Journal articles on the topic 'Penguin Wars'

ABSTRACTInvestigations on the age and taphonomy of modern and abandoned penguin rookeries were completed in the Antarctic Peninsula region, 1992–1994. Systematic collection and identification of bones from modern rookeries of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap (P. antarctica), and gentoo (P. papua) penguins indicate a bias in element preservation for humeri, furcula, femora, and tibiotarsi. More than 73% of the individuals represented by these elements are juveniles. Bones from abandoned rookeries show similar patterns that can help identify old breeding sites and the species that occupied them. Radiocarbon dates completed on 13 chinstrap and Adélie penguin bones, feathers, and eggshell fragments from five abandoned rookeries suggest that occupation of these sites occurred only during warm intervals of the Little Ice Age (AD 1500–1850). These data also provide information on the paleoecology and paleobiogeography of penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula region, which help explain modern distribution patterns and demography.

AbstractEmperor penguins require stable fast ice, sea ice anchored to land or ice shelves, on which to lay eggs and raise chicks. As the climate warms, changes in sea ice are expected to lead to substantial declines at many emperor penguin colonies. The most southerly colonies have been predicted to remain buffered from the direct impacts of warming for much longer. Here, we report on the unusually early breakup of fast ice at one of the two southernmost emperor penguin colonies, Cape Crozier (77.5°S), in 2018, an event that may have resulted in a substantial loss of chicks from the colony. Fast ice dynamics can be highly variable and dependent on local conditions, but earlier fast ice breakup, influenced by increasing wind speed, as well as higher surface air temperatures, is a likely outcome of climate change. What we observed at Cape Crozier in 2018 highlights the vulnerability of this species to untimely storm events and could be an early sign that even this high-latitude colony is not immune to the effects of warming. Long-term monitoring will be key to understanding this species' response to climate change and altered sea ice dynamics.

AbstractIn order to reconstruct past changes in penguin populations we performed geochemical analyses on a penguin ornithogenic sediment core DG4 retrieved from a lake catchment on Gardner Island, Vestfold Hills. P, Se, F, S, As, Sr and Cu in DG4 were identified as the bio-element assemblage by R-clustering analyses on the elemental concentrations and comparisons with those in bedrock and fresh penguin guano. Factor analysis on the levels of these bio-elements in the core permitted a reconstruction of variations in historical penguin populations at Gardner Island spanning the past 8500 years. The penguin population showed significant fluctuations, reaching its highest density between 4700–2400 calibrated years before present. This coincides with evidence for a late Holocene warm period in the Vestfold Hills, similar to that associated with the late Holocene penguin optimum recorded in the Ross Sea and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

ABSTRACTWarm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is produced at mixing temperatures between 20°C-40°C lower than Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Zycotherm added ingredients is one of the additives used in Warm Mix Asphalt. This study aims to assess Marshall stability and resistance to deformation by using asphalt type AC 60/70 ex Shell and Zycotherm additives on warm asphalt mixtures. In this study, the test was carried out on a layer of (AC-WC) to four mixed variations ie HMA-0, WMA-1, WMA-2, WMA-3 with 0% Zycotherm content; 0.10%; 0.15% and 0.20%. Mixed performance is measured by Marshall and Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM) testing. Based on the result of Gyropac test, with Workability Index (WI) value approach, the mixing temperature and compaction of WMA-1, WMA-2 and WMA-3 mixture are respectively obtained temperature 130/120°C, 130/120°C and 140/130° C. The Marshall test, the stability value of all mixtures fulfilled the minimum specification requirement of 800 kg, with the greatest stability value obtained from WMA-1 mixture of 1325 kg with additive content of 0.10%. The results of the Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM) test, a mixture that has resistance to deformation is a mixture of WMA-1 has the smallest deformation value of 1.93 mm, the largest dynamic stability of 1400 traje / mm and the smallest deformation velocity of 0.030 mm / min. That the use of Zycotherm is suitable for use in AC-WC warm mixture, with the optimum value of Zycotherm 0,10%. The use of excessive Zycotherm content results in a poor AC-WC warm mixture performance.Keywords: Dynamic Stability, Marshall, Warm Mix, Wheel Tracking Machine, Zycotherm. ABSTRAKWarm Mix Asphalt (WMA) diproduksi pada suhu pencampuran antara 20°C-40°C lebih rendah daripada Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Bahan tambah Zycotherm merupakan salah satu aditif yang digunakan dalam Warm Mix Asphalt. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji stabilitas Marshall dan ketahanan terhadap deformasi dengan menggunakan bahan perekat aspal jenis AC 60/70 ex Shell dan aditif Zycotherm pada campuran aspal hangat. Pada kajian ini, pengujian dilakukan pada lapis aus (AC-WC) terhadap empat variasi campuran yaitu HMA-0, WMA-1, WMA-2, WMA-3 dengan kadar Zycotherm 0%; 0,10%; 0,15% dan 0,20%. Kinerja campuran diukur berdasarkan pengujian Marshall dan Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM). Berdasarkan hasil pengujian Gyropac, dengan pendekatan nilai Workability Index (WI) diperoleh suhu pencampuran dan pemadatan campuran WMA-1, WMA-2 dan WMA-3 secara berurutan diperoleh suhu 130/120°C, 130/120°C dan 140/130°C. Pengujian Marshall diperoleh nilai stabilitas semua campuran memenuhi ketentuan spesifikasi yaitu minimum 800 kg, dengan nilai stabilitas terbesar diperoleh dari campuran WMA-1 sebesar 1325 kg dengan kadar aditif 0,10%. Hasil pengujian Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM), campuran yang memiliki ketahanan terhadap deformasi adalah campuran WMA-1 memiliki nilai deformasi yang paling kecil sebesar 1,93 mm, stabilitas dinamis terbesar sebesar 1400 lintasan/mm dan kecepatan deformasi terkecil sebesar 0,030 mm/menit. Bahwa penggunaan Zycotherm cocok digunakan pada campuran hangat AC-WC, dengan nilai optimum penggunaan Zycotherm sebanyak 0,10%. Penggunaan kadar Zycotherm yang berlebihan menghasilkan performa campuran hangat AC-WC yang kurang baik.Kata kunci: Stabilitas Dinamis, Marshall, Warm Mix, Whell Tracking Machine, Zycotherm.

Let us imagine that we are sailing across Port Phillip Bay in the southeast of Australia. The sun is low on the horizon and the late-December air is warm. We glide past a colony of fairy penguins at the pier in St Kilda. The West Gate Bridge comes into view. No sooner have we reached the docklands south of the city of Melbourne than we realize that our cruise has drawn to a close.

Cercopagis pengoi, a waterflea native to the Ponto-Caspian region, was discovered during 1998 in Lake Ontario. Individuals were found throughout the lake during summer snagged on sportfishing lines. The population included parthenogenetic (92%) and sexual (2%) females and males (6%). Cercopagis has a very long caudal appendage that is more than five times the body length and terminates in a distinctive loop. Females and males from Lake Ontario were significantly smaller than individuals from the Neva Estuary, Baltic Sea. In Eurasia, C. pengoi occurs in relatively warm fresh and brackish waters (0-14‰) at population densities usually <3000 individuals·m-3; mean and maximum population densities in Lake Ontario were 170 and 322 individuals·m-3, respectively. The presence of females with resting eggs indicates that Cercopagis will likely establish in Lake Ontario. As with other recently introduced invertebrates, Cercopagis likely was transported to the Great Lakes in ballast water from eastern Europe. The rapid influx of Ponto-Caspian species into the Great Lakes warrants further study including identification of source populations, mechanisms of dispersal, impacts on recipient ecosystems, and efficacy of ballast water exchange programs.

RESUMENLa historia del cristianismo no se entiende sin el complejo fenómeno mariano. El culto mariano ha afianzado la construcción de identidades colectivas, pero también individuales. La figura de la Virgen María estableció un modelo de conducta desde cada contexto histórico-cultural, remarcando especialmente los ideales de maternidad y virginidad. Dentro del imaginario católico, la Europa contemporánea ha estado marcada por la formación de una cultura aparicionista que se ha generadoa partir de diversas apariciones marianas que han establecido un canon y un marco de interpretación que ha alimentado las guerras culturales entre secularismo y catolicismo.PALABRAS CLAVE: catolicismo, Virgen María, cultura aparicionista, Lourdes, guerras culturales.ABSTRACTThe history of Christianity cannot be understood without the complex Marian phenomenon. Marian devotion has reinforced the construction of collective, but also of individual identities. 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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji determinan kinerja keuangan dengan firm size sebagai moderasi. Faktor-faktor yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari : total asset turnover, likuiditas, net profit margin, leverage, firm age dan firm size. Firm size diproporsikan sebagai variabel pemoderasi pengaruh total asset turnover, likuiditas, net profit margin, leverage, firm age terhadap kinerja keuangan. Proxy kinerja keuangan dengan menggunakan Return On Assets (ROA). Data penelitian ini diperoleh 208 perusahaan industri manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode 2014-2017. Teknik analisis yang digunakan untuk pengujian hipotesis adalah dengan menggunakan program WARP-PLS 6.0. Hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa total asset turnover, likuiditas, net profit margin, leverage, firm age, memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja keuangan. Firm size tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja keuangan. Firm size memoderasi pengaruh net profit margin, firm age terhadap kinerja keuangan. Firm size tidak memoderasi pengaruh leverage terhadap kinerja keuangan. Firm size tidak memoderasi pengaruh total asset turnover, likuiditas, leverage terhadap kinerja keuangan.

Pelek adalah bagian unit kendaraan yang berfungsi sebagai penahan/penopang beban kendaraan pada saat keadaan diam, serta sebagai penerus gerak putar dari mesin untuk memindahkan kendaraan dari satu tempat kepada tempat yang lain. Pelek kendaraan ini adalah untuk kendaraan roda 4 dengan bahan baku utama adalah aluminium serta dipadukan dengan bahan lain (alloy) dengan paduan aluminium alloy 1060.Pada pelek ini melalui beberapa tahapan proses pengujian untuk mengetahui kekuatan pada saat static dan dinamik. Adapun proses analisa yang dilakukan dengan metode perhitungan yang disesuaikan dengan literature dari SNI 1869 -2008 tentang standar pelek kendaraan bermotor, serta mempergunakan simulasi system software komputansi SOLID WORK 2017. Pada proses SOLID WORK dilakukan dengan simulasi static, torsi, dan FEA (Finite Element Analysis). Pelek yang dilakukan pada analisis terdiri dari tipe 1, 2, dan 3. Hasil yang diperoleh dari analisa perhitungan dan pengujian secara matematis adalah hampir mendekati dari system analisis komputansi. Dari beberapa pelek yang telah dilakukan pengujian secara soft ware SOLID WORK 2017, penulis memperoleh hasil pelek 2, yang lebih unggul dari tipe 1 dan 3. Keunggulan pelek tipe berupa nilai displacement sebesar 8.576e-3 mm (pada simulasi static), Von Mises Stress sebesar 9.629e+7 N/m2, displacement sebesar 2.189e-1 mm, strain sebesar 8.832e-4 (pada simulasi torsi), dan displacement sebesar 2.311e-2 mm (pada simulasi FEA).

Penelitian ini menyajikan tentang pengujian yang akan dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan metode elemen hingga dengan spesimen yang berbentuk pelat komposit glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) untuk mengetahui nilai ketangguhan retak dinamik disebabkan beban impak, program simulasi ini dibuat dengan menggunakan soft ware MSC MSC/NASTRAN for Windows dengan sub program FEMAP dengan pembebanan dinamik. Untuk menyederhanakan pada proses simulasi, spesimen digambarkan setengah geometri karena bentuknya yang simetri, demikian pula dalam membuat mesh dapat diatur dengan memperkecil ukuran mesh (fine mesh) pada daerah sekitar ujung retak. Pada pengujian ini beban impak diperoleh dari tegangan yang masuk ke spesimen dengan terlebih dahulu harus mengetahui diameter input bar dan tebal spesimen. Melalui simulasi ini juga akan diketahui propagasi tegangan yang terjadi, proses simulasi dimulai dengan mendefinisikan sifat material, membuat geometri dan pengaturan mesh, menentukan kondisi batas, memberi beban serta melakukan analisa dinamis dengan type analisis adalah transient dynamic/time dan type output displacement and stress. Hasil simulasi elemen hingga menunjukkan distribusi tegangan sama dengan hasil eksperimen dan harga ketangguhan retak dinamik. Adanya perbedaan besar tegangan adalah disebabkan konsentrasi tegangan yang terjadi pada ujung retak (pre crack)

