) resulting from the exhumation event rather than any other known intrusions in the Monashee complex. The dikes in the study area are elongate, with most at least 10 m long and are usually not more than one meter wide; the largest is approximately 520 m long and 10 m wide. Orientations of the pegmatites are dictated in part by conjugate shear planes developed in the host rock prior to the emplacement of the dikes; nearly all strike between 295° and 330° and have a subvertical dip. Fractionation is variable within the most primitive of the pegmatites and it may be controlled by localized fluid accumulation or the composition of the original source rock. Despite variability, fractionation within the pegmatite field increases from the southeast to the northwest, suggesting the source pluton may be located to the southeast of the study area at depth. Detailed examination of the minerals tourmaline, sekaninaite, beryl, rare-element oxides, and zircon as well as the mostly qualitative study of phosphates and other minerals provides insight into the geochemistry and mineralogy of the individual dikes. The results suggest that some of the primitive dikes are more fractionated than they appear and highlight other pegmatites as having unusual compositions for typical beryl-columbite and beryl-columbite-phosphate-subtype pegmatites. Elevated contents of Be and Li in sekaninaite and the presence of qitianlingite in the Mount Begbie pegmatite field are somewhat unique compared to other cordierite and rare-element oxide localities worldwide.

Review of literature shows that rocks of all ages from the Archaean to the early Phanerozoic host pegmatite-based mineralisation in the central and southern region of the African continent. The greatest concentrations occur in the Archaean and late Proterozoic orogenic belts, while early to middle Proterozoic granites do not, in general, host mineralisation. Pan-African mineralisation is present, but is not widespread. Some deposits previously considered to be of Pan-African have been shown to be of Proterozoic age. In common with occurrences of other regions, the deposits are closely associated with small, late- to post-tectonic granites. Therefore, preliminary assessment of the potential of granites as sources of pegmatite mineralisation should utilise satellite data or aerial photographs. The granites also tend to be alkaline and peraluminous. Thus, in the next stage, chemical analysis for selected major and trace elements should be conducted directly on granites if they occur as small plutons. For large granitic batholiths or terranes, preliminary stream-sediment surveys may be necessary to reduce the size of the target area. Subsequently, pegmatite zonation around suitable granites should be assessed as it allows attention to be focussed on areas likely to host the specific type of mineralisation being explored for.

Le champ pegmatitique de la sahatany, d'age parafricain, se situe dans un ensemble de metasediments a tendances evaporitiques: les pegmatites potassiques et les pegmatites sodolithiques. Etude microthermometrique des inclusions fluides dans le quartz, la topaze et le spodumene. Ces fluides indiquent des conditions hydrothermales de temperatures elevees autour de 350-500**(o)c pour une pression de 2000-3000 bars. Les inclusions solides peuvent constituer des residus du stage magmatique

L’objectif a été d’utiliser les forces du champ électrique pour concentrer le muscovite présent dans les résidus issus de la préparation des pegmatites feldspathiques. Les processus de charge électrique en milieu ionisé des minéraux granulaires et de leur décharge en contact avec une électrode sont étudiés dans des conditions modélisant celles des installations industrielles. Le comportement des dispositifs de charge triboélectrique conçus par le doctorant est modélisé avec la méthode des plans d’expériences. L’étude montre que les différences de conductivité électrique ou de charge triboélectrique entre les constituants des pegmatites suffisent pour les séparer respectivement dans des installations électrostatiques à tambour ou à chute libre. Les séparateurs à champ couronne et à électrode cylindrique tournante présentent un avantage important : la multitude des variables de contrôle. Les essais réalisés sur un séparateur pilote-industriel confirment l’intérêt de cette solution
The aim of the thesis is to analyse the possibility of using electric field forces for the concentration of muscovite from the residual materials of pegmatite beneficiation technologies. The literature survey presented in the first chapter points out the peculiarities of the involved minerals and the characteristics of the characteristics of the high-intensity electric field installations that could be employed for their selective sorting. Charge and discharge processes of granular minerals are studied in conditions similar to those of industrial electrostatic separators. Design of experiments methodology is employed for the study of an original tribo-charging device, which can be used in association with free-fall electrostatic separators for the concentration of muscovite. Conductivity difference between the constituents of pegmatite is enough for an efficient separation in roll-type corona or corona- electrostatic separators. Pilot-plant tests have confirmed this solution

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on October 30, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

Rare earth element- and Nb-bearing NYF-type pegmatites are located on the KIN property, approximately 95 km northeast of Revelstoke, British Columbia. They intrude amphibolite grade rocks of the Neoproterozoic Horsethief Creek Group in the Omineca Belt of the Canadian Cordillera. The Cordillera has traditionally been associated with LCT-type pegmatites, making the presence of NYF-type pegmatites on the KIN property particularly unusual. These pegmatites are found in-situ in four localities and contain significant amounts of allanite-(Ce), monazite-(Ce), chevkinite-(Ce), aeschynite-(Ce), euxenite-(Y), Nb-rich rutile, ilmenite, amphibole, and fluorapatite within plagioclase and Ba-rich feldspar and quartz. Additionally, the pegmatites contain textures and minerals, such as epidote-rimmed allanite and the breakdown of monazite into apatite and allanite in a corona texture, which can be attributed to Ca, F, and Si-rich fluids having been introduced during metamorphism. These pegmatites were dated by U-Pb zircon methods at approximately 79 Ma, and likely formed from an A-type source. Along with the NYF-type pegmatites, A-type REE-bearing syenites, coarse grained I-/S-type granites, and tourmaline bearing granitic pegmatite float samples are located on the property. The granite and syenite were identified as potential parental rocks for the mineralized pegmatites and this hypothesis was tested using geochemistry and geochronology. The granite is undeformed and has been dated by U-Pb zircon methods at approximately 76 Ma; this evidence, along with its geochemical signature suggests that the granite cannot be the parent for the pegmatites. Geochemical and elemental characteristics within the syenites suggest possible linkage to the pegmatites; however, syenite in the immediate area has been dated to 378 Ma, nearly 300 million years older than the pegmatites. In view of this the geochemical match and age discrepancy, it is possible that the pegmatites formed from partial melting of these older syenites at approximately 79 Ma.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

In the Mojave Pegmatite district, located in northwestern AZ, numerous pegmatites intrude syn- to post-collisional Paleoproterozoic granitic rocks. The slightly older Cerbat plutons are associated with the suturing of the Mojave and Yavapai terranes whereas Aquarius granites were emplaced during the Yavapai Orogeny as the sutured terranes docked with North America. A detailed study of 5 pegmatites shows that they are zoned with composite cores and contain REE minerals characteristic of NYF pegmatites. However, they exhibit characteristics atypical for NYF pegmatites including F depletion, white microcline, an absence of columbite and, in the Rare Metals pegmatite, have muscovite and beryl. With the exception of the Kingman pegmatite, they exhibit normal LREE-HREE distributions. The Kingman pegmatite is extremely LREE enriched, HREE depleted and exhibits an unusual Nd enrichment which, in some cases, is sufficiently high that allanite is Nd dominant, thus a new mineral species, allanite-Nd.

