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1
Ann, Chowning, ed. Two-party line: Conversations in the field. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996.
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2
Wilson, Tony. 24 hour party people: What the sleeve notes never tell you. London: Channel 4 Books, 2002.
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3
Wilson, Anthony H. 24 hour party people: What the sleeve notes never tell you. London: Macmillan, 2012.
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4
Labour Party (Great Britain). National Executive Committee. New Labour, new Britain: Labour in government : delivering our contract to the people : NEC statement to the Labour Party Annual Conference 1997. London: Labour Party, 1997.
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5
Hazlehurst, Kayleen M. Racial conflict and resolution in New Zealand: The haka party incident and it's [i.e. its] aftermath, 1979-1980. Canberra: Peace Research Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1988.
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6
Andersen, Gordon H. A socialist viewpoint on, the unions today, Labour, the Alliance, the 1996 general elections, and after the Māori rights struggle. [New Zealand?]: Socialist Party of Aotearoa, 1996.
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7
(Ghana), New Patriotic Party. Moving Ghana forward: Building a modern Ghana : 2008 manifesto. [Ghana]: New Patriotic Party, 2008.
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8
Wickhamsmith, Simon. Politics and Literature in Mongolia (1921-1948). NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462984752.
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Politics and Literature in Mongolia (1921-1948) investigates the relationship between literature and politics during Mongolia’s early revolutionary period. Between the 1921 socialist revolution and the first Writers’ Congress held in April 1948, the literary community constituted a key resource in the formation and implementation of policy. At the same time, debates within the party, discontent among the population, and questions of religion and tradition led to personal and ideological conflict among the intelligentsia and, in many cases, to trials and executions. Using primary texts, many of them translated into English for the first time, Simon Wickhamsmith shows the role played by the literary arts — poetry, fiction and drama — in the complex development of the ‘new society’, helping to bring Mongolia’s nomadic herding population into the utopia of equality, industrial progress and social well-being promised by the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party.
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Wiesner-Hanks, Merry, ed. Challenging Women's Agency and Activism in Early Modernity. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729321.
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Examining women’s agency in the past has taken on new urgency in the current moment of resurgent patriarchy, Women’s Marches, and the global #MeToo movement. The essays in this collection consider women’s agency in the Renaissance and early modern period, an era that also saw both increasing patriarchal constraints and new forms of women’s actions and activism. They address a capacious set of questions about how women, from their teenage years through older adulthood, asserted agency through social practices, speech acts, legal disputes, writing, viewing and exchanging images, travel, and community building. Despite family and social pressures, the actions of girls and women could shape their lives and challenge male-dominated institutions. This volume includes thirteen essays by scholars from various disciplines, which analyze people, texts, objects, and images from many different parts of Europe, as well as things and people that crossed the Atlantic and the Pacific.
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Wilcox, Phill. Heritage and the Making of Political Legitimacy in Laos. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463727020.
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The Lao People’s Democratic Republic is nearly fifty years old, and one of the few surviving one-party socialist states. Nearly five decades on from its revolutionary birth, the Lao population continues to build futures in and around a political landscape that maintains socialist rhetoric on one hand and capitalist economics on the other. Contemporary Lao politics is marked by the use of cultural heritage as a source of political legitimacy. Researched through long term detailed ethnography in the former royal capital of Luang Prabang, itself a UNESCO recognised World Heritage Site since 1995, this book takes a fresh look at issues of legitimacy, heritage and national identity for different members of the Lao population. It argues that the political system has become sufficiently embedded to avoid imminent risk of collapse but suggests that it is facing new challenges primarily in the form of rising Chinese influence in Laos.
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Baglioni, Lorenzo Grifone, ed. Scegliere di partecipare. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-284-4.
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The study concentrates on aspects of juvenile participation in the Florentine territory, taking into consideration different forms of political engagement, from that of the traditional party type to that which is expressed through citizen movements and committees, through to the new forms of engaged governance. While the generational data appear to show signs of little emancipation, frequently involving lack of interest, egoism and refuge in a culture of dependence, the young activists – with their direct engagement – contribute to infuse new life into the dynamics of politics. The dimension of active citizenship has important repercussions on the political culture of young people and on their experience of society. Bringing to light the underlying reasons and the specific features is the objective of this work which explores in a qualitative sense one of the salient issues of the previous sample survey Una generazione che cambia. Civismo, solidarietà e nuove incertezze dei giovani della provincia di Firenze (Firenze University Press 2007) edited by the same author.
