Academic literature on the topic 'Pelargonium graveolens'

Abstract. The objective of this study is to determine the quantity and parameters of the obtained essential oil of two species from genus Pelargonium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Her. and Pelargonium radens H.E.Moor) in Bulgaria. This research was conducted using the microdistillation method and gas chromatography. As a result significant difference in the quantity of obtained essential oils has been found and the number of the main components and the ratio of the dominant ingredients have been determined. In general, they represent the main part of the oils – from 45.23 % in Pelargonium radens to 47.60 % in Pelargonium graveolens, respectively. The highest is the content of citronellol+nerol in both species, 38.88 % for Pelargonium radens and 37.97 % for Pelargonium graveolens.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the anti-swarming potential of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil against the Proteus isolate. Materials and methods: The effect of sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil and aroma-chemicals was studied on swarming differentiation of urinary Proteus mirabilis isolate. The parameters under study were number of concentric rings and diameter of swarm fronts. Results and Discussion: The concentrations of P. graveolens essential oil ranging from 1.12-8.96 mg/ml showed a pronounced reduction in the diameter of the colony as a function of time. Evident reduction in the number of concentric rings was also observed due to the incorporation of P. graveolens essential oil at 8.96 mg/ml and 4.48 mg/ml concentrations. Conclusion: Hence, the inhibition of swarming by P. graveolens essential oil suggests its potential to be developed as a product for preventing P. mirabilis infections.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.14(4) 2015 p.384-388

Background. The decoction of Pelargonium graveolens yields an antioxidant-rich extract and a water-soluble polysaccharide. This study aims (1) to investigate the effect of process parameters (extraction time and temperature) on the antioxidant activity of the decoction and the extraction yield of CPGP by response methodology and (2) to study the chemical properties of the optimized decoction and rheological properties of the corresponding extracted polysaccharide. Results. The antioxidant-rich decoction contained about 19.76 ± 0.41 mg RE/g DM of flavonoids and 5.31 ± 0.56 mg CE/gDM of condensed tannins. The crude Pelargonium graveolens polysaccharide (CPGP) contained 87.27 % of sugar. Furthermore, the CPGP solutions (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) exhibited shear-thinning or pseudoplastic flow behavior. A central composite design (CDD) was applied to assess the effects of temperature and time on the antioxidant activity of the decoction, on the one hand, and on water-soluble polysaccharide yield, on the other. The decoction optimization of Pelargonium graveolens aimed to use less energy (93°C for 11 minutes) leading to the highest values of decoction phenolic content (33.01 ±0.49 mg GAE/gDM) and DPPH scavenging activity (136.10 ± 0.62 mg TXE/gDM) and the highest values of CPGP yield (6.97%). Conclusion. The obtained results suggest that the CPGP rheological characteristics are suitable for applications in many industries, especially food. The values of optimal conditions showed that Pelargonium graveolens decoction operation could have multiple uses, especially for consuming less energy.

Abstract The central nervous system stimulant 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) has been found in preworkout products and dietary supplements. A fast direct analysis in real time-quadrupole time of flight-MS method was used for identification of DMAA in dietary supplements and to determine if this compound is present in geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) plants or oil. This method involved the use of [M+H]+ ions in the positive mode based on the exact mass of DMAA. The results of this investigation showed that DMAA was not detected from authentic samples of P. graveolens plant material or pelargonium oil or in multiple samples of commercially available pelargonium oil. DMAA was detected in three samples of dietary supplements. The LOD of DMAA was found to be 10 ng/mL.

Malva sylvestris is generally confused with Pelargonium graveolens and Pelargonium odoratissimum due to similarities in their leaf morphology. The leaves of M. sylvestris have anthocyanins with scientifically proven cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant properties. The leaves of P. odoratissimum have essential oil with antibacterial and spasmolytic properties, while the essential oil from P. graveolens has antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The aim of this study was to morpho-anatomically analyze the leaves of these species, indicating differences that can be used to clarify controversies about their use as medicinal plants. To anatomically compare the structure of each plant, samples were observed by Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Leaf anatomy among species was quite different. Malva sylvestris showed capitate starry tector trichomes, as well as druses and mucilaginous cells. P. graveolens and P. odoratissimum differed as to trichomes. Both species had tector and glandular trichomes, and P. graveolens is distinguished for the greater height of tector trichomes and less quantity of the latter relative to P. odoratissimum. This study allowed the detection of anatomical differences, assisting in the taxonomy and classification of these species.