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan eksplanatif yaitu menjelaskan apakah ada pengaruh serikat buruh terhadap produktivitas kerja buruh produksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh serikat buruh terhadap produktivitas kerja buruh produksi di Jawa Timur. Sampel berjumlah 157 responden diambil dari 4 perusahaan yang tersebar di 4 kabupaten dan kota di Jawa timur. Untuk menganalisis hubungan antara variabel serikat buruh, dan variabel produktivitas kerja buruh produksi di Jawa Timur, dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Structural Equation Modeling dengan bantuan soft ware Amos 7 SPSS 20. Analisis yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini meliputi: analisis faktor konfirmatori masing-masing variabel, analisis full model SEM, analisis asumsi SEM, persamaan model struktural dan pengujian hipotesis. Dari Perhitungan analisis SEM dapat disimpulkan bahwa parameter estimasi hubungan antara serikat buruh terhadap produktivitas buruh produksi diperoleh sebesar 0.965. Pengujian hubungan kedua variabel tersebut menunjukkan nilai C.R = 2.142 dengan probabilitas =0.032 (p < 0,05). Berarti bahwa serikat buruh berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap produktivitas kerja buruh produksi di Jawa Timur, sehingga semakin tinggi serikat buruh yang dimiliki oleh perusahaan maka produktivitas kerja buruh akan semakin tinggi juga.

casing because both processes have important role to derive raw material into the required form, dimensions and characteristics. Cu-Zn 70/30 alloy is raw material which normally used as munition casing however, its formability after deformation and heat treatment is not widely known. Therefore, this research has an objective to study the effect of deformation at warm temperature on cold formability by introducing thermomechanical controlled processed in warm rolling. Warm rolling have been conducted by double pass reversible method on 25% x 2, 30% x 2, and 35% x 2 at temperature 500oC. Evaluation of formability have been done by limited tensile test up to 20% elongation and full tensile test until rupture. The result of this research indicates that the best formability of Cu-Zn 70/30 is obtained on specimen which are deformed by warm rolling at actual degree of deformation 38.7%. Formability testing result for his specimen under designated warm rolling parameter has an elongation 10 % with strain hardening coefficient 0.00228, average normal anisotropy value 0.5452, and plannar anisotropy value Δr<1 is: -0.42. ABSTRAKDeformasi dan perlakuan panas selalu menyertai proses pembuatan selongsong peluru karena kedua proses tersebutlah yang mampu mengatur bahan baku menjadi bentuk dan dimensi yang diinginkan serta sesuai dengan karakteristik yang dikehendaki. Padaun Cu-Zn 70/30 adalah bahan baku yang digunakan untuk pembuatan selongsong peluru, namun mampu bentuk paduan ini akibat deformasi dan perlakuan panas belum banyak diketahui. Oleh karena itu pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh deformasi yang dilakukan pada suhu hangat terhadap mampu bentuk dingin dengan metode thermomechanical controlled processed menggunakan teknologi canai hangat. Teknologi canai hangat dilakukan dengan metode double pass reversible sebanyak 25% x 2, 30% x 2, dan 35% x 2 pada suhu 500oC. Pengamatan mampu bentuk dilakukan dengan pengujian tarik hanya sampai perpanjangan 20% serta uji tarik sampai putus. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sifat mampu bentuk terbaik diperoleh pada benda uji yang dideformasi canai hangat di temperatur 500oC dengan derajat deformasi aktual sebesar 38.7%. Apabila dilihat dari sifat mampu bentuknya maka benda uji yang dideformasi canai hangat pada kondisi parameter penelitian ini memiliki nilai elongasi sebesar 10 % dengan nilai koefisien pengerasan regang yang tinggi sebesar 0.00228, nilai anisotropi normal rata-rata sebesar 0.5452, dan nilai anisotropi planar yaitu Δr<1 sebesar -0.42.

Endapan lempung Formasi Muaraenim di daerah Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan terdapat sebagai overburden di bagian atas lapisan batubara, dan sebagai interburden di antara dua lapisan batubara. Formasi Ranau terdiri dari tuf riolitan, tuf batuapung, tuf padu dengan sisipan batulempung berkarbon.Berdasarkan evaluasi hasil pengujian awal melalui pembakaran pada suhu tinggi 1.400°C menunjukkan bahwa lempung dari Formasi Muaraenim di daerah penyelidikan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku keramik bodi stoneware, sedangkan felspar diagenetik (tuf feldspatik) dapat dimanfaatkan untuk bahan pelebur (flux) dalam bodi keramik pada proses pembakaran. Percobaan prototip ubin, dengan rasio komposisi campuran lempung dan felspar diagenetik (tuffeldspatik) 1 : 1 menunjukkan hasil dapat dibuat ubin keramik berglasir kelas II berbasis bodi “stone ware” dengan suhu pembakaran 1.150°C. Sumberdaya lempung dan felspar yang cukup berlimpah ini dapat dimanfaatkan dan prospek untuk dikembangkan sebagai bahan baku alternatif siap pakai untuk industri keramik.

Tema yang diangkat dari penelitian ini adalah tentang kepatuhan wajib pajak yang ada di Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Kudus, dengan judul “Pengaruh Religiusitas Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak denganKesadaran Wajib Pajak Sebagai Variabel Intervening (Studi Kasus pada Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi pada Kantor Pelayanan Pajak (KPP) Pratama Kudus)”. Penelitian ini merupakan studi kasus pada wajib pajak orang pribadi di Kabupaten Kudus. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah seluruh wajib pajak orang pribadi di Kabupaten Kudus. Sampel diambil secara insidental sampling. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan Structural Equation Model (SEM) dengan menggunakan metode alternatif Warp Partial Least Square (PLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : 1). Religiusitas berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak, 2). Religiusitas berpengaruh terhadap kesadaran wajib pajak, 3). Kesadaran wajib pajak berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak, 4). Kesadaran wajib pajak mampu memediasi sebagian pengaruh religiusitas terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak.Kata kunci: religiusitas, kesadaran wajib pajak, kepatuhan wajib pajak, wajib pajak orang pribadi

The marine ecosystem of the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) extends from the Bellingshausen Sea to the northern tip of the peninsula and from the mostly glaciated coast across the continental shelf to the shelf break in the west. The glacially sculpted coastline along the peninsula is highly convoluted and characterized by deep embayments that are often interconnected by channels that facilitate transport of heat and nutrients into the shelf domain. The ecosystem is divided into three subregions, the continental slope, shelf and coastal regions, each with unique ocean dynamics, water mass and biological distributions. The WAP shelf lies within the Antarctic Sea Ice Zone (SIZ) and like other SIZs, the WAP system is very productive, supporting large stocks of marine mammals, birds and the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba . Ecosystem dynamics is dominated by the seasonal and interannual variation in sea ice extent and retreat. The Antarctic Peninsula is one among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth, having experienced a 2°C increase in the annual mean temperature and a 6°C rise in the mean winter temperature since 1950. Delivery of heat from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current has increased significantly in the past decade, sufficient to drive to a 0.6°C warming of the upper 300 m of shelf water. In the past 50 years and continuing in the twenty-first century, the warm, moist maritime climate of the northern WAP has been migrating south, displacing the once dominant cold, dry continental Antarctic climate and causing multi-level responses in the marine ecosystem. Ecosystem responses to the regional warming include increased heat transport, decreased sea ice extent and duration, local declines in ice-dependent Adélie penguins, increase in ice-tolerant gentoo and chinstrap penguins, alterations in phytoplankton and zooplankton community composition and changes in krill recruitment, abundance and availability to predators. The climate/ecological gradients extending along the WAP and the presence of monitoring systems, field stations and long-term research programmes make the region an invaluable observatory of climate change and marine ecosystem response.

Unit Pelaksana Teknis Dinas (UPTD) TPU Tanah Miring dalam pengelolaan makam, masih dilakukan dengan cara pencatatan dalam buku besar permohonan lahan makam serta data jenazah dan ahli waris. Banyaknya makam pada TPU tidak dapat diingat oleh penjaga makam. Hal ini membuat pihak pengelola kesulitan ketika melakukan pencarian data makam. Serta sulit bagi keluarga yang jauh ketika berziarah untuk mencari lokasi makam. Perlu dibangun sebuah sistem informasi yang dapat digunakan pihak pengelola untuk pendataan lahan pemakaman serta sistem yang dapat memberikan informasi data makam. Pengumpulan data yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini yaitu dengan wawancara, observasi dan studi literatur dengan pengembangan sistem menggunakan metode waterfall. Bahasa pemrograman yang digunakan yaitu PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) dan MySQL (My Structured Query Language) sebagai manajemen basis datanya. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian sistem yang telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Black box dan kuisioner, didapatkan bahwa sistem yang dibuat dapat digunakan untuk pendataan makam dan menampilkan informasi makam, serta informasi pelayanan makam pada TPU Tanah Miring. Kata kunci: TPU, Sistem Informasi, Makam

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Amrasca biguttula merupakan salah satu hama utama kapas yangmampu menurunkan hasil secara nyata. Penggunaan varietas tahan hamasecara genetik merupakan salah satu dari sekian metode pengendalianyang efektif untuk menurunkan kerusakan hama. Penelitian bertujuanuntuk mengetahui aktivitas kerja gen dan daya waris gen yang mengen-dalikan sifat ketahanan terhadap hama pengisap daun A. biguttula.Penelitian dilakukan di Karangploso, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur daribulan Mei sampai Oktober 2006. Pengujian dilakukan terhadap 17genotipe yang terdiri dari (a) tiga varietas tetua jantan berbulu lebat yaituLRA 5166, SRT-1, dan Laxmi; (b) dua varietas tetua betina yangditingkatkan ketahanannya yaitu Kanesia-8 dan Kanesia-9; (c) enamgenotipe generasi F1 hasil persilangan tetua jantan dan betina tersebut diatas, dan d) enam genotipe generasi F2 yang merupakan keturunan darihasil persilangan F1. Percobaan disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok(RAK), diulang 3 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tiga genotipeF1 dari pasangan persilangan Kanesia-8 x LRA 5166, Kanesia-9 x LRA5166, dan Kanesia-8 x Laxmi menunjukkan penampilan gen yangmengatur kelebatan bulu daun bersifat dominansi sebagian negatif.Sedangkan penampilan gen pada pasangan persilangan Kanesia-8 x SRT-1, Kanesia-9 x SRT-1, dan Kanesia-9 x Laxmi adalah dominansi sebagianpositif. Nilai heritabilitas dalam arti luas dari gen yang mengatur kelebatanbulu daun pada empat pasangan persilangan Kanesia-8 x SRT-1, Kanesia-9 x SRT-1, Kanesia-8 x Laxmi, dan Kanesia-9 x Laxmi adalah tinggi,sedangkan dua pasangan persilangan Kanesia-8 x LRA 5166 dan Kanesia-9 x LRA 5166 nilai heritabilitasnya sedang. Korelasi nyata terjadi antarajumlah bulu daun, populasi nimfa dan nilai JRI. Tingkat kehadiranpopulasi nimfa wereng dan nilai JRI sangat dipengaruhi oleh kerapatanbulu daun.</p><p>Kata kunci : Gossypium hirsutum, Amrasca biguttula, kerapatan bulu,ketahanan, daya waris</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Estimation of Gene Action and Resistance Heritability ofCotton to Amrasca biguttula</p><p>Amrasca biguttula is one of main pests attacking cotton that causessignificant yield loss. The use of resistant varieties is genetically aneffective way to control the pest. An experiment was conducted to studythe activity and heritability of gene(s) responsible for controlling cropresistance to jassid, A. biguttula. The test involved 17 genotypes consistingof (a) three varieties with high trichome density as male parents i.e. LRA5166, SRT-1, and Laxmi; (b) two varieties to be improved their resistanceto jassid as female parents i.e. Kanesia-8 and Kanesia-9; (c) six genotypesof F1 generation resulted from crossing between male and female parents,and d) six genotypes of F2 generation resulted from selfing of genotypes.The test was arranged in randomized block design with three replications.Experimental result showed that the action of gene(s) responsible intrichome density or leaf pubescent of three F1 genotypes i.e. Kanesia-8 xLRA 5166, Kanesia-9 x LRA 5166, and Kanesia-8 x Laxmi were partlynegative dominance, whereas those of F1 genotypes of Kanesia-8 x SRT-1, Kanesia-9 x SRT-1, and Kanesia-9 x Laxmi were partly positivedominance. The heritability of that gene(s) in Kanesia-8 x SRT-1,Kanesia-9 x SRT-1, Kanesia-8 x Laxmi, and Kanesia-9 x Laxmicombinations were high, whereas those in Kanesia-8 x LRA 5166 andKanesia-9 x LRA 5166 combinations were medium. A significantcorrelation was observed between trichome density, nymph population,and JRI value, in which nymph population and JRI were significantlyinfluenced by trichome density.</p><p>Key words : Gossypium hirsutum, Amrasca biguttula, gene action,heritability</p>

