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Journal articles on the topic 'Pelargonium graveolens'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Badzhelova, V. "Main parameters of essential oil of two species from genus Pelargonium, cultivated in laboratory conditions." Agricultural Science and Technology, Volume 13, Issue 1 (March 2021): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2021.01.014.

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Abstract. The objective of this study is to determine the quantity and parameters of the obtained essential oil of two species from genus Pelargonium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Her. and Pelargonium radens H.E.Moor) in Bulgaria. This research was conducted using the microdistillation method and gas chromatography. As a result significant difference in the quantity of obtained essential oils has been found and the number of the main components and the ratio of the dominant ingredients have been determined. In general, they represent the main part of the oils – from 45.23 % in Pelargonium radens to 47.60 % in Pelargonium graveolens, respectively. The highest is the content of citronellol+nerol in both species, 38.88 % for Pelargonium radens and 37.97 % for Pelargonium graveolens.

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2

Ghedira, K., and P. Goetz. "Géranium rosat : Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. (Géraniaceae)." Phytothérapie 13, no. 3 (April 22, 2015): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10298-015-0955-x.

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3

Malik, Tripti, Padma Singh, Shailja Pant, Nirpendra Chauhan, Hema Lohani, Vitesh Kumar, and Sapna Swarup. "Inhibition of swarming behaviour in Proteus mirabilis by Pelargonium graveolens essential oil." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 14, no. 4 (December 11, 2015): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v14i4.20004.

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Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the anti-swarming potential of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil against the Proteus isolate. Materials and methods: The effect of sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil and aroma-chemicals was studied on swarming differentiation of urinary Proteus mirabilis isolate. The parameters under study were number of concentric rings and diameter of swarm fronts. Results and Discussion: The concentrations of P. graveolens essential oil ranging from 1.12-8.96 mg/ml showed a pronounced reduction in the diameter of the colony as a function of time. Evident reduction in the number of concentric rings was also observed due to the incorporation of P. graveolens essential oil at 8.96 mg/ml and 4.48 mg/ml concentrations. Conclusion: Hence, the inhibition of swarming by P. graveolens essential oil suggests its potential to be developed as a product for preventing P. mirabilis infections.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.14(4) 2015 p.384-388

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4

Ennaifer, Malek, Taroub Bouzaiene, Moncef Chouaibi, and Moktar Hamdi. "Pelargonium graveolens Aqueous Decoction: A New Water-Soluble Polysaccharide and Antioxidant-Rich Extract." BioMed Research International 2018 (November 12, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2691513.

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Background. The decoction of Pelargonium graveolens yields an antioxidant-rich extract and a water-soluble polysaccharide. This study aims (1) to investigate the effect of process parameters (extraction time and temperature) on the antioxidant activity of the decoction and the extraction yield of CPGP by response methodology and (2) to study the chemical properties of the optimized decoction and rheological properties of the corresponding extracted polysaccharide. Results. The antioxidant-rich decoction contained about 19.76 ± 0.41 mg RE/g DM of flavonoids and 5.31 ± 0.56 mg CE/gDM of condensed tannins. The crude Pelargonium graveolens polysaccharide (CPGP) contained 87.27 % of sugar. Furthermore, the CPGP solutions (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) exhibited shear-thinning or pseudoplastic flow behavior. A central composite design (CDD) was applied to assess the effects of temperature and time on the antioxidant activity of the decoction, on the one hand, and on water-soluble polysaccharide yield, on the other. The decoction optimization of Pelargonium graveolens aimed to use less energy (93°C for 11 minutes) leading to the highest values of decoction phenolic content (33.01 ±0.49 mg GAE/gDM) and DPPH scavenging activity (136.10 ± 0.62 mg TXE/gDM) and the highest values of CPGP yield (6.97%). Conclusion. The obtained results suggest that the CPGP rheological characteristics are suitable for applications in many industries, especially food. The values of optimal conditions showed that Pelargonium graveolens decoction operation could have multiple uses, especially for consuming less energy.

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5

Avula, Bharathi, Troy J. Smillie, Yan-Hong Wang, Jerry Zweigenbaum, Mahmoud A. ElSohly, and Ikhlas A. Khan. "Fast Identification of 1,3-Dimethylamylamine Using Direct Analysis in Real Time-QToF-MS." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 757–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-223.

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Abstract The central nervous system stimulant 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) has been found in preworkout products and dietary supplements. A fast direct analysis in real time-quadrupole time of flight-MS method was used for identification of DMAA in dietary supplements and to determine if this compound is present in geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) plants or oil. This method involved the use of [M+H]+ ions in the positive mode based on the exact mass of DMAA. The results of this investigation showed that DMAA was not detected from authentic samples of P. graveolens plant material or pelargonium oil or in multiple samples of commercially available pelargonium oil. DMAA was detected in three samples of dietary supplements. The LOD of DMAA was found to be 10 ng/mL.

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6

Aouaini, Fatma, Salah Knani, Manel Ben Yahia, Neila Bahloul, Abdelmottaleb Ben Lamine, and Nabil Kechaou. "New insights on energetic analysis of water adsorption isotherms of the Pelargonium graveolens: modeling, interpretations and pore sizes distribution based on statistical physics approach." RSC Advances 6, no. 63 (2016): 58796–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra06559g.

