Journal articles: 'PEM FC'

1

Kraytsberg, Alexander, and Yair Ein-Eli. "PEM FC with improved water management." Journal of Power Sources 160, no. 1 (September 2006): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.074.

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Gavello, Gianluigi, Elisa P. Ambrosio, Ugo A. Icardi, Stefania Specchia, Carlotta Francia, Nerino Penazzi, and Vito Specchia. "Effect of Freezing Conditions on PEM-FC Components." ECS Transactions 17, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3142765.

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3

Ren, Yuan, Zhikun Ni, Huili Xu, Zhidan Zhong, and Tianyu Luo. "Wavelet Packet Transform based Fault Diagnosis for PEM FC." Advances in Energy Engineering 5 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14355/aee.2017.05.001.

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Koch, Reinhold, Eduardo López, Núria J. Divins, Miguel Allué, Andreas Jossen, Jordi Riera, and Jordi Llorca. "Ethanol catalytic membrane reformer for direct PEM FC feeding." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 14 (May 2013): 5605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.107.

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5

Notter, Dominic A., Katerina Kouravelou, Theodoros Karachalios, Maria K. Daletou, and Nara Tudela Haberland. "Life cycle assessment of PEM FC applications: electric mobility and μ-CHP." Energy & Environmental Science 8, no. 7 (2015): 1969–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee01082a.

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Steidl, Eduardo Matias dos Santos, Bruna Franciele da Trintade Gonçalves, Nathalia De Morais Rockenbach, Adriane Schmidt Pasqualoto, and Renata Mancopes. "EFEITOS DE UM PROGRAMA DE TERAPIA MANUAL SOBRE A FUNÇÃO RESPIRATÓRIA E QUALIDADE DE VIDA DE INDIVÍDUOS COM DOENÇA PULMONAR OBSTRUTIVA CRÔNICA (DPOC)." Revista Contexto & Saúde 20, no. 38 (June 30, 2020): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21527/2176-7114.2020.38.210-216.

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Objetivo: investigar os efeitos da terapia manual (TM) sobre a função respiratória e qualidade de vida de indivíduos com DPOC. Métodos: foram avaliados 18 indivíduos com idade média 66,06±8,86 anos, 61,1% (11) homens e %VEF1 médio 40,28±16,73 após-programa de TM. As medidas de desfecho foram: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), pressão inspiratória (PIM) e expiratória (PEM) máximas, sensação de dispneia (MRC) e qualidade de vida (SGRQ). Resultados: houve diferença significativa para FC (p=0,04), FR (p=0,007), SpO2 (p<0,0001), PIM e %PIM (p<0,0001), PEM e %PEM (p=0,001). Na qualidade de vida os domínios sintomas (p=0,001), impacto (p=0,001) e pontuação total (p=0,001) diferiram antes e após o programa. Conclusão: o programa de TM melhorou os parâmetros vitais, aumentou a força muscular respiratória e interferiu positivamente na qualidade de vida.

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Riccardi, Matteo, Alessandro d’Adamo, Andrea Vaini, Marcello Romagnoli, Massimo Borghi, and Stefano Fontanesi. "Experimental Validation of a 3D-CFD Model of a PEM Fuel Cell." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019705004.

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The growing energy demand is inevitably accompanied by a strong increase in greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide. The adoption of new energy vectors is therefore seen as the most promising countermeasure. In this context, hydrogen is an extremely interesting energy carrier, since it can be used as a fuel in both conventional energy systems (internal combustion engines, turbines) and in Fuel Cells (FC). In particular, PEM (Polymeric Electrolyte Membrane) FC are given growing attention in the transportation sector as a Life-Cycle viable solution to sustainable mobility. The use of 3D CFD analysis of for the development of efficient FC architectures is extremely interesting since it can provide a fast development tool for design exploration and optimization. The designer can therefore take advantage of a robust and accurate modelling in order to define and develop fuel cell systems in a more time-efficient and cost-efficient way, to optimize their performance and to lower their production costs. So far, studies available in the scientific literature lack of quantitative validation of the CFD simulations of complete PEM fuel cells against experimental evidence. The proposed study presents a quantitative validation of a multi-physics model of a Clearpak PEM cell. The chemistry and physics implemented in the methodology allow the authors to obtain both thermal and electrical results, characterizing the performance of each component of the PEM. The results obtained, compared with the experimental polarization curve, show that the model is not only numerically stable and robust in terms of boundary conditions, but also capable to accurately characterize the performance of the PEM cell over almost its entire polarization range.

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Abdul-Redah, Tyno, Frédéric Hasché, Rulle Reske, and Peter Strasser. "Mass Spectrometry Coupled PEM-FC Operated with H2 and D2." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 638, no. 10 (August 2012): 1634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.201204135.

