Academic literature on the topic 'Penal action'
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Journal articles on the topic "Penal action"
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Sirks, Boudewijn. "The delictual origin, penal nature and reipersecutory object of the actio damni iniuriae legis Aquiliae." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 77, no. 3-4 (2009): 303–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/004075809x12488525623001.
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AbstractIt is commonly assumed that the litis aestimatio of the actio legis Aquiliae was a penalty which, in practice, was set at the loss suffered by the victim of the wrong and therefore functioned as compensation. This assumption is based on the nature of the action as founding in a delict and characterised by the Romans as a penal action. It also shares the elements of penal actions. But this is at odds with other texts which treat the action as directed purely at compensation. It is suggested that in order to understand this we have to distinguish between the origin of the penal actions, which is penal and which carries certain common features such as the fundamental impossibility to sue heirs or descendants of the wrongdoer, and their purpose or object. It is possible to distinguish two groups, one aiming at a penalty, the other aiming at compensation. Only in the latter group the action can be exercised against the heir of the wrongdoer and only restrictedly: it is the compensatory aim which allows for this. Further, the lex Aquilia and its chapters are examined whether a compensatory purpose is distinguishable here as well.
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ETXEBERRIA GURIDI, José Francisco. "La mediación penal en las proyectadas reformas integrales del proceso penal español." RVAP 99-100, no. 99-100 (December 30, 2014): 1303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.99.100.2014.053.
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LABURPENA: Bitartekotza Penala sartu beharra dago Espainiako ordenamenduan. Hala agintzen dute nazioarteko obligazioek. Espainiako prozesu penalaren erreforma integralerako proposamenak aurkeztu dira (2011n eta 2012an), eta haietan bitartekotza penala sartzeko aprobetxatu da. Ezinezkoa edo oso zaila da, baina, haiek gauzatzea. Bitartekotza penalaren hainbat alderdi aztertu behar dira hura eraginkorra izan dadin (aukera-printzipioa, egintza penala etetea, herri-akusazioa mugatzea, etab.), eta erreforma-proposamenetan nahikoa landu ez diren beste asko argitu behar dira (aplikazio-esparrua, adostasun-araubidea, etab.). RESUMEN: Urge incorporar la mediación penal en el ordenamiento español. La misma está impuesta por obligaciones internacionales. Se han presentado propuestas de reforma integral del proceso penal español (en 2011 y en 2012) y se ha aprovechado para incorporar la mediación penal en ellas. Pero es imposible o poco probable que las mismas vean la luz. Urge abordar cuestiones procesales vinculadas a la mediación penal para asegurar o favorecer su efectividad (principio de oportunidad, interrupción de la acción penal, limitación de la acusación popular, etc.) y esclarecer otras muchas que no son tratadas suficientemente en las propuestas de reforma (ámbito de aplicación, régimen de la conformidad, etc.). ABSTRACT: It is increasingly urgent to incorporate the criminal mediation to the Spanish legal order. It is imposed by international obligations. Some proposals of integral reform of the Spanish criminal procedure have been advanced (in 2011 and in 2012) and has been used to incorporate the criminal mediation to them. But it is impossible or not very likely that they see the light. It is urgent to tackle procedural issues linked to the criminal mediation in order to guarantee or favor its effectiveness (principle of opportunity, stay of the criminal action, limitation of the public prosecution, etc.) and untangle other many that are sufficiently addressed in the proposals of refor (field of application, regime of conformity, etc.).
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REBOLLO PUIG, Manuel. "El control de la administración por la jurisidicción penal." RVAP 115, no. 115 (December 30, 2019): 151–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.115.2019.04.
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LABURPENA: Zigor-arloko jurisdikzioa zabal irekita dago Administrazioa kontrolatzeko. Agintari nahiz funtzionarioei zigorrak jarri ez ezik, Administrazioaren erantzukizun zibila deklaratzen du, eta haren egintzak deuseztatu ere egiten ditu. Hori guztia, akzio penala egikaritzeko legitimazio zabalarekin, iragazkirik gabe, eta administrazioarekiko auzien jurisdikzioaren lankidetzarako aukerarik gabe. Ondorioztatzen den sistemak alderdi onak ditu, baina arrisku handiak ere bai, eta moderatu edo neurriratu behar dira. ABSTRACT: Criminal jurisdiction is widely open to the control to Public Administration. Not only does it impose penalties on the authorities or officials, it also declares the civil liability of the Administration, and even annuls its acts. Moreover, there is an extensive legal standing to bring a criminal action, without filters or possible collaboration with the administrative jurisdiction. The resulting system has positive aspects, but also high risks that should be mildered. RESUMEN: La jurisdicción penal está ampliamente abierta al control de la Administración. No sólo impone penas a las autoridades o funcionarios sino que además declara la responsabilidad civil de la Administración y hasta anula sus actos. Todo ello con extensa legitimación para ejercer la acción penal, sin filtros ni posible colaboración de la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. El sistema resultante tiene aspectos positivos pero también riesgos elevados que deben moderarse.
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KATANOV, ALEXANDER V., and REZEDA R. SAKAEVA. "Theoretical basis for implementing the principle of combining punishment with corrective action in penal law." Vedomosti (Knowledge) of the Penal System 226, no. 3 (2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51522/2307-0382-2021-226-3-15-20.
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Abstract. This article discusses the theoretical foundations for implementing the principle of combining punishment with corrective action. The concepts of «punishment» and «correction» are analyzed and compared. The author highlights the problems associated with the interpretation of thetion in the practice of correctional institutions. The conclusion is made about the «blurring» of the concept of this principle, its varying nature. Amendments to the penal legislation, taking into account the conducted theoretical research, are proposed. Key words: punishment, principles of penal legislation, the principle of combining punishment with corrective action, corrective action, implementation of the principles of punishment. principle under consideration and its implementa
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Manrique, María Laura. "Emociones, acción y excusas = Emotions, action and excuses." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 14 (March 19, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2018.4156.
