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Journal articles on the topic 'Pentadecanoic acid (15:0)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Elwood, Peter, Ann Fehily, Janet Pickering, and Ian Givens. "Pentadecanoic acid (15:0), milk, and ischemic heart disease." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 1540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1540.

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de Oliveira Otto, Marcia C., Rozenn N. Lemaitre, Xiaoling Song, Irena B. King, David S. Siscovick, and Dariush Mozaffarian. "Serial measures of circulating biomarkers of dairy fat and total and cause-specific mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 108, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy117.

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ABSTRACT Background Controversy has emerged about the benefits compared with harms of dairy fat, including concerns over long-term effects. Previous observational studies have assessed self-reported estimates of consumption or a single biomarker measure at baseline, which may lead to suboptimal estimation of true risk. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate prospective associations of serial measures of plasma phospholipid fatty acids pentadecanoic (15:0), heptadecanoic (17:0), and trans-palmitoleic (trans-16:1n–7) acids with total mortality, cause-specific mortality, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among older adults. Design Among 2907 US adults aged ≥65 y and free of CVD at baseline, circulating fatty acid concentrations were measured serially at baseline, 6 y, and 13 y. Deaths and CVD events were assessed and adjudicated centrally. Prospective associations were assessed by multivariate-adjusted Cox models incorporating time-dependent exposures and covariates. Results During 22 y of follow-up, 2428 deaths occurred, including 833 from CVD, 1595 from non-CVD causes, and 1301 incident CVD events. In multivariable models, circulating pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, and trans-palmitoleic acids were not significantly associated with total mortality, with extreme-quintile HRs of 1.05 for pentadecanoic (95% CI: 0.91, 1.22), 1.07 for heptadecanoic (95% CI: 0.93, 1.23), and 1.05 for trans-palmitoleic (95% CI: 0.91, 1.20) acids. Circulating heptadecanoic acid was associated with lower CVD mortality (extreme-quintile HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.98), especially stroke mortality, with a 42% lower risk when comparing extreme quintiles of heptadecanoic acid concentrations (HR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.97). In contrast, heptadecanoic acid was associated with a higher risk of non-CVD mortality (HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.52), which was not clearly related to any single subtype of non-CVD death. No significant associations of pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, or trans-palmitoleic acids were seen for total incident CVD, coronary heart disease, or stroke. Conclusions Long-term exposure to circulating phospholipid pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, or trans-palmitoleic acids was not significantly associated with total mortality or incident CVD among older adults. High circulating heptadecanoic acid was inversely associated with CVD and stroke mortality and potentially associated with higher risk of non-CVD death.

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Wang, Zhen, Dong Hao Wang, Yuliya Goykhman, Yuanyuan Yan, Peter Lawrence, Kumar S. D. Kothapalli, and J. Thomas Brenna. "The elongation of very long-chain fatty acid 6 gene product catalyses elongation of n-13 : 0 and n-15 : 0 odd-chain SFA in human cells." British Journal of Nutrition 121, no. 3 (January 3, 2019): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518003185.

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AbstractNormal odd-chain SFA (OCSFA), particularly tridecanoic acid (n-13 : 0), pentadecanoic acid (n-15 : 0) and heptadecanoic acid (n-17 : 0), are normal components of dairy products, beef and seafood. The ratio of n-15 : 0:n-17 : 0 in ruminant foods (dairy products and beef) is 2:1, while in seafood and human tissues it is 1:2, and their appearance in plasma is often used as a marker for ruminant fat intake. Human elongases encoded by elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (ELOVL)1, ELOVL3, ELOVL6 and ELOVL7 catalyse biosynthesis of the dominant even-chain SFA; however, there are no reports of elongase function on OCSFA. ELOVL transfected MCF7 cells were treated with n-13 : 0, n-15 : 0 or n-17 : 0 (80 µm) and products analysed. ELOVL6 catalysed elongation of n-13 : 0→n-15 : 0 and n-15 : 0→n-17 : 0; and ELOVL7 had modest activity toward n-15 : 0 (n-15 : 0→n-17 : 0). No elongation activity was detected for n-17 : 0→n-19 : 0. Our data expand ELOVL specificity to OCSFA, providing the first molecular evidence demonstrating ELOVL6 as the major elongase acting on OCSFA n-13 : 0 and n-15 : 0 fatty acids. Studies of food intake relying on OCSFA as a biomarker should consider endogenous human metabolism when relying on OCSFA ratios to indicate specific food intake.

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Srisukchayakul, Pornpoj, Chatrudee Suwanachart, Yutthapong Sangnoi, Akkharawit Kanjana-Opas, Shoichi Hosoya, Akira Yokota, and Vullapa Arunpairojana. "Rapidithrix thailandica gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine gliding bacterium isolated from samples collected from the Andaman sea, along the southern coastline of Thailand." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 2275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65087-0.

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The taxonomic positions of three strains of marine gliding bacteria, TISTR 1736, TISTR 1741 and TISTR 1750T, isolated from the southern coastline of Thailand were evaluated by using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the three isolates formed a distinct lineage within the family ‘Flammeovirgaceae’, phylum Bacteroidetes, and were related to the genus Flexithrix. The DNA G+C contents of the isolates were in the range 40–43 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were 16 : 1ω5c (cis-5-hexadecenoic acid) and 15 : 0 (pentadecanoic acid). The major hydroxyl fatty acids were 3-OH 17 : 0 (3-hydroxyheptadecanoic acid), 3-OH 15 : 0 (3-hydroxypentadecanoic acid) and 3-OH 16 : 0 (3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid). On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, these marine bacteria are considered to represent a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Rapidithrix thailandica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Rapidithrix thailandica is TISTR 1750T (=IAM 15448T).

