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Journal articles on the topic 'Pelodryadidae'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 22 June 2025

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1

RICHARDS, STEPHEN J., STEPHEN C. DONNELLAN, and PAUL M. OLIVER. "Five new species of the pelodryadid genus Litoria Tschudi from the southern versant of Papua New Guinea’s Central Cordillera, with observations on the diversification of reproductive strategies in Melanesian treefrogs." Zootaxa 5263, no. 2 (2023): 151–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.1.

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New Guinea has the most diverse insular frog fauna in the world, and rates of species discovery and description have increased rapidly in the last two decades. Pelodryadid treefrogs are the second most diverse family of anurans on the island but their taxonomy, relationships, and especially ecology remain poorly documented. Based on differences in morphology, advertisement calls (where available) and phylogenetic analyses of a 787 base pair alignment from the mitochondrial ND4 gene and flanking tRNA, we describe five new species of small treefrogs from hill and lower montane forests in the high rainfall belt that straddles the southern versant of Papua New Guinea’s Central Cordillera. Three of these species are known only from forest growing on karst substrates, adding to the growing number of herpetofauna species currently known only from the extensive karst habitats of Papua New Guinea’s South-fold Mountains. We also describe the arboreal breeding strategies of two of the new species, and report obligate treehole (phytotelm) breeding in New Guinean frogs for the first time. The new phytotelm–breeding species has juveniles with colour and patterning that closely resemble bird droppings, suggesting defensive mimicry or masquerade. A preliminary phylogeny suggests that arboreal-breeding frogs do not form a monophyletic group and that arboreal breeding has evolved multiple times within the New Guinean pelodryadid radiation. A further striking feature of the phylogeny is poor support for most basal nodes in the most diverse radiation of Melanesian Pelodryadidae, suggesting rapid ecological diversification and speciation, potentially following colonisation from Australia and/or mountain uplift. These new taxa and observations highlight previously unrecognised ecological and reproductive diversity in the Melanesian Pelodryadidae.

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2

Oliver, Paul, Rainer Günther, Burhan Tjaturadi, and Stephen J. Richards. "A new species of large green treefrog (Litoria, Pelodryadidae) from Papua Indonesia." Zootaxa 4903, no. 1 (2021): 117–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4903.1.7.

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Oliver, Paul, Günther, Rainer, Tjaturadi, Burhan, Richards, Stephen J. (2021): A new species of large green treefrog (Litoria, Pelodryadidae) from Papua Indonesia. Zootaxa 4903 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4903.1.7

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3

Oliver, Paul M., Djoko T. Iskandar, and Stephen J. Richards. "A new species of torrent-breeding treefrog (Pelodryadidae: Litoria) from the mountains of Papua, Indonesia, with new records and observations of Litoria dorsivena (Tyler, 1968)." Vertebrate Zoology 73 (January 26, 2023): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e91111.

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The mountains of New Guinea are home to species-rich but poorly understood communities of stream or torrent-breeding pelodryadid treefrogs. Here we describe a new species of moderately sized torrent-breeding Litoria from the mountains of Papua Province, Indonesia. The new species is most similar to Litoria dorsivena but differs from that species in aspects of body size, skin texture and especially the shape of the snout. Based on recent collections, we also present new data on the distribution and colour in life of L. dorsivena. Both species show marked sexual size dimorphism when compared to most other pelodryadid treefrogs, and the colour pattern of the new species may also vary between males and females. The torrent-breeding treefrogs of New Guinea remain poorly known and, given declines of ecologically similar pelodryadids in Australia, should be a priority group for taxonomic research and population monitoring.

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4

Oliver, Paul M., Djoko T. Iskandar, and Stephen J. Richards. "A new species of torrent-breeding treefrog (Pelodryadidae: Litoria) from the mountains of Papua, Indonesia, with new records and observations of Litoria dorsivena (Tyler, 1968)." Vertebrate Zoology 73 (January 26, 2023): 127–39. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e91111.

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The mountains of New Guinea are home to species-rich but poorly understood communities of stream or torrent-breeding pelodryadid treefrogs. Here we describe a new species of moderately sized torrent-breeding Litoria from the mountains of Papua Province, Indonesia. The new species is most similar to Litoria dorsivena but differs from that species in aspects of body size, skin texture and especially the shape of the snout. Based on recent collections, we also present new data on the distribution and colour in life of L. dorsivena. Both species show marked sexual size dimorphism when compared to most other pelodryadid treefrogs, and the colour pattern of the new species may also vary between males and females. The torrent-breeding treefrogs of New Guinea remain poorly known and, given declines of ecologically similar pelodryadids in Australia, should be a priority group for taxonomic research and population monitoring.

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5

Donnellan, S.C., R.A. Catullo, J.J.L. Rowley, et al. "Revision of Litoria rothii (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from northern Australia." Zootaxa 5352, no. 1 (2023): 73–108. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5352.1.3.

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Donnellan, S.C., Catullo, R.A., Rowley, J.J.L., Doughty, P., Price, L., Hines, H.B., Richards, S.J. (2023): Revision of Litoria rothii (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from northern Australia. Zootaxa 5352 (1): 73-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5352.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5352.1.3

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6

Mahony, Michael, Bede Moses, Stephen V. Mahony, Frank L. Lemckert, and Stephen Donnellan. "A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia." Zootaxa 4858, no. 2 (2020): 201–30. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4858.2.3.