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9

Holgado, Marina, and David Alique. "Preliminary Equipment Design for On-Board Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming in Palladium Membrane Reactors." ChemEngineering 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3010006.

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Hydrogen, as an energy carrier, can take the main role in the transition to a new energy model based on renewable sources. However, its application in the transport sector is limited by its difficult storage and the lack of infrastructure for its distribution. On-board H2 production is proposed as a possible solution to these problems, especially in the case of considering renewable feedstocks such as bio-ethanol or bio-methane. This work addresses a first approach for analyzing the viability of these alternatives by using Pd-membrane reactors in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) vehicles. It has been demonstrated that the use of Pd-based membrane reactors enhances hydrogen productivity and provides enough pure hydrogen to feed the PEM-FC requirements in one single step. Both alternatives seem to be feasible, although the methane-based on-board hydrogen production offers some additional advantages. For this case, it is possible to generate 1.82 kmol h−1 of pure H2 to feed the PEM-FC while minimizing the CO2 emissions to 71 g CO2/100 km. This value would be under the future emissions limits proposed by the European Union (EU) for year 2020. In this case, the operating conditions of the on-board reformer are T = 650 °C, Pret = 10 bar and H2O/CH4 = 2.25, requiring 1 kg of catalyst load and a membrane area of 1.76 m2.

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10

Patsios, Charalampos, M. Antonakopoulos, and Antonios G. Kladas. "PEM Fuel Cell Integration in a Hybrid Renewable Energy-Based Power System." Materials Science Forum 792 (August 2014): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.792.299.

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This paper proposes a control methodology for the reliable integration of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) into a hybrid generation system for stand-alone power applications. The system employs a wind generator (WG) and photovoltaic (PV) arrays as main energy sources while the fuel cell (FC) is included for supplying excess power demand. An ultra-capacitor (UC) bank is also implemented in order to cover rapid changes of both load demand and power supply due to changes in wind speed or solar radiation. The system operation is based not only on the supply-demand equilibrium but also includes concerns of FC long-term durability as well as actual constraints regarding electrolyzer operation and considerations of energy efficiency. The system performance is evaluated on a 24-hour operating time period basis under highly-varying load conditions. A particular control technique is proposed for power flow regulation ensuring FC life extension, system efficiency optimization and uninterrupted supply of demand.

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OBARA, Shin'ya, Shunsuke KITO, Akira HOSHI, and Seizi SASAKI. "Dynamic Characteristics of PEM-FC/Woody Biomass Engine Hybrid Micro Grid." Journal of Thermal Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (2007): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jtst.2.111.

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12

OBARA, S. "CO2CO2 discharge characteristic of PEM-FC/hydrogen-gas-engine hybrid cogeneration." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32, no. 7 (May 2007): 819–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.10.065.

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13

AL-bonsrulah, Hussein A. Z., Mohammed J. Alshukri, Ammar I. Alsabery, and Ishak Hashim. "Numerical and Theoretical Study of Performance and Mechanical Behavior of PEM-FC Using Innovative Channel Geometrical Configurations." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 5597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125597.

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Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) aggregation pressure causes extensive strains in cell segments. The compression of each segment takes place through the cell modeling method. In addition, a very heterogeneous compressive load is produced because of the recurrent channel rib design of the dipole plates, so that while high strains are provided below the rib, the domain continues in its initial uncompressed case under the ducts approximate to it. This leads to significant spatial variations in thermal and electrical connections and contact resistances (both in rib–GDL and membrane–GDL interfaces). Variations in heat, charge, and mass transfer rates within the GDL can affect the performance of the fuel cell (FC) and its lifetime. In this paper, two scenarios are considered to verify the performance and lifetime of the PEM-FC using different innovative channel geometries. The first scenario is conducted by adopting a constant channel height (H = 1 mm) for all the differently shaped channels studied. In contrast, the second scenario is conducted by taking a constant channel cross-sectional area (A = 1 mm2) for all the studied channels. Therefore, a computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) for a PEM fuel cell is formed through the assembly of FC to simulate the pressure variations inside it. The simulation results showed that a triangular cross-section channel provided the uniformity of the pressure distribution, with lower deformations and lower mechanical stresses. The analysis helped gain insights into the physical mechanisms that lead to the FC’s durability and identify important parameters under different conditions. The model shows that it can assume the intracellular pressure configuration toward durability and appearance containing limited experimental data. The results also proved that the better cell voltage occurs in the case of the rectangular channel cross-section, and therefore, higher power from the FC, although its durability is much lower compared to the durability of the triangular channel. The results also showed that the rectangular channel cross-section gave higher cell voltages, and therefore, higher power (0.63 W) from the fuel cell, although its durability is much lower compared to the durability of the triangular channel. Therefore, the triangular channel gives better performance compared to other innovative channels.