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Mayilraj, S., P. Saha, K. Suresh, and H. S. Saini. "Ornithinimicrobium kibberense sp. nov., isolated from the Indian Himalayas." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64138-0.

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A buff-yellow-pigmented bacterium, strain K22-20T, which was isolated from a cold desert of the Indian Himalayas, was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Phenotypic and chemical properties of strain K22-20T were consistent with its classification in the genus Ornithinimicrobium. The major fatty acids of the strain were iso-C17 : 1 ω9c (cis-15-methyl 7-hexadecenoic acid), iso-C15 : 0 (13-methyl tetradecanoic acid), iso-C16 : 0 (14-methyl pentadecanoic acid) and iso-C17 : 0 (15-methyl hexadecanoic acid). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 71 mol%. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain K22-20T was closely related to Ornithinimicrobium humiphilum HKI 0124T (97.7 %). However, genomic relatedness between strain K22-20T and O. humiphilum MTCC 6406T, as revealed by DNA–DNA hybridization, was 64.5 %. Based on the polyphasic data, strain K22-20T (=MTCC 6545T=DSM 17687T=JCM 12763T) represents a novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium, for which the name Ornithinimicrobium kibberense sp. nov. is proposed.

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Gudmestad, Neil C., Paul J. Henningson, and William M. Bugbee. "Cellular fatty acid comparison of strains of Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. sepedonicum from potato and sugar beet." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 716–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-122.

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The cellular fatty acid composition of Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. sepedonicum strains recovered from potato and sugar beet hosts were determined using gas-liquid chromatography. Fatty acid profiles were compared to profiles from other plant pathogenic coryneform bacteria. The most prevalent fatty acids present in C. michiganense subsp. sepedonicum were 12-methyl-tetradecanoic acid (a15:0), 14-methyl-hexadecanoic acid (a17:0), 14-methyl-pentadecanoic acid (i16:0), 12-methyl-4-tetradecenoic acid (a15:1), hexadecanoic acid (16:0), cis-9-octadecenoic acid (18:1c), and cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (18:2). In addition, some strains contained smaller amounts of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 carbon fatty acids. All strains of plant pathogenic coryneform bacteria tested could be differentiated on the basis of either total fatty acid content (qualitative) or by ratios of cellular fatty acids (relative quantitative differences), e.g., a15:0/i16:0, a17:0/i16:0, a15:0/a17:0, i16:0/a15:1, a15:1/16:0, and 16:0/18:1. Strains of C. michiganense subsp. sepedonicum from sugar beet and potato were qualitatively and quantitatively very similar. On the basis of these results, it was clear that the endophytic strains of C.m. subsp. sepedonicum recovered from healthy sugar beets were indistinguishable from pathogenic strains recovered from potato. The bacteria from the two hosts should be considered as members of the same subspecies.

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Al-Momani, E., B. D. Zlatopolskiy, C. Solbach, S. N. Reske, and H. J. Machulla. "Synthesis of 15-(4-[131I]iodophenyl)pentadecanoic acid (p-IPPA) via tin-precursor using Chloramine-T as an oxidant." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 286, no. 1 (June 11, 2010): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-010-0643-0.

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8

Vessby, B., A. Smedman, and A. Wolk. "4.P.192 Pentadecanoic acid (15:0) in human serum and adipose tissue - a marker for intake of dairy fat." Atherosclerosis 134, no. 1-2 (October 1997): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9150(97)89719-5.

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9

Warensjö, Eva, Jan-Håkan Jansson, Lars Berglund, Kurt Boman, Bo Ahrén, Lars Weinehall, Bernt Lindahl, Göran Hallmans, and Bengt Vessby. "Estimated intake of milk fat is negatively associated with cardiovascular risk factors and does not increase the risk of a first acute myocardial infarction. A prospective case–control study." British Journal of Nutrition 91, no. 4 (April 2004): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041080.

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Milk fat is high in saturated fatty acids (SFA) and high intakes of SFA are associated with cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the potential risk of a first-ever acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in relation to the estimated milk-fat intake, reflected as the proportions of pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0) in serum lipid esters. This was evaluated in a study population selected within the Västerbotten Intervention Program and the northern Sweden ‘Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular disease’ survey populations. A prospective case–control design was used. The proportions of the biomarkers were lower in the cases (n78) than in the controls (n156), who were matched for age, sex, sampling time and geographical region. The standardised odds ratios of becoming an AMI case were between 0·7 and 0·8 for the biomarkers. The proportions of 15:0 and 17:0 in serum phospholipids were significantly and negatively correlated to serum concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tissue-type plasminogen activator, triacylglycerols, insulin, specific insulin, pro-insulin and leptin (all P<0·0001), suggesting a negative relationship to the insulin-resistance syndrome and the risk of CHD. Adjustment for BMI did not materially change the relationships. Although there seems to be a negative association between milk-fat intake as mirrored by the proportions of 15:0 and 17:0 in serum lipid esters and a first-ever AMI, adjustment for clinical risk factors removed this relationship.

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MALAWET, Tarnhatai, Phuwadol BANGRAK, Yuwadee PEERAPORNPISAL, and Niyom KAMLANGDEE. "Newly Isolated High Squalene Producing Thraustochytrid Strain Aurantochytrium sp. P5/2 from Mangrove Habitats in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 17, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2020.6476.