Pelargonium graveolens (Geranium) is a source of the finest quality of fragrance and its essential oils are used as antibacterial, and antifungal agents. The aim of the current research is to determine chemical constituents in the essential oil of P. graveolens by GC-MS and evaluate its antidiabetic activity via α-glucosidase inhibition assay. The chemical composition of P. graveolens essential oil was determined by GC/MS and its antidiabetic activity was assessed through inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme in in-vitro models. GC-MS analysis determines 36 chemical components in the essential oil of P. graveolens leaves, and citronellyl isovalerate (10.41 %), menthol (9.61 %), linalool (8.63 %), p-menthone (6.31 %), and geranyl tiglate (4.99 %) were recorded as major constituents. The essential oil of P. graveolens leaves showed concentration dependant inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme ranging from 28.13±1.41 to 74.24±2.53 µg/mL for concentration ranging from 31.25 to 1000 µg/mL. The IC50 values for of P. graveolens and acarbose were found as 93.72±4.76 and 80.4±2.17 µg/mL, respectively against the α-glucosidase enzyme. The study finding explores the chemical components of P. graveolens growing in the Iraqi Kurdistan region and scientifically supported its possible use in diabetic patients for controlling postprandial hyperglycemia.

O Pelargonium graveolens L. conhecido popularmente como gerânio, é uma planta aromática e perene que apresenta diversas propriedades e indicações terapêuticas. São elas: ação antifúngica, adstringente, de combate a acne, antisséptica, antienvelhecimento e relaxante. Sendo assim, considerando suas diversas indicações para tratamentos relacionados a pele e tendo em vista sua aplicação na fabricação de cosméticos, o presente trabalho avaliou a estabilidade do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico de Pelargonium graveolens L em diferentes concentrações aplicado em base dermatológica simples de creme aniônico durante 90 dias seguidos. Conforme o Guia de Estabilidade de Produtos Cosméticos da ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária), a base dermatológica foi exposta a diversos testes. São eles: à temperatura ambiente; sob a luz solar; incubada em estufa e em geladeira, a fim de detectar algum tipo de alteração no produto durante esse período em que os testes foram realizados. Neste sentido, os resultados apresentados sugerem que mesmo em diversas concentrações o extrato hidroalcóolico quando incorporado a uma base dermatológica permanece estável e os resultados nos permitem concluir que a fabricação de cosméticos utilizando Pelargonium graveolens L. é possível, bem como que o produto mantém suas características iniciais e que pode ser utilizado como base para possíveis dermocosméticos com ações cutâneas.

O gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens L.) é uma planta medicinal e aromática nativa do sul da África, cujo óleo essencial é amplamente empregado nas indústrias de perfumaria e cosmético, além de ser usado como terapêutico. Avaliou-se o efeito da luminosidade e dos reguladores de crescimento BAP e ANA na multiplicação in vitro e o uso de diferentes substratos na aclimatização de mudas micropropagadas. Foram avaliadas as concentrações 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg L-1 de BAP, 0; 0,1 e 0,5 mg L-1 de ANA e duas condições de luminosidade (ausência e presença de luz), em esquema fatorial 4x3x2; para a aclimatização foram utilizados quatro substratos, pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + calcário (1 g L-1) (PCBC); pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + calcário (1 g L-1) + vermiculita (1:1) (PCBCV 1:1); pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + calcário (1 g L-1) + vermiculita (PCBCV 2:1) e vermiculita e adição semanal de sais MS (VS). Para a micropropagação de P. graveolens a utilização de 1,3 mg L-1 de BAP e 0,5 mg L-1 de ANA é eficiente na regeneração direta de plantas de gerânio, sendo a condição de escuro a mais indicada por proporcionar o maior número de brotos por explante. Para a aclimatização das mudas de gerânio, os melhores resultados foram obtidos em mudas aclimatizadas no substrato vermiculita com adição semanal de sais de MS seguido do substrato PCBCV 1:1.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A lot of vegetable species synthesize and accumulate organic substances, such as essential oils, that can be turned in alternative income for rural producers. Pelargonium graveolens L. is a native aromatic species from South Africa, commonly known as geranium. Its essential oil is largely used in perfume, cosmetics and fragrances industries, besides the aromatherapy. The conventional vegetative propagation methods of geranium do not present considerable success, which difficult the production of transplants in large scale. This way it is important to look for alternative production techniques, such as micropropagation, for this commercially important species. The aims of this work were to establish a protocol for micropopagation and acclimatization of geranium, besides investigating of essential oil content and chemical composition. The completely randomized design was used. For the micropropagation assays were tested different concentrations and immersion times of sodium hypochlorite and mercury chloride, different types of explants and MS salts concentrations, besides testing different concentrations of the plant growth regulators BAP, NAA, kinetin and IAA at presence and absence of light. For the acclimatization assay different substrates were tested. To analyze the essential oil we use plants propagated by rooting of cuttings and by micropropagation. Sodium hypochlorite at 1.2% for 12 minutes can be used for disinfestation of geranium explants, as well as mercury chloride at 0.09 and 0.08% for 12 and 14 minutes, respectively. The leaf explant is more effective for geranium micropropagation using MS medium with 39.8% of its salts. BAP and IAA proportionate the best results for in vitro multiplication and regeneration and number of shoots per explant. For acclimatization the substrates vermiculite and weekly addition of solution with salts of MS medium, coconut dust + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g.L-1) + lime stone (1 g.L-1) and coconut dust + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g.L-1) + lime stone (1 g.L-1) + vermiculite (1:1) can be used. There is a difference in geranium essential oil content and chemical composition between plants obtained from rooted cuttings and micropropagation.
Muitas espécies vegetais sintetizam e acumulam substâncias orgânicas, tais como os óleos essenciais, que podem se tornar alternativa de renda para muitos agricultores. O Pelargonium graveolens L. é uma espécie aromática nativa da África do Sul, popularmente conhecida como gerânio. Seu óleo essencial é amplamente empregado em indústrias de perfumes, cosméticos e fragrâncias, além da aromaterapia. Os métodos convencionais de propagação vegetativa do gerânio não apresentam sucesso considerável, o que tem dificultado a produção de mudas em larga escala. Dessa forma, é importante buscar técnicas alternativas de propagação, como a micropropagação, dessa espécie comercialmente importante. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estabelecer um protocolo de micropropagação e aclimatização da espécie, além de verificar o teor e a composição química do seu óleo essencial. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Nos ensaios de micropropagação foram testadas diferentes concentrações e tempos de imersão de hipoclorito de sódio e cloreto de mercúrio, diferentes tipos de explantes e concentrações de sais MS, além de testar os reguladores de crescimento BAP, ANA, cinetina e AIA em diferentes concentrações na ausência e presença de luz. Para o ensaio de aclimatização foram testados diferentes substratos. Por fim, para a análise do óleo essencial foram utilizadas plantas propagadas através da estaquia e micropropagadas. O hipoclorito de sódio a 1,2% por 12 minutos pode ser usado na desinfestação dos explantes de gerânio, assim como o cloreto de mercúrio nas concentrações de 0,09 e 0,08% por 12 e 14 minutos, respectivamente. O explante foliar é o mais eficiente para a micropropagação em meio MS com 39,8% dos sais. Para a multiplicação in vitro o uso de BAP e AIA proporciona os melhores resultados para a regeneração e para o número de brotos por explante e na aclimatização pode-se usar os substratos vermiculita com adição semanal de sais MS, pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g.L-1) + calcário (1 g.L-1) e pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g.L-1) + calcário (1 g.L-1) + vermiculita (1:1). Há diferença no teor e composição química do óleo de gerânio proveniente de plantas propagadas por estaquia e micropropagadas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O óleo essencial de gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens L´Her) é amplamente usado em sabonetes, nas indústrias de perfumaria e cosméticos. Há um déficit na produção do óleo essencial de gerânio pelo mundo e assim tornou-se necessário o investimento em pesquisas que garantam o aumento da produção mundial de gerânio. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi de avaliar a influência do uso de diferentes cores de filme plástico, tipos de adubação, espaçamentos de plantio e intervalos de colheita na biomassa e no óleo essencial de gerânio. Dois ensaios foram conduzidos. No primeiro ensaio avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes cores de filme plástico e tipos de adubação e no segundo avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes espaçamentos de plantio e intervalos de colheita. As variáveis avaliadas foram: sobrevivência, altura de plantas, diâmetro de copas, massa fresca e seca de folhas e caules, teor e rendimento de óleo essencial e os teores dos seguintes compostos majoritários: geraniol, citronelol, formiato de citronelil, linalol, 6,9-guaiadieno, formiato de geranila, geranial e iso-mentona. No primeiro ensaio a ausência de filme plástico resultou na redução significativa para praticamente todas as variáveis e o uso de esterco bovino, isolado ou combinado com NPK (3-12-6), resultou em valores mais elevados em boa parte das variáveis. Para o cultivo de gerânio pode se recomendar o uso de filme plástico, preferencialmente de cor preta que é mais barato, espaçamento de plantio de 50 x 50 cm e os intervalos de colheita da parte aérea de oito semanas.

Thesis (M. Tech. (Agriculture)) -- Central University of Technology, Free state, 2014
The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of different potassium concentrations and water quality (salt) compared with the current scientifically accepted potassium threshold level and standardised water quality on the yield, oil composition and leaf morphology of rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) when grown in different potting-bag sizes and root media under temperature controlled condition. To achieve this objective, two trials were conducted. The first experiment evaluated potassium concentrations at 1.3, 3.3, 5.3 and 7.3 mmol L-1 and potting-bag size of 5 and 10 L. Treatments were arranged in a randomised complete block design assigned in a split plot layout. The main plots consisted of potassium concentration and the pottingbag sizes were allocated to sub-plots. Plant height, potassium content, linalool, geraniol, geranyl formate and the citronellol to geraniol ratio (C:G) were affected by potassium. Plant height, number of branches, the branch to height ratio (B:H), foliar fresh mass (FFM) and oil yield were significantly increased when 5 L potting bags were used. Plant foliar mass was significantly increased by the interaction between 5.3 mmol K L-1 and 5 L potting bags. In the second experiment salt levels applied at 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 and 4.0 mS cm-1 and root media (sand and sawdust) were evaluated. A split plot experimental layout was also used in this trial, with the salt levels allocated to the main plots. The sub-plots were allocated to the root medium. High salt level of 4.0 mS cm-1 reduced the number of leaves, plant height, number of branches, B:H ratio, leaf area, chlorophyll content and foliar fresh mass significantly. The number of leaves, leaf area and FFM were significantly increased where sawdust was used. Time of the day significantly affected stomatal conductance, and the opening of most stomata occurred at 10:00. Geranyl formate and the C:G ratio were significantly affected by salt at 4.0 mS cm-1. Salt induced the development of capitates trichomes. The abaxial leaf surface had a higher number of trichomes than the adaxial leaf surface. A strong polynomial (r2=0.97) relationship was found between capitates trichomes and salt levels. High densities of capitates trichomes were found at high salt level of 4.0 mS cm-1. Although the development of asciiform trichomes was induced, it was at an insignificant level. Trichome densities are therefore not affected by salt. It was therefore concluded that the application of 5.3 mmol K L-1 concentration and the use of 5 L potting bags improves the yield and oil quality of rose geranium. It was evident from this study that rose geranium might Salt induced have some degree of tolerance to salt. It was therefore concluded that rose geranium is a moderately salt-sensitive crop.

