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Mirilović, Milorad, Vlado Teodorović, Radmila Marković, Aleksandra Aleksić-Agelidis, Branislav Vejnović, Spomenka Đurić, and Dragoljub Jovanović. "ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss) FARMING FED WITH DIFFERENT COMPOSITION FEED." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 8, no. 2 (March 8, 2016): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v8i2.113.
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This paper evaluates the eff ects of two diff erent feeds on production results and economic performance in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming. The first group (O-1) was fed with a standard complete pelleted feed, and the second group (O-2) was fed with combined feed consisting of 75 % pellets and 25 % of sardines. Better results were obtained with the O-2 group, while the O-1 group achieved results characteristic for local farming conditions and feed quality. Experimental group O-2 had signifi cantly higher (p<0,01) growth rate when compared to group O-1. Considering current feed and fi nal product (fi sh) prices in the market, better results in terms of cost-eff ectiveness were obtained (E>0,00) in O-2 group of trout fed with the combined meal.
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Susan, Parker, and G. Blank. "Microbiological Evaluation of Steam Conditioned Pelleted Poultry Feed." Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal 24, no. 5 (December 1991): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0315-5463(91)70114-4.
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Aitchison, EM, K. Tanaka, and JB Rowe. "Evaluation of feed additives for increasing wool production from Merino sheep. 2. Flavomycin and tetronasin included in lucerne-based pellets or wheaten chaff fed ad libitum." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 3 (1989): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890327.
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The feed additives flavomycin, a glycolipid antibiotic, and tetronasin, an ionophore, were evaluated for their ability to improve wool growth and liveweight gains in Merino sheep. Each was included in 2 diets: one was a pelleted mixture of (g/kg) lucerne (590), lupins (250) and barley (1 50); the other diet was wheaten chaff. Flavomycin was included in each diet at 10 and 20 mg/kg feed; tetronasin at 5 and 10 mg/kg feed. During an 8-week experimental period, the diets were fed ad libitum to weaner Merino wethers, with 15 sheep receiving each treatment diet at each level of additive inclusion, and 30 sheep receiving each diet without additives. Liveweight changes, feed intake and wool growth were measured over 2 consecutive 4-week periods, and rumen fluid samples were taken from all sheep after 6 weeks. Feed intake, liveweight gain and wool growth rate were all higher for animals eating the pelleted diets compared with those eating chaff. Rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations were also higher with the pelleted diet. On the pelleted diet, flavomycin and tetronasin inclusion significantly increased liveweight gains during the second 4-week period (296, 277, 231 g/sheep.day for flavomycin, tetronasin and controls respectively, P<0.001), but neither additive had any significant effect on feed intake. The amount of clean wool grown during both measurement periods was greater for animals receiving flavomycin or tetronasin with the pelleted diet compared with control animals. Neither additive had any significant effect on liveweight gains or wool growth of sheep eating chaff. Fibre diameter (FD) was measured on wool clipped in the second period, and was not significantly altered by either additive: mean FDs for animal receiving pellets were 25.1 �m, compared with 18.5 �m for animals receiving chaff. Total rumen VFA concentrations were lower with flavomycin or tetronasin treatments on both diets, and ammonia concentrations were lower with both additives on the pelleted diet and with tetronasin on the chaff diet. It is concluded that both flavomycin and tetronasin were able to increase liveweight gains and wool growth in rapidly growing sheep eating a high-protein diet, but had little or no consistent effects with animals eating a lower quality, low-protein diet.
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Laar, H. Van, I. Martínez-Luengas, and J. Martin-Tereso. "Ruminal degradation characteristics of a beef feed produced with different grinding and pelleting sizes incubated in sacco in dry or soaked form." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200020287.
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Intensively fed ruminants receive highly fermentable diets to maximise production of meat or milk. However, highly fermentable diets increase the risk of acidosis, which can result in serious health and productive consequences. Accurate evaluation of feed fermentability in both rate and extent is therefore important in controlling acidosis. Differences in (rate of) fermentation between original raw materials are fairly well established and used in current feed evaluation systems (Van Laar et al., 2004). However, the effects of technological treatments, like grinding and especially pelleting of a feed on fermentability are less well explored. In this experiment the nylon bag method was used to analyse fermentability characteristics of a feed that was ground and pelleted in different ways. Additionally the effect on fermentability of pre-soaking the pellets prior to nylon bag incubation was investigated.
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Fasina, Y. O., G. L. Campbell, and R. T. Tyler. "Whole canola/pea and whole canola/canola meal blends in diets for broiler chickens 1. Evaluation of steam-pelleting or expansion processing." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a96-065.
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Whole canola blended with whole peas (1:1; WCP) or canola meal (3:1; WCC) provide complementary high energy-protein supplements for poultry feeding. Both WPC and WCC blends were fed with or without processing (steam-pelleting or expansion) to broiler chicks in a 14-d feeding trial. Pelleted WCP supported higher body weight gain and feed efficiency than the untreated blend (P < 0.05). Body weight gain and feed efficiency obtained with chicks fed pelleted WCP or WCC were similar to those obtained for the expanded blends (P > 0.05), with notable exception of the expanded WCC which had a lower feeding value. With the pelleted or expanded blends, protein digestibility, N-retention, fat digestibility, and AMEN were comparable or improved over the unprocessed blends, again with the exception of the expanded WCC. The processed blends had higher gelatinized starch, and lower protein solubility and myrosinase activity index. Protein solubility was very low for the expanded WCC, which is indicative of excessive heat damage. Although the expanded blends had lower glucosinolate content, this did not result in improved growth performance over the pelleted blends. It was concluded that the nutritional value of pelleted blends were at least equivalent to that of the expanded WCP and WCC for broiler chicks. Key words: Canola, peas, broiler chicks, expansion, pelleting
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Aitchison, EM, IG Ralph, and JB Rowe. "Evaluation of feed additives for increasing wool production from Merino sheep. 1. Lasalocid, avoparcin and flavomycin included in lucerne-based pellets or oaten chaff fed at maintenance." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 3 (1989): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890321.
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Three feed additives were studied for their potential to improve wool growth in sheep fed 2 diets; oaten chaff, or a pelleted mixture (g/kg) of lucerne (590), lupins (250), barley (1 50) and a mineral and vitamin mix (10). Additives were included with each diet as follows (mg/kg feed): avoparcin 25,50,75; flavomycin 5, 15, 30; lasalocid 30, 50, 70. Diets were fed at maintenance to mature Merino wethers for 9 weeks, and measurements were made of wool growth and rumen fermentation characteristics. Animals fed the pelleted diet grew more wool than those fed the chaff diet (6.3 compared with 5.1 g/m2.day, P<0.001), but none of the additives resulted in any significant differences in wool growth compared with the controls. The additives avoparcin and lasalocid increased the ratio of the volatile fatty acids propionate:acetate in animals eating both of the diets (P< 0.001), but flavomycin had no significant effect. Rumen ammonia concentration was increased with avoparcin on both diets (P< 0.001) and with lasalocid and flavomycin on the pelleted diet ( P < 0.05). None of the additives tested significantly influenced liveweight change in comparison with the control groups.
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MILLER, R., and P. R. CHEEKE. "EVALUATION OF MEADOWFOAM (Limnanthes alba) MEAL AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR BEEF CATTLE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 567–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-062.
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Raw meadowfoam meal (MFM) was fed as part of a pelleted diet to growing beef steers at dietary levels of 0, 12.5 and 25%, with 14 animals per treatment. Over the test period of 84 d, there were no differences in growth rate, suggesting that raw MFM is an acceptable feed ingredient for growing beef cattle. Key words: Cattle, meadowfoam, Limnanthes alba
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Baccarin, Ana Eliza, and Antonio Fernando Monteiro Camargo. "Characterization and evaluation of the impact of feed management on the effluents of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 1 (January 2005): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000100012.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different feed management on the quality of effluent water generated in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture ponds. Feed was supplied as follows: natural food, and pelleted, extruded or minced ration. The study was conducted during 19 weeks in 12 continuous water exchange ponds of 300 m² each, with a population of male Nile tilapia juveniles, in a density equal to 1.7 fish m-2. Feeds contained 30% crude protein, 3,000 kcal digestible energy, and were supplied twice a day. Natural food consisted of chicken manure. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll a and suspended solids were monitored weekly in the supplying and effluent water. Water residence time was also determined for the ponds. In general, effluent water quality decreased in all treatments.
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Choi, Janghan, Lucy Wang, Emily Ammeter, Ludovic Lahaye, Song Liu, Martin Nyachoti, and Chengbo Yang. "Evaluation of lipid matrix microencapsulation for intestinal delivery of thymol in weaned pigs." Translational Animal Science 4, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz176.