Kemajuan dalam teknologi informasi memberi kesempatan pada institusi pendidikan untuk mengadopsi teknologi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pembelajaran. e-Learning merupakan salah satu pengembangan tersebut dan tidak dapat disampaikan tanpa menggunakan teknologi. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkan bukti empiris terkait actual usage dari penggunaan e-learning dengan pemediasi intention to use. Data dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 135 kuesioner yang disebarkan kepada mahasiswa Universitas Airlangga yang sempat memanfaatkan AULA. AULA merupakan portal e-Learning di Universitas Airlangga, yang merupakan singkatan dari Airlangga Univeristy e-Learning Application. Alat uji yang digunakan adalah Warp PLS. Perceived usefulness yang dirasakan pada penggunaan e-learning tidak memberikan pengaruh pada actual usage. Perceived ease of use memiliki hubungan signifikan pada intention to use. Hasil pengujian pengaruh tidak langsung menunjukkan perceived usefulness mempengaruhi niat perilaku untuk menggunakan teknologi. Persepsi kemudahan menggunakan teknologi dimotivasi tingkat kepercayaan individu terhadap kemampuan menggunakan teknologi, yang mana akan mendorong persepsi kebermanfaatan dan berimplikasi pada niat untuk menggunakan teknologi untuk menggunakan e-learning.Kata kunci: Actual Usage, perceived ease of use, e-Learning, intention to use Actual usage use of e-learning with Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) AbstractProgress in information technology provides opportunities for education to encourage technology to improve learning efficiency. E-Learning is one such development and cannot be delivered without using technology. The purpose of the study is to get empirical evidence related to actual usage of using e-learning with intention to use as a mediation. Data used in the study were 135 questionnaires that distributed to students of Airlangga University who are active or have used / participated in AULA (Airlangga University e-Learning Application). AULA is an e-Learning portal at Airlangga University. Data analysis techniques using Warp PLS. The results show the perceived usefulness of e-learning, does not affect the actual use. Perceived ease of use has a significant positive relationship with intention to use. The results evaluation direct effect of perceived usefulness influences intention to use technology. Perceived ease of use of technology is motivated by the level of individual trust in ability to use technology, which will encourage perceptions of usefulness and have implications for the intention to use technology to use e-learning.Keywords: Actual Usage, perceived ease of use, e-learning, intention to use

This study aimed to examine the effect of the financial performance of local governments on the audit opinion and welfare society in DIY. The study consisted of two endogenous and one exogenous. Endogenous variable in this study is the audit opinion and welfare society as measured by the human development index. Exogenous variables in this study is the local government's financial performance as measured by rasio independence, growth rate, and the ratio of the activity. This study usingpurposive sampling with criteria of availability of local government financial, audit opinion, and welfare society.The contribution of this study to show whether the implementation of good governance and inclusive economic development model in DIY which be analyzed with achievementof the local government audit opinion and welfare society.Samples used as 6 LKPD in DIY annually or 78 numbered object of research for the years 2001 to 2013. The data analysis research using Structural Equation Model - Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) with WARP-PLS(α = 0.05). Based onthe results of the first and second hypothesis testing, the financial performance has significanpositive effect onthe local government audit opinion and welfare society.Keywords: financial performance, audit opinion, welfarePenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh kinerja keuangan pemerintah daerah pada opini audit dan kesejahteraan masyarakat di DIY. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua variabel endogen dan satu variabel eksogen. Variabel endogen dalam penelitian ini adalah opini audit dan kesejahteraan masyarakat yang diukur dengan indeks pembangunan manusia. Variabel eksogen dalam penelitian ini adalah kinerja keuangan pemerintah daerah yang diukur dengan rasio kemandirian keuangandaerah, rasio pertumbuhan, dan rasio aktivitas. Penelitian ini menggunakan purposive sampling dengan kriteria ketersediaan data keuangan pemerintah daerah, opini audit, dan kesejahteraanmasyarakat. Kontribusi penelitian ini untuk menunjukkan apakah pelaksanaan pemerintahan yang baik dan model pembangunan ekonomi yang inklusif di DIY dapat dianalisis dengan pencapaianmasyarakat opini audit pemerintah dan kesejahteraan lokal. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 6 LKPD di DIY setiap tahun atau 78 nomor objek penelitian untuk tahun 2001 sampai 2013. Analisisdata menggunakan Structural Equation Model - Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) dengan WARP-PLS (α = 0,05). Berdasar hasil pengujian hipotesis pertama dan kedua, kinerja keuangan berpengaruh positif signifikan pada masyarakat opini audit pemerintah dan kesejahteraan lokal.Kata kunci: kinerja keuangan, opini audit, kesejahteraan

Abstract: This research aims to analyze and examine the differences ofOrganizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), job satisfaction, and work stressamong male and female nurses in Balung Hospital of Jember Regency. This is aquantitative research. Data were analyzed using two independent samples t-test.The research population was 102 nurses in the inpatient wards. Using proportionalstratified random sampling method, the sample was 82 respondents consisted of45 female nurses and 37 male nurses. The results of hypothesis testing showedthe differences of OCB, job satisfaction, and work stress among male and femalenurses in Balung Hospital of Jember Regency. The female nurses had higher levelof OCB, job satisfaction, and work stress compared to the male nurses.Keywords: OCB, Job Satisfaction, and Work Stress.Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan menguji apakah terdapatperbedaan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), kepuasan kerja, dan streskerja pada perawat pria dan wanita di bagian rawat inap Rumah Sakit Daerah(RSD) Balung Kabupaten Jember. Pendekatan riset yang digunakan dalampenelitian ini adalah kuantitatif. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah twoindependent samples t-test. Populasi penelitian adalah 102 orang perawat dibagian rawat inap. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metodeproportional stratified random sampling dengan sampel sebanyak 82 respondenyang terdiri dari 45 perawat wanita dan 37 perawat pria. Hasil pengujian hipotesismenunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan OCB, kepuasan kerja, dan stres kerjaantara perawat pria dan wanita di bagian rawat inap RSD Balung KabupatenJember yang mana tingkat OCB, kepuasan kerja, dan stres kerja perawat wanitalebih tinggi dari pada perawat priaKata Kunci: OCB, Kepuasan Kerja, dan Stres Kerja.

PKBM BIMASDA melibatkan banyak komponen masyarakat untuk menjadi penguat organisasi, sebagai pengajar dan juga sukarelawan. PKBM BIMASDA bersama masyarakat ingin mewujudkan pendidikan nonformal yang dapat merangkul masyarakat menengah ke bawah yang tidak mendapat akses pendidikan formal atas berbagai alasan atau pun anak putus sekolah karena kesempitan ekonomi. Adapun sasaran dan tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) ini adalah memberikan pengarahan kepada remaja warga belajar PKBM BIMASDA agar dapat meningkatkan produktivitasnya di masa pandemic Covid 19 dengan mengembangkan ide usaha yang sesuai bakat/potensi pribadinya dan sesuai pula dengan peluang dan kebutuhan masyarakat.Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) ini adalah memberikan penyuluhan serta diskusi dalam konteks memberikan pelatihan dan pengarahan kepada para remaja warga belajar PKBM BIMASDA agar dapat meningkatkan produktivitasnya di masa pandemic Covid 19 saat ini melalui daring dengan aplikasi google meeting Dengan adanya dampak pandemic Covid 19 yang meluas dan tidak dapat dihindari maka perlu adanya peningkatan kemampuan pada warga belajar PKBM BIMASDA untuk dapat meningkatkan produktivitasnya dengan mengembangkan ide dan menangkap peluang-peluang usaha di tengah masyarakat yang disesuaikan dengan potensi pribadinya. Dengan peatihan ini diharapkan wara belajar PKBM BIMASDA memiliki kemampuan untuk dapat mengembangkan ide dan menangkap peluang usaha di tengah pandemi Covid 19. Dalam peningkatan produktivitas warga belajar PKBM BIMASDA tersebut tidak hanya dibutuhkan ide yang brilian dan peluang yang terbuka lebar tetapi juga diperlukan perencanaan usaha yang terstruktur dengan baik.

Pertambangan batubara sering dikaitkan dengan Air Asam Tambang (AAT) yang dihasilkan oleh penimbunan material overburden yang mengandung mineral sulfida. Sebuah alternatif praktis untuk meminimalkan pembentukan AAT adalah menghindari kontak antara air, udara dan mineral sulfida menggunakan bahan yang tidak permeabel atau mineral lempung yang dipadatkan sebagai bahan penutup. Metode ini dikenal sebagai metode enkapsulasi, dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengurangi porositas dan menjadikan batuan bersifat tidak permeabel sehingga mengurangi laju difusi oksigen dan infiltrasi air ke dalam timbunan batuan yang mengandung mineral sulfida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami karakteristik pemadatan beberapa jenis batuan overburden batubara yang akan digunakan sebagai material penudung (capping material). Pengujian kompaksi dilakukan delapan buah sampel batuan yang diambil dari tambang batubara Wara Blok I, PT. Adaro Indonesia, di Kalimantan Selatan. Analisis laboratorium, meliputi analisis fisik, batas-batas Atterberg, dan dilakukan uji pemadatan serta uji permeabilitas. Uji pemadatan dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji proctor standar sedangkan uji konduktivitas menggunakan uji tinggi jatuh (falling head test). Hasil uji konduktivitas hidrolik pada delapan sampel menunjukan ada hubungan antara karakteristik fisik tanah yang diperoleh dari hasil uji pemadatan dengan nilai konduktivitas hidrolik. Beberapa peneliti sebelumnya menyatakan bahwa material yang akan dijadikan sebagai material penudung harus memiliki nilai konduktivitas hidrolik sebesar 1x10-9 m/s. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa sampel yang mendekati nilai konduktivitas hidrolik yang disarankan adalah W112, W122, W123, W123, dan W1DP, sedangkan sampel yang memiliki nilai konduktivitas hidrolik di bawah yang disarankan adalah sampel W121. Kata-Kata Kunci: Air asam tambang, enkapsulasi, pemadatan, konduktivitas hidrolik.

Some of the strongest empirical support for Lévy search theory has come from telemetry data for the dive patterns of marine predators (sharks, bony fishes, sea turtles and penguins). The dive patterns of the unusually large jellyfish Rhizostoma octopus do, however, sit outside of current Lévy search theory which predicts that a single search strategy is optimal. When searching the water column, the movement patterns of these jellyfish change over time. Movement bouts can be approximated by a variety of Lévy and Brownian (exponential) walks. The adaptive value of this variation is not known. On some occasions movement pattern data are consistent with the jellyfish prospecting away from a preferred depth, not finding an improvement in conditions elsewhere and so returning to their original depth. This ‘bounce’ behaviour also sits outside of current Lévy walk search theory. Here, it is shown that the jellyfish movement patterns are consistent with their using optimized ‘fast simulated annealing’—a novel kind of Lévy walk search pattern—to locate the maximum prey concentration in the water column and/or to locate the strongest of many olfactory trails emanating from more distant prey. Fast simulated annealing is a powerful stochastic search algorithm for locating a global maximum that is hidden among many poorer local maxima in a large search space. This new finding shows that the notion of active optimized Lévy walk searching is not limited to the search for randomly and sparsely distributed resources, as previously thought, but can be extended to embrace other scenarios, including that of the jellyfish R. octopus . In the presence of convective currents, it could become energetically favourable to search the water column by riding the convective currents. Here, it is shown that these passive movements can be represented accurately by Lévy walks of the type occasionally seen in R. octopus . This result vividly illustrates that Lévy walks are not necessarily the result of selection pressures for advantageous searching behaviour but can instead arise freely and naturally from simple processes. It also shows that the family of Lévy walkers is vastly larger than previously thought and includes spores, pollens, seeds and minute wingless arthropods that on warm days disperse passively within the atmospheric boundary layer.

Optimation of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000 Treatment on Isolation of Agarose Seaweeds of Glacilaria sp Isolation of agarose from seaweeds (Glacilaria sp) had been done in acid, base, and neutral condition by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. Glacilaria sp, Seaweeds that used in this research was cultured by farmer in Muara Gembong, Bekasi. It used PEG with concentration 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, & 30%. The scope of this research ware determination of seaweeds, seaweeds water content, isolation of agarose from seaweeds, and quality test of agarose. Parameter test of agarose quality include the strength of gel, the content of sulfat, measurement of galactose content and its proksimat. The high yield was 61,27% r in PEG 30%. The best quality of agarose was resulted in PEG 20% because of the highest strength of gel was 379,04 g/cm2.The lowest sulfat concentration was 1,33% and galactose was 17,39%.Key words: polyethylene glycol, PEG 6000, agarose, seaweeds, glacilaria sp ABSTRAK Isolasi agarosa dari rumput laut Glacilaria sp telah dilakukan dalam suasana asam, basa dan netral dengan metode polyethylene glikol (PEG). Rumput lauat yang digunakan adalah Gracilaria sp yang dibudidayakan oleh petani di Muara Gembong, Bekasi dengan perlakuan konsentrasi PEG 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% dan 30%. Ruang lingkup penelitian ini meliputi uji determinasi rumput laut, penetapan kadar air rumput laut, isolasi agarosa dari rumput laut, serta uji kualitas agarosa. Parameter pengujian kualitas agarosa terdiri dari kekuatan gel, kandungan sulfat, dan pengukuran kandungan galaktosa serta proksimatnya. Isolasi agarosa perlakuan konsentrasi polyethylene Glikol (PEG) 6000 pada rumput laut Glacilaria sp diperoleh rendemen paling tinggi terdapat pada perlakuan PEG 30% yaitu sebesar 61,27%. Akan tetapi untuk kualitas agarosa yang paling baik terdapat pada perlakuan konsentrasi PEG 20% karena diperoleh kekuatan gel paling tinggi sebesar 379,04 g/cm2. Kadar sulfat yang paling rendah sebesar 1,33% dan kadar galaktosa sebesar 17,39%.Kata Kunci: polyethylene glikol, PEG 6000, agarosa, rumput laut, glacilaria sp