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Mahony, Michael, Moses, Bede, Mahony, Stephen V., Lemckert, Frank L., Donnellan, Stephen (2020): A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia. Zootaxa 4858 (2): 201-230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.2.3

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7

Richards, Stephen J. "A new species of torrent-breeding treefrog (Pelodryadidae, Nyctimystes Stejneger) from the mountains of New Guinea with comments on the distribution of the genus." Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72 (August 19, 2024): 268–79. https://doi.org/10.26107/RBZ-2024-0022.

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Richards, Stephen J. (2024): A new species of torrent-breeding treefrog (Pelodryadidae, Nyctimystes Stejneger) from the mountains of New Guinea with comments on the distribution of the genus. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 268-279, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0022

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8

Richards, Stephen J., and Stephen C. Donnellan. "Litoria aplini sp. nov., a New Species of Treefrog (Pelodryadidae) from Papua New Guinea." Records of the Australian Museum 72, no. 5 (2020): 325–37. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.72.2020.1729.

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Richards, Stephen J., Donnellan, Stephen C. (2020): Litoria aplini sp. nov., a New Species of Treefrog (Pelodryadidae) from Papua New Guinea. Records of the Australian Museum 72 (5): 325-337, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.72.2020.1729, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.72.2020.1729

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9

Oliver, Paul M., Rainer Günther, and Stephen J. Richards. "Systematics of New Guinea treefrogs (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) with erectile rostral spikes: an extended description of Litoria pronimia and a new species from the Foja Mountains." Zootaxa 4604, no. 2 (2019): 335–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.2.6.

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Oliver, Paul M., Günther, Rainer, Richards, Stephen J. (2019): Systematics of New Guinea treefrogs (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) with erectile rostral spikes: an extended description of Litoria pronimia and a new species from the Foja Mountains. Zootaxa 4604 (2): 335-348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4604.2.6

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10

Oliver, Paul M., Peter J. Mcdonald, George Dahl, Elizah Nagombi, and Stephen J. Richards. "A new species of treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from the karstic South-fold Mountains of New Guinea." Zootaxa 5514, no. 6 (2024): 559–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5514.6.4.

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Oliver, Paul M., Mcdonald, Peter J., Dahl, George, Nagombi, Elizah, Richards, Stephen J. (2024): A new species of treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from the karstic South-fold Mountains of New Guinea. Zootaxa 5514 (6): 559-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5514.6.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5514.6.4

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11

Oliver, Paul, Rainer Günther, Burhan Tjaturadi, and Stephen J. Richards. "PAUL OLIVER, RAINER GÜNTHER, BURHAN TJATURADI & STEPHEN J. RICHARDS (2021) A new species of large green treefrog (Litoria, Pelodryadidae) from Papua, Indonesia. Zootaxa, 4903 (1): 117-126." Zootaxa 4948, no. 4 (2021): 599. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4948.4.8.

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Oliver, Paul, Günther, Rainer, Tjaturadi, Burhan, Richards, Stephen J. (2021): PAUL OLIVER, RAINER GÜNTHER, BURHAN TJATURADI & STEPHEN J. RICHARDS (2021) A new species of large green treefrog (Litoria, Pelodryadidae) from Papua, Indonesia. Zootaxa, 4903 (1): 117-126. Zootaxa 4948 (4): 599-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4948.4.8

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12

Price, Luke C., Conrad J. Hoskin, Michael J. Mahony, and Stephen C. Donnellan. "Systematic evaluation of molecular genetic, morphological and acoustic variation reveals three species in the Litoria revelata complex (Anura: Pelodryadidae)." Zootaxa 5584, no. 3 (2025): 301–38. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5584.3.1.

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Price, Luke C., Hoskin, Conrad J., Mahony, Michael J., Donnellan, Stephen C. (2025): Systematic evaluation of molecular genetic, morphological and acoustic variation reveals three species in the Litoria revelata complex (Anura: Pelodryadidae). Zootaxa 5584 (3): 301-338, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5584.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5584.3.1

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13

Vörös, Judit, Skye Wassens, Luke Price, et al. "Molecular systematic analysis demonstrates that the threatened southern bell frog, Litoria raniformis (Anura: Pelodryadidae) of eastern Australia comprises two sub-species." Zootaxa 5228, no. 1 (2023): 1–43. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5228.1.1.

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Vörös, Judit, Wassens, Skye, Price, Luke, Hunter, David, Myers, Steven, Armstrong, Kyle, Mahony, Michael J., Donnellan, Stephen (2023): Molecular systematic analysis demonstrates that the threatened southern bell frog, Litoria raniformis (Anura: Pelodryadidae) of eastern Australia comprises two sub-species. Zootaxa 5228 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.1.1

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14

Donnellan, Stephen C., Sarah R. Catalano, Stephen Pederson, et al. "Revision of the Litoria watjulumensis (Anura: Pelodryadidae) group from the Australian monsoonal tropics, including the resurrection of L. spaldingi." Zootaxa 4933, no. 2 (2021): 211–40. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4933.2.3.

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Donnellan, Stephen C., Catalano, Sarah R., Pederson, Stephen, Mitchell, Kieren J., Suhendran, Aidan, Price, Luke C., Doughty, Paul, Richards, Stephen J. (2021): Revision of the Litoria watjulumensis (Anura: Pelodryadidae) group from the Australian monsoonal tropics, including the resurrection of L. spaldingi. Zootaxa 4933 (2): 211-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.2.3

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15

Günther, Rainer, Stephen J. Richards, Amir Hamidy, Wahyu Trilaksono, Taufan N. Sulaeman, and Paul M. Oliver. "A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group." Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 (July 13, 2023): 417–29. https://doi.org/10.26107/RBZ-2023-0031.