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Resumen: En este trabajo ofreceré un breve análisis filosófico de algunos aspectos centrales de las emociones, las excusas y su impacto en responsabilidad penal. En primer lugar, reconstruiré brevemente la discusión filosófica acerca de las emociones. En segundo lugar, expondré algunas de las normas que los códigos penales recogen sobre este tema. Por último, el objetivo central de este trabajo es mostrar que los diferentes fundamentos que se han esgrimido para justificar las excusas penales se reflejan, a su vez, en diferentes maneras de entender las emociones. Por ello, sostendré que no hay un desacuerdo genuino entre las diferentes familias de teorías que pretenden justificar las excusas y que ambas por si solas son insuficientes para dar cuenta de las excusas emocionales tal como las entendemos en nuestros sistemas jurídicos.Palabras clave: Responsabilidad penal, excusas emocionales.Abstract: In this paper I offer a philosophical analysis of some basic aspects of emotions, excuses and criminal responsibility. Firstly, I briefly discuss about emotions. Secondly, I outline some of the legal rules that our penal codes contain about emotions. Finally, the main issue of this paper is to show that the different grounds that have been used to justify criminal excuses are reflected, in turn, in the various ways of understanding emotions. For that reason, I argue that there is no genuine disagreement between the different families of theories that seek to justify excuses. In addition, these theories are insufficient to explain emotional excuses as we understand them in our legal systems. Keywords: Criminal responsibility, emotional excuses.
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Garland, David. "Penal controls and social controls: Toward a theory of American penal exceptionalism." Punishment & Society 22, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 321–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474519881992.
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This article argues that to explain American penal exceptionalism, we have to consider America’s exceptional levels of punishment together with America’s exceptional levels of violence and disorder, while understanding both of these as outcomes of America’s distinctive political economy. After specifying the multiple respects in which American penality is a comparative outlier, the article develops a new theorization of modes of penal action that reveals the extent to which the US has come to rely on penal controls rather than other kinds of punishment. This over-reliance on penal controls is viewed as an adaptation to the weakness of non-penal social controls in American communities. These social control deficits are, in turn, attributed to America’s ultra-liberal political economy, which is seen as having detrimental effects for the functioning of families and communities, tending to reduce the effectiveness of informal social controls and to generate high levels of neighborhood disorganization and violence. The same political economy limits the capacity of government to respond to these structurally generated problems using the social policy interventions characteristic of more fully developed welfare states. The result is a marked bias toward the use of penal controls.
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Kaufman, Nicole, Joshua Kaiser, and Cesraéa Rumpf. "Beyond Punishment: The Penal State's Interventionist, Covert, and Negligent Modalities of Control." Law & Social Inquiry 43, no. 02 (2018): 468–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12237.
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This article investigates the involvement of the penal state in the lives of criminalized people as a controlling force that takes multiple forms. We offer the concept of modalities of penal control and identify three such modalities in addition to expressive punishment: interventionist penal control is accomplished in extralegal ways; covert penal control is hidden from public view; and negligent penal control is characterized by the absence of action by state actors. This article illustrates empirical cases of each modality, using data from three distinct projects based in Chicago, southern Wisconsin, and nationwide. The data include observations of post-prison groups and homes, interviews with criminalized people and nongovernmental organizational (NGO) staff, statutes, and regulations. This expanded understanding of penal state involvement extends beyond the understanding that characterizes discussions of mass incarceration and highlights the need for comprehensive reform.
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Wallinga, Tammo. "Schmerzensgeld und actio iniuriarum aestimatoria." Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis 83, no. 1-2 (May 31, 2015): 226–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08312p11.
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Compensation for non-pecuniary loss and the actio aestimatoria, The case of Van Kreuningen/Bessem. – In the case Van Kreuningen/Bessem of 1943, the Roman actio iniuriarum (aestimatoria) was used as an argument in favour of granting compensation for non-pecuniary loss. This is surprising for a number of reasons, not least because it was a penal action. In this article, the action and its value as an argument is studied in the wider context of the history of compensation for pain, suffering and disfigurement in Dutch law before and after the codification of 1838.
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Pohl, Łukasz. "O pojmowaniu i roli możliwości wykonania działania w dogmatycznie ujmowanej strukturze przestępstwa." Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 14, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1576.
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The article concerns the possibility of performing an action in dogmatically grasped the structure of the offense. Seized in the position that the ability to perform actions should be determined based on the pattern bedded corresponding to the characteristics of the entity that action have not done, and not based on a standard passenger corresponding to the characteristics of another party, and also recognized that the ability to perform an action is conditioned by knowledge as to how to proceed in order to perform this action. It is also assumed that the possibility of action is constitutive for the omission, and therefore it is subject to this kind of behavior which is the object of penal law evaluation.
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Melnikova, D. V., and M. G. Debolskiy. "Penal stress and its manifestations in the convicts, suspects and accused persons." Psychology and Law 10, no. 2 (2015): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2015100208.
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The paper is devoted to penal stress and its manifestations at the convicts, suspects and accused persons. This topic has been poorly studied. It is necessary to identify the groups of people especially most in need of prevention and correction of stress state and to define the target effects. The paper presents a theoretical analysis of the concepts of biological and psychological stress. Our theoretical work is mainly devoted to phenomenon of penal stress and factors affecting its formation. We suggested the definition of penal stress concept on the basis of the analyzed literature. The sample included 69 male persons (31 from predetention center, 38 from penal colony), aged 19 to 47 years old. Experimental psychological method of research was mainly used. In the practical part of the paper presents data on the prevalence of the penal stress in predetention centers and penal colonies. In addition, we have studied the relationship of penal stress with punishment stage, the crime characteristics of subjects, individual psychological characteristics, current state. The study allows us to reveal the groups of people in need of the prevention and correction of the penal stress state. We identified some target corrective action also.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Penal action"
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Armede, Juliana Felicidade. "Execução penal e o microsistema da tutela coletiva." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8784.
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Previous issue date: 2009-09-24The purpose of this study is to estabilish the relationship between collective interests and penal execution. The collective interests on penal execution cannot be comprehended as the sum of penal rights that reveals the execution penal system. It is also a purpose to show that is possible to take collective procedures measures in order to defend those interests, even though these measures are not estabilished in the Brazialin Penal Procedure system. These procedural measures are revealed by the brazilian collective action system, mainly the civil public action. It is also revealed by the international legal protection of human rights system, which allows International Boards to get in touch with complains. Yet, it was established that both systems, national and international, can be applied together, as far both of them are strictly related to penal execution
O presente estudo demonstra existirem interesses coletivos, presentes na execução da pena, que ultrapassam os direitos de natureza penal, tipicamente formadores do sistema de execução penal. Também, que é possível a promoção de medidas processuais coletivas para a defesa desses interesses, ainda que não explicitamente previstas pelo sistema processual penal. Essas medidas processuais podem ser identificadas pela tutela coletiva nacional, através da ação civil pública, bem como por meio da tutela internacional dos direitos humanos, através de petições endereçadas aos órgãos internacionais de defesa dos direitos humanos. Por fim, aponta como possível a coexistência harmônica entre as duas formas de tutela, na medida em que os interesses defendidos em cada forma processual, encontram-se presentes na execução penal
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Melo, André Luís Alves de. "A Inconstitucionalidade da obrigatoriedade da ação penal pública Releitura dos artigos 24 e 28 do Código de Processo Penal e art. 100, §1º, do Código Penal em face da Não Recepção pela Constituição de 1988." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19768.
