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Journal articles on the topic "Penn state particle separator"
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Khezri, A., A. Nikkhah, A. Zare Shahneh, and M. H. Fooladi. "The effect of reducing alfalfa hay cut length on TMR particle size distribution, rumen pH and chewing activity of cows in early lactation using Penn State Particles Separator(PSPS)." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200009868.
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The ability of a ration to meet the nutritional needs of a high yielding dairy cow requires understanding of both the chemical and physical characteristics of the ration (NRC, 2001). Having the proper particle size distribution (2 to 8 percent of the particles on the upper sieve, 30 to 50 percent on the middle and lower sieves, and no more than 20 percent on the bottom pan) of feeds is an important part of ration formulation. Chopping the crop at the proper length produces forages that can be combined to achieve the desired particle length in a TMR. The dairy cow’s need for increasingly higher levels of energy have led to diets relatively high in concentrates. However, cows still require adequate fibre in the ration to function properly (Allen, 2000). Adequate forage particle length is necessary for proper rumen function and reduced forage particle size has been shown to decrease the time spent chewing and cause a trend toward decreased rumen pH. When cows spend less time chewing, they produce less saliva, which is needed to buffer the rumen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of reducing alfalfa hay length of cut on TMR particle size distribution, rumen pH and chewing activity using penn state particles separator.
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Buckhaus, Elizabeth M., Dathan T. Smerchek, and Zachary K. Smith. "Evaluation of batch fraction, corn silage inclusion level, and mixing duration on long particle distribution of finishing diets for beef cattle." F1000Research 9 (September 2, 2020): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25981.1.
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Background: Differing fractions of a batch of feed, differing ingredient characteristics, and inadequate mix time can lead to non-uniformity within a mix of feed. Methods: The experiment was designed as a 5 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with seven replications per simple treatment mean. Factors included: 1) batch fraction (BF; n = 5); 2) corn silage inclusion level (CSLVL; n = 2) 15% or 30% inclusion (dry matter basis); and 3) mixing duration (DR; n = 2) of 20 or 25 mixer revolutions. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using a binomial approach. The Penn State Particle Separator was used to separate fractions of the total mixed ration (TMR). Results: No interactions between BF, CSLVL, and DR were detected (P ≥ 0.31) for any dependent variables. There was an increase (P = 0.01) in retention on the 19 mm sieve from the first BF compared to the last BF. CSLVL altered (P = 0.01) retention on the 19 mm sieve. Increasing DR from 20 to 25 revolutions had no appreciable influence (P = 0.23) on particles greater than 19 mm. CSLVL (P = 0.01) and DR (P = 0.01) altered particle retention on the 8 mm sieve. BF (P = 0.01), CSLVL (P = 0.01), and DR (P = 0.02), influenced particle retention on the 4 mm sieve. CSLVL impacted (P ≤ 0.01) particles remaining in the bottom pan and particles greater than 4 mm. BF (P = 0.01) and CSLVL (P = 0.01) altered particles greater than 8 mm. Conclusions: These data indicate that BF and CSLVL fed alters particle size distribution that in turn could alter dry matter intake, dietary net energy content, and influence daily gain. Mixing DR had no appreciable influence on particle size distribution of the TMR.
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Einarson, M. S., J. C. Plaizier, and K. M. Wittenberg. "Effects of including chopped alfalfa hay in barley-based total mixed rations on production and rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 2 (2005): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-008.
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Alfalfa silage [13.6% dry matter (DM)] was replaced with chopped alfalfa hay in barley silage and barley-grain-based total mixed rations. This replacement increased DM from 45.2 to 54.9%, decreased physical effective fibre, determined as the proportion of the DM passing through the 8- and 19-mm screens of the Penn State Particle Separator multiplied by dietary neutral detergent fibre (peNDF), from 21.9 to 16.2% DM, increased dry matter intake from 19.1 to 21.2 kg d-1, numerically reduced milk protein yield from 1.01 to 0.93 kg d-1, but did not affect milk yield, milk fat, rumen pH, and rumen ammonia. Key words: Alfalfa silage, chopped alfalfa hay, milk production, feed intake
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Righi, F., A. Quarantelli, L. Tonelli, M. Renzi, and B. Gandolfi. "Use of Penn State Particle Separator for the evaluation of total mixed rations typical of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese production area." Italian Journal of Animal Science 6, sup1 (2007): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.347.