Orientadores: Alvaro Penteado Crosta, Hartmut Beurlen
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: Neste estudo foram utilizados dados de espectroscopia de reflectância (ER), imagens dos sensores Terra/ASTER e EO-1/Hyperion e dados de gamaespectrometria aérea e terrestre para caracterização espectromineralógica e gamaespectrométrica de pegmatitos e granitos pegmatíticos da porção sul da PPB. Por meio da ER foi possível caracterizar fases e misturas de fases minerais que compõem essas rochas, incluindo caulinita, muscovita, illita/sericita e turmalina em pegmatitos do tipo homogêneo. A aplicação da análise por principais componentes aos dados Terra/ASTER através da técnica Crósta resultou em um mapa exibindo a mineralogia principal dos pegmatitos homogêneos e heterogêneos da área de estudo, bem como dos quartzitos da Formação Equador, biotita xistos da Formação Seridó, além de coberturas superficiais limonitizadas associadas. No pegmatito do Alto do Giz, selecionado para um estudo detalhado, foram identificadas por meio da ER fases, e misturas de fases, de caulinita, illita/sericita, lepidolita, mica sódica, muscovita, cookeíta e turmalina, cujas associações contribuiram para definir uma zona litinífera (cookeita+lepidolita) nas bordas dos núcleos de quartzo N2 e N3 e o zoneamento interno do pegmatito. Com base nesses resultados é proposta sua classificação como do tipo complexo, sub-classe espodumênio. Além disso, foram reconhecidos pelo menos três estágios de sua evolução: um primeiro relacionado à cristalização de espodumênio, um outro de natureza hidrotermal, que deu origem à cookeita e, finalmente, e um terceiro estágio de caulinização ligado a processo hidrotermal e/ou supergênico. A análise e classificação espectral da imagem do sensor EO-1/Hyperion possibilitou mapear a distribuição das zonas do pegmatito Alto do Giz utilizando os minerais muscovita, caulinita e mica sódica como indicadores das distintas zonas. Com dados do aerolevantamento gamaespectrométrico do Projeto Seridó, reprocessados e reinterpretados utilizando métodos modernos, com apoio da gamaespectrometria terrestre, foi possível discriminar os quartzitos das regiões norte e sul da área de estudos, em função de suas distintas assinaturas do tório (eTh) e da razão eTh/K, bem como caracterizar os granitos pegmatíticos por meio das razões dos canais eU/eTh e eU/K. As imagens do tório (eTh) e da razão eTh/K permitiram identificar metaconglomerados e metarenitos ricos em minerais pesados, intercalados nos quartzitos da Formação Equador, e propor um novo tipo de mineralização torífera na Faixa Seridó. Determinações com MEV-EDS revelaram teores máximos de 79,4% de ThO2 e 87,7% de ETR (Ce, La, Nd) em monazitas; 99,2% de TiO2 em rutilo e 1,81% de HfO2 em zircão. Esses resultados demonstraram o destacado potencial para caracterização e mapeamento de granitos pegmatíticos da PPB com base em dados coletados há várias décadas e de baixa resolução espacial. O detalhamento realizado no granito Galo Branco por meio da coleta de dados de gamaespectrometria terrestre, dosagens radiométricas e determinações químicas por ICP-MS indicaram teores de 0,47 ppm a 7,8 ppm de urânio, de 0,1 ppm a 21 ppm de tório e de 2% a 5,24% de potássio. Essas concentrações irregularmente distribuídas sugerem mudanças de conteúdo e concentração de minerais acessórios durante os estágios de diferenciação e cristalização magmática desse granito. A ocorrência de diques de pegmatitos encaixados em quartzitos ao sul do granito Galo Branco foi revelada por meio das elevadas razões eU/eTh.
Abstract: Reflectance spectroscopy (ER), Terra/ASTER and EO-1/Hyperion images, and ground and aerial gamma ray data were employed for mineral characterization of pegmatites and pegmatitic granites in the southern portion of the BPP. ER results allowed to characterize mineral phases and mixtures of minerals including kaolinite, illite/sericite, muscovite and turmaline (schorl) in homogeneous pegmatites. Principal component analysis were applied to Terra/ASTER data using the Crósta techique, resulting in a map exhibiting the main mineralogy of homogeneous and heterogeneous pegmatites, as well as quartzites of the Equador Fm. biotite schists of the Serido Fm. and iron-rich superficial deposits. The Alto do Giz pegmatite was selected for a detailed study and mineral phases comprising kaolinite, muscovite, illite/sericite, Na- and Li-bearing micas, cookeite and tourmaline were recognized, allowing to define a lLi-rich zone (cookeite+lepidolite) around nuclei N2 and N3 and to establish the internal zoning of the pegmatite. Based on these results we proposed its classification as a complex-type pegmatite, of the spodumene sub-class. Furthermore, at least three evolution stages have been establish for Alto do Giz: an early stage represented by the primary crystallization of spodumene, followed by hydrothermal alteration that originated cookeite, and later stage comprising intense kaolinization originated from hydrothermal and/or supergenic processes. The analysis and spectral classification of the EO-1 Hyperion data allowed to map the spatial distribution of the distinct zones, based on the occurrence of key minerals such as muscovite, kaolinite, and Na-bearing mica. Using the airborne gamma ray data of the Seridó Aerogeophysical Project, reprocessed and reinterpreted using modern techniques, and using ground gamma data as a support, it was possible to distinguish quartzites from the north and south portions of the BPP based on their distinctive Th contents and on the eTh/K ratio, as well as to characterize pegmatitic granites using the ratios eU/eTh and eU/eK. Th and eTh/K images allowed the identification of metarenites and metaconglomerates bearing significative amounts of heavy minerals, thus revealing a new type of mineralization in the Serido Belt. Semi-quantitative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed up to 79.4% of ThO2 and 87.7% of REE in monazites; up to 99.2% of TiO2 in rutile and up to 1.81% of HfO2 in zircon. These results indicated the potential of the methodology employed in this work for the characterization of pegmatitic granites and pegmatites in the Borborema Pegmatitic Province (BPP) using low spatial resolution airborne geophysical data collected decades ago. The detailed study of the Galo Branco granite with ground gamma ray data and radiometric and ICP-MS laboratory analysis showed that this granite has U grades of 0.47 ppm to 7.8 ppm, Th between 0.1 ppm and 21.0 ppm and K between 2.00% e 5.24%. These concentrations are irregularly distributed suggesting mineralogical changes in contents and concentration of accessory minerals during magmatic crystallization and differentiation stages of this granite. The occurrence of pegmatites dikes intruding the quartzites to the south of the Galo Branco granite was revealed by the eUe/Th ratio since they are relatively enriched in uranium.
Doutorado
Geologia e Recursos Naturais
Doutor em Geociências

Le massif alcalin de tamazeght (haut atlas, maroc) est principalement constitue de syenites nepheliniques, auxquelles, sont associees de nombreuses pegmatites riches en mineraux a elements rares. L'etude des syenites nepheliniques a permis de reconnaitre six familles, se repartissant en trois groupes: miaskitique, intermediaire et agpaitique. La composition chimique du pyroxene a montre que ces differentes familles sont issues d'un magma initial commun, differencie depuis les termes miaskitiques jusqu'aux agpaitiques par cristallisation fractionnee successive de magnetite- diopside- kaersutite- hedenbergite- mg hastingsite-aegyrine-augite, induisant une augmentation de la fugacite en oxygene et un enrichissement en volatils et elements incompatibles dans les termes les plus evolues. Six lignees de pegmatites ont ete reconnues, chacune etant rattachee genetiquement a une des syenites, et composee de plusieurs facies, uni ou plurizones. Pres de cinquante especes minerales ont ete decrites dans les pegmatites. Les mineraux accessoires a zr, ti, mn et t. R. Ont permis de subdiviser les pegmatites en trois groupes comme dans les syenites. La composition chimique du pyroxene et de certains mineraux accessoires a permis de suivre l'evolution de la composition en elements incompatibles des magmas a l'origine des lignees pegmatitiques. La repartition spatiale des pegmatites et de leurs syenites meres temoigne d'une differenciation centripede dans une chambre magmatique, dont le coeur serait situe a l'extremite sud du complexe

Depuis plusieurs décennies, le débat sur l'origine de formation des pegmatites a conduit à l'élaboration de deux modèles, un modèle granitique et un modèle anatectique. Bien que ces modèles soient communément admis par la communauté scientifique, ils s'appuient majoritairement sur des critères géochimiques et/ou pétrologiques, occasionnellement sur des critères géochronologiques, et rarement sur des critères structuraux. Le but de ma thèse est d'étudier et de déterminer l'origine -granitique vs anatectique- des pegmatites du Cap de Creus (Espagne) en combinant travaux structuraux et géochimiques. Les analyses in-situ (microsonde, LA-ICPMS) combinées aux différentes mesures structurales et observations microstructurales, à la fois dans les pegmatites et leurs encaissants, m'ont permis non seulement d'établir une chronologie relative de mise en place des pegmatites, mais également de replacer l'origine des pegmatites du Cap de Creus dans un modèle géodynamique régional, mettant ainsi en évidence deux champs de pegmatites d'origines différentes
Since several decades, the debate on the origin of pegmatite formation has led to the development of two models, a granitic model and an anatectic model. Although these models are commonly accepted by the scientific community, they rely mainly on geochemical and/or petrological criteria, occasionally on geochronological datas, and rarely on structural criteria. The aim of my thesis is to study and to determine the origin -granitic vs anatectic- of the Cap de Creus pegmatites (Spain) by combining structural and geochemical studies. In-situ analyses (microprobe, LA-ICPMS) combined with different structural works and microstructural observations, both in pegmatites and their host rock, allowed me to establish a relative chronology of pegmatite emplacement, but also to replace the origin of the Cap de Creus pegmatites in a regional geodynamic model, thus highlighting two pegmatite fields of different origins