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7

Romitelli, I., and M. B. G. Martins. "Comparison of leaf morphology and anatomy among Malva sylvestris ("gerânio-aromático"), Pelargonium graveolens ("falsa-malva") and Pelargonium odoratissimum ("gerânio-de-cheiro")." Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 15, no. 1 (2013): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-05722013000100013.

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Malva sylvestris is generally confused with Pelargonium graveolens and Pelargonium odoratissimum due to similarities in their leaf morphology. The leaves of M. sylvestris have anthocyanins with scientifically proven cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant properties. The leaves of P. odoratissimum have essential oil with antibacterial and spasmolytic properties, while the essential oil from P. graveolens has antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The aim of this study was to morpho-anatomically analyze the leaves of these species, indicating differences that can be used to clarify controversies about their use as medicinal plants. To anatomically compare the structure of each plant, samples were observed by Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Leaf anatomy among species was quite different. Malva sylvestris showed capitate starry tector trichomes, as well as druses and mucilaginous cells. P. graveolens and P. odoratissimum differed as to trichomes. Both species had tector and glandular trichomes, and P. graveolens is distinguished for the greater height of tector trichomes and less quantity of the latter relative to P. odoratissimum. This study allowed the detection of anatomical differences, assisting in the taxonomy and classification of these species.

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8

Javed Ahamad and Subasini Uthirapathy. "Chemical Characterization and Antidiabetic Activity of Essential Oils from Pelargonium graveolens Leaves." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10791.

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Pelargonium graveolens (Geranium) is a source of the finest quality of fragrance and its essential oils are used as antibacterial, and antifungal agents. The aim of the current research is to determine chemical constituents in the essential oil of P. graveolens by GC-MS and evaluate its antidiabetic activity via α-glucosidase inhibition assay. The chemical composition of P. graveolens essential oil was determined by GC/MS and its antidiabetic activity was assessed through inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme in in-vitro models. GC-MS analysis determines 36 chemical components in the essential oil of P. graveolens leaves, and citronellyl isovalerate (10.41 %), menthol (9.61 %), linalool (8.63 %), p-menthone (6.31 %), and geranyl tiglate (4.99 %) were recorded as major constituents. The essential oil of P. graveolens leaves showed concentration dependant inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme ranging from 28.13±1.41 to 74.24±2.53 µg/mL for concentration ranging from 31.25 to 1000 µg/mL. The IC50 values for of P. graveolens and acarbose were found as 93.72±4.76 and 80.4±2.17 µg/mL, respectively against the α-glucosidase enzyme. The study finding explores the chemical components of P. graveolens growing in the Iraqi Kurdistan region and scientifically supported its possible use in diabetic patients for controlling postprandial hyperglycemia.

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9

Gelaleti, Daniela, Isabella Stefanov Galvão, Mayara Muniz Lourenço Batista, Victoria Santos, Micheli Felix, Maira Jardim, Carlos Rocha Oliveira, and Valéria Maria De Souza Antunes. "Estabilidade de Formulação Dermocosmética contendo extrato de Pelargonium Graveolens." Brazilian Journal of Natural Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31415/bjns.v2i1.31.

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O Pelargonium graveolens L. conhecido popularmente como gerânio, é uma planta aromática e perene que apresenta diversas propriedades e indicações terapêuticas. São elas: ação antifúngica, adstringente, de combate a acne, antisséptica, antienvelhecimento e relaxante. Sendo assim, considerando suas diversas indicações para tratamentos relacionados a pele e tendo em vista sua aplicação na fabricação de cosméticos, o presente trabalho avaliou a estabilidade do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico de Pelargonium graveolens L em diferentes concentrações aplicado em base dermatológica simples de creme aniônico durante 90 dias seguidos. Conforme o Guia de Estabilidade de Produtos Cosméticos da ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária), a base dermatológica foi exposta a diversos testes. São eles: à temperatura ambiente; sob a luz solar; incubada em estufa e em geladeira, a fim de detectar algum tipo de alteração no produto durante esse período em que os testes foram realizados. Neste sentido, os resultados apresentados sugerem que mesmo em diversas concentrações o extrato hidroalcóolico quando incorporado a uma base dermatológica permanece estável e os resultados nos permitem concluir que a fabricação de cosméticos utilizando Pelargonium graveolens L. é possível, bem como que o produto mantém suas características iniciais e que pode ser utilizado como base para possíveis dermocosméticos com ações cutâneas.

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10

Arrigoni-Blank, M. F., S. A. Almeida, A. C. L. Oliveira, and A. F. Blank. "Micropropagação e aclimatização de gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens L.)." Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 13, no. 3 (2011): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-05722011000300004.

