Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pentadecanoic acid (15:0)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Pentadecanoic acid (15:0)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Pentadecanoic acid (15:0)"

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Elwood, Peter, Ann Fehily, Janet Pickering, and Ian Givens. "Pentadecanoic acid (15:0), milk, and ischemic heart disease." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 1540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1540.

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de Oliveira Otto, Marcia C., Rozenn N. Lemaitre, Xiaoling Song, Irena B. King, David S. Siscovick, and Dariush Mozaffarian. "Serial measures of circulating biomarkers of dairy fat and total and cause-specific mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 108, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy117.

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ABSTRACT Background Controversy has emerged about the benefits compared with harms of dairy fat, including concerns over long-term effects. Previous observational studies have assessed self-reported estimates of consumption or a single biomarker measure at baseline, which may lead to suboptimal estimation of true risk. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate prospective associations of serial measures of plasma phospholipid fatty acids pentadecanoic (15:0), heptadecanoic (17:0), and trans-palmitoleic (trans-16:1n–7) acids with total mortality, cause-specific mortality, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among older adults. Design Among 2907 US adults aged ≥65 y and free of CVD at baseline, circulating fatty acid concentrations were measured serially at baseline, 6 y, and 13 y. Deaths and CVD events were assessed and adjudicated centrally. Prospective associations were assessed by multivariate-adjusted Cox models incorporating time-dependent exposures and covariates. Results During 22 y of follow-up, 2428 deaths occurred, including 833 from CVD, 1595 from non-CVD causes, and 1301 incident CVD events. In multivariable models, circulating pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, and trans-palmitoleic acids were not significantly associated with total mortality, with extreme-quintile HRs of 1.05 for pentadecanoic (95% CI: 0.91, 1.22), 1.07 for heptadecanoic (95% CI: 0.93, 1.23), and 1.05 for trans-palmitoleic (95% CI: 0.91, 1.20) acids. Circulating heptadecanoic acid was associated with lower CVD mortality (extreme-quintile HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.98), especially stroke mortality, with a 42% lower risk when comparing extreme quintiles of heptadecanoic acid concentrations (HR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.97). In contrast, heptadecanoic acid was associated with a higher risk of non-CVD mortality (HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.52), which was not clearly related to any single subtype of non-CVD death. No significant associations of pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, or trans-palmitoleic acids were seen for total incident CVD, coronary heart disease, or stroke. Conclusions Long-term exposure to circulating phospholipid pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, or trans-palmitoleic acids was not significantly associated with total mortality or incident CVD among older adults. High circulating heptadecanoic acid was inversely associated with CVD and stroke mortality and potentially associated with higher risk of non-CVD death.
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Wang, Zhen, Dong Hao Wang, Yuliya Goykhman, Yuanyuan Yan, Peter Lawrence, Kumar S. D. Kothapalli, and J. Thomas Brenna. "The elongation of very long-chain fatty acid 6 gene product catalyses elongation of n-13 : 0 and n-15 : 0 odd-chain SFA in human cells." British Journal of Nutrition 121, no. 3 (January 3, 2019): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518003185.

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AbstractNormal odd-chain SFA (OCSFA), particularly tridecanoic acid (n-13 : 0), pentadecanoic acid (n-15 : 0) and heptadecanoic acid (n-17 : 0), are normal components of dairy products, beef and seafood. The ratio of n-15 : 0:n-17 : 0 in ruminant foods (dairy products and beef) is 2:1, while in seafood and human tissues it is 1:2, and their appearance in plasma is often used as a marker for ruminant fat intake. Human elongases encoded by elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (ELOVL)1, ELOVL3, ELOVL6 and ELOVL7 catalyse biosynthesis of the dominant even-chain SFA; however, there are no reports of elongase function on OCSFA. ELOVL transfected MCF7 cells were treated with n-13 : 0, n-15 : 0 or n-17 : 0 (80 µm) and products analysed. ELOVL6 catalysed elongation of n-13 : 0→n-15 : 0 and n-15 : 0→n-17 : 0; and ELOVL7 had modest activity toward n-15 : 0 (n-15 : 0→n-17 : 0). No elongation activity was detected for n-17 : 0→n-19 : 0. Our data expand ELOVL specificity to OCSFA, providing the first molecular evidence demonstrating ELOVL6 as the major elongase acting on OCSFA n-13 : 0 and n-15 : 0 fatty acids. Studies of food intake relying on OCSFA as a biomarker should consider endogenous human metabolism when relying on OCSFA ratios to indicate specific food intake.
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Srisukchayakul, Pornpoj, Chatrudee Suwanachart, Yutthapong Sangnoi, Akkharawit Kanjana-Opas, Shoichi Hosoya, Akira Yokota, and Vullapa Arunpairojana. "Rapidithrix thailandica gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine gliding bacterium isolated from samples collected from the Andaman sea, along the southern coastline of Thailand." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 2275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65087-0.

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The taxonomic positions of three strains of marine gliding bacteria, TISTR 1736, TISTR 1741 and TISTR 1750T, isolated from the southern coastline of Thailand were evaluated by using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the three isolates formed a distinct lineage within the family ‘Flammeovirgaceae’, phylum Bacteroidetes, and were related to the genus Flexithrix. The DNA G+C contents of the isolates were in the range 40–43 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were 16 : 1ω5c (cis-5-hexadecenoic acid) and 15 : 0 (pentadecanoic acid). The major hydroxyl fatty acids were 3-OH 17 : 0 (3-hydroxyheptadecanoic acid), 3-OH 15 : 0 (3-hydroxypentadecanoic acid) and 3-OH 16 : 0 (3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid). On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, these marine bacteria are considered to represent a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Rapidithrix thailandica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Rapidithrix thailandica is TISTR 1750T (=IAM 15448T).
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Mayilraj, S., P. Saha, K. Suresh, and H. S. Saini. "Ornithinimicrobium kibberense sp. nov., isolated from the Indian Himalayas." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64138-0.

