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Khezri, A., A. Nikkhah, A. Zare Shahneh, and M. H. Fooladi. "The effect of reducing alfalfa hay cut length on TMR particle size distribution, rumen pH and chewing activity of cows in early lactation using Penn State Particles Separator(PSPS)." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200009868.
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The ability of a ration to meet the nutritional needs of a high yielding dairy cow requires understanding of both the chemical and physical characteristics of the ration (NRC, 2001). Having the proper particle size distribution (2 to 8 percent of the particles on the upper sieve, 30 to 50 percent on the middle and lower sieves, and no more than 20 percent on the bottom pan) of feeds is an important part of ration formulation. Chopping the crop at the proper length produces forages that can be combined to achieve the desired particle length in a TMR. The dairy cow’s need for increasingly higher levels of energy have led to diets relatively high in concentrates. However, cows still require adequate fibre in the ration to function properly (Allen, 2000). Adequate forage particle length is necessary for proper rumen function and reduced forage particle size has been shown to decrease the time spent chewing and cause a trend toward decreased rumen pH. When cows spend less time chewing, they produce less saliva, which is needed to buffer the rumen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of reducing alfalfa hay length of cut on TMR particle size distribution, rumen pH and chewing activity using penn state particles separator.
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Buckhaus, Elizabeth M., Dathan T. Smerchek, and Zachary K. Smith. "Evaluation of batch fraction, corn silage inclusion level, and mixing duration on long particle distribution of finishing diets for beef cattle." F1000Research 9 (September 2, 2020): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25981.1.
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Background: Differing fractions of a batch of feed, differing ingredient characteristics, and inadequate mix time can lead to non-uniformity within a mix of feed. Methods: The experiment was designed as a 5 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with seven replications per simple treatment mean. Factors included: 1) batch fraction (BF; n = 5); 2) corn silage inclusion level (CSLVL; n = 2) 15% or 30% inclusion (dry matter basis); and 3) mixing duration (DR; n = 2) of 20 or 25 mixer revolutions. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using a binomial approach. The Penn State Particle Separator was used to separate fractions of the total mixed ration (TMR). Results: No interactions between BF, CSLVL, and DR were detected (P ≥ 0.31) for any dependent variables. There was an increase (P = 0.01) in retention on the 19 mm sieve from the first BF compared to the last BF. CSLVL altered (P = 0.01) retention on the 19 mm sieve. Increasing DR from 20 to 25 revolutions had no appreciable influence (P = 0.23) on particles greater than 19 mm. CSLVL (P = 0.01) and DR (P = 0.01) altered particle retention on the 8 mm sieve. BF (P = 0.01), CSLVL (P = 0.01), and DR (P = 0.02), influenced particle retention on the 4 mm sieve. CSLVL impacted (P ≤ 0.01) particles remaining in the bottom pan and particles greater than 4 mm. BF (P = 0.01) and CSLVL (P = 0.01) altered particles greater than 8 mm. Conclusions: These data indicate that BF and CSLVL fed alters particle size distribution that in turn could alter dry matter intake, dietary net energy content, and influence daily gain. Mixing DR had no appreciable influence on particle size distribution of the TMR.
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Einarson, M. S., J. C. Plaizier, and K. M. Wittenberg. "Effects of including chopped alfalfa hay in barley-based total mixed rations on production and rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 2 (2005): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-008.
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Alfalfa silage [13.6% dry matter (DM)] was replaced with chopped alfalfa hay in barley silage and barley-grain-based total mixed rations. This replacement increased DM from 45.2 to 54.9%, decreased physical effective fibre, determined as the proportion of the DM passing through the 8- and 19-mm screens of the Penn State Particle Separator multiplied by dietary neutral detergent fibre (peNDF), from 21.9 to 16.2% DM, increased dry matter intake from 19.1 to 21.2 kg d-1, numerically reduced milk protein yield from 1.01 to 0.93 kg d-1, but did not affect milk yield, milk fat, rumen pH, and rumen ammonia. Key words: Alfalfa silage, chopped alfalfa hay, milk production, feed intake
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Righi, F., A. Quarantelli, L. Tonelli, M. Renzi, and B. Gandolfi. "Use of Penn State Particle Separator for the evaluation of total mixed rations typical of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese production area." Italian Journal of Animal Science 6, sup1 (2007): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.347.
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Kononoff, P. J., A. J. Heinrichs, and D. R. Buckmaster. "Modification of the Penn State Forage and Total Mixed Ration Particle Separator and the Effects of Moisture Content on its Measurements." Journal of Dairy Science 86, no. 5 (2003): 1858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73773-4.
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Hunde, Yedilaklil, Jamie Patton, Dennis Padgitt, and David Vlieger. "Particle Size Influences Preferential Consumption of Hay and Baleage in Total Mixed Dairy Rations." Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 42, no. 2008 (2008): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30956/0544-540x-42.2008.45.
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Lactating cows require complete balanced rations to meet their high nutritional requirements and to maximize milk and milk fat production. Total mixed rations (TMR) were developed to meet these nutritional needs by thoroughly mixing necessary feedstuffs into a single ration; hence providing a balanced diet in each bite. However, the actual nutrient and fiber concentration consumed by cows can dramatically differ from that of the ration due to selective feeding. The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the palatability of alfalfa hay TMR and alfalfa baleage TMR and 2) determine the effect of TMR fiber sources on the preferential sorting of rations. Sixty-four lactating dairy cows at the R.T. Wright University Farm at Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri, were fed TMR containing either 35 percent alfalfa baleage or 35 percent alfalfa hay. Fresh TMR was weighed and distributed evenly within the feed bunk every 24 hours and orts (unconsumed feedstuffs) were collected and weighed to determine the amount of feed consumed. Feed samples from the bulk ration and arts mixture were collected for analysis of particle size distribution via a Penn State Particle Separator. Results indicate the cows clearly preferred shorter (< 0.79 cm) feed particles in both the baleage TMR and hay TMR. In addition, the cows preferred and consumed more alfalfa baleage TMR than alfalfa hay TMR. No relationships between moisture content and TMR preference were identified.
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Caccamo, M., J. D. Ferguson, R. F. Veerkamp, et al. "Association of total mixed ration particle fractions retained on the Penn State Particle Separator with milk, fat, and protein yield lactation curves at the cow level." Journal of Dairy Science 97, no. 4 (2014): 2502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6490.
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Barreta, Daniel Augusto. "Tamanho médio de partícula da dieta: determinação, interpretação e efeitos para vacas leiteiras." Revista Acadêmica Ciência Animal 18 (January 29, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/2596-2868.2020.18102.
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A fibra é um componente do alimento essencial para os ruminantes. Sua efetividade em promover a ruminação e salivação é fundamental para manutenção da saúde dos animais. Contudo, além da concentração de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), outras características físico-químicas dos alimentos são importantes para determinar a FDN fisicamente efetiva (FDNfe) da dieta, principalmente o tamanho da partícula. Neste sentido, é importante atentar-se à evolução do manuseio e interpretação dos resultados do conjunto de peneiras chamado Penn State Particle Separator, principal ferramenta prática utilizada para determinar o tamanho médio de partícula (TMP). A partir dessas constatações é possível implementar procedimentos que adequem o FDNfe das dietas e os processos de ensilagem. Estes ajustes podem atenuar problemas como a acidose ruminal, depressão da gordura do leite, seleção da dieta pelos animais, limitação física de ingestão, má compactação dos silos, entre outros. Desta forma, o objetivo desta revisão é realizar um apanhado evolutivo sobre os métodos para determinação do TMP e sua interpretação, além de discorrer sobre seus efeitos na nutrição de vacas leiteiras.