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Günther, Rainer, Richards, Stephen J., Hamidy, Amir, Trilaksono, Wahyu, Sulaeman, Taufan N., Oliver, Paul M. (2023): A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 417-429, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0031

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16

Parkin, Tom, Jodi J. L. Rowley, Jessica Elliott-Tate, et al. "Systematic assessment of the brown tree frog (Anura: Pelodryadidae: Litoria ewingii) reveals two endemic species in South Australia." Zootaxa 5406, no. 1 (2024): 1–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5406.1.1.

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Parkin, Tom, Rowley, Jodi J. L., Elliott-Tate, Jessica, Mahony, Michael J., Sumner, Joanna, Melville, Jane, Donnellan, Stephen C. (2024): Systematic assessment of the brown tree frog (Anura: Pelodryadidae: Litoria ewingii) reveals two endemic species in South Australia. Zootaxa 5406 (1): 1-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5406.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5406.1.1/52824

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17

Purser, William A., Paul Doughty, Jodi L. Rowley, et al. "Systematics of the Little Red Tree Frog, Litoria rubella (Anura: Pelodryadidae), with the description of two new species from eastern Australia and arid Western Australia." Zootaxa 5594, no. 2 (2025): 269–315. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3.

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Purser, William A., Doughty, Paul, Rowley, Jodi L., Böhme, Wolfgang, Donnellan, Stephen C., Mitchell, Marion Anstis Nicola, Shea, Glenn M., Amey, Andrew, Mitchell, Brittany A., Catullo, Renee A. (2025): Systematics of the Little Red Tree Frog, Litoria rubella (Anura: Pelodryadidae), with the description of two new species from eastern Australia and arid Western Australia. Zootaxa 5594 (2): 269-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3

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18

DONNELLAN, S. C., R. A. CATULLO, J. J. L. ROWLEY, et al. "Revision of Litoria rothii (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from northern Australia." Zootaxa 5352, no. 1 (2023): 73–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5352.1.3.

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Litoria rothii is a widespread pelodryadid frog with a charismatic “laughing” advertisement call, distributed across the Australian Monsoon Tropics and southern New Guinea. Given its large distribution spanning well-known biogeographic barriers, variation in male advertisement calls and the prevalence of unresolved species complexes in the Australian frog fauna, we examine the genetic, morphological and acoustic diversity in the species from across its range. Our analyses reveal the presence of a previously unrecognised species in western parts of the range of L. rothii sensu lato, which we describe herein as a new species. Litoria ridibunda sp. nov. is distinguished from L. rothii on the basis of paraphyly of nuclear gene trees with L. everetti from Indonesia, colour patterns on the posterior thigh and male advertisement calls. Compared to L. rothii, the new species has a less contrasting pattern on the posterior thigh and a male advertisement call with a greater number of notes per call and a greater call duration. In particular, the magnitude of call differences between the species is highest where the ranges of the two species are in proximity in north-western Queensland. Our study further emphasises the undiagnosed diversity that remains in Australian frogs, even in relatively large, charismatic, frequently encountered species that often share human dwellings.

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19

Richards, Stephen J., and Stephen C. Donnellan. "Litoria aplini sp. nov., a new species of treefrog (Pelodryadidae) from Papua New Guinea." Records of the Australian Museum 72, no. 5 (2020): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.72.2020.1729.

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20

DEBAN, STEPHEN M., and KIISA C. NISHIKAWA. "The Kinematics of Prey Capture and the Mechanism of Tongue Protraction in the Green Tree Frog Hyla Cinerea." Journal of Experimental Biology 170, no. 1 (1992): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.170.1.235.

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Prey capture was studied in the green tree frog (Hyla cinerea) before and after denervation of either the m. genioglossus or m. submentalis using high-speed videography and kinematic analysis. The prey capture behavior and extent of tongue protraction of several members of the subfamilies Hylinae, Pelodryadinae and Phyllomedusinae were also studied. Results show that the m. genioglossus is necessary to produce complete tongue protraction and that the m. submentalis is necessary for mandibular bending, but not necessary for complete tongue protraction in Hyla cinerea. The tongue of Hyla cinerea resembles the weakly protrusible tongues of the archaeobatrachian frogs Ascaphus and Discoglossus more than the highly protrusible tongues of other neobatrachians, such as Rana or Bufo. A weakly protrusible tongue is present in the subfamilies Hylinae and Pelodryadinae, and a highly protrusible tongue is present in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. These results suggest that hyline and pelodryadine hylids have retained the ancestral anuran tongue morphology and that highly protrusible tongues have evolved once within the family Hylidae, in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae.

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21

Mo, Matthew. "Reptiles and Amphibians on a University Campus in a Peri-urban Area of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia." Reptiles & Amphibians 29, no. 1 (2022): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v29i1.16317.

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Building upon a previous species inventory published in 2004 and based on observations between 2008 and 2011, I herein describe the reptile and amphibian assemblage on a university campus in the northwestern corner of the Sydney metropolitan area, Australia, recording 26 species of reptiles in nine families (Chelidae, Agamidae, Carphodactylidae, Scincidae, Varanidae, Typhlopidae, Colubridae, Elapidae, Pythonidae) and 13 species of amphibians in three families (Pelodryadidae, Limnodynastidae, Myobatrachidae). Included are records of the Macquarie Turtle (Emydura macquarii) and Eastern Water Dragon (Intellagama lesueurii lesueurii), neither of which were considered indigenous to the campus in the previous inventory, and one observation of two Ornate Burrowing Frogs (Platyplectrum ornatum), which previously were thought to be only historically present at the site. Seven species predicted to be present on the campus by the previous inventory were confirmed by observations in this study. These observations demonstrate how green spaces on the periphery of one of the world’s largest cities can harbor a diverse assemblage of reptiles and amphibians.