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Thraustochytrids are alternative potential sources of squalene, because they grow rapidly, are relatively easy to culture, and accumulate in large amounts. The objectives of this research were to isolate squalene-producing Thraustochytrids from fallen leaves in Paknakon Bay, including Paknakon Mangrove forest (N), Pakpanang Mangrove forest (P) and Thasala Mangrove forest (T), Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, and to investigate their total lipid profile and squalene contents. A total of nine Thraustochytrid isolates were obtained.Morphological and molecular features revealed that those Thraustochytrids belonged to the genus Aurantiochytrium (N1, N14, P1/1, P5/2, P6/1, P43, T1, T26, and T42). Subsequently, they were cultivated and their cell dry weight, fatty acid compositions, and squalene contents were analyzed. At 96 h of cultivation, the dry cell weights ranged from 7.51 to 17.43 mg/g. The total lipid profile showed a broad spectrum of saturated fatty acids with an abundance of palmitic acid (16:0), 24.72 - 41.06 % TFA, pentadecanoic acid (15:0) 16.75 - 28.48 % TFA, heptadecanoic acid (17:0) 4.19 - 7.67 % TFA, lignoceric acid (24:0) 2.76 - 8.83 % TFA, myristic acid (14:0) 2.17 - 3.43 % TFA, stearic acid (18:0) 0.83 - 1.32 % TFA, arachidic acid (20:0) 0.19 - 0.33 % TFA, and behenic acid (22:0) 0.19 - 0.21 % TFA, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids, including Docosahexaaenoic acid (22:6; 8.59 - 35.99 % TFA), Clupanodonic acid (22:5, 2.24 - 8.94 % TFA), Arachidonic acid (20:4, 0.32 - 0.60 % TFA), Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, 0.19 - 0.62 % TFA), Linolenic acid (18:3, 0.12 - 0.18 % TFA), and Erucic acid (22:1; 0.02 - 0.09 % TFA) were also found. The squalene contents ranged from 0.06 to 4.78 mg/g. The highest biomass and squalene-accumulation was achieved from strain P5/2, which was identified as Aurantiochytrium sp.ม with a maximum yield of 4.78 mg/g at 96 h of cultivation.

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Abdullah, Mohammad M. H., Audrey Cyr, Marie-Claude Lépine, Marie-Ève Labonté, Patrick Couture, Peter J. H. Jones, and Benoît Lamarche. "Recommended dairy product intake modulates circulating fatty acid profile in healthy adults: a multi-centre cross-over study." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 3 (January 22, 2015): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514003894.

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Dairy products are rich sources of an array of fatty acids (FA) that have been shown individually and in certain clusters to exert varying effects on cardiovascular health, for which the circulating lipid profile is a powerful biomarker. Whether the profile of these FA is reflected in blood upon short terms of intake, possibly contributing to the lipid-related health impacts of dairy products, remains to be fully established. The objectives of the present study were to assess a recommended dairy product consumption in relation to circulating FA and lipid profiles, and to evaluate certain FA in dairy fat as potential biomarkers of intake. In a free-living, multi-centre, cross-over design, 124 healthy individuals consumed 3 servings/d of commercial dairy (DAIRY; 1 % fat milk, 1·5 % fat yogurt and 34 % fat cheese) or energy-equivalent control (CONTROL; fruit and vegetable juice, cashews and a cookie) products for 4 weeks each, separated by a 4-week washout period. Plasma FA and serum lipid profiles were assessed by standard methods at the end of each dietary phase. After 4 weeks of intake, plasma levels of FA pentadecanoic acid (15 : 0) and heptadecanoic acid (17 : 0) were higher (0·26v.0·22 % and 0·42v.0·39 % of the total identified FA, respectively) after the DAIRY phase than after the CONTROL phase (P< 0·0001). This was accompanied by a small but significant increase in serum LDL-cholesterol levels after the DAIRY phase compared with the CONTROL phase (+0·08 mmol/l;P= 0·04). In conclusion, intake of 3 servings/d of conventional dairy products may modify certain circulating FA and lipid profiles within 4 weeks, where 15 : 0 and 17 : 0 may be potential short-term biomarkers of intake.

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Trieu, Kathy, Saiuj Bhat, Zhaoli Dai, Karin Leander, Bruna Gigante, Frank Qian, Andres V. Ardisson Korat, et al. "Biomarkers of dairy fat intake, incident cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: A cohort study, systematic review, and meta-analysis." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): e1003763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003763.

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Background We aimed to investigate the association of serum pentadecanoic acid (15:0), a biomarker of dairy fat intake, with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in a Swedish cohort study. We also systematically reviewed studies of the association of dairy fat biomarkers (circulating or adipose tissue levels of 15:0, heptadecanoic acid [17:0], and trans-palmitoleic acid [t16:1n-7]) with CVD outcomes or all-cause mortality. Methods and findings We measured 15:0 in serum cholesterol esters at baseline in 4,150 Swedish adults (51% female, median age 60.5 years). During a median follow-up of 16.6 years, 578 incident CVD events and 676 deaths were identified using Swedish registers. In multivariable-adjusted models, higher 15:0 was associated with lower incident CVD risk in a linear dose–response manner (hazard ratio 0.75 per interquintile range; 95% confidence interval 0.61, 0.93, P = 0.009) and nonlinearly with all-cause mortality (P for nonlinearity = 0.03), with a nadir of mortality risk around median 15:0. In meta-analyses including our Swedish cohort and 17 cohort, case–cohort, or nested case–control studies, higher 15:0 and 17:0 but not t16:1n-7 were inversely associated with total CVD, with the relative risk of highest versus lowest tertile being 0.88 (0.78, 0.99), 0.86 (0.79, 0.93), and 1.01 (0.91, 1.12), respectively. Dairy fat biomarkers were not associated with all-cause mortality in meta-analyses, although there were ≤3 studies for each biomarker. Study limitations include the inability of the biomarkers to distinguish different types of dairy foods and that most studies in the meta-analyses (including our novel cohort study) only assessed biomarkers at baseline, which may increase the risk of misclassification of exposure levels. Conclusions In a meta-analysis of 18 observational studies including our new cohort study, higher levels of 15:0 and 17:0 were associated with lower CVD risk. Our findings support the need for clinical and experimental studies to elucidate the causality of these relationships and relevant biological mechanisms.