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O gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens L.) é uma planta medicinal e aromática nativa do sul da África, cujo óleo essencial é amplamente empregado nas indústrias de perfumaria e cosmético, além de ser usado como terapêutico. Avaliou-se o efeito da luminosidade e dos reguladores de crescimento BAP e ANA na multiplicação in vitro e o uso de diferentes substratos na aclimatização de mudas micropropagadas. Foram avaliadas as concentrações 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg L-1 de BAP, 0; 0,1 e 0,5 mg L-1 de ANA e duas condições de luminosidade (ausência e presença de luz), em esquema fatorial 4x3x2; para a aclimatização foram utilizados quatro substratos, pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + calcário (1 g L-1) (PCBC); pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + calcário (1 g L-1) + vermiculita (1:1) (PCBCV 1:1); pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + calcário (1 g L-1) + vermiculita (PCBCV 2:1) e vermiculita e adição semanal de sais MS (VS). Para a micropropagação de P. graveolens a utilização de 1,3 mg L-1 de BAP e 0,5 mg L-1 de ANA é eficiente na regeneração direta de plantas de gerânio, sendo a condição de escuro a mais indicada por proporcionar o maior número de brotos por explante. Para a aclimatização das mudas de gerânio, os melhores resultados foram obtidos em mudas aclimatizadas no substrato vermiculita com adição semanal de sais de MS seguido do substrato PCBCV 1:1.

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11

Oliveira, Janine Machado. "CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF THE SPECIES Malva sylvestrisand Pelargonium graveolens: A REVIEW." Revista UNINGÁ Review 36 (March 12, 2021): eURJ3728-eURJ3728. http://dx.doi.org/10.46311/2178-2571.36.eurj3728.

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Determinadas plantas medicinais possuem nomes populares semelhantes entre si. Malva sylvestris e Pelargonium graveolens são espécies conhecidas pelo mesmo nome popular “Malva” e, portanto, comumente confundidas, além de serem usadas para fins medicinais parecidos. O objetivo do trabalho foi executar uma revisão da literatura dos últimos dez anos sobre o desenvolvimento do conhecimento científico de óleos essenciais de M. sylvestris e P. graveolens, com a finalidade de identificar os principais componentes químicos e atividades biológicas. Os resultados descrevem a produção comercial destes óleos essenciais, no qual P. graveolens, que também é conhecido popularmente como gerânio ou malva-cheirosa, possui um forte efeito terapêutico em sua composição. Quanto aos componentes químicos, os ácidos graxos: ácido linolênico, ácido linoléico e ácido palmítico são constituintes majoritários dos óleos de M. Sylvestris. Enquanto P. graveolens é composto principalmente de citronelol, geraniol, formiato de citronelila e mentona. As principais atividades relatadas foram: antimicrobiana, antifúngica, inseticida e antioxidante.

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12

Kardan-Yamchi, Jalil, Mohaddese Mahboubi, Hossein Kazemian, Gholamreza Hamzelou, and Mohammad M. Feizabadi. "The Chemical Composition and Anti-mycobacterial Activities of Trachyspermum copticum and Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oils." Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery 15, no. 1 (November 26, 2020): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574891x14666191028113321.

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Background: Microbial resistance to antibiotics and their adverse effects related to these antibiotics are a matter of global public health in the 21th century. The emergence of drug-resistant strains, has gained the interest of the scientists to discover new antimicrobial agents from the essential oil of medicinal plants. Methods: Anti-mycobacterial effects of Trachyspermum copticum and Pelargonium graveolens essential oils were determined against multi-drug resistant clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium fortuitum and standard strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by a Broth micro-dilution method. Pelargonium graveolens plant named Narmada was discovered by Kulkarni R.N et al. (Patent ID, USPP12425P2) and a formulation comprising thymol obtained from Trachyspermum is useful in the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections (Patent ID, US6824795B2). The chemical composition of hydro-distilled essential oils was determined by GC and GC-MS. Results: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for T. copticum essential oil against tested isolates were ranged from 19.5 µg/mL to 78 µg/mL. The least minimum inhibitory concentration of P. graveolens extract against M. Kansasii and MDR-TB was 78 µg/ml. Conclusion: The results of the present research introduced T. copticum and P. graveolens essential oils as a remarkable natural anti-mycobacterial agent, but more pharmacological studies are required to evaluate their efficacy in animal models.

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13

Rana, V. "Chemical constituents of essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens leaves." International Journal of Aromatherapy 12, no. 4 (December 2002): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-4562(03)00003-1.

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14

KATAGI, Hiroaki, Etsuko TAKAHASHI, Kazuo NAKAO, and Masayoshi INUI. "Shoot-forming cultures of Pelargonium graveolens by Jar fermentation." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 60, no. 1 (1986): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.60.15.

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15

Kang, Chul Joo, Min Goo Lee, Young Sil Cho, Joong Won Lee, Yoon Jung Kyung, Jeong Sheop Shin, Eun-Soo Kim, and Jeong-Kook Kim. "Characterization of Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) Chloroplast EF-Tu cDNA." Molecules and Cells 10, no. 5 (October 2000): 579–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10059-000-0579-2.

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16

Kang, Chul Joo, Min Goo Lee, Young Sil Cho, Joong Won Lee, Yoon Jung Kyung, Jeong Sheop Shin, Eun-Soo Kim, and Jeong-Kook Kim. "Characterization of Geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens) Chloroplast EF-Tu cDNA." Molecules and Cells 10, no. 5 (October 2000): 579–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100590000015.

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17

Chrysargyris, Antonios, Rita Maggini, Luca Incrocci, Alberto Pardossi, and Nikolaos Tzortzakis. "Copper Tolerance and Accumulation on Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. Grown in Hydroponic Culture." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081663.