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14

Konduru, Vinaykumar, Srikanth Arisetty, Nagappan Ramaswamy, and Swami Kumaraguru. "Operating Conditions Effect on PEM FC Durability Using Design of Experiment Approach." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 38 (May 1, 2020): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-01381615mtgabs.

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15

Andaloro, L., A. Arista, G. Agnello, G. Napoli, F. Sergi, and V. Antonucci. "Study and design of a hybrid electric vehicle (Lithium Batteries-PEM FC)." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 5 (February 2017): 3166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.12.082.

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16

Cardenas, Alben, Kodjo Agbossou, and Nilson Henao. "Development of Power Interface With FPGA-Based Adaptive Control for PEM-FC System." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 30, no. 1 (March 2015): 296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tec.2014.2349653.

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17

Simagina, Valentina I., Anna M. Ozerova, Oksana V. Komova, and Olga V. Netskina. "Recent Advances in Applications of Co-B Catalysts in NaBH4-Based Portable Hydrogen Generators." Catalysts 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11020268.

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This review highlights the opportunities of catalytic hydrolysis of NaBH4 with the use of inexpensive and active Co-B catalysts among the other systems of hydrogen storage and generation based on water reactive materials. This process is important for the creation of H2 generators required for the operation of portable compact power devices based on low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (LT PEM FC). Special attention is paid to the influence of the reaction medium on the formation of active state of Co-B catalysts and the problem of their deactivation in NaBH4 solution stabilized by alkali. The novelty of this review consists in the discussion of basic designs of hydrogen generators based on NaBH4 hydrolysis using cobalt catalysts and the challenges of their integration with LT PEM FC. The potential of using batch reactors in which there is no need to use aggressive alkaline NaBH4 solutions is discussed. Solid-phase compositions or pellets based on NaBH4 and cobalt-containing catalytic additives are proposed, the hydrogen generation from which starts immediately after the addition of water. The review made it possible to formulate the most acute problems, which require new sci-tech solutions.

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18

Guarino, Antonio, Giovanni Petrone, and Walter Zamboni. "Improving the Performance of a Dual Kalman Filter for the Identification of PEM Fuel Cells in Impedance Spectroscopy Experiments." Energies 12, no. 17 (September 2, 2019): 3377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173377.

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In this paper, the Dual Kalman Filter (DKF) is used for the parametric identification of an RC model of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (FC) stack. The identification is performed for diagnostic purposes, starting from time-domain voltage and current signals in the framework of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) tests. Here, the sinusoidal input of the tests makes the identification of DKF parameters challenging. The paper analyzes the filter performance and proposes a possible approach to address the filter tuning to let it work with FC operating either in normal conditions or in the presence of drying and flooding fault conditions, or in fuel starvation mode. The analysis is mainly performed in a simulated environment, where the Fouquet model is used to simulate the FC. Some criteria to tune the filter are derived from the analysis and used also with experimental data produced by some EIS tests, to achieve the best estimate in constrained conditions. The results show that the DKF can be turned into a valuable tool to identify the model parameters even with signals developed for other scopes. The identification results envisage the possibility of assisting the model-based FC diagnosis by means of a very simple tool that can run on a low-cost embedded device. Indeed, the simplicity of the filter approach and a lightweight implementation allow the deployment of the algorithm in embedded solutions.

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19

Imam, S. M., and A. M. Azmy. "Sizing and economic analysis of stand-alone PEM fuel cell systems for residential utilization." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 6, no. 1 (June 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2015.6.1.1.

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This study discusses the economic utilization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) based on cost of energy (COE) to supply residential electrical and thermal loads. The fuel cell system is sized using simplified mathematical expressions considering the stack degradation and the system salvage value at the end of its life time. The study is based on a 5 kWh/day residential load with a peak load power of 1300 W. Two scenarios for economic survey are studied. The first scenario is to find the commercial price for each FC component considering that the supply fuel is hydrogen. The other scenario is for a complete FC system commercial price considering that the supply fuel is natural gas. The economic analyses are based on the actual sale prices in the market. The COE of the fuel cell system is compared with previous work by the authors for the same residential ratings but supplied from a stand-alone photo voltaic system (SAPV). The analysis results show that the COE relies heavily on the capital cost of the system.

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Franchi, D., F. Gonzatti, M. Miotto, V. N. Kuhn, and F. A. Farret. "Use of infrared matrix sensor for temperature measurement and monitoring of PEM/FC stacks." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 293 (July 2019): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2019.04.031.

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21

Kłaczyński, Maciej, and Grzegorz Grzeczka. "Assessment of noise and vibration hazards generated by hybrid PEM-FC personal power supply." Journal of Vibroengineering 20, no. 7 (November 15, 2018): 2771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/jve.2018.20051.