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Luo, Cheng, Hongjie Liu, Xiaoqian Wang, Lili Xia, Hanqiu Huang, Xiaoling Peng, Chao Xia, and Liegang Liu. "The associations between individual plasma SFAs, serine palmitoyl-transferase long-chain base subunit 3 gene rs680379 polymorphism, and type 2 diabetes among Chinese adults." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 114, no. 2 (May 8, 2021): 704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab102.

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ABSTRACT Background Several individual studies have shown that circulating levels of odd-chain SFAs and very-long-chain SFAs (VLSFAs) may have beneficial effects, but the results are mixed. While the dietary and metabolic factors that may influence VLSFAs are not well-known, a previous study observed associations of VLSFA concentrations with variants in serine palmitoyl-transferase long-chain base subunit 3 (SPTLC3) gene. Objectives We investigated the associations of individual plasma SFAs and SPTLC3 gene rs680379 polymorphism with metabolic risk factors and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods We measured plasma SFAs using gas chromatography among 898 T2D cases and 1618 matched controls, and genotyped the SPTLC3 gene rs680379 polymorphism using the MassArray System among 1178 T2D cases and 1907 matched controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs. Results We found that plasma odd-chain SFAs and VLSFAs were correlated with favorable blood lipids and insulin resistance marker profiles. After multivariable adjustment, pentadecanoic acid (15:0) was inversely associated with the odds of T2D (OR per 1 SD difference: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.70), as were measurements of 3 individual VLSFAs [arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0)], with ORs ranging from 0.60 to 0.72 (95% CIs ranging between 0.52 and 0.79). The associations between 3 individual VLSFAs and T2D were attenuated after further adjustment for triglycerides. Meanwhile, compared with the rs680379 GG genotype carriers, the ORs of T2D for the GA and AA genotype carriers were 0.81 (95% CI: 0.68–0.97) and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.61–0.96), respectively. Conclusions Plasma 15:0 and VLSFAs were inversely associated with T2D. Meanwhile, compared with the rs680379 GG genotype carriers, subjects with GA and AA genotypes were associated with decreased odds of T2D. More investigations are warranted to confirm our findings.

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Santaren, Ingrid D., Steven M. Watkins, Angela D. Liese, Lynne E. Wagenknecht, Marian J. Rewers, Steven M. Haffner, Carlos Lorenzo, and Anthony J. Hanley. "Serum pentadecanoic acid (15:0), a short-term marker of dairy food intake, is inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes and its underlying disorders." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100, no. 6 (October 8, 2014): 1532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.092544.

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Horcada, A., M. J. Beriain, A. Purroy, G. Lizaso, and J. Chasco. "Effect of sex on meat quality of Spanish lamb breeds (Lacha and Rasa Aragonesa)." Animal Science 67, no. 3 (December 1998): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800032975.

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AbstractThe influence of sex on the meat quality of Lacha (L) and Rasa Aragonesa (RA) lambs was studied. Male and female L lambs were given ewes' milk and were slaughtered at 25 and 24 days of age corresponding to 11·4 and 10·9 kg live weight (LW), respectively. Male and female RA lambs were weaned at 58 days (16·0 kg LW) and then given concentrate and barley straw until slaughter at 89 and 91 days of age, corresponding to 24·5 and 23·1 kg LW, respectively. The parameters measured on the carcasses were: hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, conformation, colour, firmness and thickness of dorsal fat and colour of muscle rectus abdominis. Parameters measured on longissimus dorsi muscle were: ultimate pH (pHu), instrumental colour (L*, a*, b*), myoglobin concentration, ash, crude protein, fat, moisture and water-holding capacity (WHC). Iodine value and fatty acid composition were studied in the intramuscular (IM), intermuscular (IN) and subcutaneous (SC) fat depots. Females of both breeds had higher amount of IM fat (P < 0·001 and P < 0·05 for L and RA breeds, respectively) and firmer SC fat than males (P < 0·05). There were no differences between sexes in pHu, myoglobin concentration, WHC and the L*, a* and b* colour parameters. No significant differences between sexes were observed in the total saturated fatty acids, total unsaturated fatty acids and in the iodine value in the three fat depots studied in both breeds. However, the females of the breed had significantly higher proportions offatty acids with 15 carbon atoms (pentadecanoic (C15:0)) and with 16 carbon atoms (palmitic (C16:0)and palmitoleic (C16:1)) than the males in the three depots. The females of Rasa Aragonesa breed had a higher proportion of palmitoleic acid (C16:1)in the IM depot (P < 0·001) and of palmitic acid (C16:0)in the SC depot (P < 0·05) than the males. The absence of significant differences in the unsaturated fatty acid content between males and females showed that at the low slaughter weight, sex had no effect on the nature and composition of fat.