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Heavy metal contamination is a major health issue concerning the commercial production of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) that are used for the extraction of bioactive molecules. Copper (Cu) is an anthropogenic contaminant that, at toxic levels, can accumulate in plant tissues, affecting plant growth and development. On the other hand, plant response to metal-induced stress may involve the synthesis and accumulation of beneficial secondary metabolites. In this study, hydroponically grown Pelargonium graveolens plants were exposed to different Cu concentrations in a nutrient solution (4, 25, 50, 100 μM) to evaluate the effects Cu toxicity on plant growth, mineral uptake and distribution in plants, some stress indicators, and the accumulation of bioactive secondary metabolites in leaf tissues. P. graveolens resulted in moderately tolerant Cu toxicity. At Cu concentrations up to 100 μM, biomass production was preserved and was accompanied by an increase in phenolics and antioxidant capacity. The metal contaminant was accumulated mainly in the roots. The leaf tissues of Cu-treated P. graveolens may be safely used for the extraction of bioactive molecules.

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18

Chraibi, M., K. Fikri-Benbrahim, M. Amrani, A. Farah, A. Bari, and Z. Benziane Ouaritini. "Etude Ethnobotanique Sur L’utilisation De Mentha Pulegium, Mentha Piperita Et Pelargonium Graveolens Au Nord Du Maroc (Taounate) Et Évaluation De Leur Pouvoir Antimicrobien." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 24 (August 31, 2018): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n24p113.

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Traditional medicine has always occupied an important place in Moroccan traditions medication, Taounate region is concrete example. Thus, this survey aims to highlight the different uses of Mentha pulegium, Mentha piperita and Pelargonium graveolens in Taounate city during April month 2017, and to evaluate their antimicrobial potency against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Acinetobacter baumannii by microdilution method. A questionnaire was used with residents, herbalists and phytotherapists. The results showed that these three plants are used mainly for their therapeutic virtues; precisely against digestive disorders representing the most cited diseases for Mentha piperita (51%), respiratory diseases for Mentha pulegium (50%) and dermatological conditions for Pelargonium graveolens(44%). The majority of remedies are prepared by decoction (56%) from leaves (71%) and usually orally administered (68%) as herbal tea (58%). Cure rate is 41% with 53% health improvement. In addition, the essential oils of these studied plants exhibited strong inhibitory effect against all tested microorganisms with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.01562% to 1% (v/v).

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19

Szutt, Adriana, Agnieszka Dołhańczuk-Śródka, and Monika Sporek. "Evaluation of Chemical Composition of Essential Oils Derived from Different Pelargonium Species Leaves." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 807–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2019-0057.

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Abstract Plants have been used for their aromatic and medicinal purposes for centuries. The genus Pelargonium contains about 250-280 species and cultivated around the world for the production of essential oils and absolutes. Pelargonium species are remarkable for their odour diversity, from fresh, lemon and minty scent, through floral, rose, fruity up to spicy and camphoreous smell as well as many health beneficial properties, that is why their essential oils are widely used in perfume, cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to determine variability in populations of Pelargonium genus by evaluating their differences in quantitative and qualitative essential oils compositions. This study determined that of all the examined essential oil, the one of P. graveolens indoor cultivar has the closest C:G ratio (1.16) which makes it a very valuable product. In comparison with available literature, beside the geographical region of plant growth, all essential oils from P. graveolens contain a diverse range of compounds, nevertheless, in every single one, geraniol and citronellol are present in the most significant fraction of the total oil. The examined P. roseum essential oil was characterized by the highest level of citronellol (44.62 % of total oil), but it can be due to the chemical reactions (conversion geraniol into citronellol) occurring in stored product.

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Rosato, Antonio, Elisabetta Altini, Sabina Sblano, Lara Salvagno, Filippo Maggi, Giuliana de Michele, Alessia Carocci, Maria Lisa Clodoveo, Filomena Corbo, and Giuseppe Fracchiolla. "Synergistic Activity of New Diclofenac and Essential Oils Combinations against Different Candida spp." Antibiotics 10, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060688.

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According to recent studies, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) have shown a good antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Their association with essential oils (EOs) could be useful for the treatment of infections caused by Candida spp. The aim of this studyis to evaluate the synergistic antifungal activity of new combinations between Diclofenac Sodium Salt (DSS), a widely used NSAID, with EOs of Mentha × piperita, Pelargonium graveolens and Melaleuca alternifolia. The in-vitro antifungal activity was determined on different Candida strains. The determination of the chemical composition of EOs was carried out by gaschromatography-massspectrometry (GC-MS). Susceptibility testing of planktonic cells was performed by using the broth microdilution assay and checkerboard methods. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of DSS was in a range from 1.02 to 2.05 μg/mL reaching a MIC value of 0.05 μg/mL when combined with Pelargonium graveolens (FICI = 0.23–0.35) or Menthapiperita (FICI = 0.22–0.30) EOs. These preliminary results show thatthe combination of the EOs with DSS improves the antifungal activity on all the tested Candida strains.

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Nisa, Nahida Tun. "Tissue Culture Studies for Micropropagation of Pelargonium graveolens L’ Herit." Journal of Functional And Environmental Botany 8, no. 1and2 (2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2231-1750.2018.00002.1.