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Whitney, T. R., A. E. Lee, M. G. Williamson, C. D. Swening, and R. L. Noland. "Use of the Penn State particle separator to determine if molasses can reduce sorting of ground juniper when juniper is used as a feed intake limiter for lambs." Animal Feed Science and Technology 168, no. 1-2 (2011): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.03.010.
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Buckhaus, Elizabeth M., and Zachary K. Smith. "181 Evaluation of mixer performance in cattle finishing diets with 15 or 30 percent dry matter basis inclusion of corn silage." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.236.
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Abstract Batch fraction (BF), corn silage inclusion level (DIET), and mixing duration (DUR) were evaluated in an experiment using finishing diets based on corn silage and a blend of dry-rolled (DRC) and high-moisture corn (HMC). A 2.35 m3 horizontal mixer was used to manufacture all diets. The experiment was designed as a 5 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with nine replications per simple treatment mean. Factors included: 1) BF (n = 5), 2) DIET (n = 2) containing (DM basis) 15% corn silage or 30% corn silage replacing the corn blend, and 3) DUR (n = 2) of 20 or 25 mixer revolutions. Diets contained corn silage, a 1:1 ratio of DRC:HMC, a liquid supplement (5% DM inclusion), and a meal supplement (7% DM inclusion). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC) using a multinomial approach. The Penn State Particle Separator was used to separate fractions of the total mixed ration (TMR) with special interest on the portion of the TMR retained on the 19 mm sieve. No interactions between BF, DIET, and REV were detected (P ≥ 0.44). There was a 53.5% increase (P = 0.01) in retention on the 19 mm sieve from the first BF (first 20% of the TMR unloaded from the mixer) compared to the last BF (last 20% of the TMR unloaded from the mixer). The LOW diet had 71.3% decrease (P = 0.01) in retention on the 19 mm sieve (2.13 vs. 7.43 ± 0.220%) compared to the HIGH diet. Increasing DUR from 20 to 25 revolutions had no appreciable influence (P = 0.23) on particles greater than 19 mm. These data indicate that BF fed could alter dry matter intake, dietary net energy content, and influence daily gain. Wednesday, July 22, 2020
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Hamilton, Thomas, Julie Walker, Warren C. Rusche, and Zachary K. Smith. "233 Effects of Harvest Maturity And/or Kernel Processing on Corn Silage Processing Score and Particle Size of Corn Silage." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (2021): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.019.
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Abstract A single corn hybrid was used to evaluate harvest maturity (Mat) and/or kernel processing (KP) effects on corn silage processing score (CSPS) and particle size (PS). Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial of 1) Mat (early and late) and 2) KP (no or yes). A single corn field was planted on April 27, 2020. There were 12 loads (experimental unit) per simple effect treatment mean. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. Early harvest occurred on August 28, 2020 [yield (as is) = 39.1 Mg/hectare; DM = 43.1%; CP, NDF, and starch = 6.5, 46.0, and 32.9%, respectively (DM basis)]. Late harvest occurred on September 9, 2020 [yield = 37.8 Mg/hectare (as is); DM = 49.2%; CP, NDF, and starch = 6.6, 49.8, and 37.5%, respectively (DM basis)]. The same equipment was used for both Mat with KP achieved by narrowing processing rollers. The CSPS was determined as the proportion of starch retained below a 4.75-mm sieve. Grain content (DM basis) of the corn silage was calculated from starch/0.72. Particle size was assessed using the Penn State Particle Separator. A Mat × KP interaction (P = 0.05) was detected for CSPS. Early/no and late/no had decreased (P ≤ 0.05) CSPS compared to early/yes and late/yes had the greatest CSPS (P ≤ 0.05) compared to others. Grain content was 13.9% greater in late compared to early (P = 0.01). A Mat × KP interaction (P = 0.03) was detected for PS. Early/no had the greatest (P ≤ 0.05) PS, early/yes and late/no were intermediate, and late/yes had decreased PS compared to others (P ≤ 0.05). These data indicate that Mat and KP influence CSPS synergistically. Producers should consider KP when corn silage is harvested at a later maturity to enhance CSPS.
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Plaizier, J. C., T. Garner, T. Droppo, and T. Whiting. "Nutritional practices on Manitoba dairy farms." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 3 (2004): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-115.
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A survey was conducted on 40 randomly selected dairy farms across Manitoba to document nutritional practices and diet compositions, and study relationships between diet composition and milk production. Samples from all feeds, diets, and the bulk milk tank were collected and analyzed. Inclusion rates of feed ingredients were recorded. Production data were obtained from Western Canada Dairy Herd Improvement Services (WCDHIS). Component feeding and total mixed ration (TMR) feeding were used in 37.5 and 62.5% of herds, respectively. Only 24% of TMR-fed herds used two or more TMR. The medians of dietary contents of crude protein (CP), rumen degradable protein (RDP), rumen undegradable protein (RUP), and neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) were 18.3% dry matter (DM), 12.2% DM, 5.7% DM, 34.8% DM, and 15.6 mg dL-1, respectively. On average, diets contained 6.2% more net energy for lactation (NEl), 35.9% more RDP, 15.8% less RUP, 74.6% more calcium (Ca), 51.9% more phosphorous (P), 44.9% more potassium (K), 116.1% more magnesium (Mg), and 4.2% more sodium (Na) than the estimated requirements based on the average milk production and estimated DM intake of the cows on each farm. In 25% of TMR-fed herds, TMR was coarser than recommended. Milk yield, and milk fat percentage were affected by breed, but were not affected by feeding practice (TMR or component feeding), diet composition, and physically effective NDF (peNDF) determined as the percent age of feed particles retained by the 8- and 19-mm screens of the Penn State Particle Separator multiplied by dietary NDF. Milk protein percentage was positively correlated to RUP. MUN was positively correlated to RDP, RUP, NDF, and days in milk (DIM). Reductions in dietary CP, RDP, Ca, P, Mg, and K could reduce nutrient excretions to the environment without reducing milk production and health. Increasing dietary RUP content could improve milk production on Manitoba dairy farms. Key words: Dairy cattle, milk production, protein, fibre, minerals, particle size.
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Buckhaus, Elizabeth M., and Zachary K. Smith. "227 Evaluation of mixer performance in cattle finishing diets of varying physical characteristics." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (2020): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.275.
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Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate batch fraction (BF), physical characteristics (DIET), and mixing duration (DUR) on long particle distribution in finishing diets. Diets were mixed in a 2.35 m3 horizontal mixer. The experiment was designed as a 5×3×2 factorial arrangement with nine replications per simple mean. Factors included 1) BF (n = 5), 2) DIET (n = 3) containing no corn-milling by-product (CON), a dry-corn milling by-product [47.45 ± 1.015% DM (as-is basis); DRY], or a wet-corn milling by-product [43.67 ± 1.786% DM (as-is basis); WET], and 3) mixing duration (n = 2) of 20 or 25 revolutions. Diets contained a 1:1 blend of DRC:HMC, the corn-milling by-products replaced the corn blend (20% total diet DM inclusion), grass hay (6% DM inclusion), liquid supplement (5% DM inclusion), and a meal supplement (7% DM inclusion). Data were analyzed as a CRD using the GLIMMIX procedure (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC) using a multinomial approach. Samples of the total mixed ration (TMR) were subjected to separation via the Penn State Particle Separator. The dependent variable of interest was the portion of the TMR retained on the 19 mm sieve. No interactions were detected (P ≥ 0.49). There was an 87.1% (P = 0.01) increase in retention on the 19 mm sieve for last BF compared to the first BF. Diet influenced (P = 0.04) 19 mm sieve retention, there was 10.2% less TMR retained on the 19 mm sieve for DRY versus WET; CON was intermediate. Mixing duration did not influence (P = 0.73) 19 mm sieve retention. These data indicate that as the mixer unloads there can be nearly double the amount of roughage fed; differing physical characteristics of the diet only moderately influence the true roughage content fed. Differing roughage content delivered depending upon the BF could influence daily intake, feed efficiency and alter observed to expected ratios of dietary net energy.