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A buff-yellow-pigmented bacterium, strain K22-20T, which was isolated from a cold desert of the Indian Himalayas, was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Phenotypic and chemical properties of strain K22-20T were consistent with its classification in the genus Ornithinimicrobium. The major fatty acids of the strain were iso-C17 : 1 ω9c (cis-15-methyl 7-hexadecenoic acid), iso-C15 : 0 (13-methyl tetradecanoic acid), iso-C16 : 0 (14-methyl pentadecanoic acid) and iso-C17 : 0 (15-methyl hexadecanoic acid). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 71 mol%. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain K22-20T was closely related to Ornithinimicrobium humiphilum HKI 0124T (97.7 %). However, genomic relatedness between strain K22-20T and O. humiphilum MTCC 6406T, as revealed by DNA–DNA hybridization, was 64.5 %. Based on the polyphasic data, strain K22-20T (=MTCC 6545T=DSM 17687T=JCM 12763T) represents a novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium, for which the name Ornithinimicrobium kibberense sp. nov. is proposed.
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Gudmestad, Neil C., Paul J. Henningson, and William M. Bugbee. "Cellular fatty acid comparison of strains of Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. sepedonicum from potato and sugar beet." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 716–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-122.

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The cellular fatty acid composition of Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. sepedonicum strains recovered from potato and sugar beet hosts were determined using gas-liquid chromatography. Fatty acid profiles were compared to profiles from other plant pathogenic coryneform bacteria. The most prevalent fatty acids present in C. michiganense subsp. sepedonicum were 12-methyl-tetradecanoic acid (a15:0), 14-methyl-hexadecanoic acid (a17:0), 14-methyl-pentadecanoic acid (i16:0), 12-methyl-4-tetradecenoic acid (a15:1), hexadecanoic acid (16:0), cis-9-octadecenoic acid (18:1c), and cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (18:2). In addition, some strains contained smaller amounts of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 carbon fatty acids. All strains of plant pathogenic coryneform bacteria tested could be differentiated on the basis of either total fatty acid content (qualitative) or by ratios of cellular fatty acids (relative quantitative differences), e.g., a15:0/i16:0, a17:0/i16:0, a15:0/a17:0, i16:0/a15:1, a15:1/16:0, and 16:0/18:1. Strains of C. michiganense subsp. sepedonicum from sugar beet and potato were qualitatively and quantitatively very similar. On the basis of these results, it was clear that the endophytic strains of C.m. subsp. sepedonicum recovered from healthy sugar beets were indistinguishable from pathogenic strains recovered from potato. The bacteria from the two hosts should be considered as members of the same subspecies.
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Al-Momani, E., B. D. Zlatopolskiy, C. Solbach, S. N. Reske, and H. J. Machulla. "Synthesis of 15-(4-[131I]iodophenyl)pentadecanoic acid (p-IPPA) via tin-precursor using Chloramine-T as an oxidant." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 286, no. 1 (June 11, 2010): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-010-0643-0.

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Vessby, B., A. Smedman, and A. Wolk. "4.P.192 Pentadecanoic acid (15:0) in human serum and adipose tissue - a marker for intake of dairy fat." Atherosclerosis 134, no. 1-2 (October 1997): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9150(97)89719-5.

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Warensjö, Eva, Jan-Håkan Jansson, Lars Berglund, Kurt Boman, Bo Ahrén, Lars Weinehall, Bernt Lindahl, Göran Hallmans, and Bengt Vessby. "Estimated intake of milk fat is negatively associated with cardiovascular risk factors and does not increase the risk of a first acute myocardial infarction. A prospective case–control study." British Journal of Nutrition 91, no. 4 (April 2004): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041080.

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Milk fat is high in saturated fatty acids (SFA) and high intakes of SFA are associated with cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the potential risk of a first-ever acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in relation to the estimated milk-fat intake, reflected as the proportions of pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0) in serum lipid esters. This was evaluated in a study population selected within the Västerbotten Intervention Program and the northern Sweden ‘Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular disease’ survey populations. A prospective case–control design was used. The proportions of the biomarkers were lower in the cases (n78) than in the controls (n156), who were matched for age, sex, sampling time and geographical region. The standardised odds ratios of becoming an AMI case were between 0·7 and 0·8 for the biomarkers. The proportions of 15:0 and 17:0 in serum phospholipids were significantly and negatively correlated to serum concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tissue-type plasminogen activator, triacylglycerols, insulin, specific insulin, pro-insulin and leptin (all P<0·0001), suggesting a negative relationship to the insulin-resistance syndrome and the risk of CHD. Adjustment for BMI did not materially change the relationships. Although there seems to be a negative association between milk-fat intake as mirrored by the proportions of 15:0 and 17:0 in serum lipid esters and a first-ever AMI, adjustment for clinical risk factors removed this relationship.
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MALAWET, Tarnhatai, Phuwadol BANGRAK, Yuwadee PEERAPORNPISAL, and Niyom KAMLANGDEE. "Newly Isolated High Squalene Producing Thraustochytrid Strain Aurantochytrium sp. P5/2 from Mangrove Habitats in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 17, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2020.6476.