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22

Rao, P. V. Lakshmana. "In vitro plant regeneration of scented-leaved geranium Pelargonium graveolens." Plant Science 98, no. 2 (January 1994): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(94)90009-4.

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23

Caughey-Espinoza, Diana Miriam Mc, Gloria Irma Ayala-Astorga, Génesis V. Buitimea-Cantúa, Nydia E. Buitimea-Cantúa, and Andrés Ochoa-Meza. "Propagación y establecimiento de citronela (Pelargonium graveolens) bajo malla sombra." Idesia (Arica) 38, no. 4 (December 2020): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-34292020000400109.

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Iijima, Miu, Hiromichi Kenmoku, Hironobu Takahashi, Jung-Bum Lee, Masao Toyota, Yoshinori Asakawa, Fumiya Kurosaki, and Futoshi Taura. "Characterization of 12-Oxophytodienoic Acid Reductases from Rose-scented Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 12 (December 2016): 1934578X1601101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601101201.

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Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér, also referred to as rose geranium, is a popular herbal plant with typical rosy fragrance largely based on the blend of monoterpenoid constituents. Among them, citronellol, which is biosynthesized from geraniol via double bond reduction, is the most abundant scent compound. In this study, three 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductases (PgOPR1–3) have been cloned from P. graveolens, as possible candidates for the double-bond reductase involved in citronellol biosynthesis. The bacterially expressed recombinant PgOPRs did not reduce geraniol to citronellol, but stereoselectively converted citral into ( S)-citronellal in the presence of NADPH. Thus, the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety in the substrate is essential for the catalytic activity of PgOPRs, as reported for OPRs from other plants and structurally related yeast old yellow enzymes. PgOPRs promiscuously accepted linear and cyclic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl substrates, including methacrolein, a typical reactive carbonyl compound. The possible biotechnological applications for PgOPRs in plant metabolic engineering, based on their catalytic properties, are discussed herein.

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Giongo, Janice Luehring, Rodrigo De Almeida Vaucher, Aline Ourique, MÍriam Steffler, Clarissa Piccinin Frizzo, Bruno Hennemman, Roberto Christ Vianna Santos, et al. "DEVELOPMENT OF NANOEMULSION CONTAINING PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS OIL: CHARACTERIZATION AND STABILITY STUDY." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i12.15108.

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<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To develop, characterize and evaluate the stability of nanoemulsions containing geranium oil (NEG) at different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C and 45 °C) for 90 d.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The quantification of oil in the nanostructure was performed by <a href="https://www.google.com.br/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiYjL3Niv7OAhVJI5AKHZ-_AeUQFggfMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGas_chromatography%25E2%2580%2593mass_spectrometry&usg=AFQjCNE3N9EyqMTXtw7u0lxolSlnU5zJfQ">gas chromatography–mass spectrometry</a> (GC-MS). The NEG was prepared in Ultra-Turrex and characterized by determining the particle size, polydispersity indices and pH. The thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to evaluate the thermal stability of the compounds, the thermal events and morphological analyses of NEG, respectively.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results allow us to suggest that the use the ultra-turrax method is a strategy good to NEG preparation. The stability of the NEG was strongly influenced by storage temperature, with droplet size increasing rapidly at higher temperatures (45 °C), which was attributed to coalescence near the phase inversion temperature. The NEG submitted the low temperatures (4±2 °C) remained with the same particle size value (164 nm). However, the citronellol and geraniol showed a significant reduction throughout the test even in these conditions of temperature. Thermogram of NEG shows the crystallization peak at the cooling cycle in-20.1 °C and a melting was observed at 1.5 °C. TEM images indicated that NEG was spherical and nanometric.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The proposed Ultra-Turrax method is simple which prevents volatilization of GO for the production of NEG. The formulations presented good physicochemical characteristics and stability for 90 d was only achieved in 4 °C.</p>

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Hariedy, Rasha, M. Rashed, and Mahassen Sidky. "DEVELOPMENT OF IN VITRO SOMACLONAL VARIATION FOR PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS L’HERIT, AIT." Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2019.43666.

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Machalova, Zdenka, Marie Sajfrtova, Roman Pavela, and Martin Topiar. "Extraction of botanical pesticides from Pelargonium graveolens using supercritical carbon dioxide." Industrial Crops and Products 67 (May 2015): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.070.

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Boukhris, Maher, Mouhiba Ben Nasri-Ayachi, Imed Mezghani, Mohamed Bouaziz, Makki Boukhris, and Sami Sayadi. "Trichomes morphology, structure and essential oils of Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. (Geraniaceae)." Industrial Crops and Products 50 (October 2013): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.08.029.

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Sarwar, Mohammed, and Saleh A. Al-Namlah. "866 PB 545 PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL CROPS IN SAUDI ARABIA." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 557f—557. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.557f.