Os minerais do grupo do pirocloro (A2B2X6Y1) apresentam grande interesse econômico, principalmente como fonte de nióbio e tântalo, metais que possuem importantes aplicações tecnológicas como a fabricação de aço e a confecção de componentes eletrônicos. Apesar de seu interesse científico e econômico, a maioria das ocorrências brasileiras de minerais do grupo do pirocloro está apenas parcialmente caracterizada ou não dispõe de nenhum estudo mineralógico. Adicionalmente, o atual sistema de classificação dos minerais do grupo do pirocloro, apesar de aprovado pela IMA, não segue as regras gerais de nomenclatura de minerais da própria IMA. Na posição A, não há diferenciação na ocupação por Ca e por Na, e se um ou mais cátions diferentes de Na ou Ca compuserem mais de 20 % total de átomos na posição A, então a espécie é nomeada pelo átomo mais abundante em A (exceto Na e Ca). Por outro lado, a espécie fluornatromicrolita foi aprovada com base na predominância de Na na posição A. Com relação à ocupação da posição B, a divisão entre os grupos não é feita com uma classificação tripartite: as espécies com Nb + Ta >2Ti e Nb > Ta são consideradas como do subgrupo do pirocloro; se Nb + Ta > 2Ti e Ta ≥ Nb, o mineral irá pertencer ao subgrupo da microlita; e se 2Ti ≥ Nb + Ta, o mineral irá pertencer ao subgrupo da betafita. Espécies isoestruturais com outros cátions predominantes na posição B não são incluídas no grupo do pirocloro (por exemplo, romeíta com Sb dominante). Os ânions não são levados em consideração na classificação, mas o flúor foi usado na aprovação da espécie fluornatromicrolita. Neste trabalho, são apresentados novos esquemas de nomenclatura para os minerais do grupo do pirocloro, que levam em consideração os íons ocupantes das posições A, B e Y. Os prefixos são sempre escritos por extenso (\'hidroxi\', \'fluor\', \'calcio\', \'natro\' etc), enquanto os sufixos são representados por símbolos químicos (Na, F, H2O etc) ou por [] (vazio). Os nomes raízes relacionam-se aos cátions predominantes na posição B, levando a termos como pirocloro, microlita, betafita e romeíta. São apresentados novos dados químicos por MEV-EDS e WDS (incluindo análises de Si, normalmente negligenciado na maioria dos dados da literatura). Foram analisados minerais de seis ocorrências em pegmatitos e uma em carbonatito. Os resultados obtidos permitem separar as espécies em três \'famílias\'. A primeira delas poderia ser denominada \'microlita\', envolvendo fluornatromicrolita, fluorcalciomicrolita, oxinatromicrolita e oxicalciomicrolita. Esta família foi identificada nas ocorrências da lavra do Morro Redondo, Coronel Murta, MG; lavra do Jonas, Conselheiro Pena, MG; mina Quixabá, Frei Martinho, PB; Pegmatito Volta Grande, Nazareno, MG; lavra do Ipê, Marilac, MG; e Pegmatito Ponte da Raiz, Santa Maria de Itabira, MG. A primeira das espécies, fluornatromicrolita, parece ser bem mais comum do que se imaginava, tendo sido descrita previamente no Brasil apenas em Quixabá, e agora verificada em diversas das ocorrências estudadas nesta tese. Apesar de usados os prefixos natro e cálcio, todas as amostras parecem tender para um termo de fórmula final (NaCa)Ta2O6F, ou seja, com Na=Ca em apfu, que poderia ser denominado, por exemplo, fluormicrolita-NaCa ou CaNa. O oxigênio é, algumas vezes, superior ao flúor (em apfu) na cavidade Y, dando origem a espécie oxi-. A segunda família poderia ser denominada \'hidromicrolita\', tendendo a [ [](H2O)]Ta2O6(H2O). Esta fórmula, entretanto, não é eletricamente neutra, necessitando que na cavidade A, (H2O) seja parcialmente substituído por cátions (Ba, U etc), ao mesmo tempo que parte do O da posição X seja substituído por (OH). Minerais desta família foram verificados no Pegmatito Volta Grande, Nazareno, MG. A terceira família, do \'pirocloro\', verificada apenas no carbonatito da mina Jacupiranga, Cajati, SP, inclui as espécies fluorcalciopirocloro e oxicalciopirocloro. Os novos nomes sugeridos parecem discriminar melhor as espécies, com base em cátions, vazios ou H2O predominantes nas posições A, B eY, permitindo inclusive uni-las em \'famílias\'. Esta nova nomenclatura apresenta também como vantagem não dar ênfase a componentes menores da cavidade A, bem como verificar nela a predominância de Ca ou Na. Adicionalmente, os cátions Ta, Nb e Ti passam a ter a mesma importância na cavidade B. Por outro lado são criados nomes \'exóticos\', como hidrohidromicrolita, ou \'impronunciáveis\', como hidro-[]-microlita.
Pyrochlore group minerals are important sources of niobium and tantalum and these metals are used in important technological applications such as steel manufacturing and eletronic components development. However, the majority of Brazilian occurrences are only partially characterized or there is no mineralogic study available. In addition, the official pyrochlore-group minerals classification system does not follow the IMA mineralogical nomenclature rules although this system is approved by IMA. In the A site, it does not differentiate between occupation by Ca and Na, and if there is one or more cation other than Na or Ca composing more than 20% of total A-atoms, then the species must be named according to the most abundant A-atom, other than Na or Ca. In spite of this, the species fluornatromicrolite was approved based on the predominance of Na in the A-site. Regarding the B-site occupation, the division among the subgroups is not made with a tripartite symmetrical classification: the species with Nb + Ta >2Ti and Nb > Ta are considered as pyrochlore subgroup minerals; if Nb + Ta > 2Ti and Ta ≥ Nb, the mineral will belong to the microlite subgroup; and if 2Ti ≥ Nb + Ta, the mineral will belong to the betafite subgroup. Isostructural species with other predominant cations in the B-site are not included in the pyrochlore-group (for example, romeite, with dominant Sb). The anions are not taken into account in the classification but the predominance of fluorine was used for the approval of the species fluornatromicrolite. In this present work new nomenclature schemes, based on the ions in A, B and Y sites, are presented. Prefixes are, for example, \'hidroxi\', \'fluor\', \'calcio\', \'natro\' etc., while sufixes are represented by chemical symbols (Na, F, H2O etc) or [] (vacancies). The root names (pyrochlore, microlite, betafite, romeite) are related to the dominant-constituent cations in the B position. New chemical data by MEV-EDS and WDS (including Si analysis, hardly ever mentioned in litetarature) were obtained. Six occurrences from pegmatites and one from carbonatite were analysed. The results allow the species to be grouped in three \'families\'. The first could be named as \'microlite\', and includies fluornatromicrolite, fluorcalciomicrolite, oxinatromicrolite and oxicalciomicrolite. This family was identified in Morro Redondo quarry, Coronel Murta, MG; Jonas quarry, Conselheiro Pena, MG; Quixabá mine, Frei Martinho, PB; Volta Grande pegmatite, Nazareno, MG; Ipê quarry, Marilac, MG and Ponte da Raiz pegmatite, Santa Maria de Itabira, MG. Fluornatromicrolite seems to be more common than was previously thought. It was previously described only in Quixabá but now many other occurrences are known. Although \'natro\' and \'calcio\' prefixes were used, all the formulae seem to approach the term (NaCa)Ta2O6F. As Na approximately equals Ca (apfu) it could be used the name fluornatromicrolite-Na-Ca or CaNa could be used. The oxigen content is sometimes greater than F content in the Y position. This generates the oxi- species. The second family could be named \'hidromicrolite\', becoming [ [] (H2O)]Ta2O6(H2O). This formulae is not eletrically neutral so the H2O is replaced by cations (Ba, U etc) in the A cavity while the O is replaced by (OH) in the X position. Minerals from this family were identified in the Volta Grande pegmatite, Nazareno, MG. The third family, \'pyrochlore\', was only verified in the Jacupiranga mine, Cajati, SP, including fluorcalciopyrochlore and oxicalciopyrochlore species. The suggested new names, based on cations, vacancies or H2O dominant constituents of A, B and Y sites, seem to better describe the species, allowing their grouping in families. This new nomenclature has the advantage of not emphasize minor constituents in the A cavity, and verify the dominance of Ca or Na. Furthermore, Ta, Nb and Ti cations have the same balance in B cavity. On the other hand, exotic names were created such as hydrohydromicrolite or unpronounceable as hydro-[]-microlite.

A swarm of granitic pegmatites occurs in Mzimba district from northern Kasungu to Kafukure near the western international border with Zambia. The granitic pegmatites are hosted by a mobile belt, within the Mozambiquan orogenic belt (c. 900 - 1800 Ma). They have been dated as 485 Ma. They intruded metasediments of high to medium grade metamorphic rocks of a Precambrian Basement Complex. The dominant trend of the pegmatites is NW - SE, exhibiting a cross-cutting relationship with the country rocks and their contacts with the latter are usually sharp. The six pegmatites investigated in this study are inhomogeneous, composed of a massive quartz core, an intermediate zone composed of a blocky pink K-feldspar rich sub-zone and muscovite rich sub-zone and a wall zone composed of quartz - pink K-feldspar - muscovite mineral assemblage. The Mzimba pegmatites are classified as lithium-caesium-tantalum (LCT) family of rare element granitic pegmatites as described by Černý and Ercit (2005). They belong to the beryl-columbite subtype and beryl-columbite-phosphate subtype of the rare element pegmatites. It is suggested that the pegmatites are the product of magmatic differentiation and that they form roofs of granite plutons lying deep below the current level of erosion. The six pegmatites were sampled and minerals analysed using standard analytical methods such as petrographic microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. Mineralogy of the granitic pegmatites indicates that they are predominantly composed of perthitic K-feldspar (perthite), Na-plagioclase (albite), quartz and muscovite as main mineral phases and accessory minerals including beryl, tantalite-columbite (ferrotantalite), iron-titanium oxides (ilmeno-rutile and ilmenite), tourmaline (schorl), garnet (almandine-spessartine) and triplite. Triplite is a very rare mineral found in a few pegmatites around the world, and this is the first reported account of this mineral in the Mzimba pegmatites and probably in Malawi. These minerals are being exploited by artisanal and small scale miners. Trace elements in K-feldspar and muscovite are significant indicators for the evaluation of economic potential of pegmatites as well as for the differentiation degree and origin of the magma. The K/Rb ratio for K-feldspars ranges between 12.72 and 109.38, while for muscovites it is between 16.66 and 82.36 indicating that the pegmatites are moderately evolved. The Ta versus Cs and the Ta versus K/Cs discrimination diagram indicates that all the investigated pegmatites plot above the 20 ppm threshold suggesting that the pegmatites have potential for Ta and Nb mineralization.