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Thraustochytrids are alternative potential sources of squalene, because they grow rapidly, are relatively easy to culture, and accumulate in large amounts. The objectives of this research were to isolate squalene-producing Thraustochytrids from fallen leaves in Paknakon Bay, including Paknakon Mangrove forest (N), Pakpanang Mangrove forest (P) and Thasala Mangrove forest (T), Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, and to investigate their total lipid profile and squalene contents. A total of nine Thraustochytrid isolates were obtained.Morphological and molecular features revealed that those Thraustochytrids belonged to the genus Aurantiochytrium (N1, N14, P1/1, P5/2, P6/1, P43, T1, T26, and T42). Subsequently, they were cultivated and their cell dry weight, fatty acid compositions, and squalene contents were analyzed. At 96 h of cultivation, the dry cell weights ranged from 7.51 to 17.43 mg/g. The total lipid profile showed a broad spectrum of saturated fatty acids with an abundance of palmitic acid (16:0), 24.72 - 41.06 % TFA, pentadecanoic acid (15:0) 16.75 - 28.48 % TFA, heptadecanoic acid (17:0) 4.19 - 7.67 % TFA, lignoceric acid (24:0) 2.76 - 8.83 % TFA, myristic acid (14:0) 2.17 - 3.43 % TFA, stearic acid (18:0) 0.83 - 1.32 % TFA, arachidic acid (20:0) 0.19 - 0.33 % TFA, and behenic acid (22:0) 0.19 - 0.21 % TFA, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids, including Docosahexaaenoic acid (22:6; 8.59 - 35.99 % TFA), Clupanodonic acid (22:5, 2.24 - 8.94 % TFA), Arachidonic acid (20:4, 0.32 - 0.60 % TFA), Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, 0.19 - 0.62 % TFA), Linolenic acid (18:3, 0.12 - 0.18 % TFA), and Erucic acid (22:1; 0.02 - 0.09 % TFA) were also found. The squalene contents ranged from 0.06 to 4.78 mg/g. The highest biomass and squalene-accumulation was achieved from strain P5/2, which was identified as Aurantiochytrium sp.ม with a maximum yield of 4.78 mg/g at 96 h of cultivation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pentadecanoic acid (15:0)"

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Jenkins, Benjamin John. "The role of alpha oxidation in lipid metabolism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278025.

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Recent findings have shown an inverse association between the circulating levels of pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) with the risk of pathological development in type 2 diabetes, cardio vascular disease and neurological disorders. From previously published research, it has been said that both these odd chain fatty acids are biomarkers of their dietary intake and are significantly correlated to dietary ruminant fat intake. However, there are profound studies that show the contrary where they do not display this biomarker correlation. Additionally, several astute studies have suggested or shown odd chain fatty acid endogenous biosynthesis, most often suggested via alpha oxidation; the cleavage of a single carbon unit from a fatty acid chain within the peroxisomes. To better understand the correlations and interactions between these two fatty acids with pathological development, the origin of these odd chain fatty acids needed to be determined, along with confirming their association with the disease aetiology. To minimise animal & human experimentation we made use of existing sample sets made available through institutional collaborations, which produced both animal and human interventional study samples suitable for odd chain fatty acid investigations. These sample collaborations allowed us to comprehensively investigate all plausible contributory sources of these odd chain fatty acids; including from the intestinal microbiota, from dietary contributions, and derived from novel endogenous biosynthesis. The investigations included two intestinal germ-free studies, two ruminant fat diet studies, two dietary fat studies and an ethanol intake study. Endogenous biosynthesis was assessed through: a stearic acid infusion, phytol supplementation, and an Hacl1 knockout mouse model. A human dietary intervention study was used to translate the results. Finally, a study comparing circulating baseline C15:0 and C17:0 levels with the development of glucose intolerance. We found that the circulating C15:0 and C17:0 levels were not significantly influenced by the presence or absence of intestinal microbiota. The circulating C15:0 levels were significantly and linearly increased when the C15:0 dietary composition increased; however, there was no significant correlation in the circulating C17:0 levels with intake. Circulating levels of C15:0 were affected by the dietary composition and factors affecting the dietary intake, e.g. total fat intake and ethanol, whereas circulating C17:0 levels were found to be independent of these variables. In our studies, the circulating C15:0 levels were not significantly affected by any expected variations in alpha oxidation caused by pathway substrate inhibition or gene knockout. However, C17:0 was significantly related, demonstrating it is substantially endogenously biosynthesised. Furthermore, we found that the circulating C15:0 levels, when independent of any dietary variations, did not correlate with the progression of glucose intolerance when induced, but the circulating C17:0 levels did significantly relate and linearly correlated with the development of glucose intolerance. To summarise, the circulating C15:0 and C17:0 levels were independently derived; the C15:0 levels substantially correlated with its dietary intake, whilst the C17:0 levels proved to be separately derived from its endogenous biosynthesis via alpha oxidation of stearic acid. C15:0 was found to be minimally endogenously biosynthesised via a single cycle of beta oxidation of C17:0 in the peroxisomes, however, this did not significantly contribute to the circulating levels of C15:0. Additionally, only the baseline levels of C17:0 significantly correlated with the development of glucose intolerance. These findings highlight the considerable differences between both of these odd chain fatty acids that were once thought to be homogeneous and similarly derived. On the contrary, they display profound dietary, metabolic, and pathological differences.
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Smedman, Annika. "Milk Fat Intake and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Supplementation : Dietary Markers and Associations to Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4820.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pentadecanoic acid (15:0)"

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Griffiths, H. "Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: a Re-appraisal of Physiological Plasticity in Form and Function." In Advances in Botanical Research Volume 15, 43–92. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2296(08)60044-0.

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Gorsd, Marina, Mirta Blanco, and Luis Pizzio. "Synthesis and characterization of catalysts obtained by trifluoromethanesulfonic acid immobilization on zirconia." In Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts - Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, July 11-15, 2010, 405–8. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(10)75071-0.

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Sarkar, T. K. "From (2-Stannylallyl)silanes by Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Cross Coupling with Acid Chlorides or Aryl Bromides." In Compounds of Groups 15 (As, Sb, Bi) and Silicon Compounds, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-004-00988.