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The present work proposed to investigate and discuss the unconstitutionality, or not, that is, the non-acceptance of the principle of mandatory public prosecution, in the face of the constitutional principle of functional independence, acting the Public Prosecutor as a political agent in criminal policies And its limits. Sedimented in the innovative proposal of a Doctoral Thesis, the work focused on unconstitutionality (not reception) and not on the convenience or inconvenience of mandatory criminal action. However, the research sought to analyze empirical data and not just arguments of rhetoric, and established comparisons between the routine and results obtained by Public Prosecutors who adopt the finalist theory (more traditional) and the functionalist (more innovative), verifying that the functionalism has better Results with fewer processes, because it focuses on the system as a whole. It also addressed foreign laws and practices, verifying that functionalism currently prevails in practically all countries, except in Brazil. In addition, even in countries that do not expressly guarantee functional independence to members of the Public Prosecutor's Office, they have the authority to establish criminal public policy priorities and results. Thus, the Code of Criminal Procedure must conform to the Federal Constitution and not the contrary, which implies a revision of articles 24 and 28 of the CPP, and for this the work elaborated a whole research on the ends of criminal law, On criminology, on criminal policy, on criminal action, including historical aspects of criminal law and criminal procedure in Brazil, as well as pointed out that several writers defend the opportunity of criminal action, which is little discussed in the most used works in undergraduate courses Of Law, and finally, stressed the need that the works of Criminal Procedure also address and confront Constitutional Law with the Criminal Procedure of 1941
O presente trabalho propôs-se a pesquisar e discutir a inconstitucionalidade, ou não, ou seja, a não recepção do princípio da obrigatoriedade da ação penal pública, em face do princípio constitucional da independência funcional, atuando o Ministério Público como agente político nas políticas criminais e os seus limites. Sedimentando na proposta inovadora de uma Tese de Doutorado o trabalho focou na inconstitucionalidade (não recepção) e não na conveniência ou inconveniência da obrigatoriedade da ação penal. No entanto, a pesquisa buscou analisar dados empíricos e não apenas argumentos de retórica, e estabeleceu comparações entre a rotina e resultados obtidos por Promotorias que adotam a teoria finalista (mais tradicional) e a funcionalista (mais inovadora), verificando que o funcionalismo tem melhores resultados com menor número de processos, pois foca no sistema como um todo. Também abordou legislações e práticas estrangeiras, verificando que o funcionalismo prevalece atualmente em praticamente todos os países, menos no Brasil. Além disso, mesmo em países que não asseguram expressamente a independência funcional aos Membros do Ministério Público, estes acabam tendo autoridade para estabelecer política pública criminal de prioridades e resultados. Dessa forma, o Código de Processo Penal é que deve ser amoldado à Constituição Federal e não o contrário, o que implica uma revisão dos artigos 24 e 28 do CPP, e para isto o trabalho elaborou toda uma pesquisa sobre os fins do direito penal, sobre a criminologia, política criminal, sobre ação penal, inclusive com aspectos históricos das leis penais e processuais penais no Brasil, bem como apontou vários doutrinadores que defendem a oportunidade da ação penal, o que é pouco discutido nas obras mais usadas nos cursos de graduação de Direito, e por fim, ressaltou a necessidade de que as obras de Processo Penal também abordem e confrontem o Direito Constitucional com o Processo Penal de 1941
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Araujo, Glaucio Roberto Brittes de. "Intervenção penal nas licitações." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5904.
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Previous issue date: 2012-07-01This area, are exposed some misconceptions of the legislature in relation to parental bids, as inflation punitive scattered through legislation, rather than simple point releases enough of the Penal Code, such as the advance of the barriers of penal intervention, with the characterization of negligible preparatory acts and conduct abstract and remotely related to the possibility of injury to the interest protected at the expense of the principles of minimum intervention and injury; as the equivalence between an attempt and completion, to the detriment of the principles of culpability and proportionality, as the autonomous classification conduct that would configure as an attempt to more serious crimes or who were under the Penal Code, as over crimes of abstract danger and formal, as the adoption of open standards and penal rules too criminal blank inadequate to achieve the principle of legality, in the form of legal reserve and taxativity; as the pain of penalties for similar infractions of gravity substantially different in relation to injury to the legal and housed, without due attention to the principle of proportionality, and as the criminalization of conduct that could be curbed by Administrative Law sanctioning or intervention, reserving and prestige to the application of prison sentences, depending on the primary functions assigned to it in our times, serious injury or threat to the relevant legal right under the constitutional prism, without yielding to the temptation of building a Symbolic Criminal Law. Eventually, assuming a minimum functionalism, considers it is appropriate to outline the contours of the criminal action, as ultima ratio, but effective, in the area of bid and contract administration in a model of itself guarantees the democratic rule of law, in its dual meaning, ie, the guarantor of both fundamental human rights, as an efficient protection of legal interests relevant to all citizens, in the terms that had been sheltered by the Constitution
Nesta sede, são expostos alguns equívocos do legislador pátrio em relação às licitações, como a inflação punitiva, mediante legislação esparsa, ao invés de simples e suficientes atualizações pontuais do Código Penal; como o adiantamento das barreiras da intervenção penal, com a tipificação despicienda de atos preparatórios e de condutas abstrata e remotamente relacionadas à possibilidade de lesão do interesse tutelado, em detrimento dos princípios da intervenção mínima e da lesividade; como a equiparação entre tentativa e consumação, em prejuízo dos princípios da culpabilidade e da proporcionalidade; como a tipificação autônoma de condutas que já configurariam tentativa de delitos mais graves ou que estariam previstas no Código Penal; como o excesso de crimes de perigo abstrato e formais; como a adoção de tipos demasiadamente abertos e normas penais em branco, inadequada à concretização do princípio da legalidade, na forma de reserva legal e taxatividade; como a cominação de sanções semelhantes para infrações de gravidade substancialmente distinta, em relação à lesão ao bem jurídico albergado, sem a devida atenção ao princípio da proporcionalidade; e como a criminalização de condutas que poderiam ser coibidas pelo Direito Administrativo Sancionador ou de Intervenção, reservando e prestigiando a aplicação de penas privativas de liberdade, consoante as funções primordiais que lhe são atribuídas hodiernamente, para graves lesões ou ameaças a bem jurídicos relevantes, sob o prisma constitucional, sem ceder à tentação da construção de um Direito Penal Simbólico. Por fim, assumindo um funcionalismo mínimo, reputa-se conveniente esboçar os contornos da intervenção penal, como ultima ratio, mas eficaz, na seara de licitações e contratos administrativos, em um modelo de garantias próprio do Estado Democrático de Direito, na sua dúplice acepção, ou seja, garantidor tanto dos direitos fundamentais da pessoa humana, como de uma proteção eficiente dos bens jurídicos relevantes para todos os cidadãos, nos termos em que foram albergados pela Constituição Federal
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Hendricks, Natasha. "Aggression as a form of power with the incarceration of youth." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4312_1253679919.