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Kononoff, P. J., A. J. Heinrichs, and D. R. Buckmaster. "Modification of the Penn State Forage and Total Mixed Ration Particle Separator and the Effects of Moisture Content on its Measurements." Journal of Dairy Science 86, no. 5 (2003): 1858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73773-4.
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Hunde, Yedilaklil, Jamie Patton, Dennis Padgitt, and David Vlieger. "Particle Size Influences Preferential Consumption of Hay and Baleage in Total Mixed Dairy Rations." Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 42, no. 2008 (2008): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30956/0544-540x-42.2008.45.
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Lactating cows require complete balanced rations to meet their high nutritional requirements and to maximize milk and milk fat production. Total mixed rations (TMR) were developed to meet these nutritional needs by thoroughly mixing necessary feedstuffs into a single ration; hence providing a balanced diet in each bite. However, the actual nutrient and fiber concentration consumed by cows can dramatically differ from that of the ration due to selective feeding. The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the palatability of alfalfa hay TMR and alfalfa baleage TMR and 2) determine the effect of TMR fiber sources on the preferential sorting of rations. Sixty-four lactating dairy cows at the R.T. Wright University Farm at Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri, were fed TMR containing either 35 percent alfalfa baleage or 35 percent alfalfa hay. Fresh TMR was weighed and distributed evenly within the feed bunk every 24 hours and orts (unconsumed feedstuffs) were collected and weighed to determine the amount of feed consumed. Feed samples from the bulk ration and arts mixture were collected for analysis of particle size distribution via a Penn State Particle Separator. Results indicate the cows clearly preferred shorter (< 0.79 cm) feed particles in both the baleage TMR and hay TMR. In addition, the cows preferred and consumed more alfalfa baleage TMR than alfalfa hay TMR. No relationships between moisture content and TMR preference were identified.
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Caccamo, M., J. D. Ferguson, R. F. Veerkamp, et al. "Association of total mixed ration particle fractions retained on the Penn State Particle Separator with milk, fat, and protein yield lactation curves at the cow level." Journal of Dairy Science 97, no. 4 (2014): 2502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6490.
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Barreta, Daniel Augusto. "Tamanho médio de partícula da dieta: determinação, interpretação e efeitos para vacas leiteiras." Revista Acadêmica Ciência Animal 18 (January 29, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/2596-2868.2020.18102.
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A fibra é um componente do alimento essencial para os ruminantes. Sua efetividade em promover a ruminação e salivação é fundamental para manutenção da saúde dos animais. Contudo, além da concentração de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), outras características físico-químicas dos alimentos são importantes para determinar a FDN fisicamente efetiva (FDNfe) da dieta, principalmente o tamanho da partícula. Neste sentido, é importante atentar-se à evolução do manuseio e interpretação dos resultados do conjunto de peneiras chamado Penn State Particle Separator, principal ferramenta prática utilizada para determinar o tamanho médio de partícula (TMP). A partir dessas constatações é possível implementar procedimentos que adequem o FDNfe das dietas e os processos de ensilagem. Estes ajustes podem atenuar problemas como a acidose ruminal, depressão da gordura do leite, seleção da dieta pelos animais, limitação física de ingestão, má compactação dos silos, entre outros. Desta forma, o objetivo desta revisão é realizar um apanhado evolutivo sobre os métodos para determinação do TMP e sua interpretação, além de discorrer sobre seus efeitos na nutrição de vacas leiteiras.
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Whitney, T. R., A. E. Lee, M. G. Williamson, C. D. Swening, and R. L. Noland. "Use of the Penn State particle separator to determine if molasses can reduce sorting of ground juniper when juniper is used as a feed intake limiter for lambs." Animal Feed Science and Technology 168, no. 1-2 (2011): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.03.010.