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Danilevich, E. V., G. Ya Popova, T. V. Andrushkevich, Yu A. Chesalov, V. V. Kaichev, A. A. Saraev, and L. M. Plyasova. "Preparation, active component and catalytic properties of supported vanadium catalysts in the reaction of formaldehyde oxidation to formic acid." In Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts - Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, July 11-15, 2010, 463–66. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(10)75085-0.

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"The Structure, Topological, and Functional Dimension of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, ATP." In Chemical Compound Structures and the Higher Dimension of Molecules, 53–81. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4108-0.ch003.

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New structures of biomolecules have been constructed: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids. It is shown that glucose molecules and ribose molecules have dimensions of 15 and 12, respectively. The enantiomorphic forms of biomolecules in space of higher dimension make it possible to explain the experimentally observed facts of branching of chains of biomolecules in one of the enantiomorphic forms and the absence of chain branching in another enantiomorphic form. The enantiomorphic forms of the tartaric acid molecule in a space of higher dimension reveal the cause of the reversal in different directions of the polarization plane of light in two opposite forms.
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Seibel, Zara M., and Tristan H. Lambert. "Construction of Alkylated Stereocenters." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.003.0035.

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Hirohisa Ohmiya and Masaya Sawamura at Hokkaido University reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 5350) the copper-catalyzed, γ-selective allylation of terminal alkyne 1 to produce the chiral skipped enyne 3 with high ee. A method to synthe­size asymmetric skipped diene 6 via copper-catalyzed allylic allylation of diene 4 was developed (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 3309) by Ben L. Feringa at the University of Groningen. Prof. Feringa also disclosed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 2140) the regi­oselective and enantioselective allyl–allyl coupling of bromide 7 with allyl Grignard under Cu catalysis in the presence of phosphoramidite 8. James P. Morken of Boston College reported (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1432) the cross-coupling of allylboronate 11 with a mixture of alkenes 10a,b under palladium catalysis to produce diene 13 with high ee. Jian Liao at the Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 4207) the palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation of indole using the chi­ral bis(sulfoxide) phosphine ligand 15. Yi-Xia Jia at the Zhejiang University of Technology reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 2983) the enantioselective alkyl­ation of indole to produce the trifluoromethyl adduct 19 using nickel catalysis in the presence of bisoxazoline ligand 18. Sarah E. Reisman at the California Institute of Technology disclosed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 7442) the reductive cross-coupling of acid chloride 20 and benzyl chloride 21 using a nickel complex with bisoxazoline ligand 22 and manganese(0) as reductant. Ilan Marek at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 5333) a method for the construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters, such as the one present in aldehyde 25, using a diastereoselective car­bometallation of cyclopropene 24 followed by oxidation and ring opening. Switching from methyl Grignard and copper iodide to MeCuCNLi reverses the diastereoselec­tivity of the carbometallation and allows access to the opposite enantiomer. Matthew S. Sigman at the University of Utah reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 6830) the redox–relay oxidative Heck arylation of alkenyl alcohol 27 with boronic acid 26 using a palladium catalyst and pyridine oxazole ligand 28 to produce the γ-substituted aldehyde 29.
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"TABLE 3 Major Commercial Fermentation Conditions for Cereal Foods Fermentation conditions Bread Beer Whiskey Soy sauce Miso Main starters Baker's yeast Brewer's yeast Distillery yeast Molds Molds (Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces (Aspergillus spp.) (Aspergillus spp.) cerevisiae) cerevisiae) cerevisiae) Saccharomyces rouxii Lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus delbrueckii Cereals Milled wheat Barley (malted) Corn Soybeans (defatted) Rice Milled rye Sorghum Rye (malted or not) Wheat Barley Minor: Minor: Barley (malted) Minor: Soybeans Barley (malted) Corn Wheat Barley flour Wheat (malted) Rice Wheat Other ingredients Water Water Water Water Salt Salt Hops Salt Hot pepper Sugar Adjuncts Fat (corn syrup, sugar Emulsifiers or starch) Dough strengtheners Preservatives Enzymes Fermentation 1-6h2-10 days 2-3 days (Koji: 3 days at 30°C) (Koji: 2 days at 30°C) conditions 20-42°C 3-24°C 32-35°C 3-12 months 2 days to 1 year Aging: Aging: 15-30°C 30-50°C 3 days-1 month 2-3 years or more 0-13°C 21-30°C baker's yeast is probably the most common of these microorganisms that may be a problem are bacteria (usual-starters; it is commercially produced in liquid, paste (com-ly spore-forming or lactic acid bacteria, especially in some pressed), or dry form. Recently, commercial lactic acid yeast fermentations), wild yeasts, and molds. bacteria starters have been introduced for cereal fermenta-Several spore-forming bacteria (e.g., Bacillus spp.) may tions, but this application is less frequent than their regular produce amylases and degrade hydrated starchy materials. use in dairy or meat fermentations. A close control of the In bread, heat-tolerant spores of Bacillus subtilis (formerly performance of commercial starters is important, since it Bacillus mesentericus) survive the baking process; after a has a major effect on the final products. few days in bread, they produce a spoilage called ropiness, characterized by yellow spots on crumb, putrid pineapple aroma, and stringiness when breaking a piece of bread. The spores of these species, when contaminating flour, may Considering the diversity of the microbial flora that may cause a major problem in bakeries since they are highly re-be present in cereals to be fermented, undesirable microor-sistant in the environment and difficult to eliminate. How-ganisms are likely to be part of this flora and may produce ever, these bacterial infections have become rare in recent problems in the main fermentation process with subse-years, presumably due to improved sanitation. In beer, un-quent adverse effects on the final product. Nowadays these desirable microbial contamination is exhibited by viscosity, problems are lessened by good sanitary practices. Sources appearance, as well as aroma and flavor problems. of these organisms may be the cereals themselves, soil, as Microbial pathogens are usually not a problem for fer-well as any particular ingredient, surface contamination, mented cereals because of the inhibition brought about by and unsanitary handling. acids and ethanol generated by fermenting organisms. A Table 4 summarizes microbial problems likely to occur large proportion of fermented cereals are also eaten shortly during major cereal fermentations. In general, undesirable after complete cooking. However, the biggest problem." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 765–70. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-81.