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22

Li, Bin, Keqing Xiong, Bing Qi, Yi Sun, Jun Lu, Gangjun Gong, Huaguang Yan, and Songsong Chen. "Dynamic Modeling and Numeric Analysis of Transient Behavior for PEM-FC with Demand Response Capability." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 14, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 2986–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2017.6862.

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23

Galletti, Camilla, Stefania Specchia, Guido Saracco, and Vito Specchia. "CO-selective methanation over Ru–γAl2O3 catalysts in H2-rich gas for PEM FC applications." Chemical Engineering Science 65, no. 1 (January 2010): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2009.06.052.

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Du, Li Ming. "Coupling Experiment of Compact Integrated Fuel Processors with 75kW PEM Fuel Cells." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 3066–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3066.

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A compact autothermal reformer suitable for liquid fuel for instance methanol et al. was developed. The fuel reformer was combined with polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEM FC) and a system test of the process chain was successfully performed. The fuel processor consists of a fuel evaporating step, two-stage reformer and a two-stage reactor of water gas shift (WGS, one for high temperature water gas shift and the other for low temperature water gas shifter) and a four-stage preferential oxidation (PROX) reactor and some internal heat exchanger in order to achieve optimized heat integration. The fuel processor is designed to provide enough hydrogen for 75kWel fuel cells. After the initial step of methanol ATR, CO WGS and CO PROX steps are used for 'clean-up' CO. The exhaust gas from FC anode feedback to the fuel processor to vaporizes the feedstock of methanol and water by a catalytic combusting-evaporator. The hydrogen source system can produce hydrogen 70.5 m3/hr and its specific gravity power and specific volume power reach 255W/kg and 450W/L respectively. During three hours coupling experiment, the fuel processing system and the fuel cells all has been running smoothly. The volume concentration of H2 and CO in product gas (dry basis) was kept in 53% and 20ppm respectively, completely meeting the requirements of PEM fuel cells. The conversion efficiency of the hydrogen producing system based on LHV of fuel and hydrogen can exceed 95.85%. The fuel cells stacks put up strong resistance to CO and its maximum electronic load to the fuel cells reaches 75.5kW. It indicates that it is feasible technically for supplying hydrogen for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells by catalytic reforming of hydrogen-rich liquid fuel on-board or on-site.

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25

M. T. Ibraheem Alnaib, Ahmed, Nashwan S. Sultan, and Omar T. Mahmood. "Design a fuel cell based drive dc motor for an electric vehicle applications." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (September 10, 2018): 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.16308.

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The Applications of a Fuel cell (FC) in the field of the electric vehicle has realized wide popularity since the past few years because of the problem of relative increases in fossil fuel prices in addition to depletion of this fuel. The objective of this study is to design DC drivers based on DC-DC buck converter for separately excited DC motor as a traction motor used for an electric vehicle. This motor is fed by Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) FC as a renewable energy source. Many control strategies are implemented to produce the suitable gating signal for the buck converter and get the best motor operation response which where Proportional Integral (PI) controller, Fuzzy Logic (FL) controller, and FL based self-tuning PI controller. The proposed FC power system is modeled and simulated using Matlab-Simulink and Fuzzy toolbox. The performance and accuracy of the proposed algorithm have been investigated in different situations. The simulation results showed that the speed response of the DC motor controlled by the FL based self-tuning PI controller had improved the performance (overshoot, rising time, settling time and steady-state error) when compared to the typical PI controller, and FL controller.

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26

Rezk, Hegazy, and Ahmed Fathy. "Performance Improvement of PEM Fuel Cell Using Variable Step-Size Incremental Resistance MPPT Technique." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 12, 2020): 5601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145601.

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The output power of a fuel cell mainly depends on the operating conditions such as cell temperature and membrane water content. The fuel cell (FC) power versus FC current graph has a unique maximum power point (MPP). The location of the MPP is variable, depending on the operating condition. Consequently, a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is highly required to ensure that the fuel cell operates at an MPP to increase its performance. In this research work, a variable step-size incremental resistance (VSS-INR) tracking method was suggested to track the MPP of the proton exchange membrane (PEMFC). Most of MPPT methods used with PEMFC require at least three sensors: temperature sensor, water content sensor, and voltage sensor. However, the proposed VSS-INR needs only two sensors: voltage and current sensors. The step size of the VSS-INR is directly proportional to the error signal. Therefore, the step size will become small as the error becomes very small nearby the maximum power point. Accordingly, the accuracy of the VSS-INR tracking method is high in a steady state. To test and validate the VSS-INR, nine different scenarios of operating conditions, including normal operation, only temperature variation, only variation of water content in the membrane, and both variations of temperature and water content simultaneously, were used. The obtained results were compared with previously proposed methods, including particle swarm optimization (PSO), perturb and observe (P&O), and sliding mode (SM), under different operating conditions. The results of the comparison confirmed the superiority of VSS-INR compared with other methods in terms of the tracking efficiency and steady-state fluctuations.