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22

OLIVER, PAUL, RAINER GÜNTHER, BURHAN TJATURADI, and STEPHEN J. RICHARDS. "A new species of large green treefrog (Litoria, Pelodryadidae) from Papua, Indonesia." Zootaxa 4903, no. 1 (2021): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4903.1.7.

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We describe a new species of large green treefrog from southern Papua Province, Indonesia. Litoria lubisi sp. nov. is placed in the L. infrafrenata Group based on its size, colouration and configuration of hand webbing, but differs from other members of this group in aspects of body size and proportions, extent of hand webbing, colouration and male advertisement call. Litoria lubisi sp. nov. occurs in close proximity to two other species in the L. infrafrenata Group, emphasising an until-recently overlooked pattern that multiple species of large, arboreal Litoria have overlapping distributions across much of the lowlands of southern New Guinea.

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23

OLIVER, PAUL M., PETER J. MCDONALD, GEORGE DAHL, ELIZAH NAGOMBI, and STEPHEN J. RICHARDS. "A new species of treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from the karstic South-fold Mountains of New Guinea." Zootaxa 5514, no. 6 (2024): 559–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5514.6.4.

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Despite recent advances in the systematics and taxonomy of the relictual family Scolebythidae, the type genus Scolebythus Evans, 1963 remained monospecific for more than sixty years. Here, I describe and illustrate Scolebythus bekilyensis sp. nov. from a female specimen collected in southern Madagascar. This discovery emphasizes on the endemism of this genus, which is unique within the Scolebythidae for being restricted to one biogeographic realm, and suggests that potential new species are yet to be discovered in this megadiverse region.

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Dubois, Alain, and Annemarie Ohler. "An often overlooked Rule of the Code, and its bearing on the authorship and date of the nomen Proteidae (Amphibia, Urodela)." Bionomina 9, no. 1 (2015): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.9.1.4.

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Article 11.7.1.1 of the Code states that, to be available, a new zoological family-series (‘family-group’) nomen must be based, not only on an available generic nomen, but also on one used as valid in the newly erected family-series taxon. This Rule is ignored by many practising taxonomists, which may have deleterious consequences in zoological nomenclature. This is stressed here by the analysis of five cases where it applies in the group of recent amphibians, for the nomina or spellings Calamitae, Systomata, Pelodryadidae, Dicroglossini, and particularly that of the salamander family Proteidae: it is shown that the nomen that has been considered as valid for this family for almost two centuries is not nomenclaturally available and should be replaced by a much more obscure one. Fortunately, Article 23.9 on reversal of precedence allows to validate this nomen, but credited to a subsequent author and date. It is suggested that a similar survey and analysis of the family-series nomenclature of other zoological groups might disclose similar nomenclatural problems that have been overlooked until now.

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Richards, Stephen J., Stephen C. Donnellan, and Paul M. Oliver. "Five new species of the pelodryadid genus Litoria Tschudi from the southern versant of Papua New Guinea's Central Cordillera, with observations on the diversification of reproductive strategies in Melanesian treefrogs." Zootaxa 5263, no. 2 (2023): 151–90. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.1.

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Richards, Stephen J., Donnellan, Stephen C., Oliver, Paul M. (2023): Five new species of the pelodryadid genus Litoria Tschudi from the southern versant of Papua New Guinea's Central Cordillera, with observations on the diversification of reproductive strategies in Melanesian treefrogs. Zootaxa 5263 (2): 151-190, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.2.1

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RICHARDS, STEPHEN J., and STEPHEN C. DONNELLAN. "Two new species of green treefrogs (Pelodryadidae: Litoria) from the northern slopes of Papua New Guinea’s Central Cordillera." Zootaxa 5271, no. 3 (2023): 477–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.3.3.

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We describe two new species of moderate-sized (male body length 26.5–29.8 mm and 41.0 mm), predominantly green treefrogs in the genus Litoria from hill forest on the northern slopes of Papua New Guinea’s Central Cordillera. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial ND4 nucleotide sequences shows that the first species is related to Litoria iris (Tyler) and its allies. It is morphologically most similar to Litoria mystax, a small green treefrog known only from the holotype that was described more than 100 years ago from the north coast of western New Guinea but differs from that species in having longer legs and a broader head. The second species is closest to Litoria gasconi, a species known only from the foothills of the Foja Mountains in Papua Province, Indonesian New Guinea, and the Prince Alexander Mountains in northern Papua New Guinea. It has a net average sequence divergence of 10% from L. gasconi and can be distinguished morphologically from it and from other pelodryadids by the presence of a striking pattern of spots and blotches on the ventral surfaces and on the hidden surfaces of the limbs. These descriptions add to the rapidly increasing known diversity of frogs in hill and lower montane forest, habitats that support the most diverse frog communities on mainland New Guinea.

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27

PARKIN, TOM, JODI J. L. ROWLEY, JESSICA ELLIOTT-TATE, et al. "Systematic assessment of the brown tree frog (Anura: Pelodryadidae: Litoria ewingii) reveals two endemic species in South Australia." Zootaxa 5406, no. 1 (2024): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5406.1.1.