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This work was divided into three parts focusing two main topics: the study of volatiles compouds of P. graveolens and the study of the essential oil of L. alba and its evaluation of insecticidal activity against Spodoptera frugiperda. The chapter 2 approuch the study of the volatile compounds of the leaves of P. graveolens extracted by dynamic headspace using Porapak Q® as adsorbent and in nature peat, a novel adsorbent in the extraction of plant volatiles, and the results were compared with those obtained by hidrodestilation. The results showed that hydrodistilation (HD) was more efficient for extracting linalool and citronellyl formate. While citroneol, geraniol and geranyl tiglate were obtained in greater quantity by dynamic headspace using in nature peat (HSD-T), isomenthone, 6,9- guaiadiene and - muurolene by headspace using Porapak Q® (HSD-P). The study of conversion proved that geraniol converts in linalool when geraniol is subjected to water vapor and high temperature, nevertheless a small ratio. This also prove, in parts, the high percentage of linalool obtained by HD compared to HSD-T and HSD-P. The chapter 3 approuch the study of the essential oils of 9 accessions of L. alba collected in 4 states of Brazil using statistical methods and checking the accessions with the best essential oil content. The statistical methods of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and Principal component analysis (PCA) were used to prove the experimental data and confirmation of training groups. Three groups representatives of the three chemotypes were formed: Group I was characterized by linalool and 1,8-cineole; group II, by limonene and carvone; and group III by neral and geranial. In chapter 4 was approached the evaluation of insecticidal activity of the essential oils of P. graveolens (PEL-001) and L. alba (accessions LA-10, LA-22 and LA-57) and also of the main compounds (geraniol, linalool, 1,8-cineole, limonene, carvone) against S. frugiperda via topical aplication. The test of topical application showed that the essential oils of P. graveolens (PEL-001) and L. alba (accessions LA-10, LA-22, LA-57) showed acute toxicity against larvae of S. frugiperda, causing mortality of up to 100% at a dose 192 μg/larvae.
O presente trabalho foi dividido em 3 partes os quais abordam 2 temas centrais: estudo dos compostos voláteis de Pelargonium graveolens e do óleo essencial de Lippia alba e avaliação de atividade inseticida frente à Spodoptera frugiperda. O capítulo 2 abordou o estudo dos voláteis das folhas de P. graveolens extraídos por headspace dinâmico utlizando Porapak Q® como adsorvente e turfa in natura, um adsorvente inédito empregado na extração de voláteis de plantas, sendo os resultados comparados com àqueles obtidos por hidrodestilação. Os resultados mostraram que a hidrodestilação (HD) foi mais eficiente na extração de linalol e formiato de citronelila. Enquanto citronelol, geraniol e tiglato de citronelila foram obtidos em maior proporção por headspace dinâmico utilizando turfa in natura como adsorvente (HSD-T), isomentona, 6,9- guaiadieno e -muuroleno foram identificados em maior proporção por headspace dinâmico utilizando Porapak Q® (HSD-P). O estudo de conversão comprovou que geraniol se converte em linalol, quando o geraniol é submetido a vapor d água e altas temperaturas, porém a um pequeno percentual. Isso também comprova, em partes, o alto percentual de linalol obtido por HD em relação à HSD-T e HSD-P. A extração do hidrolato revelou variações na composição volátil em comparação com os outros métodos de extração. O Capítulo 3 abordou o estudo dos óleos essenciais de 9 acessos de L. alba coletados em 4 estados do Brasil empregando métodos estatísticos e verificando os acessos com melhores teor de óleo essencial. Os métodos estatísticos de análise hierárquica de agrupamentos (HCA) e análise de componentes principais (PCA) foram empregados para comprovar os dados experimentais e confirmar a formação dos grupos. Três grupos, representando os três quimiotipos, foram formados, dos quais o grupo I foi caracterizado por linalol e 1,8-cineol, grupo II por limoneno e carvona e grupo III por neral e geranial. No capítulo 4 foi abordado a avaliação de atividade inseticida dos óleos essenciais de P. graveolens (PEL-001) e L. alba (acessos LA-10, LA-22 e LA-57), bem como dos seus principais compostos majoritários (geraniol, linalol, 1,8-cineol, limoneno e carvona) frente à S. VII frugiperda. O ensaio de aplicação tópica mostrou que óleos essenciais de P. graveolens (PEL-001) e L. alba (acessos LA-10, LA-22, LA-57) apresentaram toxicidade aguda nas lagartas S. frugiperda, ocasionando mortalidade de até 100% na dose 192 μg/lagarta.