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Buckhaus, Elizabeth M., and Zachary K. Smith. "181 Evaluation of mixer performance in cattle finishing diets with 15 or 30 percent dry matter basis inclusion of corn silage." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.236.
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Abstract Batch fraction (BF), corn silage inclusion level (DIET), and mixing duration (DUR) were evaluated in an experiment using finishing diets based on corn silage and a blend of dry-rolled (DRC) and high-moisture corn (HMC). A 2.35 m3 horizontal mixer was used to manufacture all diets. The experiment was designed as a 5 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with nine replications per simple treatment mean. Factors included: 1) BF (n = 5), 2) DIET (n = 2) containing (DM basis) 15% corn silage or 30% corn silage replacing the corn blend, and 3) DUR (n = 2) of 20 or 25 mixer revolutions. Diets contained corn silage, a 1:1 ratio of DRC:HMC, a liquid supplement (5% DM inclusion), and a meal supplement (7% DM inclusion). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC) using a multinomial approach. The Penn State Particle Separator was used to separate fractions of the total mixed ration (TMR) with special interest on the portion of the TMR retained on the 19 mm sieve. No interactions between BF, DIET, and REV were detected (P ≥ 0.44). There was a 53.5% increase (P = 0.01) in retention on the 19 mm sieve from the first BF (first 20% of the TMR unloaded from the mixer) compared to the last BF (last 20% of the TMR unloaded from the mixer). The LOW diet had 71.3% decrease (P = 0.01) in retention on the 19 mm sieve (2.13 vs. 7.43 ± 0.220%) compared to the HIGH diet. Increasing DUR from 20 to 25 revolutions had no appreciable influence (P = 0.23) on particles greater than 19 mm. These data indicate that BF fed could alter dry matter intake, dietary net energy content, and influence daily gain. Wednesday, July 22, 2020
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Penn state particle separator"
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Garcia, Ashley Rene. "Usage of the Penn State forage separator for evaluating particle size of TMRs." Click here to view, 2009. http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/dscisp/24/.
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Thesis (B.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2009.<br>Project advisor: Stan Henderson. Title from PDF title page; viewed on Mar. 10, 2010. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on microfiche.
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Moreira, Bruno Emanuel Soares. "Avaliação do pH ruminal de vacas leiteiras em Portugal : relação com parâmetros ambientais, produtivos e fisiológicos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9198.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária<br>Este trabalho visou avaliar a prevalência de acidose ruminal subaguda (ARSA) em explorações
de vacas leiteiras em Portugal através da análise dos valores de pH do líquido ruminal e
posterior relação com os resultados do Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS), qualidade do
leite, beta-hidroxibutirato (βHB) no leite, dados produtivos individuais, práticas de maneio
alimentar e temperatura ambiente fora e dentro do estábulo. Para colheita do fluido ruminal foi
utilizada uma sonda ruminal, e o pH ruminal foi medido através de um aparelho portátil (lacqua
pmeter) previamente validado. De modo avaliar a granulometria da partícula da dieta recorreuse
ao PSPS. Realizou-se ainda no mesmo momento, a colheita de leite para análise
semiquantitativa dos valores de ẞHB através de tiras Ketotest® (Elanco). Os dados da
qualidade de leite foram obtidos através do contraste leiteiro realizado nas explorações. Para a
análise seleccionaram-se aleatoriamente em média 13 vacas de 14 explorações com 100 a
1000 animais em produção. Em quatro destas explorações tinham sido colocados bolos intraruminais
de monensina (Kexxtone®, Elanco) nos animais incluídos no ensaio. No total foram
amostrados 185 animais, com 5 a 100 dias em leite. Os animais do estudo estavam a ser
alimentados com dieta completa com rácios variados de forragem/concentrado. Em todas as
explorações foi medida a temperatura ambiente e das forragens. O pH ruminal médio foi de
6,24, com 28% das explorações a apresentarem animais positivos a ARSA com uma