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Abstract Essential oils (EO) are defined as plant-derived natural bioactive compounds, which can have positive effects on animal growth and health due to their antimicrobial and antioxidative properties. However, EO are volatile, can evaporate quickly, and be rapidly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Also, due to their labile nature, the stability of EO during feed processing is often questionable, leading to variations in the final concentration in feed. Encapsulation has become one of the most popular methods of stabilizing EO during feed processing, storage, and delivery into the lower gut. The objectives of the present study were to 1) evaluate the stability of thymol microencapsulated in combination with organic acids in commercially available lipid matrix microparticles during the feed pelleting process and storage; 2) validate and demonstrate the slow release of thymol from the lipid matrix microparticles in a simulated pig gastric fluid (SGF) and a simulated pig intestinal fluid (SIF); and 3) evaluate in vivo release of thymol from the lipid matrix microparticles along the pig gut. The results showed that thymol concentration was not significantly different in the mash and pelleted feeds (P > 0.05). In the in vitro study, 26.04% thymol was released in SGF, and the rest of the thymol was progressively released in SIF until completion, which was achieved by 24 h. The in vivo study showed that 15.5% of thymol was released in the stomach, and 41.85% of thymol was delivered in the mid-jejunum section. Only 2.21% of thymol was recovered in feces. In conclusion, the lipid matrix microparticles were able to maintain the stability of thymol during a feed pelleting process and storage and allow a slow and progressive intestinal release of thymol in weaned pigs.
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Wiklund, Eva, and Lisbeth Johansson. "Water-holding capacity, colour stability and sensory characteristics in meat (M. longissimus dorsi) from reindeer fed two different commercial feeds." Rangifer 31, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.31.1.2019.
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Twenty reindeer calves (age 10 months) were included in the study. They were all fed one of two different pelleted feed mixtures ad libitum for two months before slaughter. Ten calves were fed a control diet of conventional pellets (CPD) (Renfor Bas, Lantmännen, Holmsund, Sweden) and ten calves received pellets enriched with linseed cake (LPD). The reindeer were slaughtered according to standard procedure at Arvidsjaur Renslakt AB, a reindeer slaughter plant in Arvidsjaur, Sweden. At 1 day post mortem, both longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles from each carcass were excised. The left LD was used for sensory evaluation and the right LD for colour and water-holding capacity measurements. The right LD was cut in 4 pieces that were randomly allocated to storage times of 1 day, 1, 2, or 3 weeks at + 4 °C. Samples allocated for storage were vacuum packaged. Evaluation of meat colour was carried out after each of the four storage times while drip loss/purge was registered after 1, 2, and 3 weeks storage at + 4 °C. The left LD muscles were vacuum packaged, frozen at -20 °C and kept frozen until preparation for sensory evaluation. No significant differences were found in carcass quality (carcass weight, EUROP carcass conformation and fat scores), meat colour stability and water-holding capacity of LD samples when comparing the two treatment groups LPD and CPD. However, sensory panellists judged samples from LPD fed reindeer to have a tendency (not significant) to be more tender (P= 0.06) and juicy (P=0.07) than the meat samples from CPD fed reindeer. No flavour differences were found when comparing meat samples from the two treatment groups.
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HUSS, ANNE R., ROGER A. COCHRANE, AISWARIYA DELIEPHAN, CHARLES R. STARK, and CASSANDRA K. JONES. "Evaluation of a Biological Pathogen Decontamination Protocol for Animal Feed Mills." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 1682–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-052.
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Animal feed and ingredients are potential vectors of pathogenic bacteria. Contaminated ingredients can contaminate facility equipment, leading to cross-contamination of other products. This experiment was conducted to evaluate a standardized protocol for decontamination of an animal feed manufacturing facility using Enterococcus faecium (ATCC 31282) as an indicator. A pelleted swine diet inoculated with E. faecium was manufactured, and environmental samples (swabs, replicate organism detection and counting plates, and air samples) were collected (i) before inoculation (baseline data), (ii) after production of inoculated feed, (iii) after physical removal of organic material using pressurized air, (iv) after application of a chemical sanitizer containing a quaternary ammonium–glutaraldehyde blend, (v) after application of a chemical sanitizer containing sodium hypochlorite, (vi) after facility heat-up to 60°C for 24 h, (vii) for 48 h, and (viii) for 72 h. Air samples collected outside the facility confirmed pathogen containment; E. faecium levels were equal to or lower than baseline levels at each sample location. The decontamination step and its associated interactions were the only variables that affected E. faecium incidence (P < 0.0001 versus P > 0.22). After production of the inoculated diet, 85.7% of environmental samples were positive for E. faecium. Physical cleaning of equipment had no effect on contamination (P = 0.32). Chemical cleaning with a quaternary ammonium–glutaraldehyde blend and sodium hypochlorite each significantly reduced E. faecium contamination (P < 0.0001) to 28.6 and 2.4% of tested surfaces, respectively. All samples were negative for E. faecium after 48 h of heating. Both wet chemical cleaning and facility heating but not physical cleaning resulted in substantial E. faecium decontamination. These results confirmed both successful containment and decontamination of biological pathogens in the tested pilot-scale feed mill.
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Merrell, B. G., and J. J. Hyslop. "An evaluation of molassed sugar beet feed and distillers barley dark grains as concentrate supplements for out-wintered single-bearing hill ewes during late pregnancy." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (March 1994): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600027501.
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Supplementing hill ewes during late pregnancy with hay plus self-help feed-blocks is an established feeding system. However, there is considerable individual and seasonal variation in feed-block intake (Lippert and Milne, 1986) which can limit their effectiveness. This experiment evaluated an alternative system for supplementing hill ewes, during late pregnancy (6 weeks before lambing), based on molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF).One hundred and eighteen single-bearing Swaledale ewes were allocated to one of two treatments; 1. Control - supplemented with hay plus feed-blocks (HB), 2. Supplemented initially with MSBF (nuts), being replaced by a blend (50:50 fresh weight basis) of MSBF and pelleted distillers barley grains (BDG) (MSBF/BDG).The experiment commenced on 18 February 1993. Hay feeding was restricted to 300 g/head/day (HB). High energy (HE) and extra high energy (EHE) feed-blocks, were offered free access (at a rate of one block per 20 ewes). MSBF and MSBF/BDG were fed at a flat rate of 375 g/head/day. HE and MSBF were fed between 18 February and 26 March, being replaced by EHE and MSBF/BDG between 27 March and 10 May. Crude protein (g/kg dry matter (DM)) and metabolisable energy (MJ/kg DM) values were 144 and 9.2; 174 and 9.4; 178 and 10.2; 108 and 12.5; 174 and 12.8 for hay, HE, EHE, MSBF and MSBF/BDG respectively. The ewes were out-wintered on hill grazings.
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Ray, Arun Kumar, and Isita Das. "Evaluation of Dried Aquatic Weed,Pistia stratiotes, Meal as a Feedstuff in Pelleted Feed for Rohu,Labeo rohita, Fingerlings." Journal of Applied Aquaculture 5, no. 4 (April 30, 1996): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j028v05n04_04.
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Alhadhrami, G. A., and O. M. Yousif. "An initial evaluation of camel and cow manures as dietary ingredients in pelleted feed for blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus)." Bioresource Technology 50, no. 3 (January 1994): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(94)90100-7.
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Bell, J. M., M. O. Keith, and D. S. Hutcheson. "Nutritional evaluation of very low glucosinolate canola meal." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-059.
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Two very low glucosinolate (VLG) canola meals from crop years 1987 and 1988 (CM; 1.66 and 0.53 μmol g−1) and two Tobin CM (B. campestris) (10.71 and 15.62 μmol g−1) were evaluated in experiments with pigs. In exp. 1, 1987 Tobin CM, VLG-CM and soybean meal (SBM) were compared in individually fed meal and pelleted diets. Daily gains from 23 to 57 kg were similar for the CMs (VLG-CM 662 g, Tobin CM 645 g) but lower than those obtained with SBM (730 g; P < 0.01). Daily feed intakes of pigs fed CM were lower than for those fed SBM (P < 0.05). Plasma thyroxine (T4) levels were similar for SBM and VLG-CM and were above those from pigs fed Tobin (P < 0.05) CM. Triiodothyronine (T3) levels were lower for VLG-CM than for SBM (P < 0.05) and the T3 value for Tobin CM was intermediate. Pelleting enhanced T3 (0.70 vs 0.94 ng mL−1) and T4 (50 vs. 60 ng mL−1) levels with all protein supplements (P < 0.01). In exp. 2, similar diets were fed ad libitum. Daily gains for SBM were greater than for Tobin CM (803 vs. 744, P < 0.05) and gains for pigs fed VLG-CM was 774 g. Daily feed intakes were similar (2.01, 1.99 and 1.92 kg). In exp. 3 energy digestibility of 1987 VLG-CM was greater (P < 0.01) than for Tobin CM (75.0 vs 67.4% for 30-kg pigs). Apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein (CP) were 71.9, 71.2 and 71.6 in 16% CP diets. In exp. 4 Tobin and VLG-CMs from 1987 and 1988 crops were compared with SBM and commercial CM using 96 pigs (48M, 48F). Daily gains and feed intakes were similar for the CMs but T3 and T4 values were below those of SBM (P < 0.05). Key words: Canola meal, very low glucosinolate, digestibility, feeding value, pigs
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Macías-Montes, Ana, Manuel Zumbado, Octavio P. Luzardo, Ángel Rodríguez-Hernández, Andrea Acosta-Dacal, Cristian Rial-Berriel, Luis D. Boada, and Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández. "Nutritional Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Exposure to Essential and Toxic Elements in Dogs and Cats through the Consumption of Pelleted Dry Food: How Important Is the Quality of the Feed?" Toxics 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9060133.