Les huiles essentielles de citronnelle (Cymbopogon citratus), de géranium (Pelargonium graveolens) et de vétiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) sont utilisées partout dans le monde pour leur activité répulsive contre les principaux vecteurs (moustiques, tiques) de maladies infectieuses chez l'Homme (paludisme, chikungunya, …). L'application cutanée de ces produits naturels pour éviter le contact avec un vecteur n'avait pas été encore envisagée comme moyen de limiter les premiers stades de l’infection par l'agent pathogène transmis par le vecteur. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, les travaux ont été consacrés à la mise en place d'un cadre structuré pour la réévaluation chimique et biologique des trois huiles essentielles sur le modèle du virus du Ross River (alphavirus) de la même famille que le virus du Chikungunya. La caractérisation chimique des huiles essentielles avec une technique de haute résolution (GC×GC/TOF-MS) a permis d'établir leur profil chémotypique précis. L'utilisation de marqueurs spécifiques (clones moléculaires du virus) a permis d'établir l'inhibition de la réplication virale en fonction des conditions d'application des huiles essentielles de géranium et citronnelle. Ces résultats suggèrent l'intérêt d’une huile essentielle répulsive dans les premiers stades d'une infection par un vecteur. À ce titre, l'étude comparative établit la haute valeur ajoutée de l'huile essentielle de géranium et oriente la recherche de nouveaux anti-infectieux naturels vers des complexes riches en monoterpènes
Essential oils of citronella (Cymbopogon citratus), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) are used worldwide as topical repellent against the main vectors (mosquitoes, ticks) of human infectious diseases (Malaria, chikungunya, …). Skin treatment with these natural products, initially to avoid contact with the vector had not yet been considered as a way to disrupt the early stages of infection when the repelling action fails. To check this hypothesis, a structured framework has been performed for the chemical and biological re-evaluation of the three essential oils. The latter was tested against Ross River virus (alphavirus) that belongs to the same family of Chikungunya virus. Analysis of essential oils using a high-resolution technique (GC × GC / TOF-MS) resulted in a more accurate chemotypical profile of the local production. The use of specific markers (molecular clones of the virus, Saclay CEA) allowed to establish the inhibition of viral replication depending of the conditions of geranium and citronella essential oils application. These results suggest the great interest of an essential oil topical repellent in the early stages of a vector infection. The comparative study established the high value of geranium essential oil and gave future direction to the discovery of new anti-infectious solutions from monoterpenes-rich natural complexes

碩士
中原大學
化學研究所
95
Pelargonium graveolens, a member of Geraniaceae family which has strong and specific scent. This plant contains essential oil which can be used for anti-inflammation or anti-microbial. Moreover, its fragrance can be used to repel insects and mosquitoes. In this study, the leaves and branches were gathered from fresh Pelargonium graveolens. After prepared processes, the slightly brown neutral essential oil was gathered by distillation and by using ether and hexane to partition before treatment with base to remove acidic compounds. Then, the essential oil mixture was separated and purified by column chromatography. The oil mixture was chromatographed into hydrocarbon and oxygenated fractions which were used to analyze its chemical components by using gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID), mass spectrometer detector (MSD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR). In the hydrocarbon fraction, some components were found. They go as follows. β-pinene、3-methylene-1,5,5-trimethylcyclohexene、α-phellandrene、o-cymene、sylvestrene、β-trans-ocimene、β-cis-ocimene、copaene、β-bourbonene、β-elemene、β-caryophyllene、α-guaiene、aristolene、α-gurjunene、α-caryophyllene、aromadendrene、germacrene D、isoledene、δ-selinene、α-muurolene、cadinene、τ-cadinene、δ-cadinene、β-maaliene were identified. There was first time to isolated aristolene from Pelargonium graveolens. In