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Smith, Wyatt, Catherine Lockard, Caleb Lockard, et al. "251 Effects of Roughage Source on Rumination Time and Ruminal Ph in Steers Fed a Steam-flaked Corn Finishing Diet." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.212.
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Abstract Research is limited on how physically effective fiber from various roughage sources aids in rumination time and ruminal pH of finishing beef cattle. This experiment’s objective was to evaluate rumination time and ruminal pH of beef steers consuming finishing diets with varying roughage sources (corn stalks, cotton burrs, or wheat silage). We hypothesized that roughage type would not impact rumination time and ruminal pH if different sources provide similar dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Ruminally cannulated steers (n = 6; average BW = 644.56 + 13.15 kg) were used in a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square with 3 dietary treatments and 3, 21-d periods (20-d diet adaptation, 1-d sampling). Steers consumed a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet containing corn stalks (CS), cotton burrs (CB), or wheat silage (WS) included at 7% (DM basis) of the diet. Dietary NDF was similar across treatments. Steers were fitted with a sensory collar to record daily rumination (Allflex Livestock Intelligence). Ruminal pH was measured using a handheld pH probe on d-21 at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 hr postprandial. The NDF and dry matter intake (DMI) were greatest for steers consuming the WS diet (P < 0.01) while CS and CB diets did not differ (P = 0.81). While dietary NDF and estimated physically effective NDF (peNDF) were similar among roughage sources, CB had the lowest actual peNDF, consistent with lower rumination time (P < 0.01) and lower ruminal pH (P = 0.29). This experiment’s results indicate that roughage source impacted rumination time despite feeding steers a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet with similar roughage and NDF levels. Using rumination time (min/d) to determine peNDF was a better indicator of rumen function parameters than particle size measured via the Penn State Particle Separator equation.
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Fernández, Lourdes Llonch, Lorena Castillejos Velázquez, and Alfred Ferret Quesada. "314 How physically effective fiber affects ruminal pH in beef cattle fed high-concentrate diets." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.017.
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Abstract To assess the effect of physically effective fiber (peNDF) on ruminal pH, 8 Simmental heifers with 258±5.7kg BW were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design. Diets were formulated with an 83 to 17 concentrate to straw ratio, and offered ad libitum as total mixed ration. Barley straw was chopped with a feeder wagon, and then processed either by: a) sifting with the 3-screen Penn State Particle Separator to obtain straw particle size greater than 4 mm, or b) grinding in a hammer mill through a 2-mm screen to obtain straw particle size lesser than 4 mm. Treatments after mixing the processed straws to obtain different peNDF proportions were: 5%, 7%, 9%, and 11%. Concentrate was ground through a 3-mm screen and manually mixed with the straw. The study was performed in 4 3-wk periods: 2-wk diet adaptation and 1-wk sampling. A ruminal bolus (smaXtec, Graz, Austria) was orally inserted in each heifer to measure ruminal pH every 10 min. Dry matter intake was individually measured. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS. No significant effects were found in average and minimum pH (6.66 and 5.87 on average, respectively). Time under pH lesser than 5.8 was significantly longer (P < 0.01) in 5% (134 min/d) than 7%, 9% and 11% (63 min/d on average). Time under pH lesser than 5.6 tended to be longer (P = 0.074) in 5% (65 min/d), and shorter in 9% and 11% (25 min/d on average). Time under pH lesser than 5.5 was unaffected by treatment (23 min/d on average). Intake of DM was greater (P < 0.001) in 5% and 7% than 9% and 11%. These results suggest that the risk of subclinical acidosis decreases from 7 to 11% of peNDF, but DMI also decreases in 9% and 11%.
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Garcia, Taylor J., Jeffrey A. Brady, Kimberly A. Guay, James P. Muir, and William B. Smith. "9 Reduce Reuse ReRumen: Variability in nutritive value of paunch manure." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.031.
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Abstract Ruminant animals develop a diverse and complex microbial ecosystem for digesting fibrous feedstuffs, but this material represents a cost to the industry when bound for rendering at harvest. Our objective was to determine the feed value of paunch manure recovered from an abattoir. Twelve paunch samples were collected from slaughtered cattle at the Tarleton State University Meat Laboratory, Stephenville, TX. Samples were dried under forced air at 55°C to a constant weight and ground to pass through 2-mm screen. A subsample was ground to 1-mm and assayed for DM, CP, and sequential NDF and ADF. Physically effective fiber (peNDF) was calculated with 2 L of unground, dried at 55 ˚C, paunch material using the manually-operated Penn State Particle Separator. Paunch peNDF was determined by multiplying the physical effectiveness factor by the total NDF content of the sample. Samples (2-mm) were subject to batch culture in vitro digestibility assays for determination of digestibility coefficients. Data were analysed as a random effects model using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Neutral detergent fiber, ADF, ADL, CP, and peNDF values were 68.1, 39.9, 10.9, 15.0, and 38.7%, respectively. Contribution to variance of the individual animal for NDF, ADF, ADL, CP, and peNDF was 97.2, 97.9, 95.4, 19.1, and 97.5%, respectively. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) was recorded as 46.2% and 21.6%, respectively. Contribution to variance of the animal for IVTD and IVNDFD was 99.05 and 98.49%, respectively. Data collected suggest paunch manure could provide valuable nutrients for livestock production, specifically fiber and protein. For full viability of application in a sustainable system, a centralized receiving and compositing system may be useful for development of a consistent product.
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Garcia, Taylor J., Jeffrey A. Brady, Kimberly A. Guay, James P. Muir, and William B. Smith. "175 Reduce Reuse ReRumen: Variability in nutritive value of paunch manure." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (2019): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.125.
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Abstract Ruminant animals develop a diverse and complex microbial ecosystem for digesting fibrous feedstuffs, but this material represents a cost to the industry when bound for rendering at harvest. Our objective was to determine the feed value of paunch manure recovered from an abattoir. Twelve paunch samples were collected from slaughtered cattle at the Tarleton State University Meat Laboratory, Stephenville, TX. Samples were dried under forced air at 55°C to a constant weight and ground to pass through 2-mm screen. A subsample was ground to 1-mm and assayed for DM, CP, and sequential NDF and ADF. Physically effective fiber (peNDF) was calculated with 2 L of unground, dried at 55 ˚C, paunch material using the manually-operated Penn State Particle Separator. Paunch peNDF was determined by multiplying the physical effectiveness factor by the total NDF content of the sample. Samples (2-mm) were subject to batch culture in vitro digestibility assays for determination of digestibility coefficients. Data were analysed as a random effects model using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Neutral detergent fiber, ADF, ADL, CP, and peNDF values were 68.1, 39.9, 10.9, 15.0, and 38.7%, respectively. Contribution to variance of the individual animal for NDF, ADF, ADL, CP, and peNDF was 97.2, 97.9, 95.4, 19.1, and 97.5%, respectively. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) was recorded as 46.2% and 21.6%, respectively. Contribution to variance of the animal for IVTD and IVNDFD was 99.05 and 98.49%, respectively. Data collected suggest paunch manure could provide valuable nutrients for livestock production, specifically fiber and protein. For full viability of application in a sustainable system, a centralized receiving and compositing system may be useful for development of a consistent product.