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Saudi Arabia is known for arid character and its total unsuitability for any agricultural exploitation. However; it is- now proving otherwise with the application of modern agrotechnology resulting in large scale production of many crops successfully. Considering the international growing demand of essential oils, need of agrocommunities for new crops, advantages of local warm climate and availability of generous government funding system, essential oil production offers immense potential in Saudi Arabia. This paper intends to describe the prospects of raising Pelargonium graveolens, Mentha arvensis, Artemesia pallens, Cymbopogon winterianus, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Ocimum basilicum, Eucalyptus citriodora, Rosemarinus officinalis, Coriandrum sativum, Anethum graveolens, Jasminum grandiflorum and Pogostemon patchouli successfully at various ecosystems and to establish new agroindustries based on essential oils around the Kingdom.

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Calamai, Alessandro, Enrico Palchetti, Alberto Masoni, Lorenzo Marini, David Chiaramonti, Camilla Dibari, and Lorenzo Brilli. "The Influence of Biochar and Solid Digestate on Rose-Scented Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér.) Productivity and Essential Oil Quality." Agronomy 9, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050260.

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In recent years, biochar has generated global interest in the areas of sustainable agriculture and climate adaptation. The main positive effects of biochar were observed to be the most remarkable when nutrient-rich feedstock was used as the initial pyrolysis material (i.e., anaerobic digestate). In this study, the influence of solid anaerobic digestate and biochar that was produced by the slow pyrolysis of solid digestate was evaluated by comparing the differences in the crop growth performances of Pelargonium graveolens. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse while using three different growth media (i.e., solid digestate, biochar, and vermiculite). The results indicated that: (i) the pyrolysis of solid digestate caused a reduction in the bulk density (−52%) and an increase in the pH (+16%) and electrical conductivity (+9.5%) in the derived biochar; (ii) the best crop performances (number of leaves, number of total branches, and plant dry weight) were found using biochar, particularly for plant dry weight (+11.4%) and essential oil content (+9.4%); (iii) the essential oil quality was slightly affected by the growth media; however, the main chemical components were found within the acceptable range that was set by international standard trade; and, iv) biochar induced the presence of leaf chlorosis in Pelargonium graveolens.

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Bergman, Matthew E., Ángel Chávez, Albert Ferrer, and Michael A. Phillips. "Distinct metabolic pathways drive monoterpenoid biosynthesis in a natural population of Pelargonium graveolens." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz397.

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Abstract Pelargonium graveolens is a wild predecessor to rose-scented geranium hybrids prized for their essential oils used as fragrances and flavorings. However, little is known about their biosynthesis. Here we present metabolic evidence that at least two distinct monoterpene biosynthetic pathways contribute to their volatile profiles, namely, cyclic p-menthanes such as (−)-isomenthone and acyclic monoterpene alcohols such as geraniol and (−)-citronellol and their derivatives (referred to here as citronelloid monoterpenes). We established their common origin via the 2C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway but found no indication these pathways share common intermediates beyond geranyl diphosphate. Untargeted volatile profiling of 22 seed-grown P. graveolens lines demonstrated distinct chemotypes that preferentially accumulate (−)-isomenthone, geraniol, or (−)-citronellol along with approximately 85 minor volatile products. Whole plant 13CO2 isotopic labeling performed under physiological conditions permitted us to measure the in vivo rates of monoterpenoid accumulation in these lines and quantify differences in metabolic modes between chemotypes. We further determined that p-menthane monoterpenoids in Pelargonium are likely synthesized from (+)-limonene via (+)-piperitone rather than (+)-pulegone. Exploitation of this natural population enabled a detailed dissection of the relative rates of competing p-menthane and citronelloid pathways in this species, providing real time rates of monoterpene accumulation in glandular trichomes.

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32

Oliveira, Silvana, and Carla Aparecida Pedriali Moraes. "Desenvolvimento de uma emulsão o/a associada ao óleo essencial de gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens) e ao óleo essencial de palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii)." Brazilian Journal of Natural Sciences 2, no. 3 (September 13, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.31415/bjns.v2i3.64.

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Os óleos essenciais são metabólitos secundários das plantas, por meio do seu odor tem a capacidade de repelir animais predadores ou atrair insetos polinizadores. Em função de sua composição química, é muito utilizado na indústria farmacêutica e indústria alimentícia por sua capacidade antioxidante, antibacteriana e antifúngica, na indústria de cosméticos por sua fragrância no desenvolvimento de perfumes. O dinâmico mercado de cosméticos exige o desenvolvimento de novos produtos, mas deve ser rápido e seguro. E quanto ao aspecto da segurança é crescente o interesse por produtos naturais, pois oferecem uma proposta de sinergia entre o vegetal e o cuidado com a pele. Os óleos essenciais de gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens) e de palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii), são reconhecidos por suas atividades antioxidantes, tal benefício é empregado em cosméticos dos mais variados tipos de finalidades, desde hidratantes a filtros solares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma emulsão O/A associada ao óleo essencial de gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens) e ao óleo essencial de palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii). Foram desenvolvidas quatro formulações e submetidas à avaliação preliminar da estabilidade e aos testes de estabilidade acelerada. Os resultados obtidos num período de 30 dias, foram que todas as formulações permaneceram dentro dos critérios dos valores de pH e das características organolépticas. As formulações desenvolvidas apresentaram características físico-químicas satisfatórias de acordo com as determinações exigidas para regulamentação de produtos cosméticos.