This study presents a detailed petrological and geochemical investigation of the concordant ultramafic pegmatites of the Lower Critical Zone at Dwarsrivier Mine, in the eastern Bushveld Complex. The pegmatites are coarse-grained and of variable size and mineralogy. They occur within the LG-6 chromitite layer as well as in the silicate rocks of the Rustenburg Layered Suite. Field observations into their occurrence, and their association with the LG-6 chromitite layer, suggest that the pegmatites intrude, deform and disrupt the LG-6 chromitite. The mineralogy of the pegmatites is similar as the surrounding pyroxenite rocks, although they are texturally different from the surrounding pyroxenite host rocks. They comprise variable amounts of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, biotite and accessory amphiboles. Based on dominant mineralogy, the pegmatites can be grouped into clinopyroxene-, orthopyroxene- and olivine-rich pegmatites. The major and trace element composition of the pegmatites is different from the surrounding pyroxenite host rocks. The whole rock geochemistry of the pegmatites indicate that the pegmatites have a slightly higher concentration of incompatible trace elements compared to the pyroxenite host rocks, although compositional overlaps exist. Whole rock Mg# and trace element ratios suggests that the pegmatites are the products of less fractionated liquid(s) than their surrounding pyroxenite rocks. When the whole rock geochemical data of the pegmatites are compared to other similar concordant pegmatites in the eastern Bushveld Complex, as well as the discordant pegmatites from the western Bushveld Complex, it is established that the pegmatites at Dwarsrivier mine are not genetically related to the discordant, intrusive iron-rich pegmatites. They are also different from the concordant pegmatites found elsewhere in the eastern Bushveld Complex. The pegmatites are interpreted as the products of a volatile-rich melt which promoted the recrystallization or sub-solidus enlargement of the pyroxenes. The occurrence of cumulus olivine at the stratigraphic position of the Lower Critical Zone is exceptional. Olivine crystalized as a result of continuous phase shifts within the pegmatite melt. Some of the pegmatites are serpentinised by late hydrothermal fluids. The olivine-rich pegmatites display the most prominent serpentinisation, and are composed of a mineral assemblage dominated by serpentine and magnetite.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Assmang Dwarsrivier Mine
Geology
MSc
Unrestricted

High Purity Quartz (HPQ; quartz containing less than 50 ppm trace elements) is of increasing economic significance due to its use in certain high-tech components (computer chip/semiconductor manufacture) and in green technologies (silicon wafer production). Current HPQ deposits (hydrothermal veins/leuco-granites/alaskites) are rare and volumetrically small. Unless significant new deposits are found, increasing demand will raise its prices, elevating the strategic nature of this limited commodity. The large volumes and simple mineralogy of pegmatites and the high chemical purity of their constituents make them an attractive target for HPQ. PhD studies are being carried out on quartz from the Evje-Iveland pegmatite field of the Bamble-Evje pegmatite cluster, southern Norway. The area was targeted due to its well constrained geological setting and previously identified potential for HPQ. The aim of the investigation is to develop exploration tools for HPQ by determining the genetic history of the pegmatites and mode of HPQ formation. The study is focussing on 7 pegmatites and their country rocks. Each shows typical pegmatite zonation, with quartz/feldspar intergrowths at the margins, a massive quartz core and a variety of accessory (including REE-bearing) phases. The proximal Høvringsvatnet granite was previously suggested to have supplied late-stage, highly fractionated melts to form the pegmatites. However, from their trace element systematics (no relationship was observed between trace element content and degree of fractionation in each pegmatite body), and a difference in U/Pb age of approximately 70 Ma, the pegmatites cannot be related to the granites. From field evidence (corroborated by geochemical modelling) the pegmatites formed by ‘in situ’ anatexis of country rocks; some locally, some from distal sources. Some pegmatites contain brecciated feldspar and replacement quartz. From LA-ICP-MS analyses, hydrothermal quartz, compared with magmatic quartz, typically contains lower quantities of trace elements. Hydrothermal material shows relatively elevated levels of Al and Li, low Ge and a complete absence of Ti, indicating relatively low temperature hydrothermal formation. Different quartz domains (from SEM-CL imaging) show distinct δ18O values; late stage low trace element zones show values consistent with meteorically derived fluids. In situ LA-ICP-MS studies will provide further information about the characteristics of the fluids which have replaced/refined magmatic quartz to form HPQ. This beneficiation process is a potential mechanism for the generation of economically significant HPQ deposits.

La suite post-tectonique du batholite hercynien de Celorico de Basto est composée de roches basiques en enclaves dans des granodiorites hétérogènes et dans le granite G2, et de granites fins tardifs associés à des aplopegmatites minéralisées en Sn-Nb-Ta-Li-Be. Les granodiorites résultent du mélange entre des magmas basiques, dont leurs enclaves dioritiques sont des témoins, et un magma acide de type granite G2. Les enclaves des granodiorites et du granite G2 sont des termes d'une série basique qui pourrait être un équivalent plutonique des séries shoshonitiques. Les magmas parents de cette série, probablement issus d'un manteau subcontinental enrichi en éléments incompatibles par recyclage de matériel crustal, se sont differenciés à haute pression ce qui conduit à des termes dioritiques proches des vaugnerites du Massif Central français. Le granite G2 est un terme différencié de cette serie mais contient une contribution crustale en accord avec les rapports 87Sr/86Sr initiaux intermédiaires d'autres granites hercyniens à biotite dominante. Les magmas parents des granites fins tardifs ont une origine crustale. Les aplopegmatites associées sont des termes extrêmement différencies de ces granites dont la composition peralumineuse, la richesse en phosphore et en volatils conduit à une évolution terminale de type sodolithique. Le massif post-tectonique de Lamas de Olo est composé d'adamellites calco-alcalines potassiques et a une architecture du type exogranite-endogranite à Stocksheider. Les minéralisations en Mo-W-Be sont les manifestations d'un circuit hydrothermal engendré par l'endogranite.

[1] Four specimens of zoned tourmaline from granitic pegmatites are characterised in detail, each having unusual compositional and/or morphologic features: (1) a crystal from Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, showing a central pink zone of elbaite mantled by a thin rim of green liddicoatite; (2) a large (~25 cm) slab of Madagascar liddicoatite cut along (001) showing complex patterns of oscillatory zoning; and (3) a wheatsheaf and (4) a mushroom elbaite from Mogok, Myanmar, both showing extensive bifurcation of fibrous crystals originating from a central core crystal, and showing pronounced discontinuous colour zoning. Crystal chemistry and crystal structure of these samples are characterised by SREF, EMPA, and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR and Mössbauer spectroscopies. For each sample, compositional change, as a function of crystal growth, is characterised by EMPA traverses, and the total chemical variation is reduced to a series of linear substitution mechanisms. Of particular interest are substitutions accommodating the variation in [4]B: (1) TB + YAl ↔ TSi + Y(Fe, Mn)2+, where transition metals are present, and (2) TB2 + YAl ↔ TSi2 + YLi, where transition metals are absent. Integration of all data sets delineates constraints on melt evolution and crystal growth mechanisms. [2] Uncertainty has surrounded the occurrence of [4]Al and [4]B at the T-site in tourmaline, because B is difficult to quantify by EMPA and Al is typically assigned to the octahedral Y- and Z-sites. Although both [4]Al and [4]B have been shown to occur in natural tourmalines, it is not currently known how common these substituents are. Using 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy, the presence of [4]B and [4]Al is determined in fifty inclusion-free tourmalines of low transition-metal content with compositions corresponding to five different species. Chemical shifts of [4]B and [3]B in 11B spectra, and [4]Al and [6]Al in 27Al spectra, are well-resolved, allowing detection of very small (< ~0.1 apfu) amounts of T-site constituents. Results show that contents of 0.0 < [4]B, [4]Al < 0.5 apfu are common in tourmalines containing low amounts of paramagnetic species, and that all combinations of Si, Al and B occur in natural tourmalines.

Subvolcanically emplaced granitic, miarolitic pegmatites associated with the White Mountain Igneous Province (WMIP), New Hampshire, were sampled and analyzed using modern analytical techniques including X-ray fluorescence, electron microprobe, scanning electron microscopy, and direct-coupled plasma spectrophotometry. Analytical results suggest that all the sampled miarolitic pegmatites from this study are petrogenetically related to the same intrusive suite, the WMIP. Based on the geochemical data, all the samples formed in an anorogenic tectonic setting and are rift-related. They are classified as NYF-type and plot in the “within plate granite” field on tectonic discrimination diagrams. The majority of the samples are peraluminous, A1-type granites. The trace element abundances on the spider diagram and chondrite-normalized diagram, which include a pronounced negative Eu anomaly and REE enrichments, are consistent with these miarolitic pegmatites resulting from a strongly fractionated granitic parental melts, but less fractionated than the classic NYF-systems such as South Platte (Simmons et al. 1987) and the Wausau Syenite Complex (Meyers et al. 1984).