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The brown tree frog (Litoria ewingii) is a relatively widespread, commonly encountered pelodryadid frog from south-eastern Australia, known for its characteristic whistling call. The distribution of Litoria ewingii spans over more than 350,000 km2, encompassing a range of moist temperate habitats, and is fragmented by well-known biogeographic barriers. A preliminary analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences revealed evidence for deep phylogenetic structure between some of these fragmented populations. In this study, we sought to re-evaluate the systematics and taxonomy of Litoria ewingii sensu lato by analysing variation in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, adult morphology and male advertisement calls throughout the species’ range. Our analyses reveal two additional, deeply divergent and allopatric lineages in South Australia. We herein re-describe Litoria ewingii from Tasmania, southern New South Wales, Victoria and south-eastern South Australia, resurrect the name Litoria calliscelis for a species occurring in the Mount Lofty Ranges and Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia, and describe a new species, Litoria sibilus sp. nov., endemic to Kangaroo Island.

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PRICE, LUKE C., CONRAD J. HOSKIN, MICHAEL J. MAHONY, and STEPHEN C. DONNELLAN. "Systematic evaluation of molecular genetic, morphological and acoustic variation reveals three species in the Litoria revelata complex (Anura: Pelodryadidae)." Zootaxa 5584, no. 3 (2025): 301–38. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5584.3.1.

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We used a combination of nuclear and mitochondrial genetic data, body measurements and colouration, and male advertisement calls to analyse the systematic implications of variation in the whirring treefrog Litoria revelata complex, which occurs in three allopatric populations—north-eastern New South Wales/south-eastern Queensland, mid-eastern Queensland, and northern Queensland. The three populations each form divergent lineages for both the nuclear (single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNP) and mitochondrial datasets and are diagnosable also on the basis of morphology and advertisement calls. In combination, we use these lines of data to recognise three species: L. revelata in north-eastern New South Wales/south-eastern Queensland, L. eungellensis sp. nov. in mid-eastern Queensland, and the resurrected L. corbeni in northern Queensland. We provide a preliminary conservation assessment for each species, with the latter two species being localised to very small upland areas and warranting conservation listing and attention.

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Ellis, Ryan J., Paul Doughty, and J. Dale Roberts. "An annotated type catalogue of the frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Limnodynastidae, Myobatrachidae, Pelodryadidae) in the collection of the Western Australian Museum." Records of the Western Australian Museum 32, no. 1 (2017): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0312-3162.32(1).2017.001-028.

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Ellis, Ryan J., Paul Doughty, and J. Dale Roberts. "An Annotated Type Catalogue of the Frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Limnodynastidae, Myobatrachidae, Pelodryadidae) in the Collection of the Western Australian Museum." Records of the Western Australian Museum 32 (June 12, 2017): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13418309.

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Ellis, Ryan J., Paul Doughty, and J. Dale Roberts. "An Annotated Type Catalogue of the Frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Limnodynastidae, Myobatrachidae, Pelodryadidae) in the Collection of the Western Australian Museum." Records of the Western Australian Museum 32 (June 7, 2017): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13418309.

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Ellis, Ryan J., Paul Doughty, and J. Dale Roberts. "An Annotated Type Catalogue of the Frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Limnodynastidae, Myobatrachidae, Pelodryadidae) in the Collection of the Western Australian Museum." Records of the Western Australian Museum 32 (June 19, 2017): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13418309.

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MAHONY, MICHAEL, BEDE MOSES, STEPHEN V. MAHONY, FRANK L. LEMCKERT, and STEPHEN DONNELLAN. "A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia." Zootaxa 4858, no. 2 (2020): 201–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4858.2.3.

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Population declines and range contractions among Australian frogs that commenced in the early 1980s continue in some species that were once widespread. The generality of this pattern has been difficult to discern, especially for those species that are encountered rarely because they have restricted periods of calling activity with poorly defined habitat preferences, and are not common. Several lines of evidence indicate that Litoria littlejohni is such a species. This frog was once known from mid-eastern New South Wales to eastern Victoria, and evidence from wildlife atlas databases and targeted searches indicate that it has declined in large portions of its former range, leaving several populations that are isolated, in some cases restricted in distribution, and of small size. We investigated the relationships among populations using mitochondrial ND4 nucleotide sequences and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the nuclear genome. We found that northern and southern populations form two highly divergent genetic groups whose distributions abut at the southern margin of the Sydney Basin Bioregion and these genetic groups also show divergence in morphology and male advertisement calls. Here we describe the populations to the south of the Sydney Basin Bioregion as a new species and provide information on its distribution and ecology. In light of the apparent isolation and small size of known populations of the new species and the consequent restriction of the range of L. littlejohni, we assessed the conservation status of both species.

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VÖRÖS, JUDIT, SKYE WASSENS, LUKE PRICE, et al. "Molecular systematic analysis demonstrates that the threatened southern bell frog, Litoria raniformis (Anura: Pelodryadidae) of eastern Australia, comprises two sub-species." Zootaxa 5228, no. 1 (2023): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5228.1.1.