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Tsimonis, Konstantinos. The Chinese Communist Youth League. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462989863.
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The Chinese Communist Youth League is the largest youth political organization in the world, with over 80 million members. Former Chinese President Hu Jintao was a firm supporter of the League, and believed that it could play a bigger role in winning the hearts and minds of Chinese youth by actively engaging with their interests and demands. Accordingly, he provided the League with a new youth work mandate to increase its capacity for responsiveness under the slogan 'keep the Party assured and the youth satisfied'. This original investigation of the hitherto-unexamined organization uses a combination of interviews, surveys and ethnography to explore how the League implemented Hu's mandate at both local and national levels, exposing the contradictory nature of some of its campaigns. By doing so, it also sheds light on the reasons for Xi Jinping's turn against the League during his first term in office. The Chinese Communist Youth League: Juniority and Responsiveness in a Party Youth Organization develops the original concept of 'juniority' to capture the complex ways that generational power is institutionalized, alienating young people from official political processes, with significant implications for China's political development. The book will be of interest to researchers and students of Chinese politics, as well as to scholars of comparative youth politics and sociology.
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Steven, Langdon, and Cross Victoria 1956-, eds. As we come marching: People, power & progressive politics. Ottawa: Windsor Works Publications, 1994.
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14
Boix, Carles. The Emergence of Parties and Party Systems. Edited by Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0021.
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This article discusses the emergence of parties and party systems. It summarizes the two main competing explanations of party systems, which are the neo-institutionalist research agenda and the historical-sociological literature. It then evaluates their strengths and limitations. The last two sections are focused on a new method of restructuring the way people think about how parties emerged. This method eventually integrates both approaches within a broad analytical framework.
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Slez, Adam. The Making of the Populist Movement. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190090500.001.0001.
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This book provides a field theoretic account of the origins of electoral populism, which first emerged in the American state of South Dakota in 1890, at the height of what was known as the Populist movement. Lasting from roughly 1877 to 1896, the movement brought together farmers throughout the agrarian periphery in an effort to combat material hardship at the hands of railroads and banks. The book argues that the rise of electoral populism in the American West was a strategic response to a political field in which the configuration of positions was literally locked in place, precluding the success of new contenders or otherwise marginal actors. This argument is developed in two parts. The first part of the book examines the transformation of physical space resulting from the simultaneous expansion of both state and market. Together, these two processes contributed to the stability of the political field, where the struggle for power was synonymous with a struggle for position in an emerging urban hierarchy. The second part of the book examines the subsequent push for market regulation and the rise of the Populist movement in southern Dakota. Unable to make headway through social movement organizations such the Farmers’ Alliance and administrative agencies such as the Dakota Territory Board of Railroad Commissioners, farmers in southern Dakota looked to third-party alternatives as means of affecting change. The result was the People’s Party which, for a brief period between 1892 and 1896, threatened to destroy the prevailing party system.
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Holmberg, Sören, and Per Hedberg. The Will of the People? Swedish Nuclear Power Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747031.003.0010.
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Sweden started its nuclear programme in the early 1950s. Initially it was generally welcomed as modernization and even supported by environmentalists. The issue became more contested in the 1970s, when protests began and the Centre Party turned anti-nuclear. In the 1980s, the phasing out of nuclear energy until 2010 was decided as a consequence of a referendum. In 2010, however, the parliament decided to allow building a new generation of nuclear power plants. After the Fukushima disaster a new phase of nuclear energy confinement began in 2014 as a consequence of a Red-Green coalition coming to power. Over the years most Swedish parties have reversed their positions on the nuclear power issue. Policy reversals were triggered by party competition and government replacement and reflected changes in public opinion as well as coalition politics.
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Julier, Alice P. Sweetening the Pot. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037634.003.0004.
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This chapter begins with a discussion of a dinner party attended by the author to highlight the complexity of social events with food when all the rigid rules of dinner parties are not applicable or desired. For many reasons, the majority of people's social events do not fit into those formal templates, so they must “invent” new ways of doing this. But in doing so, all modifications are fraught with new rules and new ways of negotiating a shared understanding of what is appropriate, what tastes good, and what makes both hosts and guests feel “comfortable,” appreciated, and connected to each other. It argues that the path to intimacy and closeness is not as free of constraints as the ideology of friendship suggests. In fact, people intentionally use these events to create bounded groups whose similarities exclude others.
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Lahey, Benjamin B. Dimensions of Psychological Problems. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197607909.001.0001.