The early Cretaceous anorogenic Erongo Granite of Namibia is known to host abundant boron mineralization in rounded, quartz-tourmaline clusters and in NYF-type miarolitic, pegmatitic cavities. Rock and mineral samples were taken from the bulk granite, tourmaline nests, and miarolitic cavities and analyzed using a variety of modern analytical techniques. Geochemical and mineralogical data suggest substantial input from the metasedimentary rocks of the Damara orogen was important in the genesis of the Erongo Granite magma. The geochemical signature of the Damara orogen is most evident in the tourmaline clusters and miarolitic cavities, where fractional crystallization accumulated volatile and incompatible elements enough to exsolve a second fluid phase and induce drastic textural and mineralogical changes. As a result, the geochemical character of the pegmatitic cavities is far removed from that of classic NYF-type systems, where boron mineralization is usually not observed.

Amazonitic K-feldspar is characteristic of evolved granitic pegmatites of NYF (niobium-yttrium-fluorine) type, associated with A-type granite emplacement. In this work, I focus on four notable examples of such an association: (1) West Keivy, Kola Peninsula, Russia, (2) Saint-Ludger-de-Milot, Quebec, (3) Lac Sairs, Quebec, and (4) Morefield, Virginia. A fifth locality, the Broken Hill metamorphosed exhalative-type volcanogenic deposits in Australia, is an unusual type of amazonitic K-feldspar formed in an ore environment. A total of nineteen samples of amazonitic K-feldspar were characterized geochemically and mineralogically on the basis of X-ray diffraction, electron-microprobe and laser-ablation ICP-MS analyses. Lead, as an essential requirement for formation of the blue-green amazonitic color, has received particular attention. In every case, the analytical data show elevated amounts of Pb and rare alkalis, which strongly partition into the K-rich phase of the perthite intergrowth. Unusual micrometric grains, highly enriched in Pb, are found in cracks in the material from West Keivy. Some of the grains represent a new mineral species, a Pb-dominant feldspar. The presence of amazonitic K-feldspar in a granitic pegmatite is more than a curiosity. It can shed light on important petrogenetic issues such as metasomatic rejuvenation of crustal rocks prior to regional melting in a period of extension.

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A análise dos concentrados metálicos originários de rochas pegmatíticas contribui com o conhecimento acerca das características físicoquímicas desses minerais e com a avaliação da eficiência do processo de separação gravimétrica realizado para obtenção dos concentrados. Além disso, a confirmação da presença de elementos raros nestas rochas é fator positivo para a melhoria das condições socioeconômicas das populações do semiárido nordestino, além de colaborar com as pesquisas de viabilidade para uma posterior extração metalúrgica e com uma exploração mineral planejada e integral. Para caracterizar os concentrados metálicos dos pegmatitos Facheiro I e Mina Velha, foram analisadas amostras por difratometria de Raios-X, fluorescência de Raios-X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectrometria por energia dispersiva. O trabalho apresenta e discute os resultados obtidos, que confirmaram a presença significativa de grupos minerais importantes como o grupo-columbita, além de apontar a possível presença de metais de aplicação nobre e Elementos Terras Raras. Foi proposta a discussão, em breve panorama, acerca dos impactos socioeconômicos e ambientais das atividades de mineração no semiárido, ressaltando a necessidade de um desenvolvimento nas dimensões da sustentabilidade econômica, social e ambiental.
The analysis of the concentrated metals originated from pegmatitic rocks contributes with the knowledge about the physico-chemical characteristics of these minerals and with the evaluation of the effectiveness of the gravimetric separation process carried out to obtain them. In addition, the confirmation of the presence of rare elements in these rocks is a positive factor for improving the socioeconomic conditions of populations in the northeastern semiarid, as well as for collaborating with feasibility studies for subsequent metallurgical extraction and with a planned and integral mineral exploration. For characterizing the concentrated metals of Facheiro I and Mina Velha pegmatitics, it has been analyzed samples by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. The research shows and discusses the obtained results which have confirmed the significant presence of important mineral groups such as the columbite-group, besides indicating the possible presence of noble metals and Rare Earth Elements. It has been proposed, in brief overview, the discussion about the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of mining activities in the semiarid region, emphasizing the need for a further development of economic sustainability, social and environmental dimensions.

Rare Earth elements (REEs) are economically important due to their critical applications within multiple industries. This study investigates the Spruce Pine district of North Carolina, testing the economic feasibility of repurposing current mine waste tailings as a rare earth element resource. Spruce Pine is home to several active quartz and feldspar mining operations, with large waste tailing piles generated during the separation process for quartz and feldspar. The mineralogy, composition, and REE budget of the tailings was examined to assess the economic viability of rare earth element extraction. The local geology includes a series of muscovite class pegmatites of Devonian age (390 Ma), intruded into the primarily amphibolite-grade units of the Ashe and Alligator Back formations (Wood, 1996). The waste tailing piles of two on-going quartz mining operations were sampled to evaluate the potential economic feasibility of rare earth element extraction from key accessory phases, including apatite, remaining from the initial separation process. Sample characterization utilized laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of this investigation support the conclusion that, at the current recovery rate, price of rare earth elements, and cost of refinement, economic recovery of REE from the studied tailings is not viable. However, yttrium and dysprosium offer the highest potential for economic recovery. If some combination of improvements to the extraction process, reduction in refinement cost, or increases in price occur, yttrium and dysprosium are sufficiently abundant that extraction could become economically viable.
Master of Science
Rare Earth elements (REEs) are comprised of the Lanthanide series of elements as well as yttrium and scandium. REEs are economically important due to their critical applications within multiple industries. Current uses include electronics, magnets, lasers, electric motors, optical fibers, nuclear reactor control rods, visual displays, etc. Although the demand for REEs is high, the current sourcing of REEs is quite scarce. This study investigates the Spruce Pine district of North Carolina, testing the economic feasibility of repurposing current mine waste tailings as a rare earth element resource. Spruce Pine is home to several active quartz and feldspar mining operations, with large waste tailing piles generated during the separation process for quartz and feldspar. The mineralogy, composition and REE budget of the tailings was examined to assess the economic viability of rare earth element extraction. The waste tailing piles of two on-going quartz mining operations were sampled to evaluate the potential economic feasibility of rare earth element extraction from key accessory phases, including apatite, remaining from the initial separation process. The results of this investigation support the conclusion that, at the current recovery rate, price of rare earth elements, and cost of refinement, economic recovery of REE from the studied tailings is not viable. However, yttrium and dysprosium offer the highest potential for economic recovery. If some combination of improvements to the extraction process, reduction in cost of refinement, or increase in price were to occur, yttrium and dysprosium are sufficiently abundant that extraction could become economically viable.

Os pegmatitos estudados estão associados à fácies albita granito do granito Madeira, a qual corresponde ao depósito de Sn-Nb-Ta (F, ETR, U, Th) Madeira, na mina Pitinga (AM) e estão associados a falhas de orientação N320/60SW. Estas rochas contêm minerais poucos comuns como gagarinita (NaCaYF6), genthelvita (Zn4Be3(SiO4)3S) e polilitionita (KLi2AlSi4O10(F, OH)2), além de grandes quantidades de criolita (Na3AlF6). Com base na composição química e mineralógica, estes pegmatitos foram classificados em três tipos: PEG ANF (teores médios de K e Na, com alta concentração de anfibólios), PEG POL (rico em K e com alta concentração de polilitionita) e PEG CRIO (rico em Na e com alta concentração de criolita). Estes pegmatitos contêm altos teores de ETR (especialmente ETRP) e Y, que estão concentrados principalmente na xenotima e na gagarinita. Estes elementos também ocorrem em elevados teores na grande parte dos demais minerais analisados. Também se destacam as concentrações anômalas de F, muito superiores às detectadas nos pegmatitos de outras localidades, e que promoveram o enriquecimento em Li, Na, K, Rb e Cs. A similaridade na composição química do AGN com os pegmatitos indica que eles possuem a mesma fonte.
The pegmatites studied are associated with the albite granite facies of the Madeira granite, which corresponds to the Sn-Nb-Ta (F, ETR, U, Th) Madeira deposit at the Pitinga mine (AM). They are associated with N320/60SW orientation faults. These rocks contain few common minerals such as gagarinite (NaCaYF6), genthelvite (Zn4Be3(SiO4)3S) and polylithionite (KLi2AlSi4O10(F,OH)2), as well as large amounts of cryolite (Na3AlF6). Based on the chemical and mineralogical composition, these pegmatites were classified into three groups: PEG ANF (medium K and Na, with high concentration of amphiboles), PEG POL (K rich and with high polylithionite concentration) and PEG CRIO (rich in Na and with high concentration of cryolite). These pegmatites contain high levels of REE (especially HREE) and Y, which are mainly concentrated in xenotime and gagarinite. These elements also occur at high levels in most of the other minerals analyzed. Anomalous concentrations of F, much higher than those detected in pegmatites from other localities, were also highlighted, and promoted enrichment in Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs. The similarity in the chemical composition of AGN with pegmatites indicates that they have the same source.