Abstrak – Pencapan rintang metode khelasi logam (metal chelation) pada kain poliester menggunakan zat warna dispersi jenis antrakinon sebagai warna dasarnya, karena zat warna tersebut tidak tahan terhadap logam-logam transisi contohnya logam tembaga yang diperoleh dari senyawa kuprisulfat. Untuk warna motifnya digunakan zat warna dispersi jenis azo karena zat warna azo tahan terhadap logam-logam transisi. Senyawa kuprisulfat berfungsi menghalangi terfiksasinya zat warna pada serat yang ditambahkan pada pasta warna motifnya, sehingga perlu dilakukan optimasi pemakaiannya dengan variasi konsentrasi dan waktu fiksasi pengukusan, pada proses pencapan rintang metode khelasi logam (metal chelation) kemudian dilakukan pengujian terhadap derajat putih kain, beda warna, dan sifat fisik kain poliester. Keadaan terbaik dicapai pada konsentrasi kuprisulfat 35 g/kg pasta dan waktu fiksasi 180 derajar Celcius 6 menit dengan nilai derajat putih kain Delta K/S 0,0092, nilai beda warna Delta E= 1,09, kekuatan tarik kain dengan nilai 22,80 kg kearah lusi 19,50 kg kearah pakan, tahan luntur warna terhadap pencucian dan gosokan dengan nilai 4- 5. Abstract – Resist printing the metal chelation method on a polyester fabric uses an antrakinon dispersion dyes as its base color, because the dye is not resistant to transition metals, for example copper metal obtained from copper compound. Azo dispersion dyes are used for motif color because they are resistant to transition metals. Kuprisulfate compound functions to prevent the fixation of dyes in the fiber added to the color paste of the motif, so it is necessary to optimize its use with variations in concentration and time of streaming fixation in the metal chelation method, then testing the degree of white fabric, different colors, fabric tensile strength and color fastness to washing and rubbing. Optimum conditions were achieved at a concentration of kuprisulfate 35 g/kg paste and a fixation time of 180 Degrees Celcius for 6 minutes with a white degree of fabric Delta K/S 0.0092, color difference value Delta E= 1.09, fabric tensile strength with a value of 22.80 kg towards the warp 19.50 kg towards the feed, fastness to washing and rubbing with a value of 4- 5.

The effect of spreading by ammonium hydroxide on formaldehyde emission of plywood and particleboardThe formaldehyde emmision from panel products such as plywood and particleboard bonded with urea formaldehyde (UF) can have negative effects to human health, especially if used in a room with limited ventilation. To reduce formaldehyde emission, chemical agents can be applied to the product. In this exsperiment report, the effect of ammonium hydroxide 25% application on formaldehyde emission of UF on to wards the bonded plywood and particleboard was described. Application of ammonium hydroxide on plywood and particleboard significantly affected UF emission. The higher amount of application of ammonium hydroxide, the lower formaldehyde emission from plywod and particleboard. The effect of ammonium hydroxide to UF emission level differed according to type of panel and examination standard. Application of ammonium hydroxide of 0.009 ml/cm2 and 0.015 ml/cm2, the formaldehyde emission of plywood and particleboard could meet Japanese Standard; while spreading on particleboard of 0,003 ml/cm2and on plywood of 0,014 ml/cm2, the formaldehyde emission could conform to American Standard.Key words : Plywood, particleboard, formaldehyde emission, spreading, ammonium hydroxide ABSTRAKEmisi formaldehida dari produk panel seperti kayu lapis dan papan partikel yang direkat dengan urea formaldehida (UF) dapat mengganggu kesehatan, terutama jika digunakan di dalam ruangan dengan ventilasi terbatas. Untuk mengurangi emisi formal-dehida, produk tersebut dapat dilburi dengan suatu bahan kimia. Dalam tulisan ini dikemukakan pengaruh dari penggunaan pelaburan dengan amonium hidroksida 25 % terhadap emisi formaldehida kayu lapis dan papan partikel yang masing-masing direkat dengan UF. Pengaruh pelaburan dengan amonium hidroksida terhadap emisi formaldehida kayu lapis dan papan partikel masing-masing sangat nyata. Semakin banyak amonium hidroksida yang dilaburkan, emisi formaldehida dari kayu lapis dan papan partikel sema-kin rendah. Pengaruh amonium hidroksida terhadap tingkat penurunan emisi formaldehida berbeda menurut jenis panel dan standar pengujian. Pada pelaburan dengan amonium hidroksida sebanyak 0,009 ml/cm2 dan 0,015 ml/cm2, kayu lapis dan papan partikel memenuhi persyaratan emisi formaldehida Standar Jepang. Sedangkan pelaburan pada papan partikel sebanyak 0,003 ml/cm2, dan pada kayu lapis sebanyak 0,014 ml/cm2, emisi formaldehidanya memenuhi Standar Amerika.Kata kunci : Kayu lapis, papan partikel, emisi formaldehida, pelaburan, amonium hidroksida

Abstract Cu-Zn 70/30 alloy has properties that is relatively soft, ductile, and easy to perform by cold working. However, cold working has the disadvantage that require equipment which has higher loading capacity to generate strength and higher density thus increasing of machining cost. In addition, strain hardening phenomenon due to cold working process resulted in decreasing of ductility material. Therefore, it is necessary alternative fabrication processes to optimize the mechanical properties of Cu-Zn alloy 70/30 that with the TMCP method. TMCP is metal forming material by providing large and controlled plastic strain to the material. TMCP using the deformation percentage variation that 32.25%, 35.48%, and 38.7% from hot rolled research at 500°C temperature in double pass reversible which performed on Cu-Zn 70/30 plate. By tensile testing using universal testing machine can be seen that the Cu-Zn 70/30 alloy on 32.25% degree of deformation, both of UTS and YS respectively are 505 MPa and 460 MPa. Whereas from examination of thickness and density deformation bands by FE-SEM shows denser and thicker deformation band proportional with increasing of deformation degree.Moreover, the values of tensile strength at the edge of the area and the center is directly proportional to the density and thickness of the deformation band. Paduan Cu-Zn 70/30 memiliki sifat yang relatif lunak, ulet, dan mudah dilakukan pengerjaan dingin. Namun, pengerjaan dingin memiliki kekurangan yaitu membutuhkan peralatan yang memiliki kapasitas pembebanan tinggi untuk menghasilkan kekuatan dan kepadatan tinggi sehingga meningkatkan biaya permesinan. Selain itu, fenomena pengerasan regang akibat proses pengerjaan dingin menghasilkan penurunan keuletan material. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan alternatif proses fabrikasi untuk mengoptimalkan sifat mekanik paduan Cu-Zn 70/30 salah satunya dengan metode TMCP. TMCP merupakan suatu proses perubahan bentuk suatu material dengan cara memberikan regangan plastis yang besar dan terkontrol terhadap material. TMCP dengan menggunakan variasi persentase deformasi sebanyak 32,25%, 35,48%, dan 38,70% dari penelitian canai hangat di suhu 500oC secara double pass reversible dilakukan pada pelat paduan Cu-Zn 70/30. Dengan melakukan pengujian tarik menggunakan mesin uji tarik universal testing machine dapat dilihat bahwa pada material paduan Cu-Zn 70/30 pada derajat deformasi 32,25% menghasilkan nilai UTS dan YS masing-masing sebesar 505 MPa dan 460 MPa. Sedangkan dari hasil pengamatan ketebalan dan kerapatan deformation band menggunakan FE-SEM menunjukkan deformation band yang lebih rapat dan lebih tebal sebanding dengan semakin meningkatnya derajat deformasi. Selain itu, nilai kekuatan tarik pada daerah tepi dan tengah berbanding lurus dengan kerapatan dan ketebalan deformation band. Keywords: 70/30 Cu-Zn alloy, warm rolled, deformation degree, deformation bands

<p>Saat ini penggunaan dashboard camera marak digunakan pada mobil untuk merekam kondisi sekitar kendaraan ketika berkendara. Dashboard camera adalah semacam kamera yang ditempatkan pada bagian dashboard mobil dengan kamera menyorot ke arah depan kendaraan yang berfungsi untuk merekam kondisi jalan. Di lain pihak, pada mobil premium saat ini sudah disematkan beberapa teknologi canggih untuk mencegah terjadinya kecelakaan atau tabrakan yang biasa disebut dengan Forward Collision Warning System. Teknologi ini pada dasarnya berfungsi untuk mencegah terjadinya tabrakan dari arah depan, baik dengan cara aktif ataupun pasif. Pada penelitian ini akan dibuat sebuah sistem terintegrasi dimana dashboard camera, yang diimplementasikan menggunakan kamera smartphone berbasis Android, tidak hanya digunakan untuk perekaman secara statis, tetapi juga digunakan untuk membuat sistem pencegah kecelakaan secara pasif. Adapun aplikasi ini dibuat dengan menggunakan metode pengolahan citra digital untuk mendeteksi keberadaan objek di depan mobil dengan menggunakan Tensorflow Open Source Machine Learning Library. Dari hasil pengujian tampak bahwa aplikasi ini mampu mendeteksi objek kendaraan berupa mobil penumpang, bus, dan truk, serta dapat memberikan peringatan baik secara visual maupun alarm apabila kendaraan di depan sudah berada pada jarak yang cukup dekat untuk memperingatkan pengemudi akan bahaya tabrakan.</p><p> </p><p><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></p><p class="Abstract"><em>Nowadays dashboard camera becomes familiar to be used in a car to record the condition around the vehicle while driving. Dashboard camera is a video camera placed in car’s dashboard faces in front of the vehicle to record the road condition. In the other side, premium cars now equipped with advanced technology to prevent collision called Forward Collision Warning System. This technology basically acts to prevent front collision, either in active or passive ways. In this research was built integrated system where dashboard camera, which implemented by camera of Android based smartphone, not only used as static recording, but also as passive collision avoidance system. This application was developed using Object Detection Method in Tensorflow Open Source Machine Learning Library. The research stage was started from problem analysis, literature study to search comparison from previous research, also software development and finalized with testing to measure system performance. From the testing result, this application was able to detect vehicle objects in form of passenger car, bus, and truck, also could provide both visual and alarm warning when there was a vehicle come closely from in front, to warn the driver about the danger of collision.</em></p><p><em><strong><br /></strong></em></p>

<p><strong>Abstrak.</strong> Nasi merupakan makanan utama bagi kebanyakan orang di Indonesia. Memasak nasi membutuhkan waktu sekitar 40-50 menit. Nasi instan merupakan solusi untuk menanak nasi dalam waktu yang relatif singkat melalui proses <em>precooking</em> dan pengeringan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat nasi instan dengan indeks glikemik rendah agar dapat dikonsumsi oleh penderita diabetes melitus. Cara pembuatan nasi instan ini adalah dengan cara merendam - memasak - membekukan - mengeringkannya. Beras direndam menggunakan larutan Na-sitrat 2 - 7% pada suhu 50°C, selama 2 jam. Perbandingan beras dengan larutan perendaman adalah 1: 2. Nasi yang sudah dimasak dibekukan di dalam freezer pada suhu -4°C selama 24 jam. Beras yang telah dicairkan dengan proses thawing menggunakan air hangat pada suhu 60°C. Beras kemudian dipanaskan pada suhu 70°C selama 4-5 jam. Nasi instan siap diseduh (dihidrasi kembali) menggunakan air mendidih. Waktu rehidrasi beras instan mencapai 5,49 menit. Hasil pengujian indeks glikemik menunjukkan nilai indeks glikemik instan sebesar 51,69 dengan kandungan nutrisi yang tidak berubah secara signifikan seperti beras asli. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembuatan nasi instan dengan perendaman-masak beku-kering dapat menurunkan indeks glikemik.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Rice is the main food for most people in Indonesia. Cooking rice takes about 40-50 minutes. Instant rice is a solution for cooking rice in a relatively short time through a process of precooking and drying. The purpose of this study is to make instant rice with a low glycemic index so that it can be consumed by people with diabetes mellitus. The method used in making this instant rice is soak - cook - freeze - dry it. The rice is soaked using 2 - 7% Na-citrate solution at 50°C, for 2 hours. The ratio of rice with a soaking solution is 1: 2. Rice is needed up to pH 7 then accepted using ricecookerz. Cooked rice is frozen in the freezer at -4°C for 24 hours. Rice which has been liquefied by thawing process uses warm water at 60°C. Rice is then heated at 70°C for 4-5 hours. Instant rice is ready to be brewed (rehydrated) using boiling water. Instant rice rehydration time reaches 5.49 minutes. The glycemic index test results showed an instant glycemic index value of 51.69 with a nutrient content that did not change significantly like the original rice. The results show that making instant rice vy soaking-cookingfreezing -drying can reduce the glycemic index.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> quick cooking rice, rehydration time, glycemic index</p>