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Dry feed for pets lacks specific legislation regarding maximum residue limits for inorganic elements. The aim of the present study was to determine the content of 43 inorganic elements in dog and cat feed, studying whether there were differences according to the supposed quality of the food and performing the risk assessment for health. Thirty-one and thirty packages of pelleted dry food for cats and dogs, respectively, were analyzed. After acidic microwave-assisted digestion, elements were detected and quantified by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In general, we did not observe important differences in the content of elements according to the supposed quality of the brand. Among trace elements, selenium and manganese are above the dietary reference value. Arsenic and mercury showed the highest acute hazard indexes, which make them risk factors for the health of dogs and cats. Aluminum, uranium, antimony and vanadium contents were above the toxic reference value and showed the highest acute hazard indexes. It is necessary to improve the legislation regarding the food safety of pets, for their health and to protect the rights of consumers.
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Daniel, J. B., H. Van Laar, D. Warner, J. Dijkstra, A. Navarro-Villa, and W. F. Pellikaan. "Passage kinetics of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre through the gastro-intestinal tract of growing beef heifers fed a high-concentrate diet measured with internal δ13C and external markers." Animal Production Science 54, no. 9 (2014): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14354.
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Fractional rumen passage rates (K1) are fundamental in feed evaluation systems for ruminants to predict the extent of nutrient degradation. Data on passage kinetics of growing beef cattle fed high-concentrate diets are scarce and mainly rely on external passage markers which do not provide nutrient-specific K1 estimates. The present study describes the use of carbon stable isotopes (δ13C) as an internal marker to estimate K1 of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) fractions of a compound feed in a high-concentrate diet, and compares them to the external markers ytterbium (Yb)-actetate and chromium mordanted fibre (Cr-NDF). Four rumen-fistulated Holstein heifers received four times per day a basal diet consisting of barley straw and pelleted compound feed offered separately (ratio 10 : 90, DM basis). Compound feed in the basal diet was mainly based on wheat of low natural 13C enrichment (−28.4 δ13C), which was exchanged with a single dose of a maize-based compound feed of higher natural 13C enrichment (−18.9 δ13C). This difference in natural 13C abundance was used to determine K1 values from faecal 13C excretion patterns. At the same time Yb-Acetate and Cr-NDF were introduced into the rumen to determine K1 values from faecal excretions. Faeces were collected over 90 h after pulse dosing. The K1 of δ13C-marked DM (0.062/h) did not differ (P = 0.745) from δ13C-marked NDF (0.060/h). The δ13C-based K1 values also did not differ from Cr-NDF (0.056/h; P = 0.315). These results indicate similar passage behaviour of these fractions in the rumen of beef heifers fed a high-concentrate diet.
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Nilsson, Anna, Ingemar Olsson, and Per Lingvall. "Evaluation of silage diets offered to reindeer calves intended for slaughter. II. Feeding of silage and concentrate from January to March." Rangifer 16, no. 3 (January 1, 1996): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.16.3.1207.
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An experiment involving 56 male reindeer calves, with a mean initial live weight of 39 kg (SD=4.6), was undertaken to evaluate the effect of the concentrate:silage ratio on the performance during feeding to slaughter. Forty four of the calves were divided in four groups, two groups each being allotted to diets with low, 60% (LC), or high, 80% (HC) proportions of a commercial pelleted feed. The remaining twelve calves were slaughtered at the start of the experiment. The experimenral period lasted from January to March. The proportions of concentrate to silage were based on the dry matter (DM) content. The silage, 44% DM, was made from the primary growth of a predominantly grass sward preserved as plastic-wrapped big bales. Animal health was good throughour the experimenr. Small amounts of lichens were mixed into the diets during the first rwo weeks of feeding and may have contributed to the lack of adapta-tionai problems. The mean daily intakes of DM and metabolisable energy were higher (P<0.01) for calves offered the HC-diet. Despite the higher feed intakes, the increased proportion of concentrate in the diet did not significantly alter live weight gains or carcass weight gains. However, the greater fat deposition (P<0.05) and better carcass gradings indicated a better condition of the animals at slaughtet when less silage was fed. This experiment was the the final part of a three year study of silage based diets for reindeer intended for slaughter and the general conclusion is that the best role of grass silage of this quality is as a limited part of the ration. The silage may, however, play an important role during the adaptation period and further detailed studies are needed to evaluate the applicability of silage as a part of the diet to reindeer.
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Chen, X. B., A. T. Mejia, D. J. Kyle, and E. R. Ørskov. "Evaluation of the use of the purine derivative: creatinine ratio in spot urine and plasma samples as an index of microbial protein supply in ruminants: studies in sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 125, no. 1 (August 1995): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960007458x.
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SUMMARYIn ruminants, the urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) reflects the absorption of microbial purines and can be used as an index of microbial protein supply. The objective of this study, carried out in Aberdeen, 1992, was to examine whether PD concentrations in spot urine or plasma samples vary diurnally during a given feeding regime and if they reflect differences in daily PD excretion induced by varying feed intake. Sixteen sheep were offered ad libitum one of four diets (fresh weight basis, the rest of each diet being minerals and vitamins): (1) 99·9% lucerne (pelleted); (2) 50% hay, 30% barley, 9% fishmeal and 10% molasses; (3) 72% straw, 7% molasses and 20% molassed sugarbeet pulp; and (4) 97% barley. Measurements were made for 1 week after a 2-week adaptation period. Urine was collected daily on days 1–4 and hourly on days 5–7. Hourly urine collection was achieved using a fraction collector. Plasma samples were collected hourly from 09·00 to 17·00 h on day 4. Feed intake varied considerably (347–1718 g DM/day) between diets and between animals. Daily excretion of PD (7·1–22·6 mmol/day) was linearly related to DM intake (r = 0·85, n = 16), and so was the microbial N supply (3·9–19·5 g N/day) estimated from daily PD excretion (r = 0·87). In hourly urine samples, the ratio of PD:creatinine concentrations showed no significant difference between sampling times, and was linearlycorrelated with the daily PD excretion (r = 0·92). Similarly, plasma PD concentration also showed little diurnal fluctuation. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased with feed intake. Plasma PD was not well correlated with daily PD excretion in urine (r = 0·57). The tubular load of PD (plasma PD × GFR) was better correlated with the daily excretion (r = 0·80). It appears that when sheep are fed ad libitum, PD in spot urine may provide a practical indicator of microbial protein supply status.
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Karimi, Hadi, Hossein Navid, and Asghar Mahmoudi. "Detection of damaged seeds in laboratory evaluation of precision planter using impact acoustics and artificial neural networks." Artificial Intelligence Research 1, no. 2 (September 12, 2012): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/air.v1n2p67.
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In the present study, feasibility of laboratory detection of damaged seeds in precision planters caused by malfunction of seed metering device was investigated. An acoustic-based intelligent system was developed for detection of damaged pelleted tomato seeds. To improve the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models a total of 2000 seeds sound signals, 1000 samples for damaged seeds and 1000 for undamaged ones were recorded. When seed metering device drove out seeds, the ejected seeds were impacted to steel plate, and their acoustic signals were recorded from the impact. The bounced seeds lied on the running grease belt. In each stage of experiments, damaged seeds were determined manually in grease belt and related damaged seed sound signals were designated. Achieved acoustic signals, were processed and potential features were extracted from the analysis of sound signals in time and frequency domains. The method is based on feature generation by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), feature selection by statistical methods and classification by Multilayer Feed forward Neural Network. Features such as amplitude, phase and power spectrum of sound signals were computed through a 1024-point FFT. By using statistical factors (maximum, minimum, median, mean and variance) for each vector of data, feature vector was reduced to 15 factors. In developing the ANN models, several ANN architectures, each having different numbers of neurons in hidden layer, were evaluated. The best model was chosen after a number of evaluations based on minimizing the mean square error (MSE), correct detection rate (CDR) and correlation coefficient (r). Selected ANN, 15-17-2 was configured for classification. CDR of the proposed ANN model for undamaged and damaged seeds was 99.49 and 100 respectively. MSE of the system was found to be 0.0109.