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Djousse, Luc, Mary L. Biggs, Nirupa R. Matthan, Joachim H. Ix, Annette L. Fitzpatrick, Irena King, Rozenn N. Lemaitre, et al. "Serum Individual Nonesterified Fatty Acids and Risk of Heart Failure in Older Adults." Cardiology 146, no. 3 (2021): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513917.

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<b><i>Background:</i></b> Heart failure (HF) is highly prevalent among older adults and is associated with high costs. Although serum total nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) have been positively associated with HF risk, the contribution of each individual NEFA to HF risk has not been examined. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The aim of this study was to examine the association of individual fasting NEFAs with HF risk in older adults. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this prospective cohort study of older adults, we measured 35 individual NEFAs in 2,140 participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study using gas chromatography. HF was ascertained using review of medical records by an endpoint committee. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The mean age was 77.7 ± 4.4 years, and 38.8% were male. During a median follow-up of 9.7 (maximum 19.0) years, 655 new cases of HF occurred. In a multivariable Cox regression model controlling for demographic and anthropometric variables, field center, education, serum albumin, glomerular filtration rate, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, hormone replacement therapy, unintentional weight loss, and all other measured NEFAs, we observed inverse associations (HR [95% CI] per standard deviation) of nonesterified pentadecanoic (15:0) (0.73 [0.57–0.94]), γ-linolenic acid (GLA) (0.87 [0.75–1.00]), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (0.73 [0.61–0.88]) acids with HF, and positive associations of nonesterified stearic (18:0) (1.30 [1.04–1.63]) and nervonic (24:1<i>n</i>-9) (1.17 [1.06–1.29]) acids with HF. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Our data are consistent with a higher risk of HF with nonesterified stearic and nervonic acids and a lower risk with nonesterified 15:0, GLA, and DHA in older adults. If confirmed in other studies, specific NEFAs may provide new targets for HF prevention.

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Dougan, Hayes, Donald M. Lyster, and John S. Vincent. "Efficient production of 15-( pentadecanoic acid." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part A. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 37, no. 8 (January 1986): 919–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2889(86)90293-5.

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Humbert, T., C. Luu-Duc, D. Le Bars, M. Vidal, and M. Apparu. "Synthesis of 3-methyl-15-phenyl-[carboxyl-14C]-pentadecanoic acid." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 25, no. 9 (September 1988): 1049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.2580250919.

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Le Bars, D., C. Luu-Duc, P. M. Leo, M. Apparu, M. Vidal, and M. Comet. "Synthesis of 15-(p-iodophenyl) pentadecanoic acid labelled with carbon-14." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part A. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 37, no. 3 (January 1986): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2889(86)90182-6.

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Kraus, Werner, Martin Walther, Christian M. Jung, Franziska Emmerling, and Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch. "Bromotricarbonyl{15-[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethylsulfanyl]pentadecanoic acid-κ2 S,S′}rhenium(I)." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 62, no. 7 (June 28, 2006): m1660—m1662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536806024081.

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The title compound, [ReBr(C18H36O2S2)(CO)3], was synthesized and characterized as a non-radioactive surrogate of a novel Tc-containing fatty acid derivative prepared according to the tricarbonyl/dithioether design with the objective of developing new Tc-based radiopharmaceuticals for the non-invasive diagnosis of myocardial metabolism. The Re chelate contains the metal in the oxidation state +1 and is attached to the terminal position of a fatty acid. The complex formation was accomplished by a ligand exchange reaction using [NBu4]2[Re(CO)3Br3] as starting material.

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Goodman, M. M., F. F. Knapp, P. Richards, and F. Mausner. "A new rapid, regiospecific synthesis of 15-(p-[123I]iodophenyl)pentadecanoic acid." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 89, no. 1 (March 1985): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02070204.

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22

Culbert, Paul A., Jianming Lu, and Michael J. Adam. "Regiospecific synthesis of 15-(4-[123I]iodophenyl)pentadecanoic acid-IPPA via methyl 15-(4-trimethylstannylphenyl)pentadecanoate." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 48, no. 6 (June 1997): 745–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(96)00311-9.

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23

Humbert, T., C. Luu-Duc, D. Le Bars, and A. Marsura. "Synthesis of 3-methyl-15-(p-iodophenyl)-pentadecanoic acid labelled with carbon-14." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 27, no. 6 (June 1989): 731–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.2580270617.

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24

Dougan, H., D. M. Lyster, R. J. Flanagan, and J. S. Vincent. "15-(para-[123I] iodophenyl) pentadecanoic acid obtained using mercuration and subsequent [123I] radioiodination." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 132, no. 2 (August 1989): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02136097.

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25

Verbruggen, R. F. "Preparation of 15-(p-[123I]iodophenyl) pentadecanoic acid and 15-(p-[123I]iodophenyl)-3-methylpentadecanoic acid by means of Sn." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part A. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 39, no. 10 (January 1988): 1097–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2889(88)90148-7.

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26

ANTAR, M. A., G. SPOHR, H. H. HERZOG, K. P. KAISER, G. NOTOHAMIPRODJO, E. VESTER, B. SCHWARTZKOPF, et al. "15-(ortho- 123I-phenyl)-pentadecanoic acid, a new myocardial imaging agent for clinical use." Nuclear Medicine Communications 7, no. 9 (September 1986): 683–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-198607090-00005.