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Hochareon, Pramote, Keefe B. Manning, Arnold A. Fontaine, John M. Tarbell, and Steven Deutsch. "Fluid Dynamic Analysis of the 50 cc Penn State Artificial Heart Under Physiological Operating Conditions Using Particle Image Velocimetry." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 5 (2004): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1798056.
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In order to bridge the gap of existing artificial heart technology to the diverse needs of the patient population, we have been investigating the viability of a scaled-down design of the current 70 cc Penn State artificial heart. The issues of clot formation and hemolysis may become magnified within a 50 cc chamber compared to the existing 70 cc one. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to map the entire 50 cc Penn State artificial heart chamber. Flow fields constructed from PIV data indicate a rotational flow pattern that provides washout during diastole. In addition, shear rate maps were constructed for the inner walls of the heart chamber. The lateral walls of the mitral and aortic ports experience high shear rates while the upper and bottom walls undergo low shear rates, with sufficiently long exposure times to potentially induce platelet activation or thrombus formation. In this study, we have demonstrated that PIV may adequately map the flow fields accurately in a reasonable amount of time. Therefore, the potential exists of employing PIV as a design tool.
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Hochareon, Pramote, Keefe B. Manning, Arnold A. Fontaine, John M. Tarbell, and Steven Deutsch. "Wall Shear-Rate Estimation Within the 50cc Penn State Artificial Heart Using Particle Image Velocimetry." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 4 (2004): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1784477.
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Particle image velocimetry (PIV) has been gaining acceptance as a routine tool to evaluate the flow fields associated with fluid mechanical devices. We have developed algorithms to investigate the wall shear-rates within the 50cc Penn State artificial heart using low magnification, conventional particle image velocimetry (PIV). Wall shear has been implicated in clot formation, a major post-implant problem with artificial hearts. To address the issues of wall scattering and incomplete measurement volumes, associated with near wall measurements, we have introduced a zero masking and a fluid centroid shifting technique. Simulations using different velocity fields were conducted with the techniques to assess their viability. Subsequently, the techniques were applied to the experimental data collected. The results indicate that the size of the interrogation region should be chosen to be as small as possible to maximize resolution while large enough to ensure an adequate number of particles per region. In the current study, a 16×16 interrogation window performed well with good spatial resolution and particle density for the estimation of wall shear rate. The techniques developed with PIV allow wall shear-rate estimates to be obtained from a large number of sites at one time. Because a planar image of a flow field can be determined relatively rapidly, PIV may prove useful in any preliminary design procedure.
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Ackermann, Dieter. "Nuclear structure of superheavy nuclei - state of the art and perspectives (@ S3)." EPJ Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201819304013.
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Decay spectroscopy is a powerful tool to study the low lying nuclear structure of heavy and superheavy nuclei (SHN). Single particle levels and other structure features like K isomerism, being important in the fermium-nobelium region as well as for the spherical shell stabilized SHN, can be investigated. The new separator-spectrometer combination S3, presently under construction at the new SPIRAL2 facility of GANIL, Caen, France, together with the high intensity beams of SPIRAL2’s superconducting linear accelerator (SC LINAC), will offer exciting perspectives for a wide spectrum of nuclear and atomic physics topics. The installation is designed to employ nuclear physics methods like decay spectroscopy after separation or atomic physics methods like laser spectroscopy and mass measurements. The nuclear physics studies will include particle and photon correlation studies, attacking the open questions in the field, which have been revealed in earlier studies at facilities like e.g. GSI in Darmstadt, Germany, with the velocity filter SHIP and the gas-filled separator TASCA, the cyclotron accelerator laboratory of the University of Jyväskylä, Finland, with RITU and its numerous auxiliary detection set-ups, and FLNR/JINR in Dubna with the DGFRS and VASSILISSA/SHELS separators.
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Bowers, L. D. "High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: state of the art for the drug analysis laboratory." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 7 (1989): 1282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.7.1288.
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Abstract The combination of HPLC and mass spectrometry has great promise for the toxicology laboratory. In the past five years, significant progress has been made toward producing a reliable interface for these techniques. Thermospray, liquid ion evaporation, ion-spray, and the particle beam separator are all viable "second generation" approaches with significant advantages and disadvantages. I review the operation of these interfaces with an orientation to their use in the drug analysis laboratory. Thermospray, ion-spray, and liquid ion evaporation primarily supply information about molecular mass. The benefits and limitations of using tandem mass spectrometry to obtain additional structural information will also be discussed.
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Ayinla, Kuranga Ibrahim, Alafara Abdullahi Baba, Bankim Chandra Tripathy, Malay Kumar Ghosh, Rajan Kumar Dwari, and Subrat Kumar Padhy. "Enrichment of a Nigerian chromite ore for metallurgical application by dense medium flotation and magnetic separation." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 3 (2019): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018097.
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This study, focused on the beneficiation of a Nigerian complex chromite ore sourced from Tunga-Kaduka, Anka Local Government of Zamfara State, Nigeria, assaying 45.85% Cr2O4 and 54.15% mineral impurities, was enriched concurrently through sink floatation and magnetic separation techniques. The chromite ore initially analyzed to contain silicate impurities was found not suitable for metallurgical purposes. Thus, enrichment was examined through gravity separation studies using organic liquid with different specific gravities at 2.8, 3.3, and 4.0. The separation of chromite ore with lowest particle size fraction was done using Mozley mineral separator followed by the magnetic separation of the sink product by magnetic separator. The results obtained revealed about 77% of the total material containing 300 μm particle size, 52% ˂ 212 μm and 17% below 75 μm. Subsequent analysis of the beneficiated ore was carried out by wet chemical analysis and atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that Cr2O4 content increased to 78.34% from initial 45.83% with maximum Cr:Fe ratio of 3.2:1, representing 84.27% of chromium metal present in the ore. The enrichment of Cr2O4 obtained in this study could be found metallurgically applicable in the electro-deposition and ferro-chromium alloy production practices.
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Syed, Naveedul. "Simulations of multi-size solid particles in a modified fluidized bed separator." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 26, no. 3 (2020): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq190318004s.
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This study focusses on the description of the internal state of a modified fluidized bed separator also known as the reflux classifier. The device is a highperformance beneficiating technology employed in many mineral and coal processing industries. A 2D continuum model was used to examine the transport behavior of solid particles within the reflux classifier for a multicomponent mixture under continuous operating conditions. Three different types of feeds comprising solid particles of size ranging 49?421 ?m and densities equal to 1400, 2490 and 5000 kg/m3 were simulated simultaneously under identical process conditions. The feed flux and fluidization velocity were kept at 0.0037 m3/m2s and 0.022 m/s, respectively. A comparison of the simulation results showed that the value of separation size shifted towards lower values, 340, 181 and 90 ?m, when the density of the feed was changed from 1400 to 2490 and 5000 kg/m3, respectively. The data generated through simulations was used to demonstrate the movement of solid particle within the inclined section by plotting the net flux of the solid particles across the inclined channel width. It was observed that the net flux of finer solid particles was higher than the coarser ones within the inclined section.
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Verreyken, Bert, Jérome Brioude, and Stéphanie Evan. "Development of turbulent scheme in the FLEXPART-AROME v1.2.1 Lagrangian particle dispersion model." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 10 (2019): 4245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4245-2019.