Antioksidan dan antibakteri sangat bermanfaat bagi kesehatan tubuh manusia karena mampu menangkal radikal bebas, mencegah penuaan dini, dan mengontrol terjadinya pembusukan makanan. Aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri dapat ditemukan dalam biji- bijian, akar dan daun seperti daun Kari (Murayya koeginii). Berdasarkan uji fitokimia, ekstrak daun kari mengandung senyawa flavonoid, steroid, dan fenolik. Selain itu, ekstrak daun kari mengandung caryophyllene, Phytol, Pyrazine dan vitamin E yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antioksidan dan antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan aktivitas antibakteri dan antioksidan serta pengaruh lama penyimpanan denga aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak daun kari. Pengujian antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi dan aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH dengan konsentrasi 25 ppm, 50 ppm dan 100 ppm dengan waktu penyimpanan hari ke 14, 28 dan 42. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh ekstrak daun kari mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aeureus, dan Staphylococcus epidermidis pada konsentrasi 10%, 20% dan 40%. Daya hambat pertumbuhan bakteri yang baik ditemukan pada konsentrasi 40% dan pada konsentrasi 10% masih memiliki daya hambat antibakteri. Ekstrak daun kari memiliki daya hambat antibakteri yang lebih peka terhadap bakteri gram negatif dibandingkan dengan bakteri gram positif. Aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak daun kari sangat kuat meskipun waktu penyimpanan bertambah. Aktivitas antiokasidan yang paling baik dijumpai pada waktu penyimpanan hari ke 14. Semakin lama waktu penyimpanan ekstrak daun kari maka nilai IC 50 semakin bertambah. Antioxidants and antibacterials are very beneficial for the health of the human body since they can ward off free radicals, prevent premature aging, and control the occurrence of food spoilage. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity can be found in seeds, roots and leaves such as Kari leaves (Murayya koenigii). Based on phytochemical test, curry leaf extract contained flavonoids, steroids, and phenolic compounds. In addition, curry leaf extract contained Caryophyllene, Phytol, Pyrazine and vitamin E which can function as antioxidants and antibacterial. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial and antioxidant activity and the effect of storage time on the antioxidant activity of curry leaf extract. Antibacterial test was conducted using the diffusion method and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method with a concentration of 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm with a storage time of days 14, 28 and 42. Based on the research results, curry leaves extract was able to inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aeureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis at concentrations of 10%, 20% and 40%. The good inhibitory growth of bacteria found at a concentration of 40% and at a concentration of 10% still had antibacterial inhibition. Curry leaf extract had antibacterial inhibition that was more sensitive to gram negative bacteria compared to gram positive bacteria. The antioxidant activity of curry leaf extract was very strong even though the storage time increased. The best antioxidant activity was found at the time of storage on the 14th day. The longer the storage time for curry leaf extract, the higher the IC 50 value.

The Ross Sea (Antarctica) is one of the most productive marine ecosystems in the Southern Ocean and supports nearly one million breeding pairs of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) annually. There also is a well-preserved record of abandoned penguin colonies that date from before the Last Glacial Maximum (&gt;45,000 14C yr B.P.) through the Holocene. Cape Irizar is a rocky cape located just south of the Drygalski Ice Tongue on the Scott Coast. In January 2016, several abandoned Adélie penguin sites and abundant surface remains of penguin bones, feathers, and carcasses that appeared to be fresh were being exposed by melting snow and were sampled for radiocarbon analysis. The results indicate the “fresh” remains are actually ancient and that three periods of occupation by Adélie penguins are represented beginning ca. 5000 calibrated calendar (cal.) yr B.P., with the last occupation ending by ca. 800 cal. yr B.P. The presence of fresh-appearing remains on the surface that are actually ancient in age suggests that only recently has snowmelt exposed previously frozen carcasses and other remains for the first time in ~800 yr, allowing them to decay and appear fresh. Recent warming trends and historical satellite imagery (Landsat) showing decreasing snow cover on the cape since 2013 support this hypothesis. Increased δ13C values of penguin bone collagen further indicate a period of enhanced marine productivity during the penguin “optimum”, a warm period at 4000–2000 cal. yr B.P., perhaps related to an expansion of the Terra Nova Bay polynya with calving events of the Drygalski Ice Tongue.