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Scura, Francesco, Giuseppe Barbieri, and Enrico Drioli. "H2 for PEM-FC: effect of CO in the purification by means of Pd-based membranes." Desalination 200, no. 1-3 (November 2006): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.310.

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Nagata, Y. "Quantitative analysis of CO2 emissions reductions through introduction of stationary-type PEM-FC systems in Japan." Energy 30, no. 14 (November 2005): 2636–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.07.009.

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Chen, BD, M. Mueller, and T. Olencki. "Interleukin-3 (IL-3) stimulates the clonal growth of pulmonary alveolar macrophage of the mouse: role of IL-3 in the regulation of macrophage production outside the bone marrow." Blood 72, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.2.685.685.

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Abstract Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is one of the hematopoietic growth factors that regulates the growth and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, thereby leading to the production of all the major blood cell types. The role of IL-3 in the regulation of pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) production was investigated. IL-3 stimulated the proliferation and clonal growth of murine PAM with a dose-response curve similar to that of bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells. The IL- 3-induced colony formation by cells outside the bone marrow appeared to be unique to PAM; IL-3 failed to cause colony formation by both peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) and blood monocytes. Unlike bone marrow stem cells, PAM are unipotential and in vitro gave rise to only mononuclear phagocytes under the influence of IL-3. Nevertheless, cells derived from PAM cultures in media containing IL-3 displayed a high degree of heterogeneity in terms of their Fc receptor-mediated phagocytic activity. At low concentrations, IL-3 induced a synergistic response with colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), which resulted in an enhanced proliferative capacity of PAM. A synergistic effect was also observed by short-term exposure of PAM to IL-3 followed by incubating with CSF-1 alone. This study shows that IL-3 exhibited a macrophage growth factor activity unique to PAM.

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Chen, BD, M. Mueller, and T. Olencki. "Interleukin-3 (IL-3) stimulates the clonal growth of pulmonary alveolar macrophage of the mouse: role of IL-3 in the regulation of macrophage production outside the bone marrow." Blood 72, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.2.685.bloodjournal722685.

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Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is one of the hematopoietic growth factors that regulates the growth and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, thereby leading to the production of all the major blood cell types. The role of IL-3 in the regulation of pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) production was investigated. IL-3 stimulated the proliferation and clonal growth of murine PAM with a dose-response curve similar to that of bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells. The IL- 3-induced colony formation by cells outside the bone marrow appeared to be unique to PAM; IL-3 failed to cause colony formation by both peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) and blood monocytes. Unlike bone marrow stem cells, PAM are unipotential and in vitro gave rise to only mononuclear phagocytes under the influence of IL-3. Nevertheless, cells derived from PAM cultures in media containing IL-3 displayed a high degree of heterogeneity in terms of their Fc receptor-mediated phagocytic activity. At low concentrations, IL-3 induced a synergistic response with colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), which resulted in an enhanced proliferative capacity of PAM. A synergistic effect was also observed by short-term exposure of PAM to IL-3 followed by incubating with CSF-1 alone. This study shows that IL-3 exhibited a macrophage growth factor activity unique to PAM.

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Derbeli, Mohamed, Oscar Barambones, Mohammed Yousri Silaa, and Cristian Napole. "Real-Time Implementation of a New MPPT Control Method for a DC-DC Boost Converter Used in a PEM Fuel Cell Power System." Actuators 9, no. 4 (October 16, 2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act9040105.

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Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells demonstrate potential as a comprehensive and general alternative to fossil fuel. They are also considered to be the energy source of the twenty-first century. However, fuel cell systems have non-linear output characteristics because of their input variations, which causes a significant loss in the overall system output. Thus, aiming to optimize their outputs, fuel cells are usually coupled with a controlled electronic actuator (DC-DC boost converter) that offers highly regulated output voltage. High-order sliding mode (HOSM) control has been effectively used for power electronic converters due to its high tracking accuracy, design simplicity, and robustness. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method based on a combination of reference current estimator (RCE) and high-order prescribed convergence law (HO-PCL) for a PEM fuel cell power system. The proposed MPPT method is implemented practically on a hardware 360W FC-42/HLC evaluation kit. The obtained experimental results demonstrate the success of the proposed method in extracting the maximum power from the fuel cell with high tracking performance.

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32

Witkowska, Agnieszka, Giorgia Greco, Sonia Dsoke, Roberto Marassi, and Andrea Di Cicco. "Structural change of carbon supported Pt nanocatalyst subjected to a step-like potential cycling in PEM FC." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 401 (October 2014): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2013.12.022.

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33

OBARA, S., I. TANNO, S. KITO, A. HOSHI, and S. SASAKI. "Exergy analysis of the woody biomass Stirling engine and PEM-FC combined system with exhaust heat reforming." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33, no. 9 (May 2008): 2289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.02.035.