This thesis focuses on mineralogy, geochemistry, and origin of eight pegmatites and two spatially associated granites of Late Archean and Paleoproterozoic ages located in Marquette and Dickinson Counties, Michigan. Biotite geochemistry reveals that both granites and all pegmatites are peraluminous and have an orogenic signature. However, bulk composition reveals the Humboldt granite is a peraluminous A-type granite and the Bell Creek granite is a peraluminous mix between I-, S-, and A-type granites. The Republic Mine pegmatite appears to be geochemically similar to the Bell Creek granite and Grizzly pegmatite. The Crockley pegmatite is genetically related to the Humboldt granite. The Groveland Mine, Sturgeon River, and Hwy69 pegmatites appear to be a product of the Peavy Pond Complex being contaminated with the Marquette Range Super Group. Contamination and anatexis have made classification of the granites and pegmatites problematic. The Grizzly should be classified as a primitive LCT-type even though this pegmatite lacks characteristic enrichment associated with LCT pegmatites. Mineralogical geochemistry reveals that the Republic Mine is relatively more primitive than other pegmatites and should be classified as a primitive Mixed-type pegmatite. Groveland Mine has mineralogy and geochemistry not normally associated with NYF-type pegmatites and should be classified as Mixed. The Crockley pegmatite should be classified as NYF-type with a primitive LCT overprint. Dolfin, Hwy69, Sturgeon River, and Black River pegmatites should be classified as Rare Element, REE, NYF-type, although the Black River has slight tantalum enrichment expressed in columbite group minerals.