1. Guy Debord in the Land of the Long WeekendIt’s the weekend – leisure time. It’s the interlude when, Guy Debord contends, the proletarian is briefly free of the “total contempt so clearly built into every aspect of the organization and management of production” in commodity capitalism; when workers are temporarily “treated like grown-ups, with a great show of solicitude and politeness, in their new role as consumers.” But this patronising show turns out to be another form of subjection to the diktats of “political economy”: “the totality of human existence falls under the regime of the ‘perfected denial of man’.” (30). As Debord suggests, even the creation of leisure time and space is predicated upon a form of contempt: the “perfected denial” of who we, as living people, really are in the eyes of those who presume the power to legislate our working practices and private identities.This Saturday The Weekend Australian runs an opinion piece by Christopher Pearson, defending ABC Radio National’s Stephen Crittenden, whose program The Religion Report has been axed. “Some of Crittenden’s finest half-hours have been devoted to Islam in Australia in the wake of September 11,” Pearson writes. “Again and again he’s confronted a left-of-centre audience that expected multi-cultural pieties with disturbing assertions.” Along the way in this admirable Crusade, Pearson notes that Crittenden has exposed “the Left’s recent tendency to ally itself with Islam.” According to Pearson, Crittenden has also thankfully given oxygen to claims by James Cook University’s Mervyn Bendle, the “fairly conservative academic whose work sometimes appears in [these] pages,” that “the discipline of critical terrorism studies has been captured by neo-Marxists of a postmodern bent” (30). Both of these points are well beyond misunderstanding or untested proposition. If Pearson means them sincerely he should be embarrassed and sacked. But of course he does not and will not be. These are deliberate lies, the confabulations of an eminent right-wing culture warrior whose job is to vilify minorities and intellectuals (Bendle escapes censure as an academic because he occasionally scribbles for the Murdoch press). It should be observed, too, how the patent absurdity of Pearson’s remarks reveals the extent to which he holds the intelligence of his readers in contempt. And he is not original in peddling these toxic wares.In their insightful—often hilarious—study of Australian opinion writers, The War on Democracy, Niall Lucy and Steve Mickler identify the left-academic-Islam nexus as the brain-child of former Treasurer-cum-memoirist Peter Costello. The germinal moment was “a speech to the Australian American Leadership Dialogue forum at the Art Gallery of NSW in 2005” concerning anti-Americanism in Australian schools. Lucy and Mickler argue that “it was only a matter of time” before a conservative politician or journalist took the plunge to link the left and terrorism, and Costello plunged brilliantly. He drew a mental map of the Great Chain of Being: left-wing academics taught teacher trainees to be anti-American; teacher trainees became teachers and taught kids to be anti-American; anti-Americanism morphs into anti-Westernism; anti-Westernism veers into terrorism (38). This is contempt for the reasoning capacity of the Australian people and, further still, contempt for any observable reality. Not for nothing was Costello generally perceived by the public as a politician whose very physiognomy radiated smugness and contempt.Recycling Costello, Christopher Pearson’s article subtly interpellates the reader as an ordinary, common-sense individual who instinctively feels what’s right and has no need to think too much—thinking too much is the prerogative of “neo-Marxists” and postmodernists. Ultimately, Pearson’s article is about channelling outrage: directing the down-to-earth passions of the Australian people against stock-in-trade culture-war hate figures. And in Pearson’s paranoid world, words like “neo-Marxist” and “postmodern” are devoid of historical or intellectual meaning. They are, as Lucy and Mickler’s War on Democracy repeatedly demonstrate, mere ciphers packed with the baggage of contempt for independent critical thought itself.Contempt is everywhere this weekend. The Weekend Australian’s colour magazine runs a feature story on Malcolm Turnbull: one of those familiar profiles designed to reveal the everyday human touch of the political classes. In this puff-piece, Jennifer Hewett finds Turnbull has “a restless passion for participating in public life” (20); that beneath “the aggressive political rhetoric […] behind the journalist turned lawyer turned banker turned politician turned would-be prime minister is a man who really enjoys that human interaction, however brief, with the many, many ordinary people he encounters” (16). Given all this energetic turning, it’s a wonder that Turnbull has time for human interactions at all. The distinction here of Turnbull and “many, many ordinary people” – the anonymous masses – surely runs counter to Hewett’s brief to personalise and quotidianise him. Likewise, those two key words, “however brief”, have an unfortunate, unintended effect. Presumably meant to conjure a picture of Turnbull’s hectic schedules and serial turnings, the words also convey the image of a patrician who begrudgingly knows one of the costs of a political career is that common flesh must be pressed—but as gingerly as possible.Hewett proceeds to disclose that Turnbull is “no conservative cultural warrior”, “onfounds stereotypes” and “hates labels” (like any baby-boomer rebel) and “has always read widely on political philosophy—his favourite is Edmund Burke”. He sees the “role of the state above all as enabling people to do their best” but knows that “the main game is the economy” and is “content to play mainstream gesture politics” (19). I am genuinely puzzled by this and imagine that my intelligence is being held in contempt once again. That the man of substance is given to populist gesturing is problematic enough; but that the Burke fan believes the state is about personal empowerment is just too much. Maybe Turnbull is a fan of Burke’s complex writings on the sublime and the beautiful—but no, Hewett avers, Turnbull is engaged by Burke’s “political philosophy”. So what is it in Burke that Turnbull finds to favour?Turnbull’s invocation of Edmund Burke is empty, gestural and contradictory. The comfortable notion that the state helps people to realise their potential is contravened by Burke’s view that the state functions so “the inclinations of men should frequently be thwarted, their will controlled, and their passions brought into subjection… by a power out of themselves” (151). Nor does Burke believe that anyone of humble origins could or should rise to the top of the social heap: “The occupation of an hair-dresser, or of a working tallow-chandler, cannot be a matter of honour to any person… the state suffers oppression, if such as they, either individually or collectively, are permitted to rule” (138).If Turnbull’s main game as a would-be statesman is the economy, Burke profoundly disagrees: “the state ought not to be considered as nothing better than a partnership agreement in a trade of pepper and coffee, callico or tobacco, or some other such low concern… It is a partnership in all science; a partnership in all art; a partnership in every virtue, and in all perfection”—a sublime entity, not an economic manager (194). Burke understands, long before Antonio Gramsci or Louis Althusser, that individuals or social fractions must be made admirably “obedient” to the state “by consent or force” (195). Burke has a verdict on mainstream gesture politics too: “When men of rank sacrifice all ideas of dignity to an ambition without a distinct object, and work with low instruments and for low ends, the whole composition [of the state] becomes low and base” (136).Is Malcolm Turnbull so contemptuous of the public that he assumes nobody will notice the gross discrepancies between his own ideals and what Burke stands for? His invocation of Burke is, indeed, “mainstream gesture politics”: on one level, “Burke” signifies nothing more than Turnbull’s performance of himself as a deep thinker. In this process, the real Edmund Burke is historically erased; reduced to the status of stage-prop in the theatrical production of Turnbull’s mass-mediated identity. “Edmund Burke” is re-invented as a term in an aesthetic repertoire.This transmutation of knowledge and history into mere cipher is the staple trick of culture-war discourse. Jennifer Hewett casts Turnbull as “no conservative culture warrior”, but he certainly shows a facility with culture-war rhetoric. And as much as Turnbull “confounds stereotypes” his verbal gesture to Edmund Burke entrenches a stereotype: at another level, the incantation “Edmund Burke” is implicitly meant to connect Turnbull with conservative tradition—in the exact way that John Howard regularly self-nominated as a “Burkean conservative”.This appeal to tradition effectively places “the people” in a power relation. Tradition has a sublimity that is bigger than us; it precedes us and will outlast us. Consequently, for a politician to claim that tradition has fashioned him, that he is welded to it or perhaps even owns it as part of his heritage, is to glibly imply an authority greater than that of “the many, many ordinary people”—Burke’s hair-dressers and tallow-chandlers—whose company he so briefly enjoys.In The Ideology of the Aesthetic, Terry Eagleton assesses one of Burke’s important legacies, placing him beside another eighteenth-century thinker so loved by the right—Adam Smith. Ideology of the Aesthetic is premised on the view that “Aesthetics is born as a discourse of the body”; that the aesthetic gives form to the “primitive materialism” of human passions and organises “the whole of our sensate life together… a society’s somatic, sensational life” (13). Reading Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, Eagleton discerns that society appears as “an immense machine, whose regular and harmonious movements produce a thousand agreeable effects”, like “any production of human art”. In Smith’s work, the “whole of social life is aestheticized” and people inhabit “a social order so spontaneously cohesive that its members no longer need to think about it.” In Burke, Eagleton discovers that the aesthetics of “manners” can be understood in terms of Gramscian hegemony: “in the aesthetics of social conduct, or ‘culture’ as it would later be called, the law is always with us, as the very unconscious structure of our life”, and as a result conformity to a dominant ideological order is deeply felt as pleasurable and beautiful (37, 42). When this conservative aesthetic enters the realm of politics, Eagleton contends, the “right turn, from Burke” onwards follows a dark trajectory: “forget about theoretical analysis… view society as a self-grounding organism, all of whose parts miraculously interpenetrate without conflict and require no rational justification. Think with the blood and the body. Remember that tradition is always wiser and richer than one’s own poor, pitiable ego. It is this line of descent, in one of its tributaries, which will lead to the Third Reich” (368–9).2. Jean Baudrillard, the Nazis and Public MemoryIn 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, the Third Reich’s Condor Legion of the Luftwaffe was on loan to Franco’s forces. On 26 April that year, the Condor Legion bombed the market-town of Guernica: the first deliberate attempt to obliterate an entire town from the air and the first experiment in what became known as “terror bombing”—the targeting of civilians. A legacy of this violence was Pablo Picasso’s monumental canvas Guernica – the best-known anti-war painting in art history.When US Secretary of State Colin Powell addressed the United Nations on 5 February 2003 to make the case for war on Iraq, he stopped to face the press in the UN building’s lobby. The doorstop was globally televised, packaged as a moment of incredible significance: history in the making. It was also theatre: a moment in which history was staged as “event” and the real traces of history were carefully erased. Millions of viewers world-wide were undoubtedly unaware that the blue backdrop before which Powell stood was specifically designed to cover the full-scale tapestry copy of Picasso’s Guernica. This one-act, agitprop drama was a splendid example of politics as aesthetic action: a “performance” of history in the making which required the loss of actual historical memory enshrined in Guernica. Powell’s performance took its cues from the culture wars, which require the ceaseless erasure of history and public memory—on this occasion enacted on a breathtaking global, rather than national, scale.Inside the UN chamber, Powell’s performance was equally staged-crafted. As he brandished vials of ersatz anthrax, the power-point behind him (the theatrical set) showed artists’ impressions of imaginary mobile chemical weapons laboratories. Powell was playing lead role in a kind of populist, hyperreal production. It was Jean Baudrillard’s postmodernism, no less, as the media space in which Powell acted out the drama was not a secondary representation of reality but a reality of its own; the overheads of mobile weapons labs were simulacra, “models of a real without origins or reality”, pictures referring to nothing but themselves (2). In short, Powell’s performance was anchored in a “semiurgic” aesthetic; and it was a dreadful real-life enactment of Walter Benjamin’s maxim that “All efforts to render politics aesthetic culminate in one thing: war” (241).For Benjamin, “Fascism attempts to organize the newly created proletarian masses without affecting the property structure which the masses strive to eliminate.” Fascism gave “these masses not their right, but instead a chance to express themselves.” In turn, this required “the introduction of aesthetics into politics”, the objective of which was “the production of ritual values” (241). Under Adolf Hitler’s Reich, people were able to express themselves but only via the rehearsal of officially produced ritual values: by their participation in the disquisition on what Germany meant and what it meant to be German, by the aesthetic regulation of their passions. As Frederic Spotts’ fine study Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics reveals, this passionate disquisition permeated public and private life, through the artfully constructed total field of national narratives, myths, symbols and iconographies. And the ritualistic reiteration of national values in Nazi Germany hinged on two things: contempt and memory loss.By April 1945, as Berlin fell, Hitler’s contempt for the German people was at its apogee. Hitler ordered a scorched earth operation: the destruction of everything from factories to farms to food stores. The Russians would get nothing, the German people would perish. Albert Speer refused to implement the plan and remembered that “Until then… Germany and Hitler had been synonymous in my mind. But now I saw two entities opposed… A passionate love of one’s country… a leader who seemed to hate his people” (Sereny 472). But Hitler’s contempt for the German people was betrayed in the blusterous pages of Mein Kampf years earlier: “The receptivity of the great masses is very limited, their intelligence is small, but their power of forgetting is enormous” (165). On the back of this belief, Hitler launched what today would be called a culture war, with its Jewish folk devils, loathsome Marxist intellectuals, incitement of popular passions, invented traditions, historical erasures and constant iteration of values.When Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer fled Fascism, landing in the United States, their view of capitalist democracy borrowed from Benjamin and anticipated both Baudrillard and Guy Debord. In their well-know essay on “The Culture Industry”, in Dialectic of Enlightenment, they applied Benjamin’s insight on mass self-expression and the maintenance of property relations and ritual values to American popular culture: “All are free to dance and enjoy themselves”, but the freedom to choose how to do so “proves to be the freedom to choose what is always the same”, manufactured by monopoly capital (161–162). Anticipating Baudrillard, they found a society in which “only the copy appears: in the movie theatre, the photograph; on the radio, the recording” (143). And anticipating Debord’s “perfected denial of man” they found a society where work and leisure were structured by the repetition-compulsion principles of capitalism: where people became consumers who appeared “s statistics on research organization charts” (123). “Culture” came to do people’s thinking for them: “Pleasure always means not to think about anything, to forget suffering even where it is shown” (144).In this mass-mediated environment, a culture of repetitions, simulacra, billboards and flickering screens, Adorno and Horkheimer concluded that language lost its historical anchorages: “Innumerable people use words and expressions which they have either ceased to understand or employ only because they trigger off conditioned reflexes” in precisely the same way that the illusory “free” expression of passions in Germany operated, where words were “debased by the Fascist pseudo-folk community” (166).I know that the turf of the culture wars, the US and Australia, are not Fascist states; and I know that “the first one to mention the Nazis loses the argument”. I know, too, that there are obvious shortcomings in Adorno and Horkheimer’s reactions to popular culture and these have been widely criticised. However, I would suggest that there is a great deal of value still in Frankfurt School analyses of what we might call the “authoritarian popular” which can be applied to the conservative prosecution of populist culture wars today. Think, for example, how the concept of a “pseudo folk community” might well describe the earthy, common-sense public constructed and interpellated by right-wing culture warriors: America’s Joe Six-Pack, John Howard’s battlers or Kevin Rudd’s working families.In fact, Adorno and Horkheimer’s observations on language go to the heart of a contemporary culture war strategy. Words lose their history, becoming ciphers and “triggers” in a politicised lexicon. Later, Roland Barthes would write that this is a form of myth-making: “myth is constituted by the loss of the historical quality of things.” Barthes reasoned further that “Bourgeois ideology continuously transforms the products of history into essential types”, generating a “cultural logic” and an ideological re-ordering of the world (142). Types such as “neo-Marxist”, “postmodernist” and “Burkean conservative”.Surely, Benjamin’s assessment that Fascism gives “the people” the occasion to express itself, but only through “values”, describes the right’s pernicious incitement of the mythic “dispossessed mainstream” to reclaim its voice: to shout down the noisy minorities—the gays, greenies, blacks, feminists, multiculturalists and neo-Marxist postmodernists—who’ve apparently been running the show. Even more telling, Benjamin’s insight that the incitement to self-expression is connected to the maintenance of property relations, to economic power, is crucial to understanding the contemptuous conduct of culture wars.3. Jesus Dunked in Urine from Kansas to CronullaAmerican commentator Thomas Frank bases his study What’s the Matter with Kansas? on this very point. Subtitled How Conservatives Won the Heart of America, Frank’s book is a striking analysis of the indexation of Chicago School free-market reform and the mobilisation of “explosive social issues—summoning public outrage over everything from busing to un-Christian art—which it then marries to pro-business policies”; but it is the “economic achievements” of free-market capitalism, “not the forgettable skirmishes of the never-ending culture wars” that are conservatism’s “greatest monuments.” Nevertheless, the culture wars are necessary as Chicago School economic thinking consigns American communities to the rust belt. The promise of “free-market miracles” fails ordinary Americans, Frank reasons, leaving them in “backlash” mode: angry, bewildered and broke. And in this context, culture wars are a convenient form of anger management: “Because some artist decides to shock the hicks by dunking Jesus in urine, the entire planet must remake itself along the lines preferred” by nationalist, populist moralism and free-market fundamentalism (5).When John Howard received the neo-conservative American Enterprise Institute’s Irving Kristol Award, on 6 March 2008, he gave a speech in Washington titled “Sharing Our Common Values”. The nub of the speech was Howard’s revelation that he understood the index of neo-liberal economics and culture wars precisely as Thomas Frank does. Howard told the AEI audience that under his prime ministership Australia had “pursued reform and further modernisation of our economy” and that this inevitably meant “dislocation for communities”. This “reform-dislocation” package needed the palliative of a culture war, with his government preaching the “consistency and reassurance” of “our nation’s traditional values… pride in her history”; his government “became assertive about the intrinsic worth of our national identity. In the process we ended the seemingly endless seminar about that identity which had been in progress for some years.” Howard’s boast that his government ended the “seminar” on national identity insinuates an important point. “Seminar” is a culture-war cipher for intellection, just as “pride” is code for passion; so Howard’s self-proclaimed achievement, in Terry Eagleton’s terms, was to valorise “the blood and the body” over “theoretical analysis”. This speaks stratospheric contempt: ordinary people have their identity fashioned for them; they need not think about it, only feel it deeply and passionately according to “ritual values”. Undoubtedly this paved the way to Cronulla.The rubric of Howard’s speech—“Sharing Our Common Values”—was both a homage to international neo-conservatism and a reminder that culture wars are a trans-national phenomenon. In his address, Howard said that in all his “years in politics” he had not heard a “more evocative political slogan” than Ronald Reagan’s “Morning in America”—the rhetorical catch-cry for moral re-awakening that launched the culture wars. According to Lawrence Grossberg, America’s culture wars were predicated on the perception that the nation was afflicted by “a crisis of our lack of passion, of not caring enough about the values we hold… a crisis of nihilism which, while not restructuring our ideological beliefs, has undermined our ability to organise effective action on their behalf”; and this “New Right” alarmism “operates in the conjuncture of economics and popular culture” and “a popular struggle by which culture can lead politics” in the passionate pursuit of ritual values (31–2). When popular culture leads politics in this way we are in the zone of the image, myth and Adorno and Horkheimer’s “trigger words” that have lost their history. In this context, McKenzie Wark observes that “radical writers influenced by Marx will see the idea of culture as compensation for a fragmented and alienated life as a con. Guy Debord, perhaps the last of the great revolutionary thinkers of Europe, will call it “the spectacle”’ (20). Adorno and Horkheimer might well have called it “the authoritarian popular”. As Jonathan Charteris-Black’s work capably demonstrates, all politicians have their own idiolect: their personally coded language, preferred narratives and myths; their own vision of who “the people” might or should be that is conjured in their words. But the language of the culture wars is different. It is not a personal idiolect. It is a shared vocabulary, a networked vernacular, a pervasive trans-national aesthetic that pivots on the fact that words like “neo-Marxist”, “postmodern” and “Edmund Burke” have no historical or intellectual context or content: they exist as the ciphers of “values”. And the fact that culture warriors continually mouth them is a supreme act of contempt: it robs the public of its memory. And that’s why, as Lucy and Mickler’s War on Democracy so wittily argues, if there are any postmodernists left they’ll be on the right.Benjamin, Adorno, Horkheimer and, later, Debord and Grossberg understood how the political activation of the popular constitutes a hegemonic project. The result is nothing short of persuading “the people” to collaborate in its own oppression. The activation of the popular is perfectly geared to an age where the main stage of political life is the mainstream media; an age in which, Charteris-Black notes, political classes assume the general antipathy of publics to social change and act on the principle that the most effective political messages are sold to “the people” by an appeal “to familiar experiences”—market populism (10). In her substantial study The Persuaders, Sally Young cites an Australian Labor Party survey, conducted by pollster Rod Cameron in the late 1970s, in which the party’s message machine was finely tuned to this populist position. The survey also dripped with contempt for ordinary people: their “Interest in political philosophy… is very low… They are essentially the products (and supporters) of mass market commercialism”. Young observes that this view of “the people” was the foundation of a new order of political advertising and the conduct of politics on the mass-media stage. Cameron’s profile of “ordinary people” went on to assert that they are fatally attracted to “a moderate leader who is strong… but can understand and represent their value system” (47): a prescription for populist discourse which begs the question of whether the values a politician or party represent via the media are ever really those of “the people”. More likely, people are hegemonised into a value system which they take to be theirs. Writing of the media side of the equation, David Salter raises the point that when media “moguls thunder about ‘the public interest’ what they really mean is ‘what we think the public is interested in”, which is quite another matter… Why this self-serving deception is still so sheepishly accepted by the same public it is so often used to violate remains a mystery” (40).Sally Young’s Persuaders retails a story that she sees as “symbolic” of the new world of mass-mediated political life. The story concerns Mark Latham and his “revolutionary” journeys to regional Australia to meet the people. “When a political leader who holds a public meeting is dubbed a ‘revolutionary’”, Young rightly observes, “something has gone seriously wrong”. She notes how Latham’s “use of old-fashioned ‘meet-and-greet’campaigning methods was seen as a breath of fresh air because it was unlike the type of packaged, stage-managed and media-dependent politics that have become the norm in Australia.” Except that it wasn’t. “A media pack of thirty journalists trailed Latham in a bus”, meaning, that he was not meeting the people at all (6–7). He was traducing the people as participants in a media spectacle, as his “meet and greet” was designed to fill the image-banks of print and electronic media. Even meeting the people becomes a media pseudo-event in which the people impersonate the people for the camera’s benefit; a spectacle as artfully deceitful as Colin Powell’s UN performance on Iraq.If the success of this kind of “self-serving deception” is a mystery to David Salter, it would not be so to the Frankfurt School. For them, an understanding of the processes of mass-mediated politics sits somewhere near the core of their analysis of the culture industries in the “democratic” world. I think the Frankfurt school should be restored to a more important role in the project of cultural studies. Apart from an aversion to jazz and other supposedly “elitist” heresies, thinkers like Adorno, Benjamin, Horkheimer and their progeny Debord have a functional claim to provide the theory for us to expose the machinations of the politics of contempt and its aesthetic ruses.ReferencesAdorno, Theodor and Max Horkheimer. "The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception." Dialectic of Enlightenment. London: Verso, 1979. 120–167.Barthes Roland. “Myth Today.” Mythologies. Trans. Annette Lavers. St Albans: Paladin, 1972. 109–58.Baudrillard, Jean. Simulations. New York: Semiotext(e), 1983.Benjamin, Walter. “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.” Illuminations. Ed. Hannah Arendt. Trans. Harry Zorn. New York: Schocken Books, 1969. 217–251.Burke, Edmund. Reflections on the Revolution in France. Ed. Conor Cruise O’Brien. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969.Charteris-Black, Jonathan. Politicians and Rhetoric: The Persuasive Power of Metaphor. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.Debord, Guy. The Society of the Spectacle. Trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith. New York: Zone Books, 1994.Eagleton, Terry. The Ideology of the Aesthetic. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990.Frank, Thomas. What’s the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2004.Grossberg, Lawrence. “It’s a Sin: Politics, Post-Modernity and the Popular.” It’s a Sin: Essays on Postmodern Politics & Culture. Eds. Tony Fry, Ann Curthoys and Paul Patton. Sydney: Power Publications, 1988. 6–71.Hewett, Jennifer. “The Opportunist.” The Weekend Australian Magazine. 25–26 October 2008. 16–22.Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. Trans. Ralph Manheim. London: Pimlico, 1993.Howard, John. “Sharing Our Common Values.” Washington: Irving Kristol Lecture, American Enterprise Institute. 5 March 2008. ‹http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,233328945-5014047,00html›.Lucy, Niall and Steve Mickler. The War on Democracy: Conservative Opinion in the Australian Press. Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2006.Pearson, Christopher. “Pray for Sense to Prevail.” The Weekend Australian. 25–26 October 2008. 30.Salter, David. The Media We Deserve: Underachievement in the Fourth Estate. Melbourne: Melbourne UP, 2007. Sereny, Gitta. Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth. London: Picador, 1996.Spotts, Frederic. Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics. London: Pimlico, 2003.Wark, McKenzie. The Virtual Republic: Australia’s Culture Wars of the 1990s. St Leonards: Allen & Unwin, 1997.Young, Sally. The Persuaders: Inside the Hidden Machine of Political Advertising. Melbourne: Pluto Press, 2004.