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Abstract. The FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model FLEXPART, first released in 1998, is a Lagrangian particle dispersion model developed to simulate atmospheric transport over large and mesoscale distances. Due to FLEXPART's success and its open source nature, different limited area model versions of FLEXPART were released making it possible to run FLEXPART simulations by ingesting WRF (Weather Research Forecasting model), COSMO (Consortium for Small-scale Modeling) or MM5 (mesoscale community model maintained by Penn State university) meteorological fields on top of the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) and GFS (Global Forecast System) meteorological fields. Here, we present a new FLEXPART limited area model that is compatible with the AROME mesoscale meteorological forecast model (the Applications of Research to Operations at Mesoscale model).1 FLEXPART-AROME was originally developed to study mesoscale transport around La Réunion, a small volcanic island in the southwest Indian Ocean with a complex orographic structure, which is not well represented in current global operational models. We present new turbulent modes in FLEXPART-AROME. They differ from each other by dimensionality, mixing length parameterization, turbulent transport constraint interpretation and time step configuration. A novel time step was introduced in FLEXPART-AROME. Performances of new turbulent modes are compared to the ones in FLEXPART-WRF by testing the conservation of well-mixedness by turbulence, the dispersion of a point release at the surface and the marine boundary layer evolution around Réunion. The novel time step configuration proved necessary to conserve the well-mixedness in the new turbulent modes. An adaptive vertical turbulence time step was implemented, allowing the model to adapt on a finer timescale when significant changes in the local turbulent state of the atmosphere occur.
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NAM, SANG-HUN, MYOUNG-HWA KIM, JUN-YONG LEE, SANG DUCK LEE, and JIN-HYO BOO. "SPRAY PYROLYSIS OF MANGANESE DOPED ZINC SILICATE PHOSPHOR PARTICLES." Functional Materials Letters 03, no. 02 (2010): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604710001020.
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Spherical-shape Zn 2 SiO 4: Mn phosphor particles with the mean particle size from submicron to micron sizes were prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. A droplet separator was introduced to control the size distribution of the phosphor particles with spherical shape. The Zn 2 SiO 4: Mn phosphor particles with 2 mol% doping concentration of manganese have decay time and have photoluminescence intensities comparable with those of the latest commercial product prepared by the solid state reaction method. The size of the phosphor particles was decreased from 1000 to 200 nm as the inorganic salt solution concentration was changed from 0 to 5 M. The phosphor particles prepared from the solutions above 0.5 M have photoluminescence intensities comparable with that of the latest commercial product.
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Zhou, Li, Fang, et al. "MOF-Derived Co3O4 Polyhedrons as Efficient Polysulfides Barrier on Polyimide Separators for High Temperature Lithium–sulfur Batteries." Nanomaterials 9, no. 11 (2019): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9111574.
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The incorporation of highly polarized inorganic compounds in functional separators is expected to alleviate the high temperature safety- and performance-related issues for promising lithium–sulfur batteries. In this work, a unique Co3O4 polyhedral coating on thermal-stable polyimide (PI) separators was developed by a simple one-step low-temperature calcination method utilizing metal-organic framework (MOF) of Co-based zeolitic-imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-Co) precursors. The unique Co3O4 polyhedral structures possess several structural merits including small primary particle size, large pore size, rich grain boundary, and high ionic conductivity, which endow the ability to adequately adsorb dissolved polysulfides. The flexible-rigid lithium-lanthanum-zirconium oxide-poly(ethylene oxide) (LLZO-PEO) coating has been designed on another side of the polyimide non-woven membranes to inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. As a result, the as-fabricated Co3O4/polyimide/LLZO-PEO (Co3O4/PI/LLZO) composite separators displayed fair dimensional stability, good mechanical strength, flame retardant properties, and excellent ionic conductivity. More encouragingly, the separator coating of Co3O4 polyhedrons endows Li–S cells with unprecedented high temperature properties (tested at 80 °C), including rate performance 620 mAh g−1 at 4.0 C and cycling stability of 800 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles—much better than the state-of-the-art results. This work will encourage more research on the separator engineering for high temperature operation.
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Tabzar, Amir, Mohammad Fathinasab, Afshin Salehi, Babak Bahrami, and Amir H. Mohammadi. "Multiphase flow modeling of asphaltene precipitation and deposition." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 73 (2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018039.
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Asphaltene precipitation in reservoirs during production and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) can cause serious problems that lead to reduction of reservoir fluid production. In order to study asphaltene tendency to precipitate and change in flow rate as a function of distance from wellbore, an equation of state (Peng-Robinson) based model namely Nghiem et al.’s model has been employed in this study. The heaviest components of crude oil are separated into two parts: The first portion is considered as non-precipitating component (C31A+) and the second one is considered as precipitating component (C31B+) and the precipitated asphaltene is considered as pure solid. For determination of the acentric factor and critical properties, Lee-Kesler and Twu correlations are employed, respectively. In this study, a multiphase flow (oil, gas and asphaltene) model for an asphaltenic crude oil for which asphaltene is considered as solid particles (precipitated, flocculated and deposited particles), has been developed. Furthermore, effect of asphaltene precipitation on porosity and permeability reduction has been studied. Results of this study indicate that asphaltene tendency to precipitate increases and permeability of porous medium decreases by increasing oil flow rate in under-saturated oil reservoirs and dropping reservoir pressure under bubble point pressure. On the other hand, asphaltene tendency to precipitate decreases with pressure reduction to a level lower than bubble point pressure where asphaltene starts to dissolve back into oil phase. Moreover, it is observed that precipitation zone around the wellbore develops with time as pressure declines to bubble point pressure (production rate increases up). Also, there is an equilibrium area near wellbore region at which reservoir fluid properties such as UAOP (Upper Asphaltene Onset Pressure) and LAOP (Lower Asphaltene Onset Pressure) are constant and independent of the distance from wellbore.
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Bazgir, Adib, and Nader Nabhani. "NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS ON THE VORTEX SEPARATION PHENOMENON INSIDE A RANQUE-HILSCH VORTEX TUBE USED AS AN AIR SEPARATOR IN A HELICOPTER’S ENGINE." Aviation 22, no. 1 (2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2018.2414.
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Air separators are fitted to helicopter engine intakes to remove potentially harmful dust from the influent air. Their use is necessary in desert environments to eliminate the risk of rapid engine wear and subsequent power deterioration. However, their employment is concomitant with an inherent loss in inlet pressure and, in some cases, auxiliary power. There are three main technologies: vortex tubes, barrier filters, and integrated inlet particle separators. In this work, a vortex tube is investigated numerically. The study was conducted on the number and axial angle of inlet nozzles. Two and three-dimensional models are investigated at a steady state condition then the standard k-ε turbulence model is utilised for determining the flow and temperature fields. The finite volume method base on a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model is verified through the comparison with experimental data and numerical results of a vortex tube, reported in literature sources. Increasing the number of inlet nozzles, increases the sensitivity of the temperature reduction and the highest possible temperature reduction can be obtained. A vortex tube with an axial angle inlet nozzle of yields better performance. The numerical simulation results indicated that the CFD model is capable of predicting the vortex separation phenomenon inside a Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube with different geometrical parameters.
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Okahara, Masahiro, Zenzo Ishijima, and Minoru Shirahige. "Development of Conductive and Anticorrosive Paint Dispersed with Carbon Particles for Metal Separators of PEFC." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 1433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.1433.