prevalência média de 19%. Encontrou-se uma relação positiva entre a PSPS19 e os valores de
pH ruminal (p <0,02). Curiosamente, verificou-se uma tendência positiva entre a quantidade de
alimento retido no crivo de granulometria ≥ 1,18 mm e a produção de leite (p = 0,051). Verificouse
ainda uma relação negativa entre o pH ruminal e a temperatura ambiente dentro dos
pavilhões (p = 0,023) e uma relação positiva entre a prevalência de ARSA e a amplitude de pH
ruminal encontrada em cada exploração (p = 0,003). Identificou-se uma relação negativa entre
o somatório da quantidade de alimento composto complementar e silagem de milho e os valores
médios de pH ruminal. As vacas multíparas apresentaram tendência para teores de gordura no
leite mais elevados do que as primíparas (p = 0,05). A prevalência média de vacas com cetose
subclínica (CSC) por exploração foi de 51%. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa
entre a paridade e a probabilidade das vacas apresentarem CSC (p =0,227). Além disso,
constatou-se que, quanto maior é a produção de leite, maior é o risco das vacas terem CSC (p
<0,01). O uso integrado destas metodologias possibilita uma abordagem mais objectiva no
controlo e monitorização da alimentação, do estado hígido e bem-estar da vaca leiteira.
Contudo, mais estudos terão de ser realizados para melhor compreensão da relação entre
algumas variáveis.<br>ABSTRACT - This study aimed to assess the prevalence of sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in
Portuguese dairy farms by analyzing the pH of the rumen fluid and subsequent relationship
with the results of the Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS), milk quality, beta
hydroxybutyrate (βHB) in milk, individual production data, feed management practices and
environmental temperature outside and inside the barn. To harvest the ruminal fluid it a
rumen probe was used, and rumen pH was measured using a portable device (Lacqua
pmeter) previously validated. The PSPS was used to evaluate the dietary fiber length.
Additionally milk was collected for semi quantitative assessment of ẞHBl through Ketotest®
strips (Elanco). The milk quality data was obtained from routine milk recordings performed
at the farms. For the study an average of 13 cows were randomly selected from each of 14
farms with 100 to 1000 animals in milk. In four of these farms intra-ruminal monensin device
(Kexxtone®, Elanco) had been applied to the animals included in the trial. A total of 185
animals were sampled, with 5 to 100 days in milk. The study animals were eating a total
mixed ration (TMR) with varying ratios of forage/concentrate. In all farms the temperature
inside and outside of barns was measured. The ruminal pH average was 6.24, with 28% of
the farms being positive to ARSA, with an average prevalence of 19%. We found a positive
and statistically significant correlation between the amount of fiber sieve with a particle size
≥ 19 mm and pH values (p <0.02). Interestingly, there was a positive relationship between
the amount of food held in the particle size of ≥ 1.18 mm sieve and milk production (p =
0.051). There was a negative relationship between rumen pH and environmental
temperature inside the pavilions (p = 0.023). A positive correlation between the prevalence
of SARA and amplitude ruminal pH found in each scan (p = 0.003) and a negative
relationship between the sum of the amount of concentrate and corn silage and the average
values of rumen pH, were also found. Multiparous cows tended to have higher milk fat
values compared with primiparous cows (p = 0.05). The average prevalence of sub-clinical
ketosis (SCK) per farm was 51%. There was no statistically significant difference between
the parity and the likelihood for SCK (p =0.227). Furthermore, it was found that higher milk
production was a risk factor for cows having SCK (p <0.01). The integrated use of these
methods allows for a more objective approach to the control and monitoring of feeding,
health status and welfare of the dairy cow. However, more studies need to be conducted to
better understand the relationship between some variables.
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Silva, Sílvia Rodrigues Carneiro. "Desempenho e características de carcaça de bovinos Nelore com diferentes hábitos de consumo em confinamento." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5084.