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ANTAR, M. A., G. SPOHR, H. H. HERZOG, K. P. KAISER, G. NOTOHAMIPRODJO, E. VESTER, B. SCHWARTZKOPF, et al. "15-(ortho- 123I-phenyl)-pentadecanoic acid, a new myocardial imaging agent for clinical use." Nuclear Medicine Communications 7, no. 9 (September 1986): 683–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-198609000-00005.

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28

Al-Momani, E., B. D. Zlatopolskiy, C. Solbach, S. N. Reske, and H. J. Machulla. "Synthesis of 15-(4-[11C]methylphenyl)pentadecanoic acid (MePPA) via Stille cross-coupling reaction." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 288, no. 3 (February 25, 2011): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-011-1022-1.

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29

KAISER, K. P., E. VESTER, K. GROBANNM, B. GEUTING, B. LÖSSE, H. WIELER, and L. E. FEINENDEGEN. "Semi-quantitative analysis of SPECT with the iodinated fatty acid 15-(ortho-123 I-phenyl)-pentadecanoic acid." Nuclear Medicine Communications 12, no. 11 (November 1991): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-199111000-00002.

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30

Cividini, Angela, Ana Kaić, Dragomir Kompan, and Klemen Potočnik. "Fatty acid composition and sensory analysis in Boer kids meat." Archives Animal Breeding 57, no. 1 (May 19, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-57-007.

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Abstract. This study was undertaken to characterize the fatty acid profile and sensory properties of longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of Boer kids as affected by sex (17 male, 15 female) and slaughter weight (pre-weaned 20 kg, post-weaned 30 kg). Regarding sex differences, higher percentage amounts of lauric, myristic, pentadecanoic, linolenic and docosapentaenoic acids were found in LD muscle of male compared to female kids, whereas greater amounts of oleic acid were detected in LD muscle of female kids. Also, LD of male kids contained higher percentage amounts of saturated (SFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) while higher amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were detected in LD of female kids. Regarding slaughter weight, percentage amounts of lauric, myristic, margaric, pentadecanoic, linolenic, linoleic, arachidonic and docosapentaenoic acids significantly decreased with age (P≤0.001), while percentage amounts of heptadecenoic and oleic acids significantly increased (P≤0.001). LD muscle from lighter kids contained higher percentage amounts of SFA and PUFA, while heavier kids had higher percentage amounts of MUFA and n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio. Except meat colour, sensory traits (marbling, off-odour, flavour, juiciness and tenderness) were neither significantly affected by sex nor slaughter age.

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ALOKLAH, BASSAM, ANWAR ALHAJALI, and SABAH YAZIJI. "Identification of some Yeasts by Fatty Acid Profiles." Polish Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 4 (2014): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2014-063.

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178 yeasts isolated from various foods were identified using ID32 C strip; Saccharomyces cerevisiae (47), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (19), Candida kefyr (33), Candida krusei (37), Candida lusitaniae (28), Cndida lipolytica (14). The yeasts were harvested, saponified, derivatized, and extracted, and fatty acid analysis was performed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The yeast lipids contained Decanoic acid (C10:0), Luaric acid (C12:0), Myristoleic acid (C14:1), Myristic acid (C14:0), Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), Palmitoleic acid C16:1), Pamitic acid (C16:0), Heptadecenoic acid (C17:1), Linoleic acid (C18:2), Linolenic acid (C18:3), Oleic acid (C18:1) and Stearic acid (C 18:0). The differences in the composition of these fatty acids could be used to identify the species as an accurate, efficient and relatively rapid method.

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32

Bisignano, Carlo, Giovanna Ginestra, Antonella Smeriglio, Erminia La Camera, Giuseppe Crisafi, Flavio Franchina, Peter Tranchida, et al. "Study of the Lipid Profile of ATCC and Clinical Strains of Staphylococcus aureus in Relation to Their Antibiotic Resistance." Molecules 24, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071276.

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A number of reports have indicated a relationship between bacterial resistance to antibiotics and their lipid composition. In the present study, we characterized the lipid profiles of American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and its correlation with antibiotic resistance and hydrophobicity. The following strains were used: S. aureus ATCC 6538P, S. aureus ATCC 43300 (MRSA), seven clinical strains from the pharynges, two strains from duodenal ulcers, four strains from hip prostheses, and one strain from the conjunctiva. Lipid-related differentiation was observed across the S. aureus strains: the higher abundance of anteiso-pentadecanoic acid (anteiso-C15:0) and anteiso-heptadecanoic acid (anteiso-C17:0), followed by iso-pentadecanoic acid (iso-C15:0), suggested that these were common lipids. Iso-tridecanoic acid (iso-C13:0) and anteiso-tridecanoic acid (anteiso-C13:0), iso-hexadecanoic acid (iso-C16:0) and anteiso-hexadecanoic acid (anteiso-C16:0), and all forms of octadecanoic acid (C18:0) were usually detected in low abundance. Strains isolated from pharynges showed the highest ratio of branched/straight chains. A distinction in two clusters based on the amount and type of bacterial lipids identified was obtained, which correlated to the antibiotic resistance, the strains origin, and the cell-surface hydrophobicity. We report a potential correlation between the lipid profile of S. aureus strains, site of infection, antibiotic resistance, and cell-surface hydrophobicity. These results, which still need further insights, could be a first step to identifying antibiotic resistance in response to environmental adaptation.

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33

Lee, Byung Chul, Dong Hyun Kim, Jae Hak Lee, Hyun Ju Sung, Yearn Seong Choe, Dae Yoon Chi, Kyung-Han Lee, Yong Choi, and Byung-Tae Kim. "99mTc(CO)3-15-[N-(Acetyloxy)-2-picolylamino]pentadecanoic Acid: A Potential Radiotracer for Evaluation of Fatty Acid Metabolism." Bioconjugate Chemistry 18, no. 4 (July 2007): 1332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc060299w.