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A resin paint dispersed with carbon particles was developed for the purpose of good conductivity and corrosion resistance for metal separators used in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFC). The use of metal separators, especially Ti separators is a technology which has received much attention for its practical application as it allows for much greater compact stacking, since it is superior in both productivity and strength, in comparison with that of carbon molding separators. However, if pure Ti separators are used in a severe reaction of electricity generation, there is a deterioration in conductivity, because of the formation of a passive film, which subsequently causes electricity generation difficulties after a few hours of use. Through examining the type of resin used for the purpose of controlling the passive state, the grain size of the conductive filler (graphite (Gr) + carbon black (CB)) and the composition combination for the purpose of secure conductivity, it was found that the combination of a scaly graphite-furnaced black mixed powder with a median particle diameter of 4μm and VDF-10%HFP copolymer resin was optimal. As a result of performing a single cell electricity generation evaluation of the Ti separator, which had the above mentioned coating material, the life of 22,000 or more hours was confirmed and an electricity generation evaluation is now being undertaken.
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Ismanto, Manggala, Siti Zurinani, Andi Azmi, and Syahrul Hindarto. "Who Will Own This Site?: Managing Resources and Expectations on the Historical Site of Sekaran." Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities 4 (2020): 00013. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.44360.
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<p class="Abstract">Managing cultural heritage is a challenge for stakeholders. To manage a site, collaboration from various actors is needed to ensure the perspectives of each party can be conveyed, heard, and accommodated. The discovery of a new historical site called Sekaran in Sekarpuro Village, Malang Regency which has high cultural and historical values is a momentum to explore the relationship and negotiation of interests between cultural heritage management authorities and the local community. To see this phenomenon, researchers used the concept of "inclusive heritage discourse" <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Kisić&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Višnja&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2013&quot;]]},&quot;publisher&quot;:&quot;European Cultural Foundation&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Governing Heritage Dissonance: Promises and Realities of Selected Cultural Policies&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;book&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c4daa8f9-5e7e-4f6f-b845-40ab5df0e069&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;(Kisić, 2013)&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;(Kisić, 2013)&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;(Kisić, 2013)&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Kisić, 2013)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->. This approach provides a discourse alternative to the management of cultural heritage, better known as authorization-based management, both by state and expert. Through IHD disharmony (dissonance) present from various actors is considered and understood as the entrance to negotiations to produce a framework for managing cultural heritage in a participatory manner. This study uses a qualitative approach with ethnographic methods. Qualitative research includes a collection process that varies from empirical material, including case studies, personal experience, life stories, interviews, texts, observation, and visual texts <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin; mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Denzin&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;N K&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Lincoln&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Y S&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;The Sage Handbook Of Qualitative Research Third Edition&quot;,&quot;editor&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Denzin&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;N K&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Lincoln&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Y S&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2005&quot;]]},&quot;publisher&quot;:&quot;Sage Publications&quot;,&quot;publisher-place&quot;:&quot;California&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Introduction: The Dicipline and Practice of Qualitative Researc&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;chapter&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=74fcbfd3-99de-404d-b418-318eea6b1202&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;(Denzin &amp; Lincoln, 2005)&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;(Denzin &amp; Lincoln, 2005)&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;(Denzin &amp; Lincoln, 2005)&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Denzin &amp; Lincoln, 2005)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->. In qualitative research, researchers are expected to interpret the phenomena faced to gain a deep understanding.&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>
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Cunha, Gabriel Santos Persiquini, Moises de Aguiar Maia, Luís Miguel Gonçalves Fernandes, Luciana Castro Geraseev, and Amália Saturnino Chaves. "Physically effective fiber changes nutrient levels of total mixed ration and fecal parameters in beef feedlots." Ciência Rural 51, no. 5 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20200663.
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ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of the physically effective fiber (peNDF) content on nutrient composition of the total mixed ration (TMR), orts and fecal parameters in 15 commercial beef feedlots. The particle size distribution of TMR was measured adopting Penn State Particle Size Separator (PSPS). Samples were evaluated for dry matter (DM), ash, ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch content. Fecal samples were also evaluated for pH and score. The feedlots were categorized into peNDF<20% and peNDF ≥ 20%. Data were analyzed by a model that included fixed effects of treatment and covariates (sex and genetic groups). Levels of DM, CP, EE and starch were lower in TMR with peNDF ≥ 20% (P<0.05). Fecal dry matter was higher and morning fecal pH was lower for TMR with peNDF<20% (P<0.05). Physically effective fiber changed nutrient levels in TMR, orts, fecal pH and DM. So, using PSPS and fecal parameters are practical and indirect tools for measuring fecal starch and assessing the effectiveness of the diet supplied to ruminants.
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Araújo, Carolina Moreira, Karla Alves Oliveira, Gilberto de Lima Macedo Junior, Jhone Tallison Lira de Sousa, and Luciano Fernandes Sousa. "Consumption and ingestive behaviour of lambs fed varying levels of babassu mesocarp bran." Semina: Ciências Agrárias, August 7, 2020, 2335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5supl1p2335.
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Voluntary consumption (VolC) and ingestive behaviour (IB) of lambs fed diets containing different percentages (0.0; 7.5; 15.0 and 22.5%) of babassu mesocarp bran (I-BMB) were evaluated. The trial was at the Federal University of Tocantins, Campus de Araguaína-TO. Twenty lambs were evaluated using a completely randomized design, and five replications were performed. VolC data was obtained by measuring total volumes of both food supplied and food remaining after feeding. IB was evaluated throughout two, non-consecutive 24-h periods, with observations were recorded every five minutes that described the following behavioural variables: resting (REST), rumination (RUM), intake (INT) and chewing (CHEW). The particle size was also measured using a Penn State particle separator. All VolC parameters (dry matter intake, DMI; crude protein intake, CPI; neutral detergent fibre intake, NDFI; and acid detergent fibre intake, ADFI) increased linearly with I-BMB intake. I-BMB consumption did not interfere with water intake, nor did it affect I-BMB did not affect the duration of DMI, NDFI and ADFI. However, linear increases of rumination and chewing activities associated with DMI, NDFI and ADFI were observed as I-BMB levels increased. In summary, effects of inclusion I-BMB in diets of lambs included increased voluntary consumption, and reduced rumination and chewing, but not ingestion, efficiency. When economically favorable, these data suggest that inclusion of up to 22.5% I-BMB within balanced diets should be applied.
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Long, Tobias C., Joseph J. Pearson, Andrew C. Hankinson, Steven Deutsch, and Keefe B. Manning. "An In Vitro Fluid Dynamic Study of Pediatric Cannulae: The Value of Animal Studies to Predict Human Flow." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 134, no. 4 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4006428.
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A challenge to the development of pediatric ventricular assist devices (PVADs) is the use of the aortic cannulae attached to the devices. Cannulae used for pediatric application have small diameters and large pressure drops. Furthermore, during the development of the 12cc Penn State pediatric PVAD, particle image velocimetry (PIV) illustrated that hematocrit levels, through changes in blood viscoelasticity, affected the fluid dynamics. The objective of this study is to compare the fluid dynamics of a pediatric viscoelastic blood analog and a goat viscoelastic blood analog within the PVAD aortic cannula. Two acrylic models were manufactured to model the aortic cannula (6 mm and 8 mm diameters). PIV data was collected to examine the flow at the outlet of the VAD and in the aortic cannula at heart rates of 50 and 75 beats per minute (bpm). Three planes of data were taken, one at the centerline and two 1.5 mm above and below the centerline. Three more planes of data were taken orthogonal to the original planes. While a 75 bpm heart rate was used to represent normal operating conditions, a 50 bpm heart rate represented use of the PVAD during weaning. At 75 bpm, differences were evident between the two different fluids and the two models. Separation zones developed in the plane below the centerline for the higher hematocrit pediatric blood analog. This study raises question to the usefulness of animal testing results in regard to how well they predict the outcome of pediatric patients.