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Previous issue date: 2014-08-29<br>The finishing cattle in feedlots has increased in recent years and the feeding of animals is
responsible for 60-70% of the costs in this system. Cattle tend to select their food, even when
this is provided in the form of a total mixed ration. This selective behavior has shown changes
in milk production, but has been little studied in cattle. Thus, this study was designed to
identify selection by particle size by cattle and a possible influence on performance and
carcass beef cattle. We used 18 Nellore bulls, with 21 months old and average weight of 334
kg, confined for 127 days to reach slaughter weight of 500 kg and minimum subcutaneous fat
thickness of 4 mm. The diet was corn silage and concentrate in the ratio of 40:60 dry matter
basis. The diet was weighed and made up the evaluation of particle size by the method of
sieves of the Penn State Particle Size Separator, every four hours for 24 hours. From these
results, the animals were grouped according to the habit of selection by particle size using
cluster analysis into two stages: the Ward method to define the number of cluster; and kmeans
clustering method to classify animals into groups by Euclidean distance, where k = 3,
these being the three groups evaluated: Group 3 showed a preference for long (> 19 mm) and
medium particles (<19 mm> 8 mm), Group 1 showed no preference for distinction as the size
of particles throughout the day, but the proportion of fine particles (<1.18 mm - bottom of
sieve) decreased after 24h and Group 2 presented similarity throughout the day, with the
Group 1 or Group 3. There was no significant effect between groups for any carcass traits
(carcass yield, percentage industrial cuts, Loin Area, fat thickness and percentage of fat in
carcass). On feedlot performance, there were no differences in time spent on food, idling or
rumination, as well as the dry matter and NDF intake. However, weight gain and attributes of
efficiency (conversion and feed efficiency) showed significant effects at P <0.07 between
groups with statistical difference of P <0.007 for feed efficiency and P <0.0109 for feed
conversion between Groups 1 and 3 when compared alone. It was concluded that selection by
particle sizes does not imply changes in the performance of feedlot cattle diets with 40%
forage and fed twice a day.<br>A terminação de bovinos em confinamentos vem crescendo nos últimos anos e a alimentação
dos animais é responsável por 60 a 70% dos custos nesse sistema. Bovinos tendem a
selecionar sua alimentação, mesmo quando essa é fornecida na forma de ração total
misturada. Esse comportamento seletivo tem mostrado alterações na produção de leite, mas
tem sido pouco estudado em gado de corte. Assim, esse estudo foi elaborado visando
identificar a seleção por tamanho de partículas no cocho e uma possível influência no
desempenho e carcaça de bovinos de corte. Utilizou-se 18 animais inteiros, da raça Nelore,
com idade média de 21 meses e peso médio inicial de 334 kg, confinados por 127 dias até
atingirem peso de abate acima de 500 kg e espessura de gordura mínima de 4 mm. Tiveram
como alimento silagem de milho e concentrado na proporção de 40:60. A dieta dos animais
foi pesada e fez-se a avaliação do tamanho de partículas pelo método das peneiras da Penn
State Forage Particle Separator, a cada quatro horas durante 24h. A partir destes resultados,
os animais foram agrupados de acordo com o hábito de seleção por tamanho de partículas
utilizando a análise de Cluster em dois estágios: método de Ward para definir o número de
cluster; e método de k-médias para classificar os animais dentro dos grupos por meio da
distância Euclidiana, em que k = 3, sendo esses os três Grupos avaliados: o Grupo 3
apresentou preferência por partículas longas (> 19 mm) e médias (< 19 mm > 8 mm), o Grupo
1 não apresentou distinção quanto a preferência por tamanho de partículas ao longo do dia,
porém a proporção de partículas finas (< 1,18 mm - fundo de peneira) diminuiu após as 24h e
o Grupo 2 apresentou semelhança ao longo do dia, hora com o Grupo 1, hora com o Grupo 3.