The Townlands iron-rich ultramafic pegmatite is a relatively large pipelike body situated in the western corner of Rustenburg Section, Rustenburg Platinum Mines. It is characterised by a strong negative magnetic signature and transgresses the noritic layered sequence of the upper critical zone of the Bushveld Complex. The layered rocks are downwarped in the vicinity of the pipe and are in sharp contact with the pegmatitic material. The pegmatite varies in composition between dunite and wehrlite, with the marginal zones being more wehrlitic in composition. Olivine (Fo₃₀ - Fo₅₂) and clinopyroxene (Wo₄₅En₃₀Fs₂₅ - Wo₄₅En₃₇Fs₁₈) are the dominant constituents and accessory phases include ilmenite, Ti -magnetite, apatite, amphiboles, chlorite-group minerals, biotite, ilvaite and a host of unusual ore minerals. The Fe-Ti oxides exhibit exsolution textures typically found in slowly cooled igneous rocks and temperatures of formati on are consi dered to be in excess of 800°C. The UG2 chromitite leader layers intersected by borehole TLP.l are enriched in Fe and Ti and exhibit compositions intermediate between chromite and Ti-magnetite. The ore mineral assemblage includes a primary sulphide assemblage consisting of troilite, chalcopyrite, cubanite and pentlandite, and an array of unusual phases formed by late-stage secondary processes. The unusual sulphides mooihoekite and haycockite, that occur in certain parts of the pegmatite, are considered to have formed by partial replacement of the primary assemblage and a possible paragenetic sequence is discussed. Mineral compositions and whole rock geochemical data are consistent with an origin for the pegmatite by crystallization from a fractionated melt. It is suggested that intercumulus fluids, trapped during the crystallization of the noritic layered sequence, accumulated in an area of structural weakness, in response to an increasing overburden pressure and/or tectonic activity. Evidence is also presented that indicates that the Townlands pegmatite may consist of at least two separate, but adjoining pegmatite bodies.
KMBT_363
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Lithium Cesium Tantalum (LCT) pegmatites are important resources for rare metals like Cesium, Lithium or Tantalum, whose demand increased markedly during the past decade. At present, Cs is known to occur in economic quantities only from the two LCT pegmatite deposits at Bikita located in Zimbabwe and Tanco in Canada. Host for this Cs mineralisation is the extreme rare zeolite group mineral pollucite. However, at Bikita and Tanco, pollucite forms huge massive, lensoid shaped and almost monomineralic pollucite mineralisations that occur within the upper portions of the pegmatite. In addition, both pegmatite deposits have a comparable regional geological background as they are hosted within greenstone belts and yield a Neoarchean age of about 2,600 Ma. Furthermore, at present the genesis of these massive pollucite mineralisations was not yet investigated in detail. Major portions of Western Australia consist of Meso- to Neoarchean crustal units (e.g., Yilgarn Craton, Pilbara Craton) that are known to host a large number of LCT pegmatite systems. Among them are the LCT pegmatite deposits Greenbushes (Li, Ta) and Wodgina (Ta, Sn). In addition, small amounts of pollucite were recovered from one single diamond drill core at the Londonderry pegmatite field. Despite that, no systematic investigations and/or exploration studies were conducted for the mode of occurrence of Cs and especially that of pollucite in Western Australia. In the course of the present study nineteen individual pegmatites and pegmatite fields located on the Yilgarn Craton, Pilbara Craton and Kimberley province have been visited and inspected for the occurrence of the Cs mineral pollucite. However, no pollucite could be detected in any of the investigated pegmatites. Four of the inspected LCT-pegmatite systems, namely the Londonderry pegmatite field, the Mount Deans pegmatite field, the Cattlin Creek LCT pegmatite deposit (Yilgarn Craton) and the Wodgina LCT pegmatite deposit (Pilbara Craton) was sampled and investigated in detail. In addition, samples from the Bikita pegmatite field (Zimbabwe Craton) were included into the present study in order to compare the Western Australian pegmatites with a massive pollucite mineralisation bearing LCT pegmatite system. This thesis presents new petrographical, mineralogical, mineralchemical, geochemical, geochronological, fluid inclusion and stable and radiogenic isotope data. The careful interpretation of this data enhances the understanding of the LCT pegmatite systems in Western Australia and Zimbabwe. All of the four investigated LCT pegmatite systems in Western Australia, crop out in similar geological settings, exhibit comparable internal structures, geochemistry and mineralogy to that of the Bikita pegmatite field in Zimbabwe. Furthermore, in all LCT pegmatite systems evidences for late stage hydrothermal processes (e.g., replacement of feldspars) and associated Cs enrichment (e.g., Cs enriched rims on mica, beryl and tourmaline) is documented. With the exception of the Wodgina LCT pegmatite deposit, that yield a Mesoarchean crystallisation age (approx. 2,850 Ma), all other LCT pegmatite systems gave comparable Neoarchean ages of 2,630 Ma to 2,600 Ma. The almost identical ages of the LCT pegmatite systems of the Yilgarn and Zimbabwe cratons suggests, that the process of LCT pegmatite formation at the end of the Neoarchean was active worldwide. Nevertheless, essential distinguishing feature of the Bikita pegmatite field is the presence of massive pollucite mineralisations that resulted from a process that is not part of the general development of LCT pegmatites and is associated with the extreme enrichment of Cs. The new findings of the present study obtained from the Bikita pegmatite field and the Western Australian LCT pegmatite systems significantly improve the knowledge of Cs behaviour in LCT pegmatite systems. Therefore, it is now possible to suggest a genetical model for the formation of massive pollucite mineralisations within LCT pegmatite systems. LCT pegmatites are generally granitic in composition and are interpreted to represent highly fractionated and geochemically specialised derivates from granitic melts. Massive pollucite mineralisation bearing LCT pegmatites evolve from large and voluminous pegmatite melts that intrude as single body along structures within an extensional tectonic setting. After emplacement, initial crystallisation will develop the border and wall zone of the pegmatites, while due to fractionated crystallisation immobile elements (i.e., Cs, Rb) become enriched within the remaining melt and associated hydrothermal fluids. Following this initial crystallisation, a relatively small portion (0.5–1 vol.%) of immiscible melt or fluid will separate during cooling. This immiscible partial melt/fluid is enriched in Al2O3 and Na2O, as well as depleted in SiO2 and will crystallise as analcime. In addition, this melt might allready contains up to 1–2 wt.% Cs2O. However, due to the effects of fluxing components (e.g., H2O, F, B) this analcime melt becomes undercooled which prevents crystallisation of the analcime as intergranular grains. Since this analcime melt exhibits a lower relative gravity when compared to the remaining pegmatite melt the less dense analcime melt will start to ascent gravitationally and accumulate within the upper portion of the pegmatite sheet. At the same time, the remaining melt will start to crystallise separately and form the inner portions of the pegmatite. This crystallisation is characterised by still ongoing fractionation and enrichment of incompatible elements (i.e., Cs, Rb) within the last crystallising minerals (e.g., lepidolite) or concentration of these incompatible elements within exsolving hydrothermal fluids. As analcime and pollucite form a continuous solid solution series, the analcime melt is able to incorporate any available Cs from the melt and/or associated hydrothermal fluids and crystallise as Cs-analcime in the upper portion of the pegmatite sheet. Continuing hydrothermal activity and ongoing substitution of Cs will then start to shift the composition from Cs-analcime composition towards Na-pollucite composition. In addition, if analcime is cooled below 400 °C it is subjected to a negative thermal expansion of about 1 vol.%. This contraction results in the formation of a prominent network of cracks that is filled by late stage minerals (e.g., lepidolite, quartz, feldspar and petalite). Certainly, prior to filling, this network of cracks enhances the available conduits for late stage hydrothermal fluids and the Cs substitution mechanism within the massive pollucite mineralisation. Furthermore, during cooling of the pegmatite, prominent late stage mineral replacement reactions (e.g., replacement of K-feldspar by lepidolite, cleavelandite, and quartz) as well as subsolidus self organisation processes in feldspars take place. These processes are suggested to release additional incompatible elements (e.g., Cs, Rb) into late stage hydrothermal fluids. As feldspar forms large portions of pegmatite a considerable amount of Cs is released and transported via the hydrothermal fluids towards the massive pollucite mineralisation in the upper portion of the pegmatite. Consequently, the initial analcime can accumulate enough Cs in order to shift its composition from the Cs-analcime member (>2 wt.% Cs2O) towards the Na-pollucite member (23–43 wt.% Cs2O) of the solid solution series. The timing of this late stage Cs enrichment is interpreted to be quasi contemporaneous or immediately after the complete crystallisation of the pegmatite melt. However, much younger hydrothermal events that overprint the pegmatite are also interpreted to cause similar results. Hence, it has been demonstrated that the combination of this magmatic and hydrothermal processes is capable to generate an extreme enrichment in Cs in order to explain the formation of massive pollucite mineralisations within LCT pegmatite systems. This genetic model can now be applied to evaluate the potential for occurrences of massive pollucite mineralisations within LCT pegmatite systems in Western Australia and worldwide
Lithium-Caesium-Tantal-(LCT) Pegmatite repräsentieren eine bedeutende Quelle für seltene Metalle, deren Bedarf im letzten Jahrzehnt beträchtlich angestiegen ist. Im Falle von Caesium sind zurzeit weltweit nur zwei LCT-Pegmatitlagerstätten bekannt, die abbauwürdige Vorräte an Cs enthalten. Dies sind die LCT-Pegmatitlagerstätten Bikita in Simbabwe und Tanco in Kanada. Das Wirtsmineral für diese Cs-Mineralisation ist das extrem selten auftretende Zeolith-Gruppen-Mineral Pollucit. In den Lagerstätten Bikita und Tanco bildet Pollucit dagegen massive, linsenförmige und fast monomineralische Pollucitmineralisationen, die in den oberen Bereichen der Pegmatitkörper anstehen. Zusätzlich befinden sich beide Lagerstätten in geologisch vergleichbaren Einheiten. Die Nebengesteine sind Grünsteingürtel die ein neoarchaisches Alter von ca. 2,600 Ma aufweisen. Die Bildung derartiger massiver Pollucitmineralisationen ist bis jetzt noch nicht detailliert untersucht worden. Große Bereiche von Westaustralien werden von meso- bis neoarchaischen Krusteneinheiten (z.B. Yilgarn Kraton, Pilbara Kraton) aufgebaut, von denen auch eine große Anzahl an LCT-Pegmatitsystemen bekannt sind. Darunter befinden sich unter anderem die LCT-Pegmatitlagerstätten Greenbushes (Li, Ta) und Wodgina (Ta, Sn). Zusätzlich wurden kleine Mengen an Pollucit in einer einzigen Kernbohrung im Londonderry Pegmatitfeld angetroffen. Ungeachtet dessen, wurden in Westaustralien bis jetzt keine systematischen Untersuchungen und/oder Explorationskampagnen auf Vorkommen von Cs und speziell der von Pollucit durchgeführt. Im Verlauf dieser Studie wurden insgesamt neunzehn verschiedene Pegmatitvorkommen und Pegmatitfelder des Yilgarn Kratons, Pilbara Kratons und der Kimberley Provinz auf das Vorkommen des Minerals Pollucit untersucht. Allerdings konnte in keinem der untersuchten LCT-Pegmatitsystemen Pollucit nachgewiesen werden. Von vier der untersuchten LCT-Pegmatitsystemen, dem Londonderry Pegmatitfeld, dem Mount Deans Pegmatitfeld, der Cattlin Creek LCT-Pegmatitlagerstätte (Yilgarn Kraton) und der Wodgina LCT-Pegmatitlagerstätte (Pilbara Kraton) wurden detailliert Proben entnommen und weitergehend untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden die massiven Pollucitmineralisationen im Bikita Pegmatitfeld beprobt und in die detailierten Untersuchungen einbezogen. Der Probensatz aus dem Bikita Pegmatitfeld dient als Referenzmaterial mit dem die Pegmatitproben aus Westaustralien verglichen werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit fasst die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der petrographischen, mineralogischen, mineralchemischen, geochemischen und geochronologischen Untersuchungen sowie der Flüssigkeitseinschlussuntersuchungen und stabilen und radiogenen Isotopenzusammensetzungen zusammen. Alle vier der in Westaustralien untersuchten LCT-Pegmatitsysteme kommen in geologisch ähnlichen Rahmengesteinen vor, weisen einen vergleichbaren internen Aufbau, geochemische Zusammensetzung und Mineralogie zu dem des Bikita Pegmatitfeldes in Simbabwe auf. Weiterhin konnten in allen LCT-Pegmatitsystemen Hinweise für späte hydrothermale Prozesse (z.B. Verdrängung von Feldspat) nachgewiesen werden, die einhergehend mit einer Anreicherung von Cs verbunden sind (z.B. Cs-angereicherte Säume um Glimmer, Beryll und Turmalin). Mit der Ausnahme der Wodgina LCT-Pegmatitlagerstätte, in der ein mesoarchaisches Kristallisationsalter (ca. 2,850 Ma) nachgewiesen wurde, lieferten die Altersdatierungen in den anderen LCT-Pegmatitsystemen übereinstimmende neoarchaische Alter von 2,630 Ma bis 2,600 Ma. Diese fast identischen Alter der LCT-Pegmatitsysteme des Yilgarn und Zimbabwe Kratons suggerieren, dass die Prozesse, die zur LCT-Pegmatitbildung am Ende des Neoarchaikums führten, weltweit aktiv waren. Ungeachtet dessen stellt das Vorhandensein von massiver Pollucitmineralisation das Alleinstellungsmerkmal des Bikita Pegmatitfeldes dar, welche sich infolge eines Prozesses gebildet haben der nicht Bestandteil der üblichen LCT-Pegmatitentwicklung ist und sich durch eine extreme Anreicherung an Cs unterscheidet. Die neuen Ergebnisse die in dieser Studie von den Bikita Pegmatitfeld und den Westaustralischen LCT-Pegmatitsystemen gewonnen wurden, verbessern das Verständnis des Verhaltens von Cs in LCT-Pegmatitsystemen deutlich. Somit ist es nun möglich, ein genetisches Modell für die Bildung von massiven Pollucitmineralisationen in LCT-Pegmatitsystemen vorzustellen. LCT-Pegmatite weisen im Allgemeinen eine granitische Zusammensetzung auf und werden als Kristallisat von hoch fraktionierten und geochemisch spezialisierten granitischen Restschmelzen interpretiert. Die Bildung von massiven Pollucitmineralisationen ist nur aus großen und voluminösen Pegmatitschmelzen, die als einzelner Körper entlang von Störungen in extensionalen Stressregimen intrudieren möglich. Nach Platznahme der Schmelze bildet die beginnende Kristallisation zunächst die Kontakt- und Randzone des Pegmatits, wobei infolge von fraktionierter Kristallisation die immobilen Elemente (v.a. Cs, Rb) in der verbleibenden Restschmelze angereichert werden. Im Anschluss an diese erste Kristallisation entmischt sich nach Abkühlung eine sehr kleine Menge (0.5–1 vol.%) Schmelze und/oder Fluid von der Restschmelze. Diese nicht mischbare Teilschmelze/-fluid ist angereichert an Al2O3 und Na2O sowie verarmt an SiO2 und kristallisiert als Analcim. Zusätzlich kann diese Schmelze bereits mit 1–2 wt.% Cs2O angereichert sein. Aufgrund der Auswirkung von Flussmitteln (z.B. H2O, F, B) wird allerdings der Schmelzpunkt dieser Analcimschmelze herabgesetzt und so die Kristallisation des Analcims als intergranulare Körner verhindert. Da diese Analcimschmelze im Vergleich zu der restlichen Schmelze eine geringere relative Dichte besitzt, beginnt sie gravitativ aufzusteigen und sich in den oberen Bereichen des Pegmatitkörpers zu akkumulieren. Währenddessen beginnt die restliche Schmelze separat zu kristallisieren und die inneren Bereiche des Pegmatits zu bilden. Diese Kristallisation ist einhergehend mit fortschreitender Fraktionierung und der Anreicherung von inkompatiblen Elementen (v.a. Cs, Rb) in den sich als letztes bildenden Mineralphasen (z.B. Lepidolit) oder der Konzentration der inkompatiblen Element in die sich entmischenden hydrothermalen Fluiden. Da Analcim und Pollucit eine lückenlose Mischungsreihe bilden, ist die Analcimschmelze in der Lage, alles verfügbare Cs von der Restschmelze und/oder assoziierten hydrothermalen Fluiden an sich zu binden und als Cs-Analcim im oberen Bereich des Pegmatitkörpers zu kristallisieren. Fortschreitende hydrothermale Aktivität und Substitution von Cs verschiebt dann die Zusammensetzung des Analcims von der Cs-Analcim- zu Na-Pollucitzusammensetzung. Zusätzlich erfährt der Analcim bei Abkühlung unter 400 °C eine negative thermische Expansion von ca. 1 vol.%. Diese Kontraktion führt zu der Bildung des markanten Rissnetzwerkes das durch späte Mineralphasen (z.B. Lepidolit, Quarz, Feldspat und Petalit) gefüllt wird. Vor der Mineralisation allerdings, erhöht dieses Netzwerk an Rissen die verfügbaren Wegsamkeiten für die späten hydrothermalen Fluide und begünstigt somit den Cs-Substitutionsmechanismus in der massiven Pollucitmineralisation. Weiterhin kommt es bei der Abkühlung des Pegmatits zu späten Mineralverdrängungsreaktionen (z.B. Verdrängung von K-Feldspat durch Lepidolit, Cleavelandit und Quarz), sowie zu Subsolidus-Selbstordnungsprozessen in Feldspäten. Diese Prozesse werden weiterhin interpretiert inkompatible Elemente (z.B. Cs, Rb) in die späten hydrothermalen Fluide freizusetzen. Da Feldspäte große Teile der Pegmatite bilden, kann somit eine beträchtliche Menge an Cs freigeben werden und durch die späten hydrothermalen Fluide in die massive Pollucitmineralisation in den oberen Bereichen des Pegmatitkörpers transportiert werden. Infolgedessen ist es möglich, dass genügend Cs frei gesetzt werden kann, um die Zusammensetzung innerhalb der Mischkristallreihe von Cs-Analcim (>2 wt.% Cs2O) zu Na-Pollucit (23–43 wt.% Cs2O) zu verschieben. Die zeitliche Einordnung dieser späten Cs-Anreicherung wird als quasi zeitgleich oder im direkten Anschluss an die vollständige Kristallisation der Pegmatitschmelze interpretiert. Es kann allerdings nicht vernachlässigt werden, dass auch jüngere hydrothermale Ereignisse, die den Pegmatitkörper nachträglich überprägen, ähnliche hydrothermale Prozesse hervorrufen können. Somit konnte gezeigt werden, dass es durch Kombination dieser magmatischen und hydrothermalen Prozessen möglich ist, genügend Cs anzureichern, um die Bildung von massiven Pollucitmineralisationen in LCT-Pegmatitsystemen zu ermöglichen. Dieses genetische Modell kann nun dazu genutzt werden, um das Potential von Vorkommen von massiven Pollucitmineralisationen in LCT-Pegmatitsystemen in Westaustralien und weltweit besser einzuschätzen