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This thesis examined the use of aggression by youth in Pollsmoor Prison during incarceration. Though the incarceration of children and youth is a problem internationally, it is particularly problematic in South Africa where these prison facilities are overcrowded and result in disturbing social practices. They are often at risk for assault, rape and other violent interactions, often within a structured and hierarchical prison gang system. The gang culture within prisons is a crucial factor contributing to its high levels of violence, and its examination is vital to the understanding of power and aggression as a form of survival in prison.
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Schenique, Laurie. "La réforme de la phase préparatoire du procès pénal." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE0011.
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La phase préparatoire du procès pénal est une étape décisive, c’est dans ce laps de temps, plus ou moins long, que l’affaire va être mise en état d’être jugée. Regroupant les phases d’enquête, de poursuite et d’instruction, cette phase en amont du procès pénal est par définition complexe et attentatoire aux droits et libertés fondamentaux de l’individu. Dès lors, toute la difficulté de cette période va être de concilier deux intérêts antagonistes : la protection de la société d’une part, par la recherche de la vérité et de l’auteur de l’infraction, et la protection de l’individu suspecté, d’autre part. A l’aune du développement constant du droit européen des droits de l’Homme et du renouvellement des sources de la procédure pénale, force est de s’interroger aujourd’hui sur la vision qu’adopte le droit français quant aux règles applicables à cette étape fondamentale du procès pénal. Soucieux d’atteindre un objectif de perfection, le législateur français n’a cessé, au fil des vingt dernières années, de réformer la phase préparatoire du procès pénal, allant même parfois jusqu’à bouleverser l’équilibre de la matière pénale en général. Ainsi, les rôles des acteurs institutionnels du procès pénal ainsi que les droits accordés à chacune des parties au stade de la phase préparatoire se sont trouvés considérablement modifiés. Animé par l’idée de créer un modèle universel de procès emprunt d’équité et d’un respect accru des droits de la défense, le législateur semble être en quête constante d’un procès pénal idéal. Pour autant, est-il possible de concilier l’inconciliable ? La matière pénale a-t-elle vocation à respecter un équilibre parfait entre la sécurité de la société et la protection de l’individu ? Une telle idée n’est-elle pas utopique ?The preparatory phase of a penal trial is a decisive stage. It is a variable period of time during which a case is prepared for judgement. The phase includes investigation, prosecution plus preliminary investigation & hearing stages. It takes place ahead of the penal trial. By definition it is complex and detrimental to the fundamental freedoms of the individual. Consequently, it is a period involving a tricky balancing act to reconcile two antagonistic interests: on the one hand, protecting society, by searching for the truth and the author of a crime, and, on the other hand, protecting the suspect. On-going developments in European law on Human rights and renewed criminal procedure sources raise issues in terms of the stance that French law will adopt on rules applicable to this fundamental stage in a penal trial. Anxious to achieve perfection, over the past twenty years the French legislator has persistently reformed the preparatory phase of the penal trial, on occasions even going as far as to overturn the balance of criminal matters in general. Thus, the roles of the institutional players in the penal trial and the rights granted to each of the parties during the preparatory phase stage have been considerably amended. Motivated by the ideal of creating a universal trial model based on a notion of fairness and an increased respect for defence rights, the legislator appears to be on a constant quest for the ideal criminal trial. However, is it really possible to reconcile the irreconcilable? Is the actual purpose of a criminal case to achieve a perfect balance between the safety of society and the protection of the individual? Isn’t such an idea utopian?
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Gallinati, Raquel Kobashi. "Teoria da compreensão da ação de Von Wright e a relação de causalidade no direito penal." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11752.
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Previous issue date: 2007-10-01Deontic Logic to arise in the middle of the 1926, though the thinker Ernest Mally. Years latter, in 1951, George Henrik VON WRIGHT published the article Deontic Logic, stimulating its development. Our goal, on this work, is to show the purposes and convictions of the Deontic Logic of VON WRIGHT and the connection between Finalistic Theory of HANS WELZEL. First of all, we will begin the work, dealing with logic. We will do a brief introduction about logic, with the intention of the enter studies of the Deontic Logic of VON WRIGHT. We will accept yours concepts and theories about the Deontic Logic. This work finish with the connection between causality bordered of the Action Theory of HANS WELZEL and the causality of VON WRIGHT.
A lógica deôntica surgiu como estudo em meados de 1926, através do grande pensador Ernest Mally. Anos mais tarde, em 1951, George Henrik VON WRIGHT publicou o artigo Deontic Logic, e a partir daí a lógica deôntica teve maior desenvolvimento. Nosso objetivo, neste trabalho, é o de expor os pressupostos e convicções da lógica deôntica de VON WRIGHT e a relação com a teoria finalista da ação de HANS WELZEL. Iniciaremos o trabalho, discorrendo sobre a origem da lógica. Faremos uma breve introdução sobre à lógica, com o intuito de adentrarmos no estudo da lógica deôntica de VON WRIGHT. Aceitaremos seus conceitos e teorias a respeito da lógica deôntica. O trabalho termina com a relação de causalidade limitada pela teoria da ação de HANS WELZEL e a causalidade de VON WRIGHT
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Alamri, Thanwa. "Le droit de la concurrence et les pratiques monopolistiques : étude comparative des droits saoudien, français et européen." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D020.