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In south-eastern Australia, the pelodryadid Litoria aurea Group (sensu Tyler & Davies 1978) comprises three species: Litoria aurea (Lesson, 1829), Litoria raniformis (Keferstein, 1867), and Litoria castanea (Steindachner, 1867). All three species have been subject to declines over recent decades and taxonomic uncertainty persists among populations on the tablelands in New South Wales. We address the systematics of the Group by analysing mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences to assess divergence in the Litoria raniformis from across its current range in New South Wales (NSW), Victoria, South Australia (SA) and Tasmania. We also included samples of Litoria castanea from a recently rediscovered population in the southern tablelands of NSW. Our phylogenetic and population genetic analyses show that Litoria raniformis comprises northern and southern lineages, showing deep mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence (7% net average sequence divergence) and can be diagnosed by fixed allelic differences at more than 4,000 SNP loci. Samples of the northern lineage were collected from the Murray-Darling Basin while those of the southern lineage were collected from south-eastern South Australia, southern and south-eastern Victoria and Tasmania. Analysis of the morphology and bioacoustics did not unequivocally delineate the two lineages. The presence of a hybrid backcross individual in western Victoria at the northern margin of the southern lineage, leads us to assign sub-species status to the two lineages, L. r. raniformis for the northern lineage and L. r. major for the southern lineage. Our data do not unequivocally resolve the taxonomic status of L. castanea which will require molecular genetic analyses of museum vouchers from those parts of the range where L. castanea and L. raniformis are no longer extant. Our data also suggest that human mediated movement of frogs may have occurred over the past 50 years. Our genotyping of vouchers collected in the 1970s from the Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia detected mitochondrial haplotypes of both sub-species and SNP analysis showed that a single Tasmanian specimen was a backcross with L. r. raniformis ancestry. Movement of L. r. raniformis into Tasmania and both sub-species into the Mount Lofty Ranges are not likely due to passive movements of animals through agricultural commerce, but due to the attractiveness of the species as pets and subsequent escapes or releases, potentially of the larval life stage.

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Richards, Stephen J., and Paul M. Oliver. "Two new species of torrent-breeding treefrogs (Anura: Pelodryadidae: Litoria) from hill forests on the southern edge of New Guinea’s Central Cordillera." Vertebrate Zoology 74 (June 28, 2024): 417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.74.e123251.

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Abstract We describe two new species of torrent-breeding Litoria Tschudi, 1838 from low-elevation hill-forest habitats on the southern fringe of Papua New Guinea’s Central Cordillera. One is currently known only from the Kikori River basin, and the other is known from the Kikori and adjacent Strickland River basins. The two new species can be distinguished from all other Litoria by aspects of morphology and advertisement call structure. Both are known only from below 500 m a.s.l. and so are considered less likely to be threatened by the devastating frog pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Longcore, Pessier & Nichols, 1999 than torrent-breeding Melanesian pelodryadid frogs occupying higher, cooler habitats, should that pathogen be introduced to the region. One hundred and ten frog species have now been documented from the Kikori River basin, a near doubling of the total recognised when the first field guide to the region was published nearly 20 years ago, emphasising the rich anuran community of this area.

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Richards, Stephen J., and Paul M. Oliver. "Two new species of torrent-breeding treefrogs (Anura: Pelodryadidae: Litoria) from hill forests on the southern edge of New Guinea's Central Cordillera." Vertebrate Zoology 74 (June 28, 2024): 417–33. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.74.e123251.

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Abstract We describe two new species of torrent-breeding <i>Litoria</i> Tschudi, 1838 from low-elevation hill-forest habitats on the southern fringe of Papua New Guinea's Central Cordillera. One is currently known only from the Kikori River basin, and the other is known from the Kikori and adjacent Strickland River basins. The two new species can be distinguished from all other <i>Litoria</i> by aspects of morphology and advertisement call structure. Both are known only from below 500 m a.s.l. and so are considered less likely to be threatened by the devastating frog pathogen <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> Longcore, Pessier & Nichols, 1999 than torrent-breeding Melanesian pelodryadid frogs occupying higher, cooler habitats, should that pathogen be introduced to the region. One hundred and ten frog species have now been documented from the Kikori River basin, a near doubling of the total recognised when the first field guide to the region was published nearly 20 years ago, emphasising the rich anuran community of this area.

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Rowley, J. J. L., M. J. Mahony, H. B. Hines, et al. "Two new frog species from the Litoria rubella species group from eastern Australia." Zootaxa 5071, no. 1 (2021): 1–41. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.1.

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Rowley, J. J. L., Mahony, M. J., Hines, H. B., Myers, S., Price, L.C., Shea, G.M., Donnellan, S. C. (2021): Two new frog species from the Litoria rubella species group from eastern Australia. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 1-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.1

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Hoskin, Conrad J. "Description, biology and conservation of a new species of Australian tree frog (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) and an assessment of the remaining populations of Litoria genimaculata Horst, 1883: systematic and conservation implications of an unusual speciation event." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 91 (August 6, 2007): 549–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00805.x.

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Hoskin, Conrad J. (2007): Description, biology and conservation of a new species of Australian tree frog (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) and an assessment of the remaining populations of Litoria genimaculata Horst, 1883: systematic and conservation implications of an unusual speciation event. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 91: 549-563, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00805.x

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Mollard, Richard, Michael Mahony, Gerry Marantelli, and Matt West. "The critically endangered species Litoria spenceri demonstrates subpopulation karyotype diversity." Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 12, no. 2 (2018): 28–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13236636.

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Mollard, Richard, Mahony, Michael, Marantelli, Gerry, West, Matt (2018): The critically endangered species Litoria spenceri demonstrates subpopulation karyotype diversity. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation (e166) 12 (2): 28-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13236636

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OLIVER, PAUL M., RAINER GÜNTHER, MUMPUNI MUMPUNI, and STEPHEN J. RICHARDS. "Systematics of New Guinea treefrogs (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) with erectile rostral spikes: an extended description of Litoria pronimia and a new species from the Foja Mountains." Zootaxa 4604, no. 2 (2019): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.2.6.