A partir da formação dos Grupos, os dados de desempenho e carcaça foram comparados por
teste de médias. Não houve efeito significativo entre os Grupos para quaisquer características
de carcaça (rendimento, percentagem dos cortes dianteiro, ponta de agulha e traseiro, AOL,
espessura de gordura e proporção de gordura). No desempenho em confinamento, não houve
diferenças nos tempos gastos com alimentação, ócio ou ruminação, assim como no consumo
de matéria seca e de FDN. Entretanto, o ganho de peso e atributos de eficiência (conversão e
eficiência alimentar) apresentaram efeito significativo a P<0,07 entre os três grupos e com
diferença estatística de P<0,007 para eficiência alimenta e P<0,0109 para conversão alimentar
entre os Grupos 1 e 3, quando comparados isoladamente. Concluiu-se que a seleção no cocho
por diferentes tamanhos de partículas não implica em alterações no desempenho de bovinos
confinados em dietas com 40 % de volumoso e alimentados duas vezes ao dia.
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Wivholm, Brandon D. Manning Keefe B. "Flow field measurement in the Penn State 12 CC PVAD using particle image velocimetry (PIV)." 2008. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/PSUonlyIndex/ETD-3629/index.html.
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Hochareon, Pramote. "Development of particle image velocimetry (PIV) for wall shear stress estimation within a 50cc Penn State artificial heart ventricular chamber." 2003. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-391/index.html.
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Minaříková, Helena. "Vliv ročního období na kondici dojnic holštýnského plemene skotu." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-250656.
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ABSTRACT This thesis contains solution of issue Effect of season to condition Holstein cattle breed in period from December 2013 to December 2014 in BONAGRO, a. s. in Šlapanice city in herd about 80 dairy cows in the first stage of lactation. Experiments were made periodically on the first week of month, overall twelve times per a year. Whole thesis is based on subjective evaluation of body condition of cows. I statistically demonstrated effect of season to condition of cows. I also showed that season affected feed factions. I subdued these factions to special sieve analysis (Penn State Separator). Furthermore, I found statistically conclusive effect of season to residual amount of washed excrements, which I subdued to primary analysis. Feed and excrement analysis place together with evaluation of body condition. At the same time, I measured temperature inside the stable and compared it with temperature in surroundings of Šlapanice. In the end, I made an analysis of milk in university laboratory, which were compared with results of control of heredity, regularly made on the farm. All results are shown in this thesis and are complemented by graphs, tables, analysis and photos.
Book chapters on the topic "Penn state particle separator"
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Green, Nicolas G. "Integration of a Solid State Micropump and a Sub-Micrometre Particle Analyser/Separator." In Micro Total Analysis Systems 2001. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1015-3_235.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Penn state particle separator"
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Stojkovic, Blagoje, Bojan Stojanovic, Nenad Đorđevic, et al. "UTICAJ USITNJENOSTI KOMPLETNOG OBROKA ZA KRAVE U LAKTACIJI NA VREME KONZUMIRANJA I PREŽIVANJA HRANEI HEMIJSKI SASTAV MLEKA." In SAVETOVANJE o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.167s.
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Abstract:The paper presents research results regarding impact of Total Mixed Ration (TMR)particle sizeon eating time, rumination time, milk yieldand chemical composition for cows in the late lactation (over 150 days). To determine physical form and particle fractions’ ratio of TMR, the Pen State Particle Separator (PSPS) wasused. The cow collars with sensors that respond to sound detection (GEA CowScout Neck) were used to monitorthe eating timeand rumination time.It was determined that different particle fractions’ ratio of TMRhas a significant effect on rumination time (p <0.01),as also on content of milk fat (p <0.01) andprotein (p <0.05).The use of TMR with larger average particle size (6.87 mm) had a positive effect in terms of ruminationtime (400.1 min/day), compared to TMR with a smaller particle size (5.55 mm), where the average rumination timewas (371.1 min/day).Also, the positive effect of TMR with a larger average particle size was reflected in higher milk fat (4.38%) and protein (3.84%) content compared to TMR with a smaller particle size (4.15% and 3.76%, respectively). By providing appropriate physical form of TMR, better rumination time can be achieved along with improving of milk chemical composition.