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Settles, Gary S., and Matthew R. Fulghum. "The Focusing Laser Differential Interferometer, an Instrument for Localized Turbulence Measurements in Refractive Flows." Journal of Fluids Engineering 138, no. 10 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4033960.
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The theory, design, and use of a focusing laser differential interferometer (FLDI) instrument are described. The FLDI is a relatively simple, nonimaging, common-path polarization interferometer for measuring refractive signals generated by turbulence, as well as small-amplitude acoustics and boundary-layer instabilities. It has in principle a unique ability to look through wind-tunnel windows, ignore sidewall boundary-layers and vibration, and concentrate only on the refractive signal near a pair of sharp beam foci in the core flow. The instrument's low cost and ease of implementation make it a promising alternative to traditional hot-wire anemometry (HWA) and particle-based methods for turbulence characterization. A matrix equation is written for the overall optical behavior of the FLDI, and transfer functions are developed to account for spatial filtering, f/number of the field lenses, various turbulence profiles, etc. Benchtop experiments using a turbulent sonic airjet demonstrate the focusing ability of the FLDI, its frequency response, and unwanted signal rejection. The instrument is also used to optically interrogate the flow in the Penn State Supersonic Wind Tunnel and in USAF AEDC Hypervelocity Tunnel 9, where it made preliminary measurements of freestream disturbance levels and power spectra. A central feature of the FLDI used here is the replacement of traditional fixed Wollaston birefringent prisms with variable Sanderson prisms for separation and recombination of the helium–neon laser beams, and for the accurate setting of micrometer-range beam separation distances required for successful turbulence measurements. The instrument also features phase compensation of the output, where perpendicularly polarized light signals are separately sensed by the twin photodetectors. This provides a unique ability to measure the coherence of turbulent spectra and thus to reject low-coherence noise.
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Goulart, Rodrigo S., Ricardo A. M. Vieira, Joao L. P. Daniel, et al. "Effects of source and concentration of neutral detergent fiber from roughage in beef cattle diets: Comparison of methods to measure the effectiveness of fiber." Journal of Animal Science 98, no. 5 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa108.
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Abstract Methods have been developed to measure the effectiveness of many roughages, but few evaluations have been conducted with tropical feeds. The objectives of this research were to determine the effectiveness of roughage sources based on bioassay and laboratory methods and identify the biological attributes of the diets that correlate with these methods. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408 ± 12 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design within six diets: negative control diet (NC) with aNDF as 10% from corn silage (CS); positive control diet (PC) with aNDF as 20% from CS; and four diets containing 10% aNDF from CS and 10% aNDF from each of the following sources: sugarcane (SC), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), soybean hulls (SH), or low oil cottonseed hulls (LOCH). Physical effectiveness factor (pef, related to the physical characteristics of aNDF) and effectiveness factor (ef, related to the ruminal pH) were determined based on a linear model approach that uses a bioassay method in which CS aNDF was assumed to be the standard fiber source. Laboratory methods to estimate pef of roughage sources were based on the proportion of DM of roughage retained on a 1.18-mm sieve pef(&gt;1.18 mm) or retained on the 8.0-mm Penn State Particle Separator screen pef(&gt;8.0 mm). The pef calculated by the bioassay method (total chewing time and ruminal mat resistance) for CS, SCB, and SC were higher values (P &lt; 0.05) compared with SH and LOCH. The pef(rumen mat) of SC and SCB were higher (P &lt; 0.05) than that of CS, SH, and LOCH. The pef(rumen mat) of LOCH was 61% higher than SH. The ef(rumen pH) of SC and LOCH was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than CS and SH. The pef(chewing, min/d), pef(chewing, min/kg of DM), pef(rumen mat), and ef(rumen pH) positively correlated with rumination time, total chewing time, and ruminal mat resistance (values from transit time in seconds). No correlation was observed (P &gt; 0.05) between pef(&gt;8.0 mm) and rumination time, chewing time, and ruminal pH. The pef calculated using the bioassay method as well as pef (&gt;8.0 mm) were negatively correlated with rumen pH (P &gt; 0.05). The values of the effectiveness of fiber sources obtained in this research can be used as a guideline for nutritionists aiming to replace roughage sources from tropical regions in beef cattle finishing diets. Under our conditions, the pef using the bioassay method or laboratory methods were not adequate in predicting ruminal pH.
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"Penn State develops simulation for ultrafine particle growth." Metal Powder Report 54, no. 4 (1999): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(99)94017-1.
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Cooper, Benjamin T., Breigh N. Roszelle, Tobias C. Long, Steven Deutsch, and Keefe B. Manning. "The 12cc Penn State Pulsatile Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device: Fluid Dynamics Associated With Valve Selection." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 130, no. 4 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2939342.
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The mortality rate for infants awaiting a heart transplant is 40% because of the extremely limited number of donor organs. Ventricular assist devices (VADs), a common bridge-to-transplant solution in adults, are becoming a viable option for pediatric patients. A major obstacle faced by VAD designers is thromboembolism. Previous studies have shown that the interrelated flow characteristics necessary for the prevention of thrombosis in a pulsatile VAD are a strong inlet jet, a late diastolic recirculating flow, and a wall shear rate greater than 500s−1. Particle image velocimetry was used to compare the flow fields in the chamber of the 12cc Penn State pediatric pulsatile VAD using two mechanical heart valves: Björk–Shiley monostrut (BSM) tilting disk valves and CarboMedics (CM) bileaflet valves. In conjunction with the flow evaluation, wall shear data were calculated and analyzed to help quantify wall washing. The major orifice inlet jet of the device containing BSM valves was more intense, which led to better recirculation and wall washing than the three jets produced by the CM valves. Regurgitation through the CM valve served as a significant hindrance to the development of the rotational flow.
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Fleming, Jennifer, Kristina Petersen, Penny Kris-Etherton, and David Baer. "Effect of a Mediterranean Diet with Varying Quantities of Lean Beef on non-HDL and HDL Lipid Particles: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Cross-Over Trial (OR36-05-19)." Current Developments in Nutrition 3, Supplement_1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz035.or36-05-19.
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Abstract Objectives To evaluate the effects of a Mediterranean (Med) style diet with varying quantities of lean beef on non-HDL and HDL lipid subspecies. We hypothesized that a Med diet with lean beef would confer cardiovascular benefits beyond a standard lipid panel and be superior to an average American diet (AAD). Methods We conducted a multicenter, 4-period controlled feeding, randomized crossover study at Penn State University and USDA-Beltsville to evaluate the effects of a Med diet (CHO 42%, PRO 17%, FAT 41%, SFA 8%, MUFA 26%, PUFA 8%) with different quantities of lean beef (0.5, 2.5 and 5.5 oz/day) compared to an average American diet (AAD; CHO 52%, PRO 15%, FAT 33%, SFA 12%, MUFA 13%, PUFA 8%) on CVD risk factors. Participants (n = 66) included generally healthy normal to overweight/obese males and females (BMI = 20–38 kg/m2) 30 to 67 years. Participants were randomized to each of the 4 diets for 4 weeks with an approximate 2-week break between treatments. Fasting blood samples were collected on two consecutive days at baseline (start of study), and at the end of each diet period. Results All three Med diets decreased LDL-C versus AAD (−10.5 ± 2.0, −9.0 ± 2.0, −6.8 ± 2.0 mg/dL, P < 0.0001 for the 0.5, 2.5 and 5.5 oz., respectively). All Med diets elicited similar reductions in total LDL particle number and large particle number (P < 0.01 for both) compared to baseline, however only the Med diets with 0.5 oz./day (−91.2 ± 23 nmol/L) and 2.5 oz./day (−85.3 ± 23 nmol/L) were significantly decreased versus AAD (P < 0.01). There were no treatment differences for IDL or small LDL particles. All diets reduced HDL-C and HDL particle number from baseline (P < 0.01). Conclusions A healthy Med style diet containing 2.5 oz./day of lean beef elicits similar improvements in lipid subspecies compared to a traditional Med style diet containing 0.5 oz./day. The Med style diet containing 5.5 oz./day of lean beef had similar effects on lipid subspecies to the AAD, therefore our findings suggest that £2.5 oz./day of lean beef can be included in a Med diet and not compromise the cardiovascular benefits of a Med diet. Funding Sources This study was funded by the Beef Checkoff. This study also was supported by the USDA, ARS and the Penn State Clinical and Translational Research Institute.