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EELSAYED, SALAH KAMAL, AHMED AGWA, EHAB ELSAYED ELATTAR, and ATTIA EL-FERGANY. "STEADY-STATE MODELLING OF PEM FUEL CELLS USING GRADIENT-BASED OPTIMIZER." DYNA 96, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10099.

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The accuracy of fuel cell (FC) models is important for the further numerical simulations and analysis at several conditions. The electrical (I-V) characteristic of the polymer exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has high degree of nonlinearity comprising uncertain seven parameters as they aren’t given in fabricator's datasheets. These seven parameters need to be obtained to have the PEMFC model in order. This research addresses an up-to-date application of the gradient-based optimizer (GBO) to generate the best estimated values of such uncertain parameters. The estimation of these uncertain parameters is adapted as optimization problem having a cost function (CF) subjects to set of self-constrained limits. Three test cases of widely used PEMFCs units; namely, SR-12, 250-W module and NedStack PS6 to appraise the performance of the GBO are demonstrated and analyzed. The best values of the CF are 0.000142, 0.33598, and 2.10025 V2 for SR-12, 250-W module and NedStack PS6; respectively. Furthermore, the assessment of the GBO-based model is made by comparing its obtained results with the experiential results of these typical PEMFCs plus comparisons to other methods. At a due stage, many scenarios as a result of operating variations in regard to inlet regulation pressures and unit temperatures are performed. The copped reported results of the studied scenarios indicate the effectiveness of the GBO in establishing an accurate PEMFC model.

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Gallo Stampino, P., S. Latorrata, D. Molina, S. Turri, M. Levi, and G. Dotelli. "Investigation of hydrophobic treatments with perfluoropolyether derivatives of gas diffusion layers by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in PEM-FC." Solid State Ionics 216 (May 2012): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2012.03.032.

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Honjo, Yuji, Kengo Suzuki, Yutaka Tabe, and Takemi Chikahisa. "I142 LBM Analysis of the Effect of Wettability Distribution on Liquid Water Transport in GDL of PEM FC." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2013 (2013): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2013.291.

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Bizon, Nicu, Alin Gheorghita Mazare, Laurentiu Mihai Ionescu, Phatiphat Thounthong, Erol Kurt, Mihai Oproescu, Gheorghe Serban, and Ioan Lita. "Better Fuel Economy by Optimizing Airflow of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems Using Fuel Flow-Based Load-Following Control." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 2792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142792.

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In this paper, the results of the sensitivity analysis applied to a fuel cell hybrid power system using a fuel economy strategy is analyzed in order to select the best values of the parameters involved in fuel consumption optimization. The fuel economy strategy uses the fuel and air flow rates to efficiently operate the proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) system based on the load-following control and the global extremum seeking (GES) algorithm. The load-following control will ensure the charge-sustained mode for the batteries’ stack, improving its lifetime. The optimization function’s optimum, which is defined to improve the fuel economy, will be tracked in real-time by two GES algorithms that will generate the references for the controller of the boost DC-DC converter and air regulator. The optimization function and performance indicators (such as FC net power, FC electrical efficiency, fuel efficiency, and fuel economy) have a multimodal behavior in dithers’ frequency. Furthermore, the optimum in the considered range of frequencies depends on the load level. So, the best value could be selected as the frequency where the optimum is obtained for the most load levels. Considering a dither frequency of 100 Hz selected as the best value, the sensitivity analysis of the fuel economy is further analyzed for different values of the weighting parameter keff, highlighting the multimodal feature in the parameters for the optimization function and fuel economy as well. A keff value around of 20 lpm/W seems to give the best fuel economy in the full range of load.

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Dotelli, Giovanni, Luca Omati, Paola Gallo Stampino, Davide Brivio, and Paolo Grassini. "Effect of Microporous Layer (MPL) on Water Management Investigated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) on a Running PEM-FC." ECS Transactions 33, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3484605.

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De Silva, Y. Sanath K., Mohamed J. M. A. Rasul, Peter Hugh Middleton, and Mohan Lal Kolhe. "PEM FC Single Cell Based on a 3-D Printed Plastic Housing and Experimental Validation with the Mathematical Model." Energy Procedia 144 (July 2018): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.06.009.

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Snytnikov, P. V., M. M. Zyryanova, and V. A. Sobyanin. "CO-Cleanup of Hydrogen-Rich Stream for LT PEM FC Feeding: Catalysts and Their Performance in Selective CO Methanation." Topics in Catalysis 59, no. 15-16 (July 20, 2016): 1394–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-016-0652-5.

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Shahbaz, Ahmad, Ali Afaf, Nawaz Tahir, Ullah Abid, and Saher Saim. "Non Precious Metal Catalysts: A Fuel Cell and ORR Study of Thermally Synthesized Nickel and Platinum Mixed Nickel Nanotubes for PEMFC." Key Engineering Materials 875 (February 2021): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.875.193.