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L'adhésion de l'Arabie Saoudite à l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) a joué un rôle moteur dans le développement de son système juridique. Elle a créé la nécessité urgente de développer et de conformer son système judiciaire au libéralisme dominant du commerce mondial. Elle a également donné lieu à l'adoption de la Loi Saoudienne de la Concurrence n°(M/24), le 11 février 2014, en faveur de la protection de la concurrence et la prévention des pratiques monopolistiques. Cette loi vise à faire respecter deux règlementations importantes. La première vise à maintenir les pratiques et le comportement concurrentiels des entreprises qui participent activement au marché, par l'interdiction d'ententes anticoncurrentielles, y compris l'abus de pouvoir de marché, dont certaines entreprises dominantes peuvent se rendre coupables par l'emploi de pratiques concurrentielles. Le second règlement porte sur la préservation de la structure du marché et la restriction des politiques d'entreprise visant à concentrer les opérations. Car, il est naturel que les entreprises cherchent à la fois à gérer leur développement sur le marché et à limiter les effets des politiques anticoncurrentielles et de concentration, en vue de maintenir la liberté de la concurrence.L'étude des pratiques de la Loi saoudienne sur la concurrence révèle, néanmoins, certaines insuffisances, qui sont déterminées en plusieurs points dans les lois française et européenne sur la concurrence. L'objet de cette recherche vise donc à répondre à la nécessité de combler les lacunes de la législation saoudienne. Cette étude comprend également trois types d'actions judiciaires en matière de droit de la concurrenceSaudi Arabia's recent adhesion to the World Trade Organization (WTO) has created a pressing necessity to develop and conform its judiciary system to the high liberalism of global commerce. Including the adoption of a law favoring the protection of market competition and the prevention of monopolizing practices, in the context of the Saudi Competition Act N° (M/24) of 11111 of February 2014. This law seeks to enforce two important regulations. The first is to maintain the competitive practices and behavior of businesses actively participating in the market by disallowing anti-competitive agreements, as well as the abuse of power that certain dominant companies in the market may be guilty of by not employing competitive practices. The second regulation is the preservation of the structure of the industry market by managing and thereby limiting company policies seeking to concentrate operations, as it is natural that companies seek to manage their market development and as such limit the effects of anti-competitive concentration policies to ensure freedom of competition. While studying these practices in the Saudi Competition Act, insufficiency and negligence has been determined on multiple items mentioned and described in the French and European competition laws, as such the researcher judges it necessary to fill the gaps of these lacking areas in the Saudi legislation. This study also comprises three types of judiciary action in competition law
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Ortiz, Mariana Tranchesi. "Concurso de agentes nos delitos especiais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-17082011-154535/.
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O presente trabalho se dedica ao estudo da atribuição de responsabilidade jurídico-penal aos indivíduos que, em concurso, praticam os chamados delitos especiais, os quais exigem do autor determinadas qualidades ou condições pessoais, expressas ou pressupostas na fórmula legal. Para tanto, inicia-se por uma breve análise evolutiva das principais teorias que se ocuparam de definir os conceitos de autoria e participação delitivas ou de oferecer critérios de determinação do grau de responsabilidade dos intervenientes no delito, apontando-lhes os méritos e eventuais deméritos. Na sequência, é delimitado o objeto de estudo, definindo-se os delitos especiais, diferenciando-os de categorias afins e classificando-os conforme critérios que influam no estudo da problemática do concurso de agentes. Os delitos especiais são também estudados sob a ótica de seu fundamento material, perquirindo-se sobre a razão de, nesses delitos, o legislador empreender uma limitação do círculo de autores a determinadas categorias de sujeitos. Por fim, procede-se a um estudo das conformações possíveis da codelinquência nos delitos especiais, primordialmente do concurso de indivíduo qualificado (intraneus) e indivíduo não qualificado (extraneus), expondo e avaliando as soluções ofertadas pelas principais teorias contemporâneas da participação delitiva e a possibilidade de serem recepcionadas pela dogmática brasileira.The present work is intended to study the laying of legal-criminal liability to individuals that, by concerted action, practice the so-called status offenses, which require from the offender certain personal qualities or conditions, expressed or presupposed in the general criminal rule. To this effect, the work begins with a brief evolutive analysis on the main theories which aimed at defining the concepts of perpetrator and criminal participation or at offering criteria to determine the degree of liability to the offense intervening parties, pointing them their merits and occasional demerit. The study object is then limited, with definition of the status offenses, differentiating them from related categories and classifying them pursuant to the criteria with influence on the agents concerted action problems. The status offenses are also studied under the material grounds point of view, with inquisition on the reasons for the legislator to proceed a limitation of the possible perpetrators to given classes of individuals in these offenses. Finally, a study of possible forms of co-delinquency on the status offenses is made, comprising primarily the concerted action between a qualified individual (intraneus) and a nonqualified individual (extraneus), expounding and analyzing the most important theories regarding criminal participation and the possibility of them being accepted by the Brazilian doctrine.
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Araya, Novoa Marcela Paz. "El control ex post de la calidad de los enunciados probatorios en materia penal en Chile. De la epistemología a la praxis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398654.
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Is the control of de conclusions concerning the acts of the nullity courts in a system of freedom of evidence possible? This question arises because it is usually stated, that the audit of the quaestio facti made by judges that were not present in the oral trial is not possible, and because the liberty in emphasized,and not the subjection that, on the activity matter, must be made to the cannon of the general epistemology. Consequently, this investigation contemplates the improvement of the subjetive approach and the appel to the epistemological approach of the evaluative activity and its control, using the standard of proofing and justification of de decision, through the recourse of nullity, which also allows to perfectly meet the guarantee of the right to the recourseDemostrar que es posible el control de las conclusiones probatorias por los tribunales de nulidad en un sistema de libertad de prueba es el objetivo central del trabajo. Se plantea la superación del enclave subjetivista y el recurso al enfoque epistemológico de la actividad valorativa y su control, recurriendo al estándar de prueba y la justificación de la decisión, por el cauce del recurso de nulidad, lo que permite cumplir con la garantía del derecho al recurso
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Costa, Fernando José da. "Locus delicti nos crimes informáticos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-24042012-112445/.