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Nanna, Jason C., Michael A. Navitsky, Stephen R. Topper, Steven Deutsch, and Keefe B. Manning. "A Fluid Dynamics Study in a 50 cc Pulsatile Ventricular Assist Device: Influence of Heart Rate Variability." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 133, no. 10 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4005001.
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Although left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have had success in supporting severe heart failure patients, thrombus formation within these devices still limits their long term use. Research has shown that thrombosis in the Penn State pulsatile LVAD, on a polyurethane blood sac, is largely a function of the underlying fluid mechanics and may be correlated to wall shear rates below 500 s−1. Given the large range of heart rate and systolic durations employed, in vivo it is useful to study the fluid mechanics of pulsatile LVADs under these conditions. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to capture planar flow in the pump body of a Penn State 50 cubic centimeters (cc) LVAD for heart rates of 75–150 bpm and respective systolic durations of 38–50%. Shear rates were calculated along the lower device wall with attention given to the uncertainty of the shear rate measurement as a function of pixel magnification. Spatial and temporal shear rate changes associated with data collection frequency were also investigated. The accuracy of the shear rate calculation improved by approximately 40% as the resolution increased from 35 to 12 μm/pixel. In addition, data collection in 10 ms, rather than 50 ms, intervals was found to be preferable. Increasing heart rate and systolic duration showed little change in wall shear rate patterns, with wall shear rate magnitude scaling by approximately the kinematic viscosity divided by the square of the average inlet velocity, which is essentially half the friction coefficient. Changes in in vivo operating conditions strongly influence wall shear rates within our device, and likely play a significant role in thrombus deposition. Refinement of PIV techniques at higher magnifications can be useful in moving towards better prediction of thrombosis in LVADs.
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Zhu, Siwei, Liufu Cui, Xinyuan Zhang, et al. "Breakfast Frequency and Chronic Inflammation in Chinese Adults (P18-051-19)." Current Developments in Nutrition 3, Supplement_1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz039.p18-051-19.
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Abstract Objectives Previous studies have shown that regular breakfast consumption was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but this remains controversial. Chronic inflammation is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We, thus, examined whether breakfast frequency was associated with inflammation, assessed by high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, among individuals without CVD. Methods Included were 71,748 participants of the Kailuan Study, an ongoing Chinese cohort, who were free of CVD and cancer.Breakfast frequency was assessed via questionnaire in 2014, and participants were categorized into four groups in the current analysis –no breakfast, 1–2 times/week, 3–5 times/week, or breakfast every day. Plasma CRP concentration was measured using a high-sensitivity, particle-enhanced immunonephelometry assay. General linear models were used to calculate adjusted means with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CRP, and logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) of chronic inflammation (CRP concentration ≥1.0 mg/L or ≥3.0 mg/L), across the four breakfast groups. We adjusted for age, sex, diet quality score, body mass index, education level, occupation type, marital status, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the models. Results Greater breakfast frequency was associated with lower CRP concentration (P-trend < 0.001). Adjusted mean CRP was 1.40 mg/L (95% CIs: 1.33, 1.48) for the “no breakfast” group and 1.07 mg/L (95% CIs: 1.02, 1.12) for the “breakfast everyday” group (P-difference < 0.001). Similar results were observed for the odds of chronic inflammation. The adjusted OR for CRP ≥ 1.0 mg/Lwas 2.55 (95% CIs: 2.39, 2.72) and for CRP ≥ 3.0 mg/L was1.21 (1.12, 1.30) for the “no breakfast” group, relative to the “breakfast everyday” group (P-trend < 0.001, Figure 1) Conclusions Skipping breakfast was associated with chronic inflammation among individuals without CVD. Funding Sources The Institute for CyberScienceSeedGrantProgram, Penn State University and the start-up grant from the college of health and human development and the department of nutritional sciences, Penn State University. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs
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Krane, Michael H., Richard S. Meyer, Matthew J. Weldon, Brian Elbing, and David W. DeVilbiss. "Measurements of Loading and Tip Vortex Due to High-Reynolds Number Flow Over a Rigid Lifting Surface." Journal of Fluids Engineering 137, no. 7 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4029723.
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An experimental study of high-Reynolds number flow over a rigid hydrofoil (David Taylor model basin (DTMB) modified NACA66-009, rectangular planform, aspect ratio (AR = 4, square tip) is presented. The measurements were performed in the Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel at Applied Research Laboratory (ARL) Penn State. Load measurements were performed at ReC = 1.5 × 106 and 2.4 × 106, for angles of attack between −8 deg and +8 deg. Measurements of three components of velocity were performed using stereo particle image velocimetry (SPIV) on a cross-flow plane to resolve the tip vortex flow 0.42 chord lengths downstream of the trailing edge, for four angles of attack ranging from 0.5 deg to 3.5 deg. Nondimensional tip vortex circulation varied weakly with angle of attack. Vortex location in the plane of measurement, relative to the trailing edge, was unchanged for the ranges studied, though the vortex core grew in size with angle of attack. These results are consistent with the finding that the net lift force acts between 45% and 46% span, measured from the root, in that any angle of attack variations in tip vortex strength or radius result in minimal changes in spanwise loading distribution.
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Aguirre, M. E., G. R. Hayes, R. A. Meirom, M. I. Frecker, C. L. Muhlstein, and J. H. Adair. "Optimal Design and Fabrication of Narrow-Gauge Compliant Forceps." Journal of Mechanical Design 133, no. 8 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4004539.
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This paper describes a multidisciplinary project focused on developing design and fabrication methods for narrow-gauge compliant mechanisms expected to be useful in advanced minimally invasive surgery. In this paper, three aspects of the project are discussed: meso-scale fabrication, compliant mechanism design, and experimental determination of mechanical properties and forceps performance. The selected manufacturing method is a lost mold rapid infiltration forming process that is being developed at Penn State University. The process is capable of producing hundreds of freestanding metallic and ceramic parts with feature sizes ranging from sub-10 μm to approximately 300 μm. To fulfill surgical and manufacturing requirements, a contact-aided compliant mechanism design is proposed. A finite element analysis solution, used to evaluate large deformation and contact, is implemented into an optimization routine to maximize tool performance. A case study demonstrates the design and manufacturing processes for a 1 mm diameter austenitic (300 series) stainless steel forceps. Due to manufacturing variables that affect grain size and particle adhesion, the strength of the fabricated parts are expected to vary from the bulk material properties. Therefore, fabricated parts are experimentally tested to determine accurate material properties. Three point bend tests reveal yield strengths between 603 and 677 MPa. Results from the design optimization routine show that material strengths within this range require large instrument aspect ratios between 40 and 50 with anticipated blocked forces as high as 1.5 N. An initial prototype is assembled and tested to compare experimental and theoretical tool performance. Good agreement between the computational and experimental data confirms the efficacy of the processes used to develop a meso-scale contact-aided compliant forceps.