La région de Bougouni a pour spécificité la présence de pegmatites et d'aplites porteuses de lithium. Le lithium est actuellement un élément stratégique au regard des besoins croissants en cette matière première. Les pegmatites lithinifères font ainsi partie des gisements les plus recherchés pour le lithium.La zone d'étude, située au SE de Bamako (Mali), appartient à la partie sud du craton ouest africain. Les différentes roches de cette zone se sont formées au cours des événements de croissance crustale du Birimien, lors de l'orogenèse éburnéenne, entre ca. 2200 et 1800 Ma. Les formations rencontrées sont des roches métavolcanosédimentaires et plutoniques majoritairement de nature granitoïdique (tonalite à monzogranite à deux micas), structurées dans une direction NNE-SSW par l'existence de grandes zones de cisaillement. Les dykes sont intrusifs dans ces roches encaissantes sous forme de filons d'épaisseur décimétrique à décamétrique depuis des faciès aplitiques à des faciès pegmatitiques. La mise ne place dans un domaine cassant couplé au bas grade métamorphique des métasédiments encaissants indiquent une mise en place des dykes au niveau de la croûte continentale supérieure.La province de Bougouni compte une centaine de dykes riches en lithium (Li2O > 1.00 wt% de la roche totale). Le spodumène, principal phase minérale porteuse de lithium (Li2O = 8 wt%), représente entre 5 et 30 vol.% de la roche, accompagné de feldspath alcalin, plagioclase, quartz et d'une faible quantité de muscovite et de biotite. Sont également présents une centaine de dykes pauvres en lithium (Li2O < 0.05 wt%) caractérisés par le même assemblage minéralogique que les dykes riches en lithium à l'exception du spodumène remplacé par le grenat.Concernant la géochronologie, les âges U-Pb sur zircons pour l'ensemble des granitoïdes (faciès granodioritiques à granitiques à deux micas) s'étendent entre 2100 ± 14 et 2136 ± 19 Ma. Ces âges sont en accord avec les âges d'autres formations plutoniques s'étalant entre 2080 et 2120 Ma à l'échelle du Birimien. Les âges U-Pb sur apatites magmatiques des dykes sont compris entre 2070 - 2000 Ma. La comparaison des données géochronologique à d'autres pegmatites du Birimien permettent de définir la période ca. 2070 - 2000 Ma comme la période de mise en place des dykes pegmatitiques (notamment les pegmatites de la famille LCT) du Birimien. Cette période tardi- à post orogénique représenterait l'étape finale du magmatisme paléoprotérozoïque dans le domaine du Baoulé-Mossi.Concernant la géochimie en éléments majeurs et traces, l'absence d'une évolution géochimique continue depuis les granitoïdes aux dykes ne permettent pas d'expliquer les liquides pegmatitiques comme étant les termes les plus évolués des granitoïdes. Cette conclusion est en accord avec les données géochronologiques qui témoignent d'une différence d'âge beaucoup trop importantes entre ces formations pour qu'elles puissent avoir un lien génétique. Concernant les dykes, bien qu'ils soient contemporains, les différences en termes de signature géochimique ne permettent pas d'expliquer qu'ils puissent avoir évolués depuis un seul et même liquide parent. Cependant, il est fort probable que les liquides à l'origine des deux types de dykes puissent provenir de la fusion du même type de protolithe de nature métapélitique.En somme, les données de terrain, pétrographiques, géochronologiques et géochimiques ne donnent pas de lien génétique entre les dykes et les granitoïdes de Bougouni. Les deux faciès de dykes sont formés à partir de deux liquides distincts issus d'un seul et même protolithe. La différence de composition minéralogique et géochimique, notamment en Li, entre les dykes riches en lithium et ceux pauvres en lithium pourrait être expliquée par le rôle de fluides d'origine sédimentaire ayant pu percoler et interagir avec les roches mères et/ou les liquides pegmatitiques permettant d'enrichir certains liquides en éléments mobiles, tel que le lithium
The Bougouni region in southern Mali is well known for the ore body lithium-bearing pegmatites and aplites. Lithium is currently a strategic element in view of the growing need for this raw material. The lithiniferous pegmatites are thus among the most sought-after deposits for lithium.The study area, located SE of Bamako (Mali), belongs to the southern part of the West African Craton. The various rocks in this area were formed during the Birimian crustal growth events, during the Eburnean oOrogeny, between ca. 2200 and 1800 Ma. The formations encountered are metavolcano sedimentary and plutonic rocks, mostly granitoid (tonalite to two-mica monzogranite), structured in a NNE-SSW direction by the existence of large shear zones. The dykes are intrusive in these host rocks, which occur in the form of decimeter to decameter thick dykes ranging from aplitic to pegmatitic facies. The emplacement in a brittle domain coupled with the low metamorphic grade of the enclosing metasediments indicate a dyke emplacement in the upper continental crust.The Bougouni province has about 100 Li-rich dykes (Li2O > 1.00 wt% of total rock). Spodumene, the main lithium-bearing mineral phase (Li2O = 8 wt%), represents between 5 and 30 vol.% of the rock, accompanied by alkali feldspar, plagioclase, quartz and a small quantity of muscovite and biotite. In addition to, 100 Li-poor dykes (Li2O < 0.05 wt%) that are characterized by the same mineralogical assemblage as the lithium-rich dykes except for spodumene, which is replaced by garnet.Concerning geochronology, U-Pb ages on zircons for all granitoids (granodioritic to granitic facies with two micas) range between 2100 ± 14 and 2136 ± 19 Ma. These ages are in agreement with the ages of other plutonic formations ranging between 2080 and 2120 Ma on the Birimian scale. The U-Pb ages on magmatic apatites of the dykes are between 2070 - 2000 Ma. Comparison of the geochronological data with other pegmatites of the Birimian allow us to define the period ca. 2070 - 2000 Ma as the period of establishment of the pegmatitic dykes (notably the LCT family pegmatites) of the Birimian. This late- to post-Orogenic period would represent the final stage of paleoproterozoic magmatism in the Boulé-Mossi domain.Concerning major and trace elements geochemistry, the absence of a continuous geochemical evolution from granitoids to dykes does not allow to explain the pegmatitic fluids as the most evolved terms of the granitoids. This conclusion is in agreement with the geochronological data that show a much too large age difference between these formations to be genetically related. Concerning the dykes, although they are contemporaneous, the differences in geochemical signature do not allow to explain that they could have evolved from a single parent melt. However, it is very likely that the melts that gave rise to both types of dykes may have been derived from the melting of the same type of metapelitic protolith.In sum, the field, petrographic, geochronological and geochemical data do not provide a genetic link between the Bougouni dykes and granitoids. The two dyke facies are formed from two distinct melts derived from a single protolith. The difference in mineralogical and geochemical composition, particularly in Li, between the Li-rich and Li-poor dykes could be explained by the role of fluids of sedimentary origin that may have percolated and interacted with the source? host rocks and/or the pegmatitic melts, allowing the enrichment of certain fluids in mobile elements such as lithium