In recent years a number of dramas focussing on Indigenous Australians and Australian history have appeared on the ABC, one of Australia's two public television channels. These dramas have different foci but all represent some aspects of Australian Indigenous history and how it interacts with 'mainstream' representations of Australian history. The four programs I will look at are Cleverman (Goalpost Pictures, 2016-ongoing), Glitch (Matchbox Films, 2015-ongoing), The Secret River (Ruby Entertainment, 2015) and Redfern Now (Blackfella Films, 2012), each of which engages with the past in a unique way.Clearly, different creators, working with different plots and in different genres will have different ways of representing the past. Redfern Now and Cleverman are both produced by Indigenous creators whereas the creators of The Secret River and Glitch are white Australians. Redfern Now and The Secret River are in a realist mode, whereas Glitch and Cleverman are speculative fiction. My argument proceeds on two axes: first, speculative genres allow for more creative ways of representing the past. They give more freedom for the creators to present affective representations of the historical past. Speculative genres also allow for more interesting intellectual examinations of what we consider to be history and its uncertainties. My second axis argues, because it is hard to avoid when looking at this group of texts, that Indigenous creators represent the past in different ways than non-Indigenous creators. Indigenous creators present a more elliptical vision. Non-Indigenous creators tend to address historical stories in more overt ways. It is apparent that even when dealing with the same histories and the same facts, the understanding of the past held by different groups is presented differently because it has different affective meanings.These television programs were all made in the 2010s but the roots of their interpretations go much further back, not only to the history they represent but also to the arguments about history that have raged in Australian intellectual and popular culture. Throughout most of the twentieth century, indigenous history was not discussed in Australia, until this was disturbed by WEH Stanner's reference in the Boyer lectures of 1968 to "our great Australian silence" (Clark 73). There was, through the 1970s and 80s, increased discussion of Indigenous history, and then in the 1990s there was a period of social and cultural argument known locally as the 'History Wars'. This long-running public disagreement took place in both academic and public arenas, and involved historians, other academics, politicians, journalists and social commentators on each side. One side argued that the arrival of white people in Australia led to frontier wars, massacre, attempted genocide and the ongoing oppression of Indigenous people (Reynolds). The other posited that when white people arrived they killed a few Aborigines but mostly Aboriginal people were killed by disease or failure to 'defend' their culture (Windschuttle). The first viewpoint was revisionist from the 1960s onwards and the second represented an attempt at counter-revision – to move the understanding of history back to what it was prior to the revision. The argument took place not only among historians, but was taken up by politicians with Paul Keating, prime minister 1993-1996, holding the first view and John Howard, prime minister 1996-2007, aggressively pursuing the second. The revisionist viewpoint was championed by historians such as Henry Reynolds and Lyndall Ryan and academics and Aboriginal activists such as Tony Birch and Aileen Moreton Robinson; whereas the counter-revisionists had Keith Windschuttle and Geoffrey Blainey. By and large the revisionist viewpoint has become dominant and the historical work of the counter-revisionists is highly disputed and not accepted.This argument was prominent in Australian cultural discourse throughout the 1990s and has never entirely disappeared. The TV shows I am examining were not made in the 1990s, nor were they made in the 2000s - it took nearly twenty years for responses to the argument to make the jump from politicians' speeches and opinion pieces to television drama. John Ellis argues that the role of television in popular discourse is "working through," meaning contentious issues are first raised in news reports, then they move to current affairs, then talk shows and documentaries, then sketch comedy, then drama (Ellis). Australian Indigenous history was extensively discussed in the news, current affairs and talk shows in the 1990s, documentaries appeared somewhat later, notably First Australians in 2008, but sketch comedy and drama did not happen until in 2014, when Black Comedy's programme first aired, offering sketches engaging often and fiercely with indigenous history.The existence of this public discourse in the political and academic realms was reflected in film before television. Felicity Collins argues that the "Blak Wave" of Indigenous film came to exist in the context of, and as a response to, the history wars (Collins 232). This wave of film making by Indigenous film makers included the works of Rachel Perkins, Warwick Thornton and Ivan Sen – whose films chronicled the lives of Indigenous Australians. There was also what Collins calls "back-tracking films" such as Rabbit-Proof Fence (2002) and The Tracker (2010) made by white creators that presented arguments from the history wars for general audiences. Collins argues that both the "blak wave" and the "back track" created an alternative cultural sphere where past injustices are acknowledged. She says: "the films of the Blak Wave… cut across the history wars by turning an Indigenous gaze on the colonial past and its afterlife in the present" (Collins 232). This group of films sees Indigenous gazes relate the past and present whereas the white gaze represents specific history. In this article I examine a similar group of representations in television programs.History is not an innocent discourse. In western culture 'history' describes a certain way of looking at the past that was codified in the 19th century (Lloyd 375). It is however not the only way to look at the past, theorist Mark Day has described it as a type of relation with the past and argues that other understandings of the past such as popular memory and mythology are also available (Day). The codification of history in the 19th century involved an increased reliance on documentary evidence, a claim to objectivity, a focus on causation and, often though not always, a focus on national, political history. This sort of history became the academic understanding of history – which claims to be, if not objective, at least capable of disinterest; which bases its arguments on facts and which can establish its facts through reference to documentary records (Froeyman 219). Aileen Moreton-Robinson would call this "white patriarchal knowledge" that seeks to place the indigenous within its own type of knowledge production ("The White Man's Burden" 414). The western version of history tends to focus on causation and to present the past as a coherent narrative leading to the current point in time. This is not an undisputed conception of history in the western academy but it is common and often dominant.Post-colonialist analyses of history argue that western writing about non-western subjects is biased and forces non-westerners into categories used to oppress them (Anderson 44). These categories exist ahistorically and deny non-westerners the ability to act because if history cannot be perceived then it is difficult to see the future. That is to say, because non-western subjects in the past are not seen as historical actors, as people whose actions effected the future, then, in the present, they are unable to access to powerful arguments from history. Historians' usual methodology casts Indigenous people as the 'subjects' of history which is about them, not by them or for them (Tuhiwai Smith 7, 30-32, 144-5). Aboriginal people are characterised as prehistoric, ancient, timeless and dying (Birch 150). This way of thinking about Indigenous Australia removes all agency from Aboriginal actors and restoring agency has been a goal of Aboriginal activists and historians. Aileen Moreton Robinson discusses how Aboriginal resistance is embodied through "oral history (and) social memory," engaging with how Aboriginal actors represent themselves and are represented in relation to the past and historical settings is an important act ("Introduction" 127).Redfern Now and Cleverman were produced through the ABC's Indigenous Department and made by Indigenous filmmakers, whereas Glitch and The Secret River are from the ABC drama department and were made by white Australians. The different programs also have different generic backgrounds. Redfern Now and The Secret River are different forms of realist texts; social realism and historical realism. Cleverman and Glitch, however, are speculative fiction texts that can be argued to be in the mode of magical realism, they "denaturalise the real and naturalise the marvellous" they are also closely tied ideas of retelling colonial stories and "resignify(ing) colonial territories and pasts" (Siskind 834-5).Redfern Now was produced by Blackfella Films for the ABC. It was, with much fanfare, released as the first drama made for television, by Aboriginal people and about Aboriginal people (Blundell). The central concerns of the program are issues in the present, its plots and settings are entirely contemporary. In this way it circumvents the idea and standard representation of Indigenous Australians as ancient and timeless. It places the characters in the program very much in the present.However, one episode "Stand Up" does obliquely engage with historical concerns. In this episode a young boy, Joel Shields, gets a scholarship to an expensive private school. When he attends his first school assembly he does not sing the national anthem with the other students. This leads to a dispute with the school that forms the episode's plot. As punishment for not singing Joel is set an assignment to research the anthem, which he does and he finds the song off-putting – with the words 'boundless plains to share' particularly disconcerting. His father supports him saying "it's not our song" and compares Joel singing it to a "whitefella doing a corrobboree". The national anthem stands metaphorically for the white hegemony in Australia.The school itself is also a metaphor for hegemony. The camerawork lingers on the architecture which is intended to imply historical strength and imperviousness to challenge or change. The school stands for all the force of history white Australia can bring to bear, but in Australia, all architecture of this type is a lie, or at least an exaggeration – the school cannot be more than 200 years old and is probably much more recent.Many of the things the program says about history are conveyed in half sentences or single glances. Arguably this is because of its aesthetic mode – social realism – that prides itself on its mimicry of everyday life and in everyday life people are unlikely to set out arguments in organised dot-point form. At one point the English teacher quotes Orwell, "those who control the past control the future", which seems overt but it is stated off-screen as Joel walks into the room. This seeming aside is a statement about history and directly recalls central arguments of the history wars, which make strong political arguments about the effects of the past, and perceptions of the past, on the present and future. Despite its subtlety, this story takes place within the context of the history wars: it is about who controls the past. The subtlety of the discussion of history allows the film makers the freedom to comment on the content and effects of history and the history wars without appearing didactic. They discuss the how history has effected the present history without having to make explicit historical causes.The other recent television drama in the realist tradition is The Secret River. This was an adaptation of a novel by Kate Grenville. It deals with Aboriginal history from the perspective of white people, in this way it differs from Redfern Now which discusses the issues from the perspective of Aboriginal people. The plot concerns a man transported to Australia as a convict in the early 19th century. The man is later freed and, with his family, attempts to move to the Hawksbury river region. The land they try to settle is, of course, already in use by Aboriginal people. The show sets up the definitional conflict between the idea of settler and invader and suggests the difference between the two is a matter of perspective. Of the shows I am examining, it is the most direct in its representation of historical massacre and brutality. It represents what Felicity Collins described as a back-tracking text recapitulating the colonial past in the light of recovered knowledge. However, from an Indigenous perspective it is another settler tale implying Aboriginal people were wiped out at the time of colonisation (Godwin).The Secret River is told entirely from the perspective of the invaders. Even as it portrays their actions as wrong, it also suggests they were unavoidable or inevitable. Therefore it does what many western histories of Indigenous people do – it classifies and categorises. It sets limits on interpretation. It is also limited by its genre, as a straightforward historical drama and an adaptation, it can only tell its story in a certain way. The television series, like the book before it, prides itself on its 'accurate' rendition of an historical story. However, because it comes from such a very narrow perspective it falls into the trap of categorising histories that might have usefully been allowed to develop further.The program is based on a novel that attracted controversy of its own. It became part of ongoing historiographical debate about the relationship between fiction and history. The book's author Kate Grenville claimed to have written a kind of affectively accurate history that actual history can never convey because the emotions of the past are hidden from the present. The book was critiqued by historians including Inge Clendinnen, who argued that many of the claims made about its historical accuracy were largely overblown (Clendinnen). The book is not the same as the TV program, but the same limitations identified by Clendinnen are present in the television text. However, I would not agree with Clendinnen that formal history is any better. I argue that the limitation of both these mimetic genres can be escaped in speculative fiction.In Glitch, Yurana, a small town in rural Victoria becomes, for no apparent reason, the site of seven people rising from the dead. Each person is from a different historical period. None are Indigenous. They are not zombies but simply people who used to be dead. One of the first characters to appear in the series is an Aboriginal teenager, Beau, we see from his point of view the characters crawling from their graves. He becomes friendly with one of the risen characters, Patrick Fitzgerald, who had been the town's first mayor. At first Fitzgerald's story seems to be one of working class man made good in colonial Australia - a standard story of Australian myth and historiography. However, it emerges that Fitzgerald was in love with an Aboriginal woman called Kalinda and Beau is his descendant. Fitzgerald, once he becomes aware of how he has been remembered by history, decides to revise the history of the town – he wants to reclaim his property from his white descendants and give it to his Indigenous descendants. Over the course of the six episodes Fitzgerald moves from being represented as a violent, racist boor who had inexplicably become the town's mayor, to being a romantic whose racism was mostly a matter of vocabulary. Beau is important to the plot and he is a sympathetic character but he is not central and he is a child. Indigenous people in the past have no voice in this story – when flashbacks are shown they are silent, and in the present their voices are present but not privileged or central to the plot.The program demonstrates a profoundly metaphorical relationship with the past – the past has literally come to life bringing with it surprising buried histories. The program represents some dominant themes in Australian historiography – other formerly dead characters include a convict-turned-bush-ranger, a soldier who was at Gallipoli, two Italian migrants and a girl who died as a result of sexual violence – but it does not engage directly with Indigenous history. Indigenous people's stories are told only in relation to the stories of white people. The text's magical realism allows a less prescriptive relationship with the past than in The Secret River but it is still restricted in its point of view and allows only limited agency to Aboriginal actors.The text's magical realism allows for a thought-provoking representation of relationships with the past. The town of Yurana is represented as a place deeply committed to the representation and glorification of its past. Its main street contains statues of its white founders and war memorials, one of its main social institutions is the RSL, its library preserves relics of the past and its publican is a war history buff. All these indicate that the past is central to the town's identity. The risen dead however dispute and revise almost every aspect of this past. Even the history that is unmentioned in the town's apparent official discourse, such as the WWII internment camp and the history of crimes, is disputed by the different stories of the past that the risen dead have to tell. This indicates the uncertainty of the past, even when it seems literally set in stone it can still be revised. Nonetheless the history of Indigenous people is only revised in ways that re-engage with white history.Cleverman is a magical realist text profoundly based in allegory. The story concerns the emergence into a near future society of a group of people known as the "Hairies." It is never made clear where they came from or why but it seems they appeared recently and are unable to return. They are an allegory for refugees. Hairypeople are part of many Indigenous Australian stories, the show's creator, Ryan Griffen, stated that "there are different hairy stories throughout Australia and they differ in each country. You have some who are a tall, some are short, some are aggressive, some are friendly. We got to sort of pick which ones will fit for us and create the Hairies for our show" (Bizzaca).The Hairies are forced to live in an area called the Zone, which, prior to the arrival of the Hairy people, was a place where Aboriginal people lived. This place might be seen as a metaphor for Redfern but it is also an allegory for Australia's history of displacing Aboriginal people and moving and restricting them to missions and reserves. The Zone is becoming increasingly securitised and is also operating as a metaphor for Australia's immigration detention centres. The prison the Hairy characters, Djukura and Bunduu, are confined to is yet another metaphor, this time for both the over-representation of Aboriginal people in prison and the securitisation of immigration detention. These multiple allegorical movements place Australia's present refugee policies and historical treatment of Aboriginal people within the same lens. They also place the present, the past and the future within the same narrative space.Most of the cast is Aboriginal and much of the character interaction is between Aboriginal people and Hairies, with both groups played by Indigenous actors. The disadvantages suffered by Indigenous people are part of the story and clearly presented as affecting the behaviour of characters but within the story Aboriginal people are more advantaged than Hairies, as they have systems, relationships and structures that Hairy people lack. The fact that so much of the interaction in the story is between Indigenous people and Hairies is important: it can be seen to be an interaction between Aboriginal people and Aboriginal mythology or between Indigenous past and present. It demonstrates Aboriginal identities being created in relation to other Aboriginal identities and not in relation to white people, where in this narrative, Aboriginal people have an identity other than that allowed for in colonialist terms.Cleverman does not really engage with the history of white invasion. The character who speaks most about this part of Aboriginal history and whose stated understanding of himself is based on that identity is Waruu. But Waruu is also a villain whose self-identity is also presented as jealous and dishonest. However, despite only passing mentions of westernised history the show is deeply concerned with a relationship with the past. The program engages with Aboriginal traditions about the past that have nothing to do with white history. It presents a much longer view of history than that of white Australia. It engages with the Aboriginal tradition of the Cleverman - demonstrated in the character of Uncle Jimmy who passes a nulla nulla (knob-headed hardwood club), as a symbol of the past, to his nephew Koen and tells him he is the new Cleverman. Cleverman demonstrates a discussion of Australian history with the potential to ignore white people. It doesn't ignore them, it doesn't ignore the invasion but it presents the possibility that it could be ignored.There is a danger in this sort of representation of the past that Aboriginal people could be relegated to the type of ahistorical, metahistorical myths that comprise colonialist history's representation of Indigenous people (Birch). But Cleverman's magical realist, near future setting tends to undermine this. It grounds representation in history through text and metaphor and then expands the definition.The four programs have different relationships with the past but all of them engage with it. The programs are both restrained and freed by the genres they operate in. It is much easier to escape the bounds of formal history in the genre of magical realism and both Glitch and Cleverman do this but have significantly different ways of dealing with history. "Stand up" and The Secret River both operate within more formally realist structures. The Secret River gives us an emotional reading of the past and a very affective one. However, it cuts off avenues of interpretation by presenting a seemingly inevitable tragedy. Through use of metaphor and silence "Stand up" presents a much more productive relationship with the past – seeing it as an ongoing argument rather than a settled one. Glitch engages with the past as a topic that is not settled and that can therefore be changed whereas Cleverman expands our definition of past and understanding of the past through allegory.It is possible to draw further connections. Those stories created by Indigenous people do not engage with the specifics of traditional dominant Australian historiography. However, they work with the assumption that everyone already knows this historiography. They do not re-present the pain of the past, instead they deal with it in oblique terms with allegory. Whereas the programs made by non-Indigenous Australians are much more overt in their representation of the sins of the past, they overtly engage with the History Wars in specific historical arenas in which those wars were fought. The non-Indigenous shows align themselves with the revisionist view of history but they do so in a very different way than the Indigenous shows.ReferencesAnderson, Ian. "Introduction: The Aboriginal Critique of Colonial Knowing." Blacklines: Contemporary Critical Writing by Indigenous Australians. Ed. Michele Grossman. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2003.Birch, Tony. "'Nothing Has Changed': The Making and Unmaking of Koori Culture." Blacklines: Contemporary Critical Writing by Indigenous Australians. Ed. Michele Grossman. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2003.Bizzaca, Chris. "The World of Cleverman." Screen Australia 2016.Blundell, Graeme. "Redfern Now Delves into the Lives of Ordinary People." The Australian 26 Oct. 2013: News Review.Clark, Anna. History's Children: History Wars in the Classroom. Sydney: New South, 2008.Clendinnen, Inga. “The History Question: Who Owns the Past?” The Quarterly Essay. Melbourne: Black Inc., 2006.Collins, Felicity. "After Dispossession: Blackfella Films and the Politics of Radical Hope." The Routledge Companion to Cinema and Politics. Eds. Yannis Tzioumakis and Claire Molloy. New York: Routledge, 2016.Day, Mark. "Our Relations with the Past." Philosophia 36.4 (2008): 417-27.Ellis, John. Seeing Things: Television in the Age of Uncertainty. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000.Froeyman, Anton. "The Ideal of Objectivity and the Public Role of the Historian: Some Lessons from the Historikerstreit and the History Wars." Rethinking History 20.2 (2016): 217-34.Godwin, Carisssa Lee. "Shedding the 'Victim Narrative' for Tales of Magic, Myth and Superhero Pride." The Conversation 2016.Lloyd, Christopher. "Historiographic Schools." A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography Ed. Tucker, Aviezer. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.Moreton-Robinson, Aileen. "Introduction: Resistance, Recovery and Revitalisation." Blacklines: Contemporary Critical Writing by Indigenous Australians. Ed. Michele Grossman. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2003.———. "The White Man's Burden." Australian Feminist Studies 26.70 (2011): 413-31.Reynolds, Henry. The Other Side of the Frontier: Aboriginal Resistance to the European Invasion of Australia. 2nd ed. Ringwood, Vic.: Penguin Books, 1995.Siskind, Mariano. "Magical Realism." The Cambridge History of Postcolonial Literature. Vol. 2. Ed. Ato Quayson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. 833-68.Tuhiwai Smith, Linda. Decolonizing Methodologies Research and Indigenous Peoples. 2nd ed. London: Zed Books, 2012.Windschuttle, Keith. The Fabrication of Aboriginal History. Paddington, NSW: Macleay Press, 2002.