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Aborda a introdução do computador e da internet na sociedade e sua relação com o direito. Discorre sobre o uso da informática para a prática de crime, observando que o delito penal deixou de ser local e ganhou dimensões internacionais, porquanto seu resultado não se dê necessariamente no mesmo local onde foi praticada a conduta. Chama a atenção ao fato de que os princípios delimitadores da validade da lei penal no espaço podem não ser suficientes para dirimir eventuais conflitos de jurisdição, se interpretados como tradicionalmente se tem feito. Analisa e classifica as espécies de crimes informáticos de forma exemplificativa, bem como os agentes criminais da era digital. Reúne e comenta as leis e projetos de leis nacionais, bem como as leis estrangeiras e convenções sobre crimes informáticos. Ao final, aponta, em sede de conclusão, critério de solução para a resolução do conflito de jurisdição para os crimes praticados no ciberespaço, sugerindo, de lege ferenda, a persecução de uma lei dirimente de eventual conflito.Discusses the advent of the computer and the internet in society and their relation with the law. Considers the use of information technology in committing crime, observing that a penal offence is no longer local, since it has acquired international dimensions. Therefore, its resolution does not necessarily happen in the same locality where it was practiced. Draws attention to the fact that the principles that delimit the validity of the penal law might not be sufficient to dispel possible conflicts of jurisdiction, if interpreted in the usual traditional way. By giving examples, it analyses and classifies types of electronic crimes as well as the criminal agents of the digital age. Gathers and comments laws and projects of law, both national and international, as well as conventions on electronic crimes. Finally, it presents criteria of solution for resolving the conflict of jurisdiction for crimes practiced in cyberspace, suggesting, of lege ferenda, the pursuit of a law which would eliminate such conflicts.
Books on the topic "Penal action"
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Round Table Meeting on Penal Reform in Nepal (2000 Kathmandu, Nepal). Penal reform in Nepal: Round table meeting : plan of action and report, 18-19 March 2000, Kathmandu. [Kathmandu]: Penal Reform International, 2000.
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Júnior, José Júlio Lozano. Prescrição penal. São Paulo, SP: Editora Saraiva, 2002.
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Jesus, Damásio E. de. Prescrição penal. 3rd ed. São Paulo-SP: Editora Saraiva, 1987.
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Jesus, Damásio E. de. Prescrição penal. 6th ed. São Paulo, SP: Editora Saraiva, 1991.
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Porto, Antonio Rodrigues. Da prescrição penal. 5th ed. São Paulo, SP, Brasil: Editora Revista dos Tribunais, 1998.
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Porto, Antonio Rodrigues. Da prescrição penal. 4th ed. São Paulo, SP, Brasil: Editora Revista dos Tribunais, 1988.
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Guaragni, Fábio André. Prescrição penal e impunidade: Crítica ao sistema prescricional penal brasileiro. Curitiba: Juruá Editora, 2000.
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Santos, Christiano Jorge. Prescrição penal e imprescritibilidade. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Elsevier, 2010.
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Barros, Oscar N. Vera. La prescripción penal en el Código Penal: Leyes especiales, tratados internacionales. 2nd ed. Córdoba, República Argentina: Lerner Editora, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Penal action"
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Brown, David. "The NSW Prisoners Action Group submission to the Nagle Royal Commission." In The Routledge International Handbook of Penal Abolition, 280–90. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429425035-43.
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Vinckx, Luc, and Huw Davies. "Courses of Action for Improving the Safety of the Powered Cycle." In Small Electric Vehicles, 17–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65843-4_2.
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AbstractThis paper explores the possibility to include a number of safety features from passenger cars in powered cycles with three or four wheels, whilst complying with the legal definitions and requirements, and also the legal conditions to use the bicycle lanes. The differences between technical specifications contained within EU law for pedal cycle with pedal assistance, powered cycles, quadricycles and passenger cars will be explained. Further, examples of traffic code rules with respect to the use of bicycle lanes in different countries will be discussed. Finally, the need for new safety criteria for powered cycles, replacing the existing power limit, is highlighted. In addition to the above, the need for a different technical approach to deal with the stability of 1 m wide e-bikes with a vehicle height similar to a mainstream passenger car will be discussed.
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BRUDNER, ALAN. "Agency and Welfare in the Penal Law." In Action and Value in Criminal Law, 21–53. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198258063.003.0002.
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Ilkkaracan, Pinar. "Re/forming laws to secure women’s rights in Turkey: the campaign on the Penal Code." In Citizen action and national policy reform:. Zed Books Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350219168.ch-009.
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Murphy, Mark C. "Divine Love, Divine Holiness, and the Atonement." In Divine Holiness and Divine Action, 188–211. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864783.003.0010.
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The chapter contrasts what we should expect and require from a theory of Atonement if we take divine action to be governed by the holiness framework and if we do not. The primary foil is Eleonore Stump’s unqualifiedly and exclusively love framework account of the Atonement. Stump’s way of categorizing theories of the Atonement based on whether the obstacle to union with God is in us or in God is inadequate; rather, the appropriate distinction is between views that take the obstacle to be psychological (as Stump’s own view does) or normative (as satisfaction and penal substitution views do). By Stump’s own lights, the way in which past sin is an obstacle to union with God requires a normative treatment, and the holiness framework provides a plausible explanation of this: so long as such past sin is not dealt with, it normatively precludes the fuller unity with God that is constitutive of our good.
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Lippert-Rasmussen, Kasper. "Mismatch." In Making Sense of Affirmative Action, 190–209. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648787.003.0010.
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This chapter scrutinizes objections pointing to the putative fact that affirmative action is both under- and overinclusive, i.e. it both benefits people who are not relevantly disadvantaged and harms people who neither bear responsibility for nor are innocent beneficiaries of the injustice that the relevant affirmative action schemes address. While the empirical premise of the initial version of the under-/over-inclusion objection is true, its normative premise is implausibly demanding, i.e. that any degree of under-/over-inclusion renders a scheme unjust. Hence, I propose to revise this argument such that its normative premise becomes less demanding and, thus, more plausible in that, inter alia, it coheres with the belief that a penal system might be justified even if it raises issues about under-/overinclusion similar to those raised by affirmative action. The resulting argument is a better objection in that its normative premise, with some qualifications, seems relevantly true. However, it is no longer clear that the required empirical premise is true, i.e. that the mismatch between deserved and actual harms and benefits is not smaller with affirmative action than without.