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A small number of treefrog species (Litoria) from Melanesia are unusual amongst Anura in having distinctive fleshy rostral spikes. Here, we first present an extended description for Litoria pronimia Menzies, a small species that is widespread along the southern edge of the Central Cordillera of New Guinea, and in which males have a long and erectile rostral spike. Second, we describe Litoria pinocchio sp. nov. a new, morphologically similar, yet geographically disjunct species from the Foja Mountains in northern Papua Province, Indonesia. The new species differs from Litoria pronimia in aspects of body shape, proportions and colouration. A review of variation in the size, structure and degree of sexual dimorphism of the rostral spike across different species of Litoria suggests varying function including mate selection and camouflage.

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PURSER, WILLIAM A., PAUL DOUGHTY, JODI L. ROWLEY, et al. "Systematics of the Little Red Tree Frog, Litoria rubella (Anura: Pelodryadidae), with the description of two new species from eastern Australia and arid Western Australia." Zootaxa 5594, no. 2 (2025): 269–315. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3.

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The Litoria rubella species complex (L. capitula and L. rubella) is distributed across much of continental Australia, southern New Guinea, and the Tanimbar Islands of Indonesia, in habitats ranging from deserts to tropical forests. We carried out an appraisal of molecular genetics, advertisement calls, and morphological variation in the species complex. Analyses of thousands of nuclear gene SNPs and nucleotide sequences from the mitochondrial ND4 gene identified four reciprocally monophyletic lineages in both marker types, two exclusively in Australia, one in Australia/New Guinea and one from the Tanimbar Islands. The advertisement calls of the three lineages on continental Australia have overlapping but significant differences in the number of pulses in the notes, dominant frequency, and call duration, particularly where the lineages come into contact. The Tanimbar Islands lineage is genetically and morphologically distinct and represents L. capitula. Molecular and advertisement call data together support the recognition of three species in Australia: a widespread central arid and northern tropics lineage, a western arid zone lineage, and an eastern mesic lineage. Litoria rubella sensu stricto is widespread across the tropical Kimberley and Top End regions, southern New Guinea, the central arid zone, and the Murray Darling Basin, making it an extreme climate-generalist. SNP data indicates that L. rubella has gene flow to the north of the Lake Eyre Basin but not the south, making it a possible ring species. The western arid zone lineage does not differ in appearance or advertisement call from L. rubella but is geographically disjunct and phylogenetically distinct. The eastern lineage is primarily distributed to the east of the Great Dividing Range and Cape York in Queensland. We redescribe L. rubella sensu stricto, describe the eastern lineage and western arid lineage as new species, L. pyrina sp. nov. and L. larisonans sp. nov. respectively. Although L. rubella and L. larisonans sp. nov. are morphologically similar, they do not overlap in distribution, making identification non-problematic. Litoria pyrina sp. nov. can be distinguished from L. rubella at contact zones by having advertisement calls with a higher dominant frequency. We investigated the history and morphology of the type for L. mystacina and designate it a nomen dubium. The three Australian species are likely to have a conservation status of Least Concern as they are widespread and abundant, with no significant threats. Little is known about L. capitula from the Tanimbar Islands outside of the few existing museum specimens.

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Richards, Stephen J., Conrad J. Hoskin, Michael J. Cunningham, Keith Mcdonald, and Stephen C. Donnellan. "Taxonomic re-assessment of the Australian and New Guinean green-eyed treefrogs Litoria eucnemis, L. genimaculata and L. serrata (Anura: Hylidae)." Zootaxa 2391, no. 1 (2010): 33–46. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2391.1.2.

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Richards, Stephen J., Hoskin, Conrad J., Cunningham, Michael J., Mcdonald, Keith, Donnellan, Stephen C. (2010): Taxonomic re-assessment of the Australian and New Guinean green-eyed treefrogs Litoria eucnemis, L. genimaculata and L. serrata (Anura: Hylidae). Zootaxa 2391 (1): 33-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2391.1.2, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2391.1.2

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DONNELLAN, STEPHEN C., SARAH R. CATALANO, STEPHEN PEDERSON, et al. "Revision of the Litoria watjulumensis (Anura: Pelodryadidae) group from the Australian monsoonal tropics, including the resurrection of L. spaldingi." Zootaxa 4933, no. 2 (2021): 211–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4933.2.3.

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We show that the Wotjulum frog, Litoria watjulumensis (Copland, 1957), comprises two deeply divergent mitochondrial DNA lineages that are also reciprocally monophyletic for a nuclear gene locus and have discrete distributions. The taxa are differentiated in multivariate analysis of shape but show no appreciable differences in colour and pattern. The two taxa differ substantially in the degree of female biased sexual size dimorphism, with the western taxon showing considerably more pronounced dimorphism. We subsequently resurrect Litoria (Hyla) spaldingi (Hosmer, 1964) for populations from east of the Daly River system in the Northern Territory through to western Queensland and restrict L. watjulumensis to populations from the Kimberley region of north-western Australia and the Victoria River system of the western Northern Territory. The complex advertisement call of L. spaldingi is described for the first time.

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Richards, Stephen J., and Paul M. Oliver. "A new species of insular treefrog in the Litoria thesaurensis species group from the Nakanai Mountains, New Britain, Papua New Guinea." Vertebrate Zoology 72 (November 22, 2022): 1067–76. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e91422.