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A long-brewing revolution in how people think about psychological problems has finally reached a tipping point. Extensive scientific evidence now portrays psychological problems as problematic ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving that lie on continuous dimensions from insignificant to severe, with there being no hard line between “normal” and “abnormal.” These dimensions of psychological problems are highly correlated and overlapping. This means that people often experience psychological problems on more than one dimension at the same time. New longitudinal studies, in which the same people provide information about themselves over long parts of their lives, now indicate that the dimensions of psychological problems are dynamically changing rather than constant. Perhaps most important, these long-term studies reveal that psychological problems are commonplace and ordinary aspects of human lives. Surprisingly, nearly all people experience some distressing and impairing psychological problems at some time during their lives. These psychological problems range from simply uncomfortable to extremely distressing, problematic, and sometimes tragic. Nonetheless, psychological problems arise through the same natural processes as all aspects of behavior. That is, both adaptive and maladaptive patterns of psychological functioning are the result of the same natural interplay of genes and environments. Understanding these things about psychological problems should reduce people’s tendency to stigmatize these problems in themselves and in others. It will often be sensible for people to seek professional help to change them, but psychological problems are simply ordinary and commonplace parts of people’s lives.
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Oklopcic, Zoran. Beyond the People. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799092.001.0001.
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Who is ‘the people’? How does it exercise its power? When is the people entitled to exercise its rights? From where does that people derive its authority? What is the meaning of its self-government in a democratic constitutional order? For the most part, scholars approach these questions from their disciplinary perspectives, with the help of canonical texts, and in the context of ongoing theoretical debates. Beyond the People is a systematic and comprehensive, yet less disciplinarily disciplined study that confronts the same questions, texts, and debates in a new way. Its point of departure is simple and intuitive. A sovereign people is the work of a theoretical imagination, always shaped by the assumptions, aspirations, and anticipations of a particular theorist-imaginer. To look beyond the people is to confront them directly, by exploring the ways in which theorists script, stage, choreograph, record, and otherwise evoke the scenes, actors, actions, and events that permit us to speak intelligibly—and often enthusiastically—about the ideals of popular sovereignty, self-determination, constituent power, ultimate authority, sovereign equality, and collective self-government. What awaits beyond these ideals is a new set of images, and a different way to understand the perennial Who? What? Where? When? and How? questions—not as the suggestions about how best to understand these concepts, but rather as the oblique and increasingly costly ways of not asking the one we probably should: What, more specifically, do we need them for?
21
Brazelton, Mary Augusta. Mass Vaccination. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.001.0001.
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While the eradication of smallpox has long been documented, not many know the Chinese roots of this historic achievement. This book examines the People's Republic of China's public health campaigns of the 1950s to explain just how China managed to inoculate almost six hundred million people against this and other deadly diseases. The book tells the story of the people, materials, and systems that built these campaigns, exposing how, by improving the nation's health, the Chinese Communist Party quickly asserted itself in the daily lives of all citizens. This crusade had deep roots in the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War, when researchers in China's southwest struggled to immunize as many people as possible, both in urban and rural areas. But its legacy was profound, providing a means for the state to develop new forms of control and of engagement. The book considers the implications of vaccination policies for national governance, from rural health care to Cold War-era programs of medical diplomacy. By embedding Chinese medical history within international currents, the book highlights how and why China became an exemplar of primary health care at a crucial moment in global health policy.
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Anderson, Greg. The Realness of Things Past. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.001.0001.
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The book proposes a new paradigm of historical practice. It questions the way we conventionally historicize the experiences of non-modern peoples, western and non-western, and makes a case for an alternative. It shows how our standard analytical devices impose modern, dualist metaphysical conditions upon all non-modern realities, thereby authorizing us to align those realities with our own modern ontological commitments, fundamentally altering their contents in the process. The net result is a practice that homogenizes the past’s many different ways of being human. To produce histories that are more ethically defensible, more philosophically robust, and more historically meaningful, we need to take an ontological turn in our practice. We need to cultivate a non-dualist historicism that will allow us to analyse each past reality on its own ontological terms, as a more or less autonomous world unto itself. The work is divided into three parts. To highlight the limitations of conventional historicist analysis and the need for an alternative, Part One (chapters 1-5) critically scrutinizes our standard modern accounts of the politeia (“way of life”) of classical Athens, the book’s primary case study. Part Two (chapters 6-9) draws on a wide range of historical, ethnographic, and theoretical literatures to frame ethical and philosophical mandates for the proposed ontological turn. To illustrate the historical benefits of this alternative paradigm, Part Three (chapters 10-16) then shows