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"half of pericarp lipids were unsaponifiable materials. Tip showed 86-91% NL, 2-5% GL, and 7-9% PL [14,56,152]. cap lipids had more TG, GL, and PL than pericarp lipids, Milled rice NSL had a lower NL fraction and a higher but were otherwise similar. GL fraction. The ratios for the NL:GL:PL for milled rice The compositions of NL, GL, and PL were computed are 82:8:10 by Choudhury and Juliano [56], 76:12:12 by (Table 41). The TG was over 90% of the NL in the germ Hirayama and Matsuda [55], and the range of (83-91): [137,138], about 60% in the endosperm NSL, but only (2-4):(1-3) by Azudin and Morrison [153]. 2.5% in endosperm SL. Over 90% of the NL was FFA in Azudin and Morrison [153] investigated NSL and SL in the SL. Weber [137] detected substantial quantities of CB milled rice of two waxy varieties (1.0-2.3% amylose) and and sulfolipids (tentative identification) in the GL of the 12 nonwaxy varieties (12.2-28.6% amylose). The TL germ and endosperm NSL. (NSL + SL) were extracted from rice flour and SL from pu-The major component in germ PL was PC, which was rified rice starch. The composition of the NSL could be ob-in good agreement between Tan and Morrison [138] and tained by the difference, as shown in Table 47. Weber [137]. However, the PL composition of the en-The major NL of NSL was TG, constituting 71-79% of dosperm NSL differed largely; Tan and Morrison [138] re-NSTL (Table 47) and 83-87% of NL [56,152]. The other ported 11.1% PC and 57.1% LPC, whereas Weber [137] important NL class was FFA, at 4-7% of the NSTL and reported 44.6% PC and 36.5% LPC plus an unknown. 13-17% of the NL for brown rice, bran, germ, and polish. The FA compositions were higher in levels of 18:0 and Unlike most other cereal NSL, the major GL of NSL of 18:3 for endosperm than germ (Table 42). For the LG-11 brown rice and its milling fractions were ASG and SG hybrid corn, germ lipids contained significantly more 18:2 (Table 47). Major PL classes were PC and PE. and less 16:0 and 18:3 than other parts of kernel [138]. For Choudhury and Juliano [56] reported that the distribu-the H-51 inbred corn, germ lipids contained less 18:3 than tion of brown rice NL was 14-18% in germ, 39-41% in other kernel parts but more 18:1 and 18:2 than pericarp and bran, 15-21% in polish, and 25-33% in milled rice tip cap. However, the 18:2 content was equal for both the (12-14% in subaleurone layer and 12-19% in the en-germ and the endosperm lipids [42]. The FA compositions dosperm). The distribution of the NSL of brown rice was in root and leaf lipids differ significantly from those of 43% in bran, 19% in germ, 15% in polish, and 21% in corn kernel or other kernel parts; corn leaf lipids contained milled rice; and for brown rice PL, 30% in bran, 14% each a much higher level of 18:3 and lower levels of 18:1 and in germ and polish, and 42% in milled rice [56,152]. 18:2 (Table 42). The TL (NSL + SL) compositions are different between Ohnishi et al. [150] investigated the positional distribu-waxy and nonwaxy rice varieties (Table 48). Azudin and tion of fatty acids in glycerolipid classes from corn total Morrison [153] reported that the two waxy rice (IR 29 and lipids (Table 43). Unsaturated fatty acids, 18:1 and 18:2, C441-4) starches prepared from the milled rice had very are located mainly in the 2-position of these glycerolipids. little amylose content (1.0-2.3%) and only traces of lipids However, PI showed relatively high 16:0 content at the 1-(16-19 mg per 100 g starch), which were probably SSL, position and 18:2 content at the 2-position. Fatty acid com-the NSL contaminants. The SSL were 100% FFA (Table positions of molecular species of glycerolipids were also 48). The TL in waxy rice were, therefore, NSL and they investigated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid evidently had suffered substantial lipolysis, judging by chromatography (Table 44). The main species generally high FFA values [153]. The nonwaxy starches contained contained 16:0-18:2, 18:1-18:2, and 18:2-18:2 for TG, 0.9-1.3% SL comprising, on average, 31.2% (29-45%) PC, PE, and PI. The main molecular species of DGDG FFA, 61.5% (48-67%) PL, and 3.2% GL [153], as shown contained 18:3-18:3, 18:1-18:2, 18:2-18:2, 18:2-18:3, in Table 48. and 18:1-18:3. Choudhury and Juliano [56] extracted SL from milled Vasanthan and Hoover [151] investigated the content rice after the NSL removal, using the one waxy variety (IR and composition of SSL and SL of purified corn starch 4445-63-1 with 2% amylose) and the two nonwaxy vari-(Table 45). The SSL contained mainly free S, SE, and LPL. eties (IR42 with 29% amylose and IR480-5-9 with 24% The SL contained mainly FFA and LPL. Fatty acid compo-amylose). The SL composition of the milled rice of the sition indicated that 16:0 and 18:2 were the principal fatty waxy variety contained 41% PL and 7% GL, whereas the acids of SL and SSL (Table 46). waxy starch by Azudin and Morrison [153] contained no GL and PL (Table 48). The SL compositions of waxy rice and nonwaxy rice (both milled and brown) were different Rice hull lipid composition differs significantly from that in [56] but not to the extent shown by Azudin and Morrison brown rice and its fractions (Table 47). Silicic acid fraction-[153]. ation of NSL from brown rice, bran, germ, and polish The FA compositions of NSL and SL classes in the three." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 440–48. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-46.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pentadecanoic acid (15:0)"

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Song, Xiaoxu, Meng Zhang, Z. J. Pei, and Donghai Wang. "Ultrasonic-Assisted Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Poplar Wood Biomass for Biofuel Manufacturing: A Preliminary Study." In ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9340.