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kurangnya pemahaman siswa dalam menangkap materi yang dipelajari, dan kurangnya pengaplikasian hukum waris menurut Islam di masyarakat sedangkan aturan dan tata pelaksanaan sudah jelas dalam al-Qur’an dan hadist. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk melihat hubungan antara tanggapan siswa terhadap penerapan strategi KWL dengan pemahaman siswa. Penelitian dilakukan di kelas XI MAS Mathla’ul Huda Manggahang Baleendah Kab. Bandung dengan jumlah sampel 30 siswa. Penelitian ini tergolong pada penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode korelasi. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian digunakan instrumen penelitian berupa Angket, tes, observasi, dan strudi pustaka. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara tanggapan siswa terhadap strategi KWL (Know-Want to know-Learning) dengan pemahaman siswa pada mata pelajaran fikih materi mawaris. Hal ini dilihat dari hasil pengujian hipotesis yang di dapatkan thitung 2,23 > ttabel = 2,048 artinya Ha di terima dan Ho di tolak. Sedangkan besarnya pengaruh tanggapan siswa terhadap strategi KWL terhadap pemahaman siswa sebesar 8 %.

AbstrakPasar penerbangan di Indonesia semakin kompetitif dengan semakin banyaknya maskapai penerbangan komersial yang beroperasi. Bagi konsumen, hal ini menjadi keuntungan karena pilihan maskapai penerbangan yang semakin bervariasi. Sementara bagi maskapai penerbangan, kondisi ini menuntut perusahaaan untuk mampu memberikan pengalaman dan pelayanan yang lebih baik guna menjaga loyalitas konsumen agar dapat menguasai pasar. Perusahaan maskapai penerbangan seperti Garuda Indonesia perlu mempertimbangkan pengalaman merek yang dirasakan untuk mempertahankan pelanggannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh langsung pengalaman merek terhadap loyalitas merek dan kualitas pelayanan sebagai pemoderasi untuk menyelesaikan masalah perbedaan hasil studi empiris. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif. Penentuan sampel penelitian menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Kuesioner dibagikan secara daring kepada responden penelitian dan ada 200 responden yang memberikan jawaban secara lengkap. Alat analisis berupa Structural Equation Modeling Warp Partial Least Square 6.0 (SEM Warp PLS) dipilih untuk menguji model pengukuran (validitas dan reliabilitas) dan model struktural (pengujian hipotesis). Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman merek dapat mendorong peningkatan loyalitas merek sebesar 19%. Selain itu, kualitas pelayanan terbukti dapat bertindak sebagai pemoderasi pada pengaruh pengalaman merek terhadap loyalitas merek. Kata Kunci: Kualitas Pelayanan, Pengalaman Merek, Loyalitas Merek, Maskapai Penerbangan. AbstractThe Influence of Brand Experience to Brand Loyalty on Garuda Indonesia Airline Customers: The aviation market in Indonesia is increasingly competitive with the increasing number of commercial airlines operating. For consumers, this is an advantage because of the increasingly varied choices of airlines. As for airline, this condition requires the company can provide better experience and service to mantain consumers loyalty to dominate the market. Airlines such as Garuda Indonesia need to consider the brand experience to retain consumers. This study aims to test the direct influence of brand experience to brand loyalty and service quality as a moderation to overcome the problem of differences in the results of empirical studies. The research method used is quantitative.. Determination of the research sample using a purposive sampling method. The online questionnaire was distributed directly to respondents and as many as 200 respondents gave complete answers. The Structural Equation Modeling Warp Partial Least Square 6.0 (SEM Warp PLS) analysis tool was chosen to test the measurement model (validity and reliability) and the structural model (hypothesis testing). The results showed that brand experience can leverage on brand loyalty by 19%. Furthermore, service quality is proven to act as moderation on the influence brand experience to brand loyalty. Keywords: Service Quality, Brand Experience, Brand Loyalty, Airline.