the oxygenated fraction, some components were found. They go as follows. linalool、menthone、geraniol、τ-eudesmol、geranic oxide、cineole、linalool oxide、rose oxide、myrcenol、isopulegol、α-cyclogeraniol、isomenthol、terpineol、β-citronellol、 β-citral、citronellyl formate、citronellyl propionate、geranyl propionate、citronellyl butanoate、geranyl、nerolidol isobutyrate、phenylethyl tiglate、agarospirol、τ-cadinol、geranyl tiglate were identified. By comparing the methods of extraction, 0.16% essential oil was gathered by indirect steam distillation while 0.14% essential oil was gathered by direct steam distillation from Pelargonium graveolens. Then, I compared the differences by tracing eight major components contents in oils which were gathered in two different ways. The findings go as follows. 1.Indirect steam distillation： linalool 5.79%、menthone 8.85%、β-citronellol 15.08%、geraniol 20.58%、aristolene 16.52%、germacrene D 5.10%、τ-eudesmol 11.38%、geranyl tiglate 5.16%。 2.Direct water distillation： linalool 16.89%、menthone 6.07%、β-citronellol 8.15%、geraniol 33.69%、aristolene 8.37%、germacrene D 0.42%、τ-eudesmol 7.34%、geranyl tiglate 5.51%。

Dissertação de mestrado em Biotecnologia e Bio-empreendedorismo em Plantas Aromáticas e Medicinais
O potencial terapêutico de óleos essenciais de Salvia sclarea, Salvia officinalis cv. ‘purpurascens’, Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) em doenças neurodegenerativas e de óleos essenciais de Pelargonium graveolens (Geraniaceae) como ansiolítico, muitas vezes utilizados em Aromaterapia sugerem o papel relevante da regulamentação deste sector, designadamente quanto a critérios de controlo de qualidade. Tendo isto em mente, a investigação realizada no âmbito deste trabalho teve como principiais objectivos: (i) conhecer a composição dos óleos essenciais destas espécies e (ii) desenvolver uma alternativa de produção de metabolitos secundários através da manipulação biotecnológica. Relativamente a micropropagação, as espécies da família Lamiaceae foram as mais difíceis de estabelecer, dada as elevadas quantidades de compostos fenólicos que os explantes libertam para o meio. As melhores respostas foram dadas com a presença de uma citocinina no meio, 0,75 mg/L de ZEA para R. officinalis, 0,25 mg/L de BA para S. officinalis cv ‘purpurascens’ e 0,5 mg/L de ZEA, juntamente com 0,04 de GA3 e 0,02 mg/L de NAA, para S. sclarea. Relativamente a P. graveolens, foram obtidos bons resultados (62%) em meio MS suplementado com 0,5 mg/L de BA e 0,1 mg/L de NAA. Esta espécie, posteriormente, também foi aclimatizada com uma taxa de 75% de sucesso. O número mais elevado de rebentos caulinares induzidos em culturas in vitro de P. graveolens foi de 2,3 e 2,0 por explante, constituídos por segmentos nodais e segmentos peciolares, respectivamente. A composição dos óleos essenciais foi determinada para plantas in vivo e culturas in vitro destas por GC e GC-MS. O OE de folhas e flores de plantas in vivo de S. sclarea foi marcada pela presença de germacreno D e E-cariofileno (folhas) e acetato de linalilo e linalool (flores) ao passo que, nas folhas de plântulas in vitro houve a presença de um composto peculiar, o fitol representando 74% do óleo. S. officinalis mostrou um perfil do OE bem semelhante nas plantas in vivo e plântulas in vitro com a presença do β-pineno, α-tujona e cânfora. Os OE produzidos pelas flores, plantas in vivo e plantas in vitro de R. officinalis apresentavam um perfil químico semelhante, sendo maioritários o α-pineno, 1,8-cineole, verbenona e cânfora. Já no óleo de P. graveolens houve grandes diferenças do perfil químico, nas condições in vivo era fortemente marcado pela isomentona (62%) e nas condições in vitro por α- guaieno (27%) e 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (23%). Verificou-se que na composição destes óleos estavam presentes em quantidades relevantes constituintes tais como, 1,8 cineole, α- e β- pineno, α-tujona, linalool e acetato de linalilo que são citados por sua actividade neuroprotetora em doenças degenerativas e actividade ansiolítica. À parte a infecção generalizada dos explantes de P. graveolens utilizados numa única tentativa de transformação genética de P. graveolens, mediada por Agrobacterium rhizogenes, registaram-se sinais de indução de hairy roots a partir de um único explante dos que foram submetidos à transformação.