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Yilmaz, G., A. T. Ciftlik, and H. Kulah. "A dielectrophoretic cell/particle separator fabricated by spiral channels and concentric gold electrodes." In TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensor.2009.5285560.
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Navitsky, Michael A., Jason C. Nanna, Stephen R. Topper, Steven Deutsch, and Keefe B. Manning. "A Particle Image Velocimetry Study of the Penn State 50cc Left Ventricular Assist Device: The Impact of Varying Heart Rate." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53207.
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Approximately 5.7 million Americans are afflicted with heart failure, with a reported 670,000 new diagnoses each year [1]. Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) function as a bridge to transplant therapy for advanced staged heart failure patients awaiting a donor heart. A pulsatile 50cc LVAD, Figure 1, is currently under development for cardiac support of patients with limited chest cavity size. Although the 50cc LVAD is functional in assisting a failing ventricle, complications such as thrombus formation may limit long term usage.
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Cooper, Benjamin T., Breigh N. Roszelle, Tobias C. Long, Steven Deutsch, and Keefe B. Manning. "A Fluid Dynamics Study Focusing on Wall Shear Rates Within the Penn State 12 cc Pulsatile Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device: A Comparison of Mechanical Heart Valve Types." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-175441.
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Previous studies have shown that the interrelated flow characteristics necessary for the prevention of thrombosis in a pulsatile ventricular assist device (VAD) are a strong inlet jet, a late diastolic recirculating flow, and adequate wall washing (greater than 500 s−1). Particle image velocimetry was used to compare the flow fields in the chamber of the 12 cc Penn State pediatric pulsatile VAD using two valves: Björk-Shiley Monostrut (BSM) tilting-disc valves at the inlet and outlet and Carbomedics (CM) bi-leaflet valves at the inlet and outlet. In conjunction with the flow evaluation, wall shear data were calculated and analyzed to help to quantify wall washing. The major orifice inlet jet of the device containing BSM valves was more intense which led to better circulation and wall washing than the three jets produced by the CM valves Regurgitation through the CM valve was observed and served as a significant hindrance to the development of the rotational flow.
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Kidwell, J. R., L. J. Lindberg, and R. E. Morey. "ATTAP/AGT101: Year 2 Progress in Ceramic Technology Development." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-305.
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In the second year of a five-year Department of Energy (DOE) funded program, the Advanced Turbine Technology Applications Project (ATTAP) pushed ceramic automotive gas turbine technology state-of-the-art forward in: • Ceramic materials assessment and characterization • Ceramic impact damage assessment • Ceramic combustor evaluation • Turbine inlet particle separator development • Impact-tolerant turbine designs • Net-shape ceramic component fabrication Materials characterization progressed from specimens to cut-up components. Impact damage threshold velocities were measured, using graphite projectiles against specimens and full-size rotors. Lean-burn ceramic combustor evaluations included ignition and carbon formation tests with DF-2, JP-4, and ethanol fuels. A third-generation ceramic turbine inlet particle separator demonstrated 97.5-percent effectiveness against rotor-damaging graphite particles. Improved ceramic component design capabilities are providing lower-stress components for incorporation into the critical hot flow path. Component fabrication development focussed on net-shape forming techniques, using Taguchi experiments. ATTAP is funded by DOE and administered by NASA under Contract DEN3-335.
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Alfaro, Jose´ A., A. Lecuona, J. Roa, and E. Ferru´s. "Integrated Pressurized Gasification of Biomass for Small Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90125.