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Yoder, Ashton D., Charles R. Stark, Mike D. Tokach, and Cassandra K. Jones. "Effects of Pellet Processing Parameters on Pellet Quality and Nursery Pig Growth Performance." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 2 (2019): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12987.
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Abstract. During the pelleting process, conditioning temperature can influence nutrient availability and pellet durability index (PDI). However, the impact of conditioning temperature on nursery pig growth performance is variable. Therefore, the objectives of two experiments were to: (1) compare moisture percentage among three pellet mill series, and (2) quantify growth performance differences in nursery pigs due to diet form (mash vs. pelleted), conditioning temperature (low, medium, and high), and pellet diameter (4.0 mm and 5.2 mm). Experiment 1 was a 3 × 4 factorial design with three pellet mill series of decreasing capacity (medium, small, and experimental-scale; California Pellet Mill Co., Crawfordsville, Indiana, for a medium, small, and experimental pellet mill, respectively) that produced samples collected at four locations (initial, post-conditioner, post-die, and post-cooling). Three runs were completed on each pellet mill, with the shutdown of the pellet mill indicating the end of a run. Three samples were collected from each location per run, for a total of 36 samples. Experiment 2 used 350 nursery pigs (DNA 200 × 400; initially 7.6 kg) in a 28 d experiment fed two phases, with a phase change at day 14. Seven treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design plus an unpelleted mash control, with the factors of pellet diameter (4.0 mm and 5.2 mm) and conditioning temperature (low, medium, and high). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (version 9.4). In experiment 1, there was a significant pellet mill × location interaction (p = 0.012) for moisture percentage. Because moisture is added via steam at the conditioner, only the conditioning location results are described. Regardless of pellet mill type, moisture was highest in conditioned samples. However, conditioned samples from the experimental-sized pellet mill had over 1% greater (p < 0.05) moisture than samples from the medium and small pellet mills. This increase in moisture is one reason why higher (p < 0.05) PDI values were found in pellets from the experimental pellet mill compared to the medium and small pellet mills. In experiment 2, increasing conditioning temperature improved (p < 0.0001) PDI. The interaction of pellet diameter × conditioning temperature did not impact (p > 0.10) overall nursery pig feed efficiency (G:F). However, for overall G:F, both main effects tended to be significant (p < 0.10), which was caused by pigs having greater (p < 0.05) G:F when fed larger-diameter pellets conditioned at a low temperature, compared to pigs fed smaller-diameter pellets conditioned at a high temperature. Regardless of parameter, pigs fed pelleted diets had 4.5% greater (p < 0.05) G:F than those fed mash diets. In summary, pellet mill size is important to consider when evaluating factors that impact pellet quality, such as percentage moisture. Increasing conditioning temperature is one method to improve PDI, but there was a tendency to reduce nursery pig G:F when feeding two phases of diets in a 28 d study. In conclusion, conditioning feed at lower temperatures may improve nursery pig G:F when starting pigs on a new diet. Keywords: Moisture, Pelleting, Starch.
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Sergeev, A., S. Bulatov, V. Nechaev, and A. Shamin. "Evaluation of workflow of compound feed equipment of LLC “Doza-Agro” in quality of feed parameters." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2002-06.
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Scientific researches have been proved that a more complete disclosure of the productive potential of farm animals is possible when they use a full range of different feed, vitamins, premixes and different feed additives. Currently, all these components are given to animals in the form of a compound feed, the preparation of which is carried out in crumbled or pelletized form. Preference is given to pelletized feed, because it has great advantages over crumbled feed. It has been noted that when feeding young cattle with pelletized feed the average daily of live weight has increased by 6,1 % than when feeding with crumbled feed. When feeding piglets with pelletized feed the increase was 8,2 % more. Feeding fur-bearing animals with dry pelletized feed can increase economic efficiency by reducing the cost of the diet by 1,44 times. The results of testing the equipment of LLC “Doza-Agro” for the production of pelletized feed in terms of its quality have been presented in the article. Evaluationof the workflow of the equipment has been carried out as part of the compound feed plant series “Profi ” located in the village Sultan-Saly in the Rostov region. The description of the compound feed plant and its elements has been given, the methods according to which the research was carried out have been described, and the laboratory equipment for determining the quality indicators of the feed has been presented. The quality of macronutrients grinding feed crusher DZM-6, the quality of mixing feed elements in the mixer SLG-2A and the quality of feed pellets obtained in the granulator DG-10Nhas been evaluated. Comparison of the obtained data with the values prescribed in the GOSTs has been shown compliance of the prepared granules with the requirements of standards.
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Lim, Tae Hwan, Moo Sung Kim, Sang Young Yeo, and Euigyung Jeong. "Preparation and evaluation of isotropic and mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers using the pelletizing and continuous spinning process." Journal of Industrial Textiles 48, no. 7 (March 20, 2018): 1242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718763774.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of using a pelletized pitch in a continuous process for the economical preparation of large-scale pitch-based carbon fibers. The pitch was pelletized before spinning because the pitch powder can agglomerate in the feed throat of a screw extruder, which can render uniform heating difficult. Using the pelletized pitch in a single-screw extruder spinning apparatus, the pitch fiber can be spun to a great length as long as the amount of pitch pellets is sufficient. To evaluate the benefits of using pitch pellets in the continuous carbon fiber spinning process, isotropic and mesophase pitch fibers were prepared by both the conventional batch process using pitch powder and continuous process using pitch pellets. Even with a huge difference in the thermal energy used, the carbon fibers prepared using the pelletized-pitch-based continuous process had better tensile properties than those prepared using the conventional process. This suggests that the continuous process using pitch pellets has the potential to be an economical large-scale process for carbon fiber preparation.
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Scott, T. A. "Evaluation of lighting programs, diet density, and short term use of mash as compared to crumbled starter to reduce incidence of sudden death syndrome in broiler chicks to 35 d of age." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 82, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a01-067.
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Restricted lighting is used commercially to regulate early growth and limit losses associated with sudden death syndrome (SDS), ascites and leg problems. Standard lighting programs may not be suited for broilers marketed at 35 d of age, and promote injury (scratching, i.e., cellulitis) by creating peak feeding periods. This study evaluates four lighting programs, three phases of mash or crumble starter feeding and two diet densities on performance and mortality of broilers marketed at 35 d of age. Two trials each utilized 7200 male broiler (Cobb × Cobb) chicks randomly housed in six (2.75 × 4.90 m) floor pens in each of eight rearing rooms. Four lighting programs were replicated in each trial and consisted of: (a) 23C (23L:1D 0–35 d); (b) 16C (23L:1D 0–3 d, 16L:8D 4–35 d); (c) DDI (delayed decreasing increasing) (23L:1D 0–3 d; 20L:4D 4–6 d, 16L:8D 7–10 d; 8L:16D 11–15 d; 12L:12D 16–20 d; 16L:8 D 21–28 d; and 20L:4 D 29–35 d); and (d) IL (intermittent lighting, provided in four cycles of 6 h d-1 the same total daily hours of light as the DDI program). Two diet densities were applied for the starter and grower diets; high (ME 3170/3200 kcal; CP 251/210 g) or low (ME 3100/3060 kcal; CP 235/195 g kg-1 starter/grower diet, respectively). The two starter types were fed as combinations of mash (M) or crumble (C): (1) M 0–12 d followed by C 12–21 d; (2) C 0–12 d followed by M 12–21 d; and 3) C 0–21 d. The respective grower/finisher density diets were fed in a pelleted form. By 35 d of age the body weight (BW) of broilers maintained under the DDI lighting program was significantly lower than BW of broilers held under the other lighting programs (16Ca > ILab > 23Cb). Overall (0–35 d) feed conversion (corrected for mortality, but not market weight at 35 d) was highest for broilers reared under the 23Ca > ILab > DDIb > 16Cc lighting programs, respectively. SDS (%) mortality was highest for IL (1.68a) = 23C (1.53a) ≥ 16C (1.02ab) ≥ DDI (0.80b) lighting programs. There were no significant differences in 35 d BW or feed conversion of broilers fed mash or crumble starter. Feeding mash diets did lower 21 d BW, but this decrease in early growth did not significantly reduce overall mortality. Broilers fed the low as compared to the high density diets weighed less at 21 d, but weighed significantly more at 35 d, and had a higher (P < 0.05) 0–35 d feed conversion. Low as compared to high density diets did reduce SDS mortality significantly (0.72 vs. 1.81%, respectively). Lighting programs that do provide variable extended dark periods will alleviate broiler mortality as compared to constant (23 or 16 h) or intermittent lighting programs. However, these broilers had a significantly lower body weight when marketed at 35 or less days of age. Key words: Lighting, broilers, mash, diet density, sudden death, ascites
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Riauwaty, Morina, Yusni I. Siregar, Isma Muyani, and Indra Lesmana. "Penerapan pakan yang mengandung kunyit pada budidaya ikan lele di Kelurahan Sukamaju Kecamatan Sail, Pekanbaru." Unri Conference Series: Community Engagement 2 (December 30, 2020): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/unricsce.2.215-221.