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34

Jenkins, Benjamin, James West, and Albert Koulman. "A Review of Odd-Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism and the Role of Pentadecanoic Acid (C15:0) and Heptadecanoic Acid (C17:0) in Health and Disease." Molecules 20, no. 2 (January 30, 2015): 2425–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules20022425.

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35

WIELER, H., K. P. KAISER, J. T. KUIKKA, B. HENKEL, J. FRANK, and K. LADWEIN. "Standardized noninvasive assessment of myocardial free fatty acid kinetics by means of 15-(p - iodo - phenyl) pentadecanoic acid (123I-pPPA) scintigraphy." Nuclear Medicine Communications 13, no. 3 (March 1992): 168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-199203000-00008.

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36

Villamor, Eduardo, Luis A. Villar, Anyela Lozano-Parra, Víctor M. Herrera, and Oscar F. Herrán. "Serum fatty acids and progression from dengue fever to dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome." British Journal of Nutrition 120, no. 7 (August 14, 2018): 787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518002039.

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AbstractPUFA might modulate inflammatory responses involved in the development of severe dengue. We aimed to examine whether serum PUFA concentrations in patients diagnosed with dengue fever (DF) were related to the risk of progression to dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). A secondary aim was to assess correlations between fatty acids (FA) and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with DF. We conducted a prospective case–control study nested within a cohort of patients who were diagnosed with DF and followed during the acute episode. We compared the distribution of individual FA (% of total FA) at onset of fever between 109 cases who progressed to DHF/DSS and 235 DF non-progressing controls using unconditional logistic regression. We estimated correlations between baseline FA and cytokine concentrations and compared FA concentrations between the acute episode and >1 year post-convalescence in a subgroup. DHA was positively related to progression to DHF/DSS (multivariable adjusted OR (AOR) for DHA in quintile 5v. 1=5·34, 95 % CI 2·03, 14·1;Ptrend=0·007). Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) was inversely associated with progression (AOR for quintile 5v. 1=0·30, 95 % CI 0·13, 0·69;Ptrend=0·007). Pentadecanoic acid concentrations were inversely related to DHF/DSS. Correlations of PUFA with cytokines at baseline were low. PUFA were lower during the acute episode than in a disease-free period. In conclusion, serum DHA in patients with DF predicts higher odds of progression to DHF/DSS whereas DGLA and pentadecanoic acid predict lower odds.

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37

El-Wetery, A. S., Kh M. El-Azoney, and M. Raieh. "Kinetics and mechanism of the nucleophilic exchange reaction of iodide-131 with 15-(para-iodo-phenyl) pentadecanoic acid." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 39, no. 12 (December 1997): 987–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1344(199712)39:12<987::aid-jlcr44>3.0.co;2-#.

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38

Soukhov, V. Yu, N. P. Fadeev, I. Yu Savicheva, and N. A. Kostenikov. "Clinical application of '231-labelled 15-iodine pentadecanoic acid and SPET in patients with coronary heart disease (CAD)." Nuclear Medicine Communications 20, no. 5 (May 1999): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-199905000-00024.

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39

Tu, Zhude, Shihong Li, Terry L. Sharp, Pilar Herrero, Carmen S. Dence, Robert J. Gropler, and Robert H. Mach. "Synthesis and Evaluation of 15-(4-(2-[18F]Fluoroethoxy)phenyl)pentadecanoic Acid: A Potential PET Tracer for Studying Myocardial Fatty Acid Metabolism." Bioconjugate Chemistry 21, no. 12 (December 15, 2010): 2313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc100343h.

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40

DORMEHL, I., L. FEINENDEGEN, N. HUGO, N. ROSSOUW, and A. WHITE. "Comparative myocardial imaging in the baboon with 123I-labelled ortho and para isomers of 15-(iodophenyl)pentadecanoic acid (IPPA)." Nuclear Medicine Communications 14, no. 11 (November 1993): 998–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-199311000-00011.

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41

Bendel, Stepani, Raimo Kettunen, Juha Hartikainen, Jouko Remes, Esko Vanninen, Jiwei Yang, Jyrki Kuikka, and Heikki Huikuri. "Similar effect of revascularization on technetium-99m sestamibi and 15-( p -iodophenyl)pentadecanoic acid uptake in myocardial infarction patients." European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 26, no. 10 (October 12, 1999): 1304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002590050587.

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42

Lin, Yi-Chueh, and Akira Yokota. "Plantibacter auratus sp. nov., in the family Microbacteriaceae." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64366-0.

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Strain NCIMB 9991T is a Gram-positive, short rod-shaped, yellow-pigmented bacterium, with a high DNA G+C content, and was originally deposited in 1967 as Arthrobacter sp. The bacterium is aerobic, non-motile, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies demonstrated that this strain was highly related genealogically to Plantibacter flavus DSM 14012T. Strain IAM 14817T (=NCIMB 9991T) has the following characteristics: the predominant menaquinones are MK-9 and MK-10, the DNA G+C content is 68 mol%, the diamino acid in the cell wall is 2,4-l-diaminobutyric acid and the muramic acid in the peptidoglycan is of an acetyl type. The major fatty acid is 12-methyl tetradecanoic acid (anteiso-C15 : 0), followed by 14-methyl hexadecanoic acid (anteiso-C17 : 0), 14-methyl pentadecanoic acid (iso-C16 : 0) and hexadecanoic acid (C16 : 0). On the basis of morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, together with DNA–DNA hybridization and 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, strain IAM 14817T represents a novel species within the genus Plantibacter, for which the name Plantibacter auratus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain IAM 14817T (=NCIMB 9991T=NBRC 15702T).