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Al-Jumaili, Ahmed, Surjith Alancherry, Kateryna Bazaka, and Mohan Jacob. "The Electrical Properties of Plasma-Deposited Thin Films Derived from Pelargonium graveolens." Electronics 6, no. 4 (October 18, 2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics6040086.

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34

Takemoto, S., H. Katagi, E. Takahashi, K. Naito, M. Inui, and G. Okuyama. "The Production of Pelargonium graveolens Oil by Shoot and Plant Tissue Culture." Journal of Essential Oil Research 1, no. 3 (May 1989): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1989.9697764.

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35

Peterson, Amelia, Siti Machmudah, Bhupesh C. Roy, Motonobu Goto, Mitsuru Sasaki, and Tsutomu Hirose. "Extraction of essential oil from geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) with supercritical carbon dioxide." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 81, no. 2 (2006): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1375.

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36

Ćavar, Sanja, and Milka Maksimović. "Antioxidant activity of essential oil and aqueous extract of Pelargonium graveolens L’Her." Food Control 23, no. 1 (January 2012): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.07.031.

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37

Pandey, Pragya, Rakesh Kumar Upadhyay, VR Singh, RC Padalia, Rakesh Kumar, K. T. Venkatesha, A. K. Tiwari, Sonveer Singh, and SK Tewari. "Pelargonium graveolens L. (Rose-scented geranium): New hope for doubling Indian farmers’ income." Environment Conservation Journal 21, no. 1&2 (June 10, 2020): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2020.211217.

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Pelargonium graveolens is a species in the Pelargonium genus and falls within the plant family of Geraniaceae. The total production of essential oil is estimated at 300-350 tone, whereas the world market demands more than 400 t per year. Now geranium crop has been cultivated for commercial purpose in areas with high altitude and milder climate. P. graveolens is also come up very well mainly in the Nilgiris and Kodaikanal Hilly region of Tamil Nadu and around the Bangalore in Karnataka in an area of 2000 ha. At medium altitude, rose scented geranium is an important high-value perennial crop but grown as seasonal in plain areas. This aromatic shrub can reach up to the height of 70 cm and lateral of 90cm. In-spite of this the commercial cultivation of Rose-scented geranium still scanty being it’s a high economic value in per unit area and time crops as compared to other medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). Because, rose-scented geranium is sensitive to rainy season and noted 100% mortality in open field condition during rainy season. Hence the major bottleneck in its popularization seems to be saving of quality planting material in rainy season. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new approach or way through agronomic, breeding, acclimatization, etc to save quality planting material during rainy season. If, we are able to develop this type approach, then Rose-scented geranium can play a beneficial role in doubling the income of Indian farmers.

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38

S. M. Abd El-Kareem, Mamoun, Mohamed A. Rabbih, Hosam O. Elansary, and Fahed A. Al-Mana. "Mass Spectral Fragmentation of Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oil Using GC–MS Semi-Empirical Calculations and Biological Potential." Processes 8, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8020128.

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The volatile constituents of the essential oil of local Pelargonium graveolens growing in Egypt was investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and the main constituents were citronellol (27.67%), cis-Menthone (10.23%), linalool (10.05%), eudesmol (9.40%), geraniol formate 6.87%, and rose oxide (5.77%), which represent the major components in the obtained GC total ion chromatogram. The structural determination of the main constitutes based on their electron ionization mass spectra have been investigated. The MS of these compounds are absolutely identical in mass values of peaks of fragment ions, where their relative intensities have minor differences. In the spectra of all studied compounds, the observed characteristic ions were [M-H2O]+ and [M-CH3]+. The latter has a structure with m/z 69, 83. Different quantum parameters were obtained using Modified Neglect of Diatomic Overlap (MNDO) semi-empirical method as total energy, binding energy, heat of formations, ionization energy, the energy of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), energy gap Δ, and dipole moment. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of P. graveolens essential oil and identified compounds were tested against wide collection of organisms. The individual identified compounds in the essential oil—citronellol, cis-Menthone, and linalool (except eudesmol)—showed comparable activity to antibiotics. The most active isolated compound was the citronellol and the lowest MIC was found against E. coli. The essential oil showed high antifungal effects and this activity was attributed to cis-Menthone, eudesmol, and citronellol (excluding linalool). cis-Menthone was the most active compound against selected fungi followed by the eudesmol The study recommends local P. graveolens and identified active compounds for further applications in the pharmaceutical industries.

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Sompaga, Saraswathi, B. Jyothi, Sudhakar Chekuri, Nirmala Baburao, and Roja Anupalli. "Organic Extracts of Pelargonium graveolens: Phenol Content, Anti-oxidant and Anti-bacterial Activities." European Journal of Medicinal Plants 17, no. 1 (January 10, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2016/29040.

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40

van der Walt, J. J. A., and F. Demarne. "Pelargonium graveolens and P. radens: A comparison of their morphology and essential oils." South African Journal of Botany 54, no. 6 (December 1988): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(16)31263-7.

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41

Sedibe, M. M., and J. Allemann. "THE RESPONSE OF ROSE GERANIUM (PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS L.) TO NITRATE AND AMMONIUM APPLICATION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1007 (September 2013): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2013.1007.34.