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Nowadays small and micro gas turbines are increasingly used for on-site cogeneration. Although this means a dramatic increase in energy efficiency, liquid or gaseous fossil fuels are used. At the same time, there is interest in using solid biomass for electricity production in a distributed generation scheme. Unfortunately, conventional gas turbines can not burn solid biomass. This paper presents a thermodynamic simulation of a pressurized gasification system integrated into a gas turbine Brayton cycle, in order to study the feasibility of using biomass. The critical process of burning the resulting low-calorific-value gas is experimentally scrutinized for feasibility using a LOWNOX-LPP combustor and a synthetic gas. The results are promising. The thermochemical processing of biomass gasification using air produces a fuel barely suitable for gas turbines. Biomass gasification using air with no cooling provides outlet temperatures in the range from 700 K to 900 K and heat values of around 6 MJ/kg, being the tar content low and in a gaseous state, especially with down-draft moving bed gasifiers. Fuel gas cleaning is possible in a cyclone particle separator without previous cooling. This system requires a special design to bear the high temperature and to separate the ash particles down to turbine tolerance, without causing too much pressure loss and clogging. Additional hot filtering using porous media is also feasible. Two benefits arise due to high temperature cleaning. Firstly, tars do not condense but burn in the combustor increasing the biogas calorific value. Secondly, the thermal enthalpy from gasification is recovered. Therefore, the whole biomass primary energy is injected in the working gases, except heat losses. On the other hand, the gasification reactor needs to work pressurized (at a slightly higher pressure than the combustor pressure) thus requiring an additional power to overcome the head loss caused by the biomass bed and the cyclone particle separator. Thermodynamic analysis shows that under favourable conditions, a fall of around 1% of the overall efficiency appears. The heat value of gas and fuel-to-air ratio of the mixture affect flame stability inside the combustor. Nevertheless, with a swirl stabilized flame it has been demonstrated that it is possible to obtain stable flames down to 6 MJ/kg heating value with low CO and NOx emissions. For these preliminary experiments synthetic gases representing gasifiers output have been used. Using the integrated scheme here studied for feasibility, off-the-shelf gas turbines could be transformed into biomass burning micro-cogenerators, thus contributing to greenhouse gases emission reduction.
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Schubert, Frank, and Ian Parkinson. "Renewable Energy and Water System (REWS) at Musco Family Co. Olive Plant." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90315.
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This paper presents the results of a demonstration of a unique water distillation system at the Musco Family Olive Plant in Tracy, California. The Musco REWS (Renewable Energy/Water System) was developed by Combined Solar Technologies (CST) of Carmel Valley, California using its SteamBoy™ brine boiler technology. The system is powered using solar thermal and biomass energy. The notoriously hard to clean waste water from the olive canning process was a challenge for CST, a start-up company who had previously done successful technology demonstration projects for the California Department of Water Resources (agricultural drainage water) and Clint Eastwood’s Tehama Golf course Water Treatment Plant (Reverse Osmosis Brine). The olive waste water at the Musco plant contained a high concentration of salts as well as organic materials. CST successfully treated water directly from the plants waste water stream (12,000 TDS) as well as the water from the plants Title 27 ponds (67,000 TDS). The CST processed water averaged 250 TDS. The CST REWS at the Musco olive facility uses one of the plants waste (olive pits) streams to provide the heat energy for the process. The olive pits are combusted in fluid bed burners that are specially designed for olive pit combustion. The Musco plants 200 tons per week of olive pits contain 8800 btu/lb (dry). The olive pits are fed into the CST burners where the heat energy is used to heat a heat transfer fluid (HTF) to 450F. The HTF is then directed to the SteamBoy™ brine boilers. The heat from the HTF evaporates the plants waste water under pressure. The resulting pressurized saturated steam is then used to power SteamBoy™ steam engine/generator sets. The engines are set up to leave large quantities of heat in the exhaust. That heat is used to take the remaining solids and sludge to a dry state in custom built drying pans that separate the minerals from the water, leaving a very high concentration of organics in the remaining water. That water is used in the burners for temperature control and as a way to eliminate the organics with combustion. The exhaust from the combustion of the olive pits goes first though an electrostatic particle separator and then to a selective catalytic reduction system. From there the exhaust is directed to bubbling algae tanks that reduce the CO2 by over 50%. The system has completed a successful demonstration phase and is now being upgraded to a full scale plant (50,000 GPD).