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43

Karavaeva, T. M., M. V. Maksimenya, P. P. Tereshkov, I. N. Gaimolenko, T. A. Medvedeva, and A. A. Parshina. "Long-chain fatty acids and short-chain fatty acids in exhaled breath condensate of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 67, no. 2 (2021): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20216702169.

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In present study we performed gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of exhaled breath condensate to measure volatile fatty acids (C2 — acetic, C3 — propionic, C4 — butanoic, isoC4 — isobutyric, C5 — valerianic, C6 — caproic, C7 — heptanoic) and fatty acid with a long aliphatic chain (C14:0 — myristic, C15:0 — pentadecanoic, C16:0 — palmitic, C16:1 — palmitooleic, C17:0 — heptadecanoic, C17:1 — heptadecenoic, C18:0 — stearic, C18:1 — oleic, C18:2 — linolenic, C18:3ω3 — α-linolenic, C20:4ω6 — arachidonic) in patients suffering from moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2nd stage, GOLD). We revealed the increase of the total amount of short chain fatty acids (C2, C3, C4, C5) and polyunsaturated (C18:2, C20:4ω6) fatty acids, meanwhile the level of saturated fatty acids (C16:0, C17:0, C18:0) decreased.

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44

Jenkins, Benjamin, Manar Aoun, Christine Feillet-Coudray, Charles Coudray, Martin Ronis, and Albert Koulman. "The Dietary Total-Fat Content Affects the In Vivo Circulating C15:0 and C17:0 Fatty Acid Levels Independently." Nutrients 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2018): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111646.

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Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) have been described as dietary biomarkers of dairy-fat consumption, with varying degrees of reliability between studies. It remains unclear how the total amount of dietary fat, representing one of the main confounding factors in these biomarker investigations, affects C15:0 and C17:0 circulating concentrations independent of their relative intake. Additionally, it is not clear how changes in the dietary total-fat affects other fatty acids in circulation. Through two dietary studies with different total-fat levels but maintaining identical fatty acid compositions, we were able to see how the dietary total-fat affects the fatty acids in circulation. We saw that there was a statistically significant, proportionate, and robust decrease in the endogenous C15:0 levels with an increase in dietary total-fat. However, there was no significant change in the circulating C17:0 concentrations as the total-fat increased. To conclude, the dietary total-fat content and fat-type have a very complex influence on the relative compositions of circulating fatty acids, which are independent of the actual dietary fatty acid composition. Knowing how to manipulate circulating C15:0 and C17:0 concentrations is far-reaching in nutritional/pathological research as they highlight a dietary route to attenuate the development of metabolic disease (both by reducing risk and improving prognosis).

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45

Yoneyama, Kihei, Yoshihiro Akashi, Kohei Ashikaga, Keisuke Kida, Kengo Suzuki, and Fumihiko Miyake. "METABOLIC IMAGING WITH ß-METHYL-P-[123I]-IODOPHENYL-PENTADECANOIC ACID IDENTIFIES ISCHEMIC MEMORY IN PATIENTS WITH VASOSPASTIC ANGINA." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57, no. 14 (April 2011): E684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(11)60684-0.

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46

Hudon, Marck P. J., Donald M. Lyster, Eric W. R. Jamieson, Karim A. Qayumi, Marla C. Kiess, Luis J. Rosado, Anne P. Autor, Craig Sartori, Hayes Dougan, and Jan van den Broek. "Efficacy of 15-(123I)-p-iodophenyl pentadecanoic acid (IPPA) in assessing myocardial metabolism in a model of reversible global ischemia." European Journal of Nuclear Medicine 14, no. 12 (December 1988): 594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00251782.

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47

Humbert, Thierry, Christiane Keriel, Danièle Marti Batlle, Xavier Leverve, Cuong Luu-Duc, Pierre Cuchet, and Michel Comet. "Influence of the presence of a methyl group on the myocardial metabolism of 15-(paraiodophenyl)-3 methyl pentadecanoic acid (IMPPA)." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part B. Nuclear Medicine and Biology 17, no. 8 (January 1990): 745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2897(90)90020-2.

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48

WIELER, H., K. P. KAISER, J. FRANK, J. T. KUIKKA, K. LADWEIN, and A. WINKENS. "Standardized non-invasive assessment of myocardial free fatty acid kinetics by means of 15-(para-iodo-phenyl) pentadecanoic acid (123I-pPPA)scintigraphy: I. Method." Nuclear Medicine Communications 11, no. 12 (December 1990): 865–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-199012000-00005.

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49

Hansen, Christopher L., Padmakar V. Kulkarni, Valentina Ugolini, and James R. Corbett. "Detection of aterations in left ventricular fatty acid metabolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction by 15-(p-123I-phenyl)-pentadecanoic acid and tomographic imaging." American Heart Journal 129, no. 3 (March 1995): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(95)90271-6.

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50

Mertens, J., J. Eersels, and W. Vanryckeghem. "New high yield Cu(I) assisted 123I radioiodination of 15(p-I-phenyl)-9-methyl pentadecanoic acid, a potential myocardial tracer." European Journal Of Nuclear Medicine 13, no. 3 (June 1987): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00289030.

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