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42

Karami, Akbar, Raziyeh Khorshidi, and Abolfazl Jowkar. "Diurnal Changes in the Volatile Oil Compounds of Rose-Scented Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)." Analytical Chemistry Letters 5, no. 2 (March 4, 2015): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22297928.2015.1026396.

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43

Hamouda, Ayman, Ashraf Abd-Elrazek, and Mohamed Baiuomy. "CLONE PRODUCTION FROM PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS L,HERIT. TOLERANT TO WILT THROUGH TISSUE CULTURE." Journal of Productivity and Development 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jpd.2009.44679.

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44

Pawlowska, Agnieszka, and Zygmunt Sadowski. "Biosynthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extracts of Aloe vera and Geranium and Bioleaching Solutions." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.193.

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Present work deals with synthesis of copper nanoparticles at the room temperature, using two aqueous extracts prepared from green and dry leaves of Aloe vera and Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens). Finely cut leaves were placed in the flask with the distilled water. The mixture was boiled for 15 min at the temperature of 60°C. After boiling, the mixture was centrifuged and pure extract was used for copper nanoparticles synthesis. The source of copper ions was leaching solution obtained from the bioleaching of copper shale (Kupferschiefier) using chemolithotrophic bacteria such as Acidithiobacillusfrerooxidans. The bioleaching procedure was performed in the column reactor.

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ElSohly, M. A., W. Gul, K. M. ElSohly, T. P. Murphy, A. Weerasooriya, A. G. Chittiboyina, B. Avula, I. Khan, A. Eichner, and L. D. Bowers. "Pelargonium Oil and Methyl Hexaneamine (MHA): Analytical Approaches Supporting the Absence of MHA in Authenticated Pelargonium graveolens Plant Material and Oil." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 36, no. 7 (June 25, 2012): 457–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bks055.

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46

JEON, J. H., C. H. LEE, and H. S. LEE. "Food Protective Effect of Geraniol and Its Congeners against Stored Food Mites." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): 1468–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.7.1468.

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The acaricidal activities of compounds derived from the oil of Pelargonium graveolens leaves against the storage food mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, were compared with the activity of a commercial acaricide, benzyl benzoate, in an impregnated fabric disk bioassay. Purification of the active constituent from P. graveolens was accomplished by silica gel chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Structural analysis of the active constituent by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C-NMR, 1H-13C shift correlated spectroscopy NMR, and distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer NMR identified trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol (geraniol). Based on the 50% lethal dose values, the most toxic compounds against T. putrescentiae were geraniol (1.95 μg/cm3), which was followed by nerol (2.21 μg/cm3), citral (9.65 μg/cm3), benzyl benzoate (11.27 μg/cm3), and β-citronellol (15.86 μg/cm3). Our results suggest that geraniol is more effective in controlling T. putrescentiae than benzyl benzoate is. Furthermore, geraniol, which is used as a flavoring for beverages, candies, ice creams, and baked goods and congeners (citral and nerol), may be useful for managing populations of T. putrescentiae.

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Odeyemi, Oluwakemi O., Patrick Masika, and Anthony J. Afolayan. "Evaluation of the Activities of Five Essential Oils against the Stored Maize Weevil." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 7 (July 2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300712.

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The contact, repellent and fumigation effects of essential oils from Tagetes minuta L., Mentha longifolia L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Helichrysum odoratissimum L. and Pelargonium graveolens L. were investigated against maize weevil, S. zeamais (Motschulsky) (Colepotera: Curculionidae). The effects of the oils were dose-dependent with gradual increases in insect mortality as the oil concentrations increased. For the contact bioassay, the oils of T. minuta and M. longifolia acted rapidly, causing 100% mortality within two days after treatment at 0.375 and 0.50 μL/g grain concentrations, respectively. The repellent effect of these two oils against S. zeamais was also well pronounced. A Percentage Repellency (PR) value of more than 90% was obtained for the two oils, which puts them in the highest repellency class V. The level of repellency caused by the essential oils of R. officinalis, H. odoratissimum and P. graveolens were 51.1%, 49.4% and 51.7%, respectively. However, most of the oils demonstrated very low fumigation activity against the weevil. For the fumigation bioassay, all the oil concentrations tested did not achieve insect mortality more than 12.5%, even six days after treatment, except for the oil of M. longifolia that exhibited over 70% mortality at 32 μL/L of air. The present study revealed that the essential oils of R. officinalis, H. odoratissimum and P. graveolens had weak contact and fumigation effects against S. zeamais.

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Malik, Tripti, Padma Singh, Shailja Pant, Nirpendra Chauhan, and Hema Lohani. "Potentiation of Antimicrobial Activity of Ciprofloxacin by Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oil against Selected Uropathogens." Phytotherapy Research 25, no. 8 (May 25, 2011): 1225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3479.

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Gupta, Rupali, Akanksha Singh, and Rakesh Pandey. "Microbe-based technology ameliorates glandular trichomes, secondary metabolites and antioxidants in Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 96, no. 12 (February 12, 2016): 4151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7617.

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Moutaouafiq, Salma, Abdellah Farah, Yassine Ez zoubi, Mohamed Ghanmi, Badr satrani, and Dalila Bousta. "Antifungal Activity of Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oil and its Fractions Against Wood Decay Fungi." Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 22, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 1104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060x.2019.1646164.

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