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For the first time, this study demonstrated that the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of poplar wood biomass was drastically enhanced after being pretreated with ultrasonic-assisted dilute acid pretreatment comparing to dilute acid pretreatment only. Three levels of ultrasonic power (0%, 30%, and 70%) were used in pretreatment. Approximately 10–40% improvement in the sugar yield was attained by using ultrasound-assisted dilute acid pretreatment for 15 min. XRD analysis revealed that poplar wood biomass pretreated ultrasonically had lower biomass crystallinity than that pretreated with dilute acid only. The combination of ultrasound irradiation and dilute acid can be a key factor in the disruption of rigid cellulose structures and contributes to the improvement of cellulose saccharification in enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Huang, Zhongping, Weiming Zhang, Sonja M. Tang, Jianping Yu, Stephen J. Lai-Fook, and Dayong Gao. "A Study of a New Ceramic Membrane for Use in Hemodialysis." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59404.

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The non-uniformity of pore size and pore distribution of the current hemodialysis membrane results in low efficiency of uremic solute removal as well as the loss of albumin. By using nano technology, an anodic alumina membrane (ceramic membrane) with self-organized nano-pore structure was produced. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between various anodization conditions and the pore characteristics of the ceramic membrane as a potential use in artificial kidney / hemodialysis. An aluminum thin film was oxidized in two electrolytes consisting of 3% and 5% sulfuric acid and 2.7% oxalic acid. The applied voltages were 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20 (V) for sulfuric acid and 20, 30, 40 and 50 (V) for oxalic acid. Pore size and porosity were determined by analyzing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and hydraulic conductivity was measured. Pore size increased linearly with voltage. Acid concentration affected pore formation but not pore size and pore distribution. Hydraulic conductivity of the ceramic membrane was higher than that of polymer dialysis membrane. The optimal formation conditions for self-organized nano-pore structure of ceramic membrane were 12.5–17.5V in 3–5% sulfuric acid at 0 °C. These conditions produced ceramic membranes with pores of ~ 10 nm diameter. Conclusion: Anodic alumina technology reliably produced in quantity structures with pore sizes in the 10–50 nm diameter range. Because of more uniform pore size, high porosity, high hydraulic conductivity and resistance to high temperature, the ceramic membrane has potential for future application as a hemodialysis membrane.
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Adegoke, Samuel Oluwafikayo, Olugbenga Adebanjo Falode, and Princess Christiana Nwankwo. "Characteritization of Bio-Oil from Tectona Grandis as a Potential Scale Inhibitor." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207132-ms.

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Abstract Calcium carbonate scales cause costly flow assurance problems in flowlines during petroleum production. Previous efforts to mitigate this problem using different chemical inhibitors though successful have resulted in environmental pollution during disposal. This study was designed to investigate the potential of bio-oil synthesized from Tectona grandis as an inhibitor to replace the conventional ones. Tectona grandis was obtained from Ibadan sawmill, Oyo state, Nigeria and characterized using Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analytical technique. Data generated by EDX analysis showed elemental composition of 78% carbon and 22% of other elements including nitrogen and oxygen. Tectona grandis was pyrolyzed at 5500C, a heating rate of 0.50C/sec, and a running time of 4 hours. 45.1% of the mixture of water and oil were collected and separated into phases in a centrifuge while the gasses were vented. The bio-oil was distilled at 120°C and analyzed using FTIR spectrometry. Spectra analyses showed the presence of -COOH and -CONH2 which are essential in the inhibition of calcium carbonate scale. With the help of a newly fabricated testing-rig system, calcium carbonate scales were formed by mixing equal mole of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate at the temperature range of 25-58°C and flow rates range of 8-15 ml/min, with/without inhibitor from 0, 5 g/l of maleic acid and 5 g/l of newly synthesized inhibitor. The mass of the calcium carbonate and the induction time was measured by the weighing balance and the conductivity meter respectively. For all of the experiments, the presence of maleic acid and newly synthesized inhibitor delayed the induction time by at least 10 mins and reduced the weight of calcium carbonates formed by at least 20%. Also, the mass of calcium carbonate scale formed at all the experiments showed less weight when newly synthesized inhibitor was used compared to when maleic acid inhibitor was used showing the effectiveness of the newly synthesized inhibitor over maleic acid. Therefore, this study shows high promise wood-based distilled oil as a potential calcium carbonate scale inhibitor and provides future direction for further studies.
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Kehrel, B., L. Ballesian, R. Kokott, W. Stenzinger, K. J. Clemetson, and J. Van De Loo. "REVERSIBLE DEFICIENCY OF INTACT THROMBOSPONDIN AND MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEIN Ia IN PLATELETS OF A PATIENT WITH A BLEEDING DISORDER." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644654.