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A highly active Platinum Group Metal (PGM) and non-PGM electrocatalysts with thermally extruded nanotubes have been prepared for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell by sintering Nickel zeolitic imidazole framework (Ni-ZIF). Preeminent electro-catalytic activities have been observed through single fuel cell tests and rotating disk electrode (RDE). This study involves the comparison of Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) activities and fuel cell (FC) test station performance of two catalyst Nickel and Platinum mixed Nickel nanotubes (Ni NT, Ni/Pt NT) respectively. The acidic cells with corresponding Ni and Ni/Pt catalysts delivers peak power densities of 325 mWcm-2 and 455 mWcm-2 at 75 °C inside fuel cell. Our results indicate that, the synthesized Nickel nanotubes has profound effect on catalytic performance of both PGM and non-PGM electro catalysts.

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Cigolotti, Viviana, Matteo Genovese, and Petronilla Fragiacomo. "Comprehensive Review on Fuel Cell Technology for Stationary Applications as Sustainable and Efficient Poly-Generation Energy Systems." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 4963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164963.

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Fuel cell technologies have several applications in stationary power production, such as units for primary power generation, grid stabilization, systems adopted to generate backup power, and combined-heat-and-power configurations (CHP). The main sectors where stationary fuel cells have been employed are (a) micro-CHP, (b) large stationary applications, (c) UPS, and IPS. The fuel cell size for stationary applications is strongly related to the power needed from the load. Since this sector ranges from simple backup systems to large facilities, the stationary fuel cell market includes few kWs and less (micro-generation) to larger sizes of MWs. The design parameters for the stationary fuel cell system differ for fuel cell technology (PEM, AFC, PAFC, MCFC, and SOFC), as well as the fuel type and supply. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of two main trends of research on fuel-cell-based poly-generation systems: tracking the market trends and performance analysis. In deeper detail, the present review will list a potential breakdown of the current costs of PEM/SOFC production for building applications over a range of production scales and at representative specifications, as well as broken down by component/material. Inherent to the technical performance, a concise estimation of FC system durability, efficiency, production, maintenance, and capital cost will be presented.

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Shetty, Nayana, and R. L. Chakrasali. "Power Management in a Hybrid Grid Involving Photo Voltaic and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." Sensor Letters 18, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4220.

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The ever growing energy demand explored the generation of power by distributed resources. The distributed resources like photovoltaic, wind, fuel cell etc. are available in nature at free of cost. Photovoltaic cell is used to produce electrical energy by tracking energy from solar irradiation. Perturbation and Observing method is one of the option to track the concentrated power from solar irradiation. It is a clean source, but intermittent in nature. This is overcome by integrating a fuel cell (FC), the new energy source. Proton Exchanging Membrane (PEM) fuel cell is integrated with PV, and this hybrid DC source is integrated to micro grid using power electronic interfacing devices. The design of proper controller operation makes it to work in grid connected mode. The simulation is performed using Matlab-Simulink environment and results validates the performance of hybrid system.

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Bayendang, Nganyang Paul, Mohamed Tariq Kahn, and Vipin Balyan. "A Structural Review of Thermoelectricity for Fuel Cell CCHP Applications." Journal of Energy 2020 (July 21, 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2760140.

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This article starts by introducing the ongoing South Africa electricity crisis followed by thermoelectricity, in which eighteen miscellaneous applicable case studies are structurally analysed in detail. The aim is to establish best practices for the R&D of an efficient thermoelectric (TE) and fuel cell (FC) CCHP system. The examined literature reviews covered studies that focused on the thermoelectricity principle, highlighting TE devices’ basic constructions, TEGs and TECs as well as investigations on the applications of thermoelectricity with FCs, whereby thermoelectricity was applied to recover waste heat from FCs to boost the power generation capability by ~7–10%. Furthermore, nonstationary TEGs whose generated power can be increased by pulsing the DC-DC power converter showed that an output power efficiency of 8.4% is achievable and that thicker TEGs with good area coverage can efficiently harvest waste heat energy in dynamic applications. TEG and TEC exhibit duality and the higher the TEG temperature difference, the more the generated power—which can be stabilised using the MPPT technique with a 1.1% tracking error. A comparison study of TEG and solar energy demonstrated that TEG generates more power compared to solar cells of the same size, though more expensively. TEG output power and efficiency in a thermal environment can be maximised simultaneously if its heat flux is stable but not the case if its temperature difference is stable. The review concluded with a TEC LT-PEM-FC hybrid CCHP system capable of generating 2.79 kW of electricity, 3.04 kW of heat, and 26.8 W of cooling with a total efficiency of ~77% and fuel saving of 43.25%. The presented research is the contribution brought forward, as it heuristically highlights miscellaneous thermoelectricity studies/parameters of interests in a single manuscript, which further established that practical applications of thermoelectricity are possible and can be innovatively applied together with FC for efficient CCHP applications.