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Knoepfel, Peter. "Force." In Public Policy Resources, 109–20. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447345053.003.0007.
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This first chapter (out of ten dedicated to each of the ten public action resources) deals with the resource Force. It specifies, inter alia, new forms of this resource (nudging, cybercrime), describes penal regulations of the use of Force, and clarifies the relation between Force and Property. As in the following nine chapters, the examples provided are structured around the mobilization and availability of the resource, the mobilization of the resource by stage (program formulation and implementation), and the exchange of the resource Force for other resources (e.g. Law, Money and Information). Again, as in the other nine chapters, these sections are subdivided into paragraphs dedicated to the three actor groups (political-administrative actors, target groups and beneficiaries). The examples presented are drawn from penal law prosecutions (especially ‘legitimate defence’) and infrastructure policies.
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Dolovich, Sharon. "Canons of Evasion in Constitutional Criminal Law." In The New Criminal Justice Thinking. NYU Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479831548.003.0007.
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In this chapter, Sharon Dolovich argues that the Supreme Court deploys three “canons of evasion” that undermine core constitutional principles: deference, presumption, and question substitution. The chapter shows how the Court on the one hand affirms basic constitutional principles—such as the right to counsel or the right against cruel and unusual punishment—that courts are to enforce against the state for the protection of individual penal subjects. Yet on the other hand, the doctrinal maneuvers of deference, presumption, and substitute question encourage judges in individual cases to affirm the constitutionality of state action even in the face of seemingly egregious facts. As a result, judicial review delivers almost automatic and uncritical validation of whatever state action produced the challenged conviction, sentence, or punishment. Dolovich identifies troubling questions raised by pervasive use of these canons for the legitimacy of the state’s penal power.
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Miriam, Gur-Arye, and Harel Alon. "s.III Rationales, Ch.9 Taking Internationalism Seriously: Why International Criminal Law Matters." In The Oxford Handbook of International Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198825203.003.0010.
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This chapter focuses on why international criminal law (ICL) matters, by generating a distinctive philosophical vision for the project of international criminal justice. Specifically, this chapter rejects the notion that ICL is simply a gap-filler for ineffective penal institutions at the domestic level. So much of the literature is characterized by an assumption, buttressed by the International Criminal Court’s complementarity principle, that international tribunals simply spring into action to resolve the lacunae in domestic legal processes when armed conflict or other disruptions dismantle traditional institutions for criminal enforcement. In contrast, the chapter argues that the goods of ICL and the values it promotes can only be provided by international entities. In that respect, international justice is not a second-best alternative to domestic justice but is, rather, necessarily international because international institutions are specifically designed to redress wrongs that harm the interests of the international community as a whole.
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Gulzar, Unanza. "A Critical Appraisal of Crime Over Social Networking Sites in the Context of India." In Advances in Multimedia and Interactive Technologies, 93–112. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1041-4.ch006.
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An inescapable part of our everyday lives, visual communication is a key driver of engagement on social media. These are redesigned their news feed to allow greater emphasis on visual content, resulting in greater interaction. This chapter discusses the current scenario of cyber and social media crime in India and how the government has incorporated the necessities to fight against it. It will also include the types of social media crime enumerating the provisions of Information Technology Act, Indian Penal Code. Through this chapter, the author discusses the various types of cybercrimes, which are cyber defamation, cyber pornography, cyber stalking, fraudulent transaction and misrepresentation, hacking. The author laid emphasis on what legislations are in action to deal with such crimes and how strictly the offenders are punished. The author also discusses the competency of the present legislation and how the loopholes, if any, can be filled to make the virtual world a better place for everyone.
Conference papers on the topic "Penal action"
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de O. Rodrigues, Cleyton Mário, Ryan Ribeiro de Azevedo, Frederico Luiz Gonçalves de Freitas, Eunice Palmeira da Silva, and Patrícia Vieira da Silva Barros. "An ontological approach for simulating legal action in the Brazilian penal code." In SAC 2015: Symposium on Applied Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2695664.2695740.
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Karakehya, Hakan. "Usury by Using Credit Card as an Increasing Unlawful Economic Activity in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00731.
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Usury is regulated in article 241 of the Turkish Penal Code as a crime in the field of the economy, industry and trade. The state aims with the regulation to protect continuation of the economic order in the country. Usury by using credit card is one of the most common committing methods of the usury crime in Turkey. Due to this crime, there are many people in the economic difficulties and too much tax losing for the state, recent years in Turkey. Nevertheless usury by the credit card is getting increase with each passing day, because of the easiness, profitability, being risk-free of the action. Increasing controls and reduction to more reasonable levels of the prescribed interest for the credit card debts will be effective in the fight against the crime.
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Garcia, Filipa, Joao P. Ferreira, Paulo Ferreira, Stephane Cruz, Manuel Crisostomo, and A. Paulo Coimbra. "Active pedal exerciser for leg rehabilitation." In 2015 IEEE 4th Portuguese Meeting on Bioengineering (ENBENG). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/enbeng.2015.7088802.
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Yang, Anquan, Jing Wang, and Lihua Zhang. "Whitening Effect of an Active Ingredient from Fresh Peral." In 2015 International Conference on Electromechanical Control Technology and Transportation. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icectt-15.2015.96.
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Gu, Bon-Gwan, Young-Kyoun Kim, In-Song Jung, Jeong-Yeal An, and Jong-Sang Noh. "Design and force control of slotted tubular linear motor for active pedal." In 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce.2011.6063947.
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Kim, Daesik, Sungwoo Kim, Hyungjin Kim, and Bongsoo Son. "Development of Road Safety Information System for Active Accelerator Pedal at Curves." In Asia Pacific Automotive Engineering Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-3580.
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Özenbaş, Nazmiye. "Crime of Banking Embezzlement in Turkish Law." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01097.