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A 52 year old female patient with a severe bleeding tendency since the age of two was studied. Her history revealed recurrent petechial bleedings, two severe postoperative haemorrhagic episodes and intensivemenstrual bleedings which required blood transfusions. Coagulation studies ruled out any coagulation disorder including von Willebrand's disease. Platelet count and morphology(using light and electron microscopy) were normal. The patient had prolonged bleeding times (up to 15 min). Her platelets aggregated normally in response to ADP, arachidonic acid, thrombin, ionophore A 23187, epinephrine and ristocetin. In contrast, platelet aggregation in the presence of collagen and wheat germ agglutinin could only be achieved with very high doses of these agonists. Repeated analyses of the patient's platelet proteins by two-dimensional 0'Farrel gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining or blotting onto nitrocellulose and staining with a mixture of peroxidase-coupled lectins showed that glycoprotein la and intact thrombospondin were absent. An immunoblot for thrombospondin showed several proteins with lower molecular weight than thrombospondin. Preincubation of the patient's platelets with thrombospondin normalized collagen-induced aggregation.At a recent follow-up examination the patient had no petechial bleedings. Platelet protein analysis revealed thatintact thrombospondin and glycoprotein la were present. These results suggest that both glycoprotein la and thrombospondin have essential roles in collagen-induced platelet aggregation.
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Zhang, Xiaoguang, Xuexing Chen, Qingchun Chen, Zhaolong Deng, Yan Liu, Rong Chen, and Huiyu Deng. "Preparation and Co (II) Removal of ZnO/Poly-Piperazineamide Nanofiltration Membranes." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67740.

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A series of nanofiltration membranes were prepared by interfacial polymerization of piperazine and terephthaloyl chloride on the surface of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membranes. ZnO nanoparticles were incorporated in the active separation layer to modify the performances of the membranes. The preparation conditions as the monomer concentration, dosage of nano-ZnO particles and the reaction time on removal of a simulated radioactive nuclide Co (II) were investigated. Fourier transform infrared in attenuated total reflection mode verified the formation of polyamide on the PAN ultrafiltration membrane. The scanning electron microscope images showed that the nano-ZnO particles can homogeneously fixed on the membrane surface. The retention of Co (II) increased with increasing the dosage of nano-ZnO in the range of 0∼0.03 g. Further adding more nano-ZnO, the rejection rate of Co (II) first decreased and then increased. The concentration of piperazine and terephthaloyl chloride showed similar effect on removal of Co (II) ion. 5 minutes polymerization time was sufficient to form an active separation layer on the substrate membrane which changed the separation mechanism from ultrafiltration to nanofiltration. The separation performance of NF3 prepared by the following conditions was optimum: 0.03g nano-ZnO, 0.6 wt% piperazine, 0.5 wt% terephthaloyl chloride, and the reaction time was 15 min. The rejection rates of 1000 mg/L Na2SO4 and Co2+ in CoCl2 solution were 90% and 75% respectively. The Co (II) removal rate can be increased to nearly 90% by using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt. Increasing the operation pressure or the feeding concentration of Co (II) can also improve the performances of the membranes in this experiment.
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Poll, C. T., P. A. Kyrle, and J. Westwick. "ACTIVATION OF PROTEIN KINASE C INHIBITS THROMBIN AND FLUORIDE STIMULATED EICOSANOID PRODUCTION IN HUMAN PLATELETS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644633.

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Touqui et al (1986) have suggested that phosphorylation by protein kinase C of a 1ipomodulin-1 ike polypeptide extracted from platelets renders it inactive as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. We have examined this suggestion by measuring thromboxane (Tx) B2 generation and cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca++]i) in stimulated, washed human platelets loaded with or without quin-2. Addition of thrombin (0.077, 0.23, 0.77, 2.3 and 7.7 nM) to control platelets produces a dose-related elevation of [Ca++]i (10±5, 50±7, 260±30, 550±25 and 1500±100 nM respectively) and generation of TxB2 (0, 9±4, 45±6, 194±10 and 375±30 pmoles/108 platelets respectively). Preincubation of platelets for 1 min with 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-rac-glycerol (OAG, 22-198 μM), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 1.616 nM) or EGTA (2 mM) produces a marked inhibition of high and low dose thrombin (7.7 nM and 0.77 nM) or NaF (18 mM) induced elevation of [Ca++]i and TxB2 generation. Pretreatment of platelets with the protein kinase C inhibitor, H-7 (60 uM), prevented the inhibition of TxB2 formation induced by PMA (4.816 nM) or OAG (66-198 μM) in either thrombin (0.77 nM) or NaF (18 mM) stimulated platelets. When arachidonic acid (AA, 10 μM) is used as the stimulus, the Δ[Ca++]i is 190±15 nM and TxB2 generation is 35.9±2 pmoles/108 platelets. While pretreatment with 4.8 nM PMA obliterates the AA-induced Δ[Ca++]i and partially reduces (p< 0.05) the TxB2 generation to 27.8+3 pmoles/108 platelets. PMA and OAG pretreatment also inhibits TxB2 generation in thrombin-stimulated, non-quin-2-1oaded platelets. Thus, at least with intact, agonist- and NaF-stimulated platelets, activation of protein kinase C inhibits eicosanoid production.We thank the British Heart Foundation and Ciba-Geigy USA for financial support.
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Sills, T. H., and S. Heptinstall. "BLOOD TAURINE AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643021.