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Sukamaju Village that is located in the Sail Sub Regency, Pekanbaru is potential for developing fish culture. The knowedge of the community in fish culturing method, however, is relatively low and to improve it, a socialization program has been conducted in July-September 2020. The community was trained to culture fish and fed the fish with turmeric enriched pellets through mentorial and practice in fish feed pellet manufacture and fish rearing. The progress was monitored weekly and evaluated by the 8th week. Results shown that the community was able make fish feed pellets and also able to culture the fish. The result of monitoring and evaluation shown that the fish farmer in Sukamaju Village is commited to develop the turmeric enriched fish fed pellet processing as the effort of program sustanability.
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Halpin, Michael Y., Teresa Douthit, Caitlin E. Evans, Michaela B. Braun, Charles R. Stark, Chad B. Paulk, and James M. Lattimer. "PSVII-12 Acceptability of Milne blueberry juice and blueberry puree in horse feed." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.282.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of liquid blueberry juice (BJ65) or blueberry puree (BP30) used as a binding agent on pellet durability and palatability of a typical equine concentrate when included at 4% of the pellet. Molasses was used as a control. Production data, pellet durability and moisture content were evaluated in 1 replicate for each treatment. Because moisture content of condition mashes were 17.59% and 18.11% for BJ65 and BP30 treatments, respectively, greater inclusion of blueberry product would likely cause roller slippage and complicate the pelleting process due to increased liquid (Fahrenholz, 2012). Pellet durability met industry standards for all treatments. Pellets were fed in a 3 x 3 Latin square design to 9 two-year-old horses to determine the effect of blueberry products on acceptability. All animals were allowed 10 minutes to consume 1.36 kg at 0700 h and 1700 h each day for 3 d. Consumption time and amount consumed were recorded to calculate intake, intake rate, and intake ratio (IR). No horse consumed all pellets within the allotted time, and thus, there were no differences between intake rate and intake. Period tended to impact intake (P = 0.0909), with horses consuming less during period 1 than period 3 (P = 0.0317), but period had no effect (P = 0.2881) on IR. Treatment influenced intake (P < 0.0001), with decreased intake of BP30 compared to control and BJ65 (P ≤ 0.0001). Intake ratio was greater (P = 0.0075) for BJ65 than BP30 with IR of 0.5069 and 0.4227, respectively. Consumption of BJ65 was no different than control. Fahrenholz, A. 2012. Evaluating factors affecting pellet durability and energy consumption in a pilot feed mill and comparing methods for evaluating pellet durability. Doctoral thesis. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
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Quayle, James F., and G. Peter Kershaw. "Use of summer habitat by caribou on the north slope of a mountain near the Macmillan Pass, N.W.T." Rangifer 16, no. 4 (January 1, 1996): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.16.4.1271.
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Habitat use by woodland caribou was investigated by counting pellet-groups, sampling phytomass, and evaluating topography in nine habitat-types on the north slope of an unnamed mountain near Macmillan Pass, N.W.T. Caribou pellets were most abundant in high elevation habitat-types, and pellet density was greatest in an alpine Lichen-Grass habitat-type with a slope of <1°. The high density of pellets in alpine areas may have resulted from of the use of cool, windy, alpine habitats by caribou seeking relief from insect harassment. There were no apparent relationships between pellet abundance, and phytomass of mosses, lichens, or graminoids, possibly as a result of caribou feeding and defecating in different habitats. The occurrence of pellets with a coalesced morphology in the barren Lichen-Grass habitat-type provided indirect evidence in support of a feeding cycle, whereby caribou visit lush habitats to feed, and return to open, alpine habitats to rest and ruminate.
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Juliani, Rita, Friscylia Tampubolon, Sri Ratika Samosir, Mariana Simangunsong, and Laurenchus Manurung. "PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH JERAMI PADI MENJADI PELET IKAN MAS (Cyprinus Carpio) DI DESA HAREAN PORSEA KABUPATEN TOBA SAMOSIR." JURNAL PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT 24, no. 2 (August 29, 2018): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jpkm.v24i2.10559.
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AbstrakDesa Harean adalah salah satu desa di kecamatan Porsea yang berada di pinggiran Danau Toba. Mata pencaharian masyarakat sebagian besar bertani padi dan budidaya ikan mas. Budidaya ikan mas membutuhkan pakan berupa pelet yang dibeli di pasar sedangkan hasil bertani padi setiap tahun menghasilkan limbah jerami yang dapat di manfaatkan menjadi pelet. Tujuan dari kegiatan PKM-T membantu mitra membuat pelet ikan mas dari limbah jerami padi dan mendesain mesin dwi fungsi untuk membantu pengolahan pembuatan pelet. Metode yang digunakan melalui beberapa tahap, yaitu sosialisasi, pendampingan, monitoring dan evaluasi. Sosialisasi dilakukan dengan menyampaikan pengetahuan mengenai manfaat dari limbah jerami yang dapat di jadikan pakan ikan mas. Pendampingan pembuatan pelet ikan mas dari jerami dilakukan dengan cara memfermentasi jerami dengan larutan Molase dan EM 4 selama 21 hari, kemudian menghaluskan jerami dan mencampurkan dengan dedak, keong mas dan tepung ikan dengan menggunakan mesin dwi fungsi untuk penggilingan dan pencetakan pelet. Hasil monitoring dan evaluasi mitra mampu membuat pelet ikan mas sebagai pengganti pakan ikan yang di beli di pasaran dengan menggunakan mesin dwi fungsi.Kata Kunci : Harean, Ikan mas, Jerami padi, PeletAbstractHarean is one of the villages in Porsea regency on the outskirts of Lake Toba. The livelihood of the community is mostly rice farming and goldfish cultivation. Goldfish farming requires feed in the form of pellets purchased in the market while the yield of rice farming every year produces straw waste which can be used as pellets. The purpose of PKM-T activities was to help partners making goldfish pellets from rice straw waste and design bi-function machines to assist pellet-making processing. The method used through several stages, namely socialization, mentoring, monitoring and evaluation. The socialization was carried out by conveying knowledge about the benefits of straw waste which could be made into goldfish feed. Assistance for making pellets from straw was carried out by fermenting straw with Molasses and EM 4 solution for 21 days, then smoothing the straw and mixing it with bran, golden snails and fish powder using a dual function machine for milling and printing. The results of the monitoring and evaluation of partners were able to make carp pellets as a substitute for fish feed purchased on the market using dual function machines.Keywords: Harean, Goldfish, Rice straw, Pellet
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Taylor, Linda M., and J. J. Parkins. "An evaluation of by-products from wheat distillation as feeds for ruminant livestock." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600011429.
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During the distillation of wheat to produce whisky, two residual products are formed. These are the spent grains and a thick syrup resulting from evaporation of the liquor remaining after the whisky has been distilled off. These by-products may be combined to form undried dark grains (UDG) or further dried and pelleted to form wheat distillers dark grains (WDDG). UDG and WDDG were evaluated as feeds for ruminant livestock.WDDG had the appearance of a typical concentrate pellet, dark brown in colour with a molasses like malty odour. UDG was lighter brown in colour but formed a dark brown surface crust on exposure to air. The bulk of the material had a granular putty-like texture and a smell akin to that of WDDG. Compositions of the two by-products and that of distillers dark grains derived from barley fernentation alone are given in Table 1.
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Davis, T. Zane, and Bryan Stegelmeier. "PSX-42 Characterization of the effects of high selenium feed on spermatogenesis in rams." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.885.
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Abstract Selenium (Se) is an essential element that is required by animals to maximize health and production. Some western rangelands contain alkaline soils that are naturally high in Se while others have been contaminated with elevated concentrations of bioavailable Se. Anecdotal evidence of poor reproductive efficiency has been reported on some seleniferous ranges. In order to determine the effects of high Se feeds on spermatogenesis, mature rams were fed alfalfa pellets containing 0.1, 7.5, 15, or 25 ppm Se. Desired Se concentrations were achieved by mixing western aster containing approximately 3,000 ppm Se with alfalfa. Pellets were fed at 3% of body weight for twelve weeks during the breeding season. Semen and blood samples were collected weekly and semen viability, motility, and morphology were evaluated. After twelve weeks of being fed high Se pellets, one testicle from each ram was surgically removed for morphometric and histological evaluation. The rams were then fed a control alfalfa pellet during an eight week recovery period while monitoring and collection of samples continued. At the conclusion of the recovery period the second testicle was surgically removed for analysis. None of the rams demonstrated any visible clinical signs of chronic Se poisoning during the study. Rams fed the high Se-containing alfalfa pellet had a decrease in sperm motility and an increase in the percentage of abnormal sperm. Within several weeks of beginning the recovery period, the negative side effects were reversed. Initial histological surveys suggest minimal histologic changes. This is supported by the rapid recovery of spermatic motility which suggests a maturation defect and not a change in spermatogenesis. These findings indicate that in sheep, subclinical Se intoxication does cause significant male reproductive damage. More work is needed to better characterize this damage and to determine its effect on fertility and production.