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White-collar crime, which is perhaps the most important of types of crime in terms of havoc and committed by the superior contrary to common belief, has much more influence than conventional crime. This crimes, are committed by well-respected professionals in their business. Besides, this study explain one of the this type of crime, crime of banking embezzlement. Because of the vital importance of banking to countries’ economy and the detrimental effects of the fraudulent actions of bankers to the well being of a bank and its systemic effect to the other banks in the market, regulators impose criminal sanctions. In Turkey, a special embezzlement offence that can be conducted by bankers is regulated under article 160 of the Banking Law No.5411. This article aims to analyze this controversial criminal offence within Banking Law No.5411 and Turkish Criminal Law No.5237. In this respect, the study includes general information about embezzlement, elements of the offence, special circumstances that affects the nature of the offence, specific forms of the offence and prosecution methods. It should be noted that, the elements and structure of bank embezzlement which is expected in the first paragraph of Article 160 is very similar to the embezzlement which is provided for in the Penal Code. However, the structure of which is conditional embezzlement expected in the third paragraph of that Article is very different from embezzlement provided in the Criminal Code. In the study also, recommendations are presented regarding the upon completion of the crime and trial precondition.
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Salim, Alawudin, Myounghoon Jeon, Pasi Lautala, and David Nelson. "Using Naturalistic Driving Study Data to Investigate Driver Behavior at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6261.
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Although accidents at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings (HRGCs) have been greatly reduced over the past decades, they continue to be a major problem for the rail industry, causing injuries, loss of life, and loss of revenue. Recently, the Strategic Highway Research Program sponsored a Naturalistic Driving Study, the SHRP2 NDS, which produced a unique opportunity to look at how drivers behave while traversing HRGCs. This research deviates from previous studies by concentrating on day-to-day actions of drivers who traverse the HRGCs without an incident, instead of focusing on the accident events that have formed the foundation most earlier studies. This paper will focus on the effects of the external environment, weather and day/night conditions, on driver behavior at HRGCs. We will present the methodology and data used for the study and provide some early results from the analysis, such as differences in compliance during poor versus clear weather. We will use both a compliance score based on scanning and speed reduction and an analysis of brake and gas pedal usage during the approach to a HRGC. The paper will conclude with a brief discussion of future research concepts.
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Matovic, J., A. Vujanic, and K. Reichenberger. "Variable Emissivity Surfaces for Micro and Nanosatellites." In CANEUS 2006: MNT for Aerospace Applications. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/caneus2006-11027.
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The contemporary satellites usually utilize louvers as variable emissivity surfaces (VES) for the thermal control subsystem. This means is only particularly scalable down and the next generation of small satellites definitely requires new techniques for thermal control. Further, the low mass, volume and cost of the micro and nanosatellite require additional features from the future VES. Besides high reliability, which is an unconditional requirement for a space application, the other criteria are as follows: low mass, deep modulation of emissivity, low heat leak in off-state, fast reaction time, passive action, as well as other lower level criteria. These requirements are complex and sometimes contradictory. The current approaches to find alternatives to the traditional mechanical louvers branch in several directions: electrophoretic, electrochromic, electrostatics actuated VES, MEMS shutters, etc. None of the current solutions is successful in meeting all of the posed criteria. We present a novel VES subsystem, particularly developed for use in micro and nanosatellites. The concept is simple, reliable and very efficient. The bionic structure, a flower-like design, is made from a thin and elastic foil. The artificial flower consists from a peduncle, fixed to the satellite radiator panel and 4–6 petals. The upper surface of the petal is made as the second-surface mirror and the lower surface is the gold plated or the first-surface mirror. The kinematic mechanism which opens and closes the artificial flower is the shape memory actuator located in the petal root. The SMA actuators are trained as the “two way actuators”. The “two way” memory effect has been recognized as difficult to control and suffering from amnesia. However, the new learning process of the shape memory actuators enables more than 350.000 cycles without SMA parameter degradation. The artificial flower works as follow: when the sun irradiates the flower and/or the radiator temperature exceeds the preset value, the SMA actuators bend and open the flower. In such a manner the flower exposes the highly reflective surface to the sun and shadows the satellite radiator until the sun sets again. The flower structure is without any friction-connected kinematic movements, thus the reliability of device should be high. The mass of the flower is less than 450 g/m2, the heat leak trough the open flower is >2% and the efficiency of the closed flower is <80%. The SMA actuator is passive and quite resistant to the radiation, oxygen and EDS.
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Struhár, Ivan, Michal Kumstát, Kateřina Kapounková, Klára Mertová, and Iva Hrnčiříková. "Effects of immediate mechanotherapy and intermittent contrast water immersion on subsequent cycling performance." In 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-20.
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Purpose: Finding the balance between the training, the competition, and recovery is a crucial component for maximal sports performance. A huge range of sport recovery methods is pre-sented as an important part of training programs. In recent years, there has been an increas-ing interest in using the contrast water immersion and massage and its effect on subsequent muscle function. Recent studies have shown that the contrast water immersion affects the maximal force, which can be useful for subsequent repeated performance. This study aims to investigate the differences between using immediate mechanotherapy and contrast water immersion on cycling performance. Methods: Eight physically active male participants (age 27.1 ± 2.32 years; body mass 77.38 ± 5.43 kg; body height 1.78 ± 0.05 m; body fat 10.12 ± 2.23 %; maximum heart rate 182 ± 4 beats·min-1; VO2max 47.92 ± 7.16 mL.kg-1.min-1) volunteered and gave written in-formed consent to participate in this study. Participants completed three trials, each sepa-rated by one week. Each trial consisted of two “all-out” exercise bouts (30-20-10 s) against the load resistance of 0.07 kg/body weight. Three minutes recovery phase was between the “all-out” exercise bouts (1 W/kg; a pedal rate of 70–75 rpm). Following this, the selected recovery strategy was applied for 24 minutes (PAS-passive recovery, MT-massage therapy, CWI-contrast water immersion). The effect of recovery was assessed through changes in performance parameters, blood lactate concentration, and blood gases analyses. Results: The results obtained from the analysis showed positive statistical significance differ-ence between using PAS vs. MT (p = 0.0313) and PAS vs. CWI (p = 0.0441) for peak power. Interestingly, there were similar differences in fatigue index when we had compared PAS vs. MT and PAS vs. CWI. A decrease in lactate levels overtime was the highest for CWI. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that CWI and MT could be considered as a useful method in sports recovery. The results of this research support the idea that passive recovery is not the right way of recovery, especially when the athletes expect subsequent performance. Future trials should assess the impact of water temperature and different mas-sage techniques on performance and also for subjective feelings of athletes.
Reports on the topic "Penal action"
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Hijikata, Shunsuke, Satoshi Kitazaki, and Erwin R. Boer. Study on Human Perceptional JND of Pedal Force From an Active Accelerator Pedal. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0479.
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