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Taurine, an amino acid that is present in high concentrations in the heart, is released from the heart after myocardial damage. There is evidence that the concentration of taurine in whole blood is raised after myocardial infarction (MI), and it has been suggested that blood taurine may be a measure of the degree of infarction. We have obtained serial measurements of blood taurine in patients admitted to a coronary care unit and have compared the results with those obtained for two cardiac enzymes (AST and HBD) and other blood parameters.The patients were divided into two groups: those for whom there was a peak of AST activity (> 40 i.u./l) (Group 1, n = 24) and those for whom AST and HBD was not raised (Group 2, n = 15). For Group 1 patients, mean results were obtained for each of the parameters for the day on which AST peaked (designated Day 0) and for preceeding and subsequent days. For Group 2 a single mean was obtained. Results marked * in the table differ significantly (p < 0.05 or lower) from those for Group 2:It can be seen that blood taurine was significantly raised after MI and followed a pattern similar to the neutrophil count. Furthermore, several positive correlations (r = 0.63-0.79) were obtained between taurine and neutrophil count in both groups, but not between taurine and AST or HBD.In another investigation we measured the amounts of taurine in neutrophils, platelets and plasma from patients with MI (n = 5) and controls (n = 9). We found no differences in the amounts present per neutrophil, per platelet or per ml of plasma.Our data suggest that the increased level of taurine in blood after MI merely reflects the increased number of neutrophils present in blood following the event.
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Rosing, J., H. Speijer, J. W. P. Govers-Riemslag, and R. F. A. Zwaal. "THE EFFECT OF PROCOAGULANT PHOSPHOLIPID VESICLES WITH NET POSITIVE CHARGE ON THE ACTIVITY OF PROTHROMBINASE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643839.

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It is generally thought that procoagulant phospholipid surfaces that promote the activation of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors should have a net negative charge in order to promote calcium-dependent binding of the enzymes (FVIIa, FIXa and FXa) and substrates (prothrombin and FX) of the coagulation factor-activating complexes. Two models have been proposed to explain calcium-mediated association of vitamin K-dependent proteins with phospholipid: a) an electrostatic model, in which a positively-charged protein-calcium complex is attracted by a negatively-charged phospholipid surface and b) a chelation model in which a coordination complex is formed between calcium ions, γ-carboxyglutamic acids of the proteins and negatively-charged membrane phospholipids. To study the effect of the electrostatic potential of phospholipid vesicles on their activity in the pro-thrombinase complex the net charge of vesicles was varied by introduction of varying amounts of positively-charged stearylamine in the membrane surface. Introduction of 0-15 mole% stearylamine in phospholipid vesicles that contained 5 mole% phosphatidylseri-ne (PS) hardly affected their activity in prothrombin activation. Electrophoretic analysis showed that vesicles with > 5 mole% stearylamine had a net positive charge. The procoagulant activity of vesicles that contained phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglyce-rol, phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidyl-glactate (PLac) as acidic phospholipid was much more effected by incorporation of stearylamine. Amounts of stearylamine that compensated the negative charge of acidic phospholipid caused considerable inhibition of the activity of the latter vesicles in prothrombin activation. The comparison of vesicles containing PS and PLac as acidic phospholipid is of special interest. PS and PLac only differ by the presence of NH+ 3-group in the serine moiety of PS. Thus, in spite of the fact that vesicles with PLac are more negatively charged than vesicles with PS, they are less procoagulant. Our results show that a) although procoagulant membranes have to contain acidic phospholipids there is no requirement for a net negative charge, b) the amino group of phosphatidylserine has an important function in the interaction of procoagulant membranes with vitamin K-dependent proteins and c) the chelation model can satisfactorily explain calcium-mediated lipid-protein association.
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Ahmed, Barzan, Farhad Abdulrahman Khoshnaw, Mustansar Raza, Hossam Elmoneim, Kamil Shehzad, Mustafa Sarbast, Omar El Zanaty, and Serwer Yousif. "Adaptation of Technologies Making Clean out Operations Environment Friendly and Cost Effective - Converting Failure into Success Using New Type of Fluidic Oscillator." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206099-ms.

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Abstract A case study is presented detailing the methodology used to perform the clean-out operation in a water disposal well of Khurmala Field, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Untreated disposed water caused scaling and plugging in perforated liner and in the open hole that eventually ceased injection. Multiple attempts and investments were made in recent years to resume access to the injection zone using high-pressure hydro-jetting tools coupled with acid treatments. However, these attempts yielded futile efforts. Before proceeding with the decision of workover, it was decided to go for one final attempt to regain wellbore access using Fluidic Oscillator (SFO). Fluidic Oscillator (SFO) having pulsing, cavitation and helix jetting action was used in combination with a train of fluids consisting of diesel, 28% HCl and gel. The clean out was performed in stages of 10m, to clean the fill from 1091m to 1170m. Since the well bore was initially isolated from the injection zone, the cleanout was conducted with non-nitrified fluids. As the cleanout progressed and access to the liner and open hole was regained, the circulation of insoluble fill to surface required a lighter carrying fluid. Nitrification, volume of the fluids, batch cycling, and ROP were designed considering the downhole dynamic changes expected during each stage of the operation. The combination of SFO, the thorough selection of treatment fluids and the accurate downhole hydraulics simulations pertaining to different stages of the operation offered an effective solution and regained the connectivity between the wellbore and the injection zone. The injection rate of water increased from 0 bpm at 700 psi to 15 bpm at 200 psi. Throughout this operation, the SFO helix, cavitation, and acoustic pulse (alike) jetting proved to be more effective than other single acting rotating jetting tools. Also, Environmental impact was reduced by eliminating the need for a rig workover operation. The matching of the injection pressure when the well was first completed and the post job value indicated that the complete zone was exposed and scale deposits were removed from the critical matrix or bypassed. SFO has an effective jetting near wellbore region, while the kinetic energy transferred via fluid makes the impact stronger in the deeper region. Internal mechanism of the tool allows it to handle high pumping rate and pressures, external finishing offer multi-port orientation of outflow that allows targeting the fill in desired directions. Presently the SFO used in the case study is the only technology that has pulse, cavitation, and helix jetting structure. Also, since the tool does not require redressing, it proves to be an efficient, safe and cost effective alternative
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