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Dunmire, Kara M., Tryon A. Wickersham, Leslie L. Frenzel, Sarah R. Sprayberry, Logan C. Joiner, Lily P. Hernandez, Andrew M. Cassens, Brandon Dominguez, and Chad B. Paulk. "Effects of adding liquid lactose or molasses to pelleted swine diets on pellet quality and pig performance." Translational Animal Science 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 616–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaa039.
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Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of including liquid lactose (LL) and molasses (M) in swine diets on pellet quality and pig performance. In experiment 1, a total of 194 nursery pigs (DNA 241 × 600, initially 6.7 ± 0.4 kg at 27 d of age) were used in a 33-d experiment evaluating the effects of LL (SweetLac 63; Westway Feed Products, Tomball, TX) or cane molasses on nursery pig performance and pellet quality. Pelleted experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 21, and a common pelleted diet fed from d 21 to 33. Dietary treatments consisted of a control diet containing 19.1% total sugars from whey powder and whey permeate and experimental diets with a percentage of whey permeate replaced by either 5% or 10% LL or 9.4% cane molasses (5 LL, 10 LL, and 9.4 M, respectively). Hot pellet temperature and production rate decreased (P < 0.05) from the control to 9.4 M treatments with 5 LL and 10 LL having intermediate effects. Pellet durability index (PDI) increased (P < 0.05) in 5 LL, 10 LL, and 9.4 M, respectively. From d 0 to 7, pigs fed the 10 LL and 9.4 M treatment had the best G:F followed by the control and 5 LL treatments. From d 0 to 21, ADFI had a marginally significant improvement (P < 0.10) in pigs fed up to 10 LL in the diet. Fecal consistency scores at d 7 were also firmer (P < 0.05) in pigs fed 9.4 M compared with pigs fed the control or 5 LL treatments with pigs fed the 10 LL treatment being intermediate. There was no evidence for differences in fecal consistency scores for d 14. In experiment 2, a total of 289 finishing pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 53.5 ± 0.5 kg BW) were used in a 53-d experiment evaluating the effects of LL on pellet quality and finishing pig performance. Experimental diets were fed in pelleted form from d 0 to 53 divided into three phases. Dietary treatments were a corn-soybean meal control diet with 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% LL added in the place of corn. PDI improved (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing inclusion of LL. There were no differences in ADG, ADFI, final BW, or carcass characteristics. Pigs fed diets with increasing levels of LL tended to have improved (quadratic, P = 0.070) G:F.
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FRIEND, D. W., A. FORTIN, J. K. G. KRAMER, L. M. POSTE, G. BUTLER, and V. D. BURROWS. "FEEDING AND METABOLISM TRIALS, AND ASSESSMENT OF CARCASS AND MEAT QUALITY FOR GROWING-FINISHING PIGS FED NAKED OATS (Avena nuda)." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-057.
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Forty-eight Yorkshire pigs (barrows and gilts), about 24 kg body weight, were fed three diets: a control diet containing corn-soybean meal with minerals and vitamins added (Diet 0), the same diet in which naked oats (Avena nuda L. 'Tibor') replaced approximately 50% of the corn and soybean meal (Diet 50) and a diet containing 95.4% naked oats plus the mineral and vitamin supplements (Diet 100). The diets were pelleted and given ad libitum to the pigs which were penned individually until marketed at 90 ± 5 kg bodyweight. The left side of the carcass was used for carcass quality determinations, meat quality (sensory evaluation) assessment and backfat samples for fatty acid analysis. Eighteen other Yorkshire pigs were used in metabolism trials to determine digestible and metabolizable energy and nitrogen values and nitrogen balances when fed the three test diets. Energy values for urine were determined with freeze-dried samples combusted in polyethylene bags using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The diets (DM basis) contained about 18% crude protein and 18 MJ kg−1 energy; Diet 100 was higher in ether extract (5.5%) and lower in ADF (1.7%). Pigs fed Diet 50 gained weight faster than pigs fed either of the two other diets, the overall effect being accounted for mainly by differences shown by the barrows. Feed data showed a similar pattern with higher daily intake and fewer days to market for Diet 50 pigs. A lower yield of lean meat was obtained from pigs fed Diet 100, an observation also supported by increased depth of loin fat and carcass ether extract. The fatty acids palmitic, oleic and linoleic represented 12, 23 and 59% of the total in the control diet, compared with 18, 40 and 37% in Diet 100. This dietary change was reflected in a carcass decrease of linoleic acid from 14 (control) to 13% (Diet 100). The dietary level of naked oats had a significant and beneficial effect on sensory evaluation scores for the pork roasts; flavor, tenderness and juiciness scores were highest for pigs fed Diet 100. The apparent digestible energy value for Diet 100 (17.3 M J kg−1) was the highest as was the apparent metabolizable energy value (17 MJ kg−1). Correction of the AME for the energy of retained N reduced the value by 2.35%. The nitrogen retention value was approximately 10% lower for the 95.4% naked oat diet than for the corn-soybean control diet. The study indicated by feeding and metabolism trials that, although growing-finishing diets containing a high proportion of naked oats are likely to be of high energy and protein value, they are limited in feeding value by an amino acid imbalance due probably to lysine insufficiency. Key words: Naked oats, metabolism, carcass, meat quality, fatty acids, pigs
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Choi, Janghan, Lucy Wang, Joshua Gong, Ludovic Lahaye, Song Liu, Martin Nyachoti, and Chengbo Yang. "75 Evaluating the in vitro release of essential oils from microparticles in simulated swine gastric and intestinal fluids and the essential oil stability in microparticles during feed pelleting process." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.145.
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Abstract Essential oils are defined as plant-derived natural bioactive compounds with positive effects on animal growth and health due to their antimicrobial and antioxidative properties. However, essential oils are very volatile, can evaporate rapidly and be rapidly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In addition, due to their labile nature, the stability of essential oils during feed processing is often questionable, leading to variable final concentrations in feeds. Micro-encapsulation has become one of the most popular methods to deliver essential oils into the lower gut. The objective of the present study was double: 1) to validate and demonstrate the slow release of essential oils, such as thymol, micro-encapsulated in combination with organic acids in a matrix of triglycerides, in simulated swine gastric and intestinal fluids and 2) to evaluate the essential oil stability in the microparticles during feed pelleting process. In the in vitro release experiments, the microparticles were incubated in simulated gastric fluids for 2 hours and then the samples were incubated in simulated intestinal fluids for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 hours at 39°C. In the pelleting experiment, a wheat-corn basal diet with 2 kg of micro-encapsulated product was formulated and pelleted. The thymol content in the samples was analyzed by gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection. The results showed that 27.65% thymol was released in simulated gastric fluids and the rest of thymol was progressively released in intestinal fluids until completion, which was achieved by 24 hours. The thymol concentration was not significantly different between the mash feeds and pelleted feeds (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the micro-encapsulated organic acid and essential oil product was able to maintain the stability of thymol under a commercial pelleting process and allow a slow and progressive release of its active ingredients as thymol in simulated digestive fluids.
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Anam, Choirul, Miftahul Huda, and Ana Amiroh. "PEMBUATAN PELET IKAN APUNG BERBAHAN LOKAL DENGAN TEKNOLOGI STEAMER DI DESA DAHAN REJO, KECAMATAN KEBOMAS, GRESIK." Jurnal Pengabdi 2, no. 1 (May 14, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jplp2km.v2i1.29652.
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Dahan Rejo Village, Kebomas District is one of the centers of fish farming centers in Gresik Regency. The obstacle faced by pond farmers is the high price of feed, which increases the cost of production and capital. Farmers have not yet used alternative feed and are still dependent on factory-made pellets. The alternative solution that can be done is to make pellets from local materials such as tofu pellets and corn with steamer technology. The aim of this program is to empower the people of Dahan Rejo Village to make floating fish feed from local materials. The methods used are program preparation, product making and proximate analysis, making tutorial videos and guidebooks, socializing and training, mentoring, monitoring, and evaluating. The result of this community empowerment program is that farmer groups have the potential to develop floating fish pellets. Proximate analysis of floating fish pellets showed protein content of 31.6%, 6.8% fat, 4.2% reducing sugar, 4.4% crude fiber, and Ca minerals 0.3%. Tutorial videos and guidebooks for making floating fish pellets are good and suitable for use by the community. Farmers can make pellets from local raw materials independently with the percentage of material achievement being 70% of the total number of group members. The accompanying results show that the obstacles faced by fish pond farmers are weather, supporting raw materials, and marketing. The monitoring and evaluation results show that pond farmers in Dahan Rejo Village are committed to developing floating fish pellets from local raw materials as an effort to sustain the program.
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Yang, Pan, Huakai Wang, Min Zhu, and Yongxi Ma. "Evaluation of Extrusion Temperatures, Pelleting Parameters, and Vitamin Forms on Vitamin Stability in Feed." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050894.
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Two experiments were conducted to determine the stability of microencapsulated and non-microencapsulated forms of vitamins in diets during extrusion and pelleting. We investigated the recovery of vitamins in swine diets after extrusion at 100 °C, 140 °C, or 180 °C. Next, two diets were conditioned at 65 °C (low temperature; LT) or 85 °C (high temperature; HT), and pellets were formed using a 2.5 × 15.0 mm (low length-to-diameter ratio; LR) or 2.5 × 20.0 mm (high length-to-diameter ratio; HR) die. The extrusion temperature had a significant effect on the recovery of vitamins E, B1, B2, B3, and B5 in the diets. The diet extruded at 100 °C had higher B1, B2, B3, and B5 vitamin recoveries than diets extruded at 140 °C and 180 °C. Microencapsulated vitamins A and K3 had greater stability than non-microencapsulated vitamins A and K3 at 100 °C and 140 °C extrusion. In the diet extruded at 180 °C, microencapsulated vitamins A, D3, and K3 had higher recoveries than non-microencapsulated vitamins A, D3, and K3. The recovery of vitamin K3 in diets after LTLR (low temperature + low length-to-diameter ratio) or HTLR (high temperature + low length-to-diameter ratio) pelleting was greater (p < 0.05) than after LTHR (low temperature + high length-to-diameter ratio) and HTHR (high temperature + high length-to-diameter ratio) pelleting. Our results clearly show that low extrusion temperature and low pellet temperature, and a low length-to-diameter ratio (L:D ratio) for pellet mill die are recommended for pig feed. Moreover, microencapsulated vitamins had greater stability compared to non-microencapsulated vitamins.
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Juric, Verica, Biljana Abramovic, Vojislava Bursic, Veselina Radanov-Pelagic, Igor Jajic, and Jelena Juric. "Evaluation of feed components contamination with ochratoxin in Vojvodina." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 108 (2005): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0508017j.
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Ochratoxin A is cancerogenic, teratogenetic, immunotoxic and nephrotoxic The mentioned order stresses the importance of this toxin concerning its harm to human health. The harmful effects of ochratoxin A include the effects at molecular level, such as DNA fragmentation, protein synthesis inhibition gluconeogenesis, lipid peroxidation, disorder of oxydative phosphorization in mitochondria, inhibition of blood coagulation and apoptosis. The presence of ochratoxin A in a great number of food samples, both of plant and animal origin, is the obvious risk to human health, which is confirmed by the high incidence of this toxin in samples of human serum and milk. It could be stated, with certainty, that the above - mentioned facts are the reason for which the EU has paid great attention to this mycotoxin in recent years. This paper deals with the results of the analysis of the animal feed component samples for the period 2000-2003 concerning the ochratoxin A content. The analysed feed components were taken from the farms with significant health problems of animals (not monitoring). The samples were analysed by chromatography on a thin layer and with a limited detection method for ochratoxin A of 40 ppb. The analysis was carried out on 108 maize samples, 11 barley samples, 21 wheat samples, 42 sunflower pellets samples and 47 soybean pellets samples (Table 1). The samples of sunflower pellets were contaminated in the greatest percentage, which indicates the inadequate storage of this feed component.
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Abo-Habaga, M., A. Bahnassi, T. ElShabrawy, and Abeer ElHaddad. "Performance Evaluation of Pellets Forming Unit in Local Feed Pelleting Machine." Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2017): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2017.38050.
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Salama, Ahmed, M. Tawfik, and M. Abd-Elaal. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A NOVEL DESIGN OF FEED PELLETS VERTICAL COOLER." Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 729–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/zjar.2021.191299.
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FOUDA, TAREK, OSAMA KADDOUR, ASAD DERBALA, ADEL HELAL, and KHALED ABDEL-MOHSEN. "MANUFACTURE AND EVALUATION A COMPATIBLE UNIT TO PRODUCE ANIMAL FEED PELLETS." Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 92, no. 4 (June 15, 2014): 1525–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2014.157655.
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Md. Noordin, Wan Norhana, Saadiah Ibrahim, Roslina A. Nawawi, Mutiara Dwi Sari, and Nurul Huda. "Nutritional composition, sensory evaluation and Halal perspective African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed with diets containing najasa (impurities)." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 7, no. 2 (August 17, 2019): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.7.2.13.
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Lately, Muslim consumers in Malaysia, are avoiding catfish (Clarias gariepinus) owing to the uncertainty of its halal status. This is due to the use of unclean/impure substances (najasa in Islamic law) as feed from animal carcasses or feed incorporated with animal waste (fat, blood or bone). Under the islamic law, animals which consume large quantities of najasa and led to noticeable changes of its odour, colour and taste of the meat are haram (forbidden) or makruh (undesirable). To our knowledge there is no investigation on whether the feed could alter the odour, taste or colour of the catfish from this perspective. Thus a study was undertaken to evaluate if feeding diets comprising of najasa will affect the nutritional composition and sensory characteristics of catfish.The fish were fed with imported pellets (consisting of 10-15% blood meal with porcine DNA detected), local pellets and 100% chicken offal for 12 weeks. The results showed treatment with imported pellets do not have a significant (p>0.05) effect on the nutritional composition (proximate composition, amino acids and fatty acids profiles), colour, odour and flavour of catfish fillet, but significantly (p<0.05) change the odour and flavour.
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Zhu, L., C. Jones, Q. Guo, L. Lewis, C. R. Stark, and S. Alavi. "An evaluation of total starch and starch gelatinization methodologies in pelleted animal feed1." Journal of Animal Science 94, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 1501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9822.
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Jo, Yun Yeong, Myung Jae Choi, Woo Lim Chung, Jin Su Hong, Jong Seon Lim, and Yoo Yong Kim. "Effects of feed form and particle size on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gastric health in growing-finishing pigs." Animal Bioscience 34, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 1061–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ab.20.0777.
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Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed processing and particle size on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gastric health in growing-finishing pigs.Methods: A total of 360 growing pigs (22.64±0.014 kg initial body weight [BW]) were allocated to 1 of 6 treatments with 6 replicates by BW and sex, and 10 pigs were housed in one pen in a randomized complete block design. The BW and feed intake were recorded to calculate growth performance. For the digestibility trial, a total of 24 barrows with an initial BW of 33.65±0.372 kg were split into 6 treatments with a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were designed by a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments based on two main factors, particle size (600, 750, 900 μm) and feed form (mash and pellet) of diet. Experimental diets were formulated to contain the requirements of the NRC (2012).Results: The BW and average daily gain were not changed by dietary treatments, and the feed intake of finishing pigs (wks 6 to 12) was increased when the pigs were fed a mash diet (p<0.05). For the overall period, the feed efficiency of pigs was improved with the pellet diet (p<0.01) and reduced particle size (p<0.05). The pellet diet had effects on increasing crude fat digestibility (p<0.01) relative to a mash diet, but there was no considerable change in dry matter and crude protein digestibilities by dietary treatments. In the evaluation of gastric health, a trend for an increased incidence of keratinization in the esophageal region was observed as particle size decreased (p = 0.07).Conclusion: Feed efficiency could be improved by pellet diet and reduced particle size. Nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gastric health were not affected by feed form, and particle size ranged from 600 to 900 μm.
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Morad, M. M., and Hend A. M. El-Maghawry. "MANUFACTURE AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A HORIZONTAL SINGLE-PASS ANIMAL FEED PELLETS COOLER." Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering 32, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 1185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjae.2015.98271.
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Orua Okon Antia, Ubong Edet Assian, and Youngson N. Ukaru. "Design and fabrication of a modified fish feed pelletizing machine." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 7, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 01–011. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.7.2.0063.
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Fish feed pelletizing machine was designed and fabricated with the aim to improve on existing local pelletizers; encourage local technology and local fish farmers who may be faced with no power supply. It mainly consists of the hopper, pelletizing chamber, frame, bolts and nuts, screw conveyor, cutting mechanism, pelletizing die plate and power transmission unit with dual operation mode. Performance evaluations of the improved pelletizing machine as well as existing machine were carried out and the results showed that both machines were able to produce pellets with 8 mm average diameter and 10 mm average length. The overall mean values of pelleting capacity, specific energy consumption and efficiency of improved and the existing pelletizing machines were 1.20 kg/min, 0.010 kWh/kg and 97.09%; 0.89 kg/min, 0.014 kWh/kg and 75%, respectively. These imply that the improved pelletizing machine could produce a ton of feeds for a 14-hour daily operation and consume approximately 10 kWh of energy as compared to the existing pelletizing machine that would consume 14 kWh. The capacity of the improved pelletizing machine is quite better than the existing pelletizing machine. The improved pelletizing machine efficiency obtained is quite impressive as only about 2.91% of the feed mix might be lost as compared to 25% lost by the existing pelletizing machine. Therefore, the improved fish feed pelletizing machine is recommended for use by small-scale fish feed mill as the existing pelletizers have comparable higher losses couple with lower efficiency.
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Ighodalo, Osagie, Sebastian O. Amiebenomo, and Temabor Esabunor. "Optimization of multiple performance responses of a fish feed pelletizer machine." Journal of Advances in Science and Engineering 3, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37121/jase.v3i1.71.
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This study details the assembling of a prefabricated fish feed pelletizing machine and optimization of some operational parameters such as die thickness, number of die holes, shaft speed and feed rate to produce high-grade fish pellets. The Taguchi methodology and Grey relational analysis (GRA) have been utilized to evaluate the multi-objective functions of interest such as pelletizing efficiency, throughput, energy requirements and pellets bulk density (g/cm3). The pelletizer machine performance evaluation test was carried at 3 levels of die thickness (8, 6 and 12 mm), number of die holes (30, 25, and 35), and feed rates (145, 130 and 160 g/h). The test for the performance indicators was conducted using L9 orthogonal array experimental design. The test data were analyzed using the Taguchi scheme employing the signal-to-noise ratio response with effects deduced. The GRA was utilized to assess multiple responses by fusing the Taguchi technique with the GRA. Thus the multi-objective optimization was transformed to a single equivalent objective function. The results of Taguchi optimization revealed that die thickness was the most influential parameter for the various control factors. In addition, optimum parameter combination was obtainable at medium die thickness (8mm), medium number of die holes (30), low shaft speed (200rpm) and medium feed rate of 145g/h. Analysis of variance for grey relational grade (GRG) reveals that die thickness and feed rate are the dominant parameters. The confirmation test performed shows that the GRG is enhanced by 2.19%.
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Taj, Yasmeen, Roopa S. Pai, V. Kusum Devi, and Gurinder Singh. "Taste Masked Orally Disintegrating Pellets of Antihistaminic and Mucolytic Drug: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vivo Studies in Human." International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (October 29, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/504536.
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The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of orally disintegrating pellets (ODPs) as an approach for taste masking of bitter drugs, namely, Ambroxol hydrochloride (A-HCl) and Cetirizine dihydrochloride (C-DHCl). Pellets were prepared by extrusion/spheronization with Eudragit EPO, kyron T-134, Kyron T-314, mannitol, sorbitol, MCC (Avicel PH-101), sucralose, chocolate flavor, and 5% xanthum gum. The prepared pellets were characterized for percentage yield, drug content, particle size, in vitro drug release, and in vivo evaluation on humans for taste, mouth feel, and in vivo disintegration time. The results revealed that the average size of pellets was influenced greatly by the percentage of binder and extrusion speed. The optimized ODPs disintegrated in less than 20 s and showed more than 98% of drugs in ODPs dissolved within 15 min. Taste perception study was carried out on human volunteers to evaluate the taste masking ability of ODPs for taste, mouth feel, and in vivo disintegration time. Crystalline state evaluation of drugs in the optimized ODPs was conducted for X-ray powder diffraction. In conclusion, the study confirmed that ODPs can be utilized as an alternative approach for effective taste masking and rapid disintegration in the oral cavity.
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Treby, Donna L., Alan Horsup, and Peter J. Murray. "Field evaluation of supplementary feed and water for the northern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus krefftii." Wildlife Research 34, no. 2 (2007): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05116.
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The northern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus krefftii, is listed as critically endangered in Australia and is restricted to a single population of ~90 animals in central Queensland. The area receives low rainfall and is regularly subjected to periods of drought and therefore is at risk from wildfire. There is a clear link between good wet seasons and higher levels of reproductive activity. A long-term management goal of the L. krefftii recovery program has been to determine preferred feed of wombats and to gain acceptance of supplementary feed and water by L. krefftii in order to mitigate the effects of drought and wildfire and potentially increase fecundity and survivorship rates in the population. Prior to this study, there had been several unsuccessful attempts to induce L. krefftii to take supplementary feed and water, but the current study, which was of a longer duration, has shown that L. krefftii will readily take supplementary feed and water. In addition, L. krefftii prefers certain feed types (Complete-O (primarily steam-flaked barley with molasses and lucerne and oaten chaff), and Town and Country pellet mix (primarily wheat, barley and sorghum, with canola and soybean meal)) and will visit sources of feed and water on a nightly basis. Visits by L. krefftii to supplementary feed and water sites were related to the occurrence of rainfall, with visits declining after rain.
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Huang, Bingbing, Li Wang, Zhiqian Lyu, Lu Wang, Jianjun Zang, Defa Li, and Changhua Lai. "Evaluation on Net Energy of Defatted Rice Bran from Different Origins and Processing Technologies Fed to Growing Pigs." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041106.
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The study was conducted to determine and compare the net energy (NE) of defatted rice bran (DFRB) from different sources and different processing technology fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry. Thirty-six growing barrows (30.7 ± 3.9 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 diets with 6 replicate pigs per diet. Diets included a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 5 test diets containing 30% DFRB, respectively. These five samples come from 4 different provinces (i.e., Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, and Liaoning province within China) and two of them with the same origin but different processing technologies (i.e., extruded or pelleted). During each period, pigs were kept individually in metabolism crates for 21 days, including 14 days to adapt to the diets. On day 15, pigs were transferred to the open-circuit respiration chambers for adaptation, and the next day were ready to determine daily total heat production (HP) and were fed 1 of the 6 diets at 2.3 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg body weight (BW)0.6/day. Total feces and urine were collected for the determination of digestible energy (DE) and ME and daily total HP was measured from day 16 to day 20 and fasted on day 21 for the measurement of fasting heat production (FHP). The NE contents of extruded DFRB from different provinces were within the range of values (8.24 to 10.22 MJ/kg DM). There is a discrepancy of approximately 10.01% in the NE content between the DFRB origins. The NE contents of extruded DFRB and pelleted DFRB from the same province were 8.24 vs. 6.56 MJ/kg DM. Retained energy (RE) and FHP of diets containing extruded DFRB and pelleted DFRB were 1105 vs. 892 kJ/kg BW0.6/day and 746 vs. 726 kJ/kg BW0.6/day respectively, and those in extruded DFRB from different origins were within the range of values (947 to 1105 kJ/kg BW0.6/day and 726 to 755 kJ/kg BW0.6/day, respectively). In conclusion, NE values are affected by origin and processing technology of DFRB.
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Kim, Kang-Woong, Yong-Jin Kang, Hae-Young Lee, Kyoung-Duck Kim, Se-Min Choi, Sung-Chul C. Bai, and Hung-Sik Park. "Commercial Scale Evaluation of Practical Extruded Pellet Feed for the Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)." Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2006.39.2.100.
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Elfers, Kristin, Yvonne Armbrecht, and Gemma Mazzuoli-Weber. "Good to Know: Baseline Data on Feed Intake, Fecal Pellet Output and Intestinal Transit Time in Guinea Pig as a Frequently Used Model in Gastrointestinal Research." Animals 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061593.
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Guinea pigs are a traditional and frequently used species in gastrointestinal research. Comprehensive knowledge of basic parameters connected with their intestinal function, such as feed intake, fecal pellet output and gastrointestinal transit time, is important for evaluating results from basic gastrointestinal research that may be applied to practical problems in human and veterinary medicine, for example, when establishing diagnostic tools. Our study revealed that over a 24-h period, single-housed guinea pigs showed a continual but day-accentuated feeding activity, consuming 57% of the total feed during the light period, with pronounced peaks of feed intake during the beginning and end of the light period. This was mirrored by fecal pellet output during the light period and almost no defecation during the dark period, while potential coprophagy not measured in this study needs to be considered. A highly comparable feeding activity was recorded in pair-housed guinea pigs, with 60% of overall feed intake within the light period, indicating that such differences in housing conditions did not influence guinea pigs’ feeding behavior. Intestinal transit time was successfully recorded by oral administration of carmine red and counted 5 h on average. Hence, this study provides important information on the basic functional parameters of guinea pigs’ gastrointestinal tract physiology.