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Poovitha, K., Rajendran Jagatheesan, G. S. Naganathan, A. Mohamed Rajithkhan, and M. Paul Jeyaraj. "Automatic Power Supply for Residential Consumer Using Microgrid with Hybrid Power Supply." Applied Mechanics and Materials 573 (June 2014): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.573.334.

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Abstract. This paper proposes a Power Management System (PMS) designed to supply continuous power for residential using low voltage Microgrid. The Microgrid equipped with a hybrid power supply includes, battery storage system and three power supplies: a wind mill, photovoltaic (PV) emulator and proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC). The connections of the energy resources to the common ac bus make use of power inverters with specific functionalities. The automatic power management system for the operation and control of the distributed energy resources connected to residential electric power installations, taking into account both the grid connected operating mode and the islanded operating mode. The PMS provides rapid response to support the critical load. It can also operate as a standalone system in case of grid failure like an incessant power supply. The operating behavior of the proposed automatic system is simulated by using MATLAB SIMULINK.

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Berejnov, Viatcheslav, Madhu Saha, Darija Susac, Juergen Stumper, Marcia West, and Adam P. Hitchcock. "Advances in Structural Characterization Using Soft X-ray Scanning Transmission Microscopy (STXM): Mapping and Measuring Porosity in PEM-FC Catalyst Layers." ECS Transactions 80, no. 8 (August 24, 2017): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/08008.0241ecst.

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Omati, Luca, Paola Gallo Stampino, Giovanni Dotelli, Davide Brivio, and Paolo Grassini. "Operative conditions effect on PEM-FC performance by in-situ and ex-situ analysis of gas diffusion media with different bulk textile structure." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 13 (July 2011): 8053–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.12.079.

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Sasongko, S. B., K. A. Ibrahim, and A. Ahmad. "Fault Analysis Of Process System Using Multi Block Principal Component Analysis." REAKTOR 7, no. 02 (June 19, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.7.02.61-65.

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This research looks into the issues of the quality improvement based on process control instead of product control using multivariate statistical process contro. A deterministic model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) power plant was used as a case study to represent a multi variable or mukti equipment system. A three-step approach is proposed which can be classified into fault detection, fault isolation, and faulr diagnosis. The fault detection and the isolation utilize the multivariate analysis and yhe contro chart method , which uses the series multi-block principal component analysis of extended of PCA method. The series block principal component abalysis is solved using the non linear iteration partial least squares (NIPALS) algorithm. The SB-PCA can advangeouly incorporate the control chart, namely, T2 Hotelling control chart. In the fault diagnosis chart, the normalized variable method was successfully applied in this study with promising results. As a conclution, the result of this study demonstrated the potentials of multivariate statistical process control in solving fault detection and diagnosis problem for multi variable and multi equipment system.Keywords : statistical process control, principal component, fault analysis

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Koslowski, Ulrike, Iris Herrmann, Peter Bogdanoff, Christa Barkschat, Sebastian Fiechter, Naoko Iwata, Hiroaki Takahashi, and Hidetaka Nishikori. "Evaluation and Analysis of PEM-FC Performance using Non-Platinum Cathode Catalysts based on Pyrolysed Fe- and Co-Porphyrins - Influence of a Secondary Heat-treatment." ECS Transactions 13, no. 17 (December 18, 2019): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3039771.

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Zenevich, A. O., and O. V. Kochergina. "Investigation of Dynamic Range of Silicon Photoelectronic Multiplyers." Proceedings of Universities. Electronics 26, no. 1 (February 2021): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24151/1561-5405-2021-26-1-30-39.

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For detecting the low-intensity optical radiation the silicon photoelectronic multiplyers are used more often. However, not all characteristics of these photoelectronic multiplyers have been thoroughly studied. So, there is no information about the influence of supply voltage on the value of the dynamic range. In the work as the study objects, the test specimens Si-PEM with a p+–p–n+ structure, produced by JSC Integral (Republik of Belarus), have been used, as well as the serially produced silicon photomultiplyers Ketek PM 3325 and ON Semi FC 30035. It has been found that an increase in the supply voltage leads to the critical decrease. It has been discovered that an increase an in the supply voltage leads to a decreased value of the threshold intensity. It has been proved that the dependence of the dynamic range on the supply voltage has a maximum. To ensure the maximum dynamic range of registration in the photo-detector devices based on the Si-photomultiplier tubes, it is necessary to select the photo-detector supply voltage, corresponding to this maximum. The results obtained in this article can be applied in the development and design of the devices for recording the optical radiation based on silicon photomultiplier tubes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'PEM FC'

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