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The Islands of East Melanesia have a unique and highly endemic frog fauna derived entirely from overseas colonisation events. Within East Melanesia New Britain is a notable centre of frog diversity and endemism, with at least 15 endemic species, mostly in the ceratobatrachid genus Cornufer. Here we describe the first endemic pelodryadid treefrog from New Britain. The new species is a member of the Litoria thesaurensis species group but can be distinguished from near relatives by aspects of body size, webbing extent, bone pigmentation and male advertisement call. The two known specimens of the new species were collected in Hill Forest on karst basement in the Nakanai Mountains in East New Britain. The new species provides new evidence of diversification of insular PelodrydidaePelodrydidae, and reinforces New Britain, and especially the predominantly karst Nakanai mountains, as a hotspot of frog diversity in East Melanesia. In light of high rates of forest loss and conversion New Britain is also a region of significant conservation concern.

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Tyler, Michael J., and Gavin J. Prideaux. "Early to middle Pleistocene occurrences of Litoria, Neobatrachus and Pseudophryne (Anura) from the Nullarbor Plain, Australia: first frogs from the "frog-free zone"." Memoirs of Museum Victoria 74 (December 31, 2016): 403–8. https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2016.74.28.

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Tyler, Michael J., Prideaux, Gavin J. (2016): Early to middle Pleistocene occurrences of Litoria, Neobatrachus and Pseudophryne (Anura) from the Nullarbor Plain, Australia: first frogs from the "frog-free zone". Memoirs of Museum Victoria 74: 403-408, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2016.74.28, URL: https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-74-2016/pages-403-408/

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OLIVER, PAUL, RAINER GÜNTHER, BURHAN TJATURADI, and STEPHEN J. RICHARDS. "Erratum: PAUL OLIVER, RAINER GÜNTHER, BURHAN TJATURADI & STEPHEN J. RICHARDS (2021) A new species of large green treefrog (Litoria, Pelodryadidae) from Papua, Indonesia. Zootaxa, 4903 (1): 117–126." Zootaxa 4948, no. 4 (2021): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4948.4.8.

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Duellman, William E., Angela B. Marion, and Blair Hedges. "Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae)." Zootaxa 4104, no. 1 (2016): 1–109. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4104.1.1.

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Duellman, William E., Marion, Angela B., Hedges, Blair (2016): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae). Zootaxa 4104 (1): 1-109, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4104.1.1

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Hutchinson, MN, and LR Maxson. "Immunological Evidence on Relationships of Some Australian Terrestrial Frogs (Anura, Hylidae, Pelodryadinae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 34, no. 4 (1986): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9860575.

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Phylogenetic relationships of ground-dwelling hylid frogs have been studied by micro-complement fixation comparisons of serum albumin. These analyses show that this group of frogs is not monophyletic. Two distantly related species-complexes are identified: a lesueuri complex, containing the lesueuri and booroolongensis species-groups of Tyler and Davies; and a freycineti complex, consisting of the freycineti, coplandi, latopalmata and nigrofrenata species-groups. Among the frogs studied, the nearest relative of the lesueuri complex is L. serrata, whereas the closest relatives of the freycineti complex include the L. meiriana and L. ewingi species-groups. Within each complex the species are very closely related to one another, suggesting that both lineages recently have undergone adaptive radiations. These relationships correlate well with some of the morphological characters used by Tyler and Davies to establish species- groups within Litoria. Our results are at variance with the conclusions of Tyler and Davies who used features of biology and body proportions to establish possible evolutionary lineages within Litoria.

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Hutchinson, MN, and LR Maxson. "Phylogenetic-Relationships Among Australian Tree Frogs (Anura, Hylidae, Pelodryadinae) - an Immunological Approach." Australian Journal of Zoology 35, no. 1 (1987): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9870061.

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Phylogenetic relationships among hylid frogs of the Australian region were studied by micro-complement fixation comparisons of serum albumin. Although our data support current species-group arrangements, we do not find good agreement between our phylogenetic hypotheses and those derived from morphological and karyological studies. Immunological analyses provide data which allow the construction of a phylogeny for the Australian radiation of the speciose genus Litoria, and suggest dividing the species of Litoria examined into five major species-assemblages, each of which is probably monophyletic. The sister- group relationship between the Litoria aurea group and Cyclorana is confirmed, and the diphyletic origin of the terrestrial hylids is supported. The radiation of Australian hylids is monophyletic with respect to the outgroup taxon (Hyla) used in this study, and the origin of diversification within the genus correlates well with estimates of the final separation of Australia from Antarctica-South America. Preliminary data suggest that the endemic New Guinean taxa (Nyctimystes and the montane Litoria) are closely related to the Australian 'freycineti' assemblage within Litoria. Albumin from Litoria infrafrenata cross-reacted poorly with all available Australian antisera, suggesting that this species may have originated independently of the rest of the Australian hylids. Our data support the classification of Australian tree frogs as hylids, rather than as leptodactyloid offshoots.

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Burton, TC. "Adaptation and Evolution in the Hand Muscles of Australo-Papuan Hylid Frogs (Anura: Hylidae: Pelodryadinae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 6 (1996): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960611.

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Members of the Pelodryadinae possess a hitherto undescribed set of distal extensor muscles to the ultimate phalanges; this set is found also in the hyline frogs that formed an outgroup for this study, and also in scansorial but not terrestrial microhylids. The M. palmaris longus of Cyclorana consists of two slips, whereas in most other pelodryadines the division is three-fold. The problematic species Litoria alboguttata and L. dahlii exhibit the Cyclorana condition. The hand musculature of Litoria infrafrenata is typical of its genus, and this study gives no support to the hypothesis that this species has evolved independently of the other pelodryadines; however, there is support for the hypothesis that montane New Guinean Litoria are closely related to some members of the freycineti assemblage of mostly terrestrial frogs. The hand musculature of Nyctimystes possesses no features to distinguish it from that of a generalised Litoria species, and sheds no light on the origins of Nyctimystes.

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