The therapeutic potential of essential oils of Salvia sclarea, Salvia officinalis cv. ‘purpurascens’ and Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae), in neurodegenerative diseases, and that of essential oils of Pelargonium graveolens (Geraniaceae) as anxiolytic, repeatedly used in Aromaterapy, justify the importance given in regulating this sector, particularly, in what respects the criteria for quality control. Concerning this, the general aims of the research developed with this work was: (i) to know the essential oils composition of the target species and (ii) to develop an alternative approach to the production of secondary metabolites by biotechnological manipulation. Relatively to the micropropagation the species belonging to the Lamiaceae family were the most difficult to establish, since they release large amounts of phenolic compounds to media. From the approaches performed, the best responses of the plant explants to the media conditions were given in the presence of a cytokinin in the medium, 0,75 mg/L of ZEA for R. officinalis, 0,25 mg/L of BA for S. officinalis cv. ‘purpurascens’, 0,5 mg/L of ZEA, more 0,04 of GA3, and 0,02 mg/L of NAA for S. sclarea. Concerning P. graveolens, the highest-quality results (62% of regeneration from all explants used) were on the medium MS supplemented with 0,5 mg/L of BA and 0,1 mg/L of NAA . This species was subsequently acclimatized with a success rate of 75%. The highest number of shoots regenerated from each explants (2.3 and 2.0) were got from nodal and petiole segments, respectively. The analysis of the essential oils (EO), were performed using GC and GCMS. EO were isolated by hydrodistillation of leaves and flowers of in vivo plants of S. sclarea and R. officinalis, leaves of in vivo plants of S. officinalis cv. ‘purpurascens’ and P. graveolens, and leaves of in vitro plantlets of the four species. The EO of S. sclarea leaves was marked by the presence of germacrene D and Ecaryophyllene and that of the respective flowers marked by linalyl acetate and linalool. In the EO of leaves of S. sclarea in vitro plants occurred the presence of a peculiar compound, the phytol, representing 74% of oil. In vivo e in vitro plants of S. officinalis showed EO profiles very similar, with the presence of β-pinene, α-thujone and camphor, as major compounds. Comparing the OE produced by flowers, in vivo and in vitro plants of R. officinalis a similar chemical profile could also be found, showing as major compounds: α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, verbenone and camphor. The EO of in vivo plants of P. graveolens was strongly marked by isomenthone (62%), while the EO of in vitro plantlets was marked by α-guaiene (27%) and 10-epi-γ- eudesmol (23%). It was found that the composition of these oils contained relevant amounts of 1,8 cineole, α-and β-pinene, α-thujone, linalool and linalyl acetate, constituents that have recognized neuroprotective and anxiolytic activities. Notwithstanding the generalized infection occurred to the explants of P. graveolens used in the genetic transformation approaches, using Agrobacterium rhizogenes, one only explant gave good signals of transformation through the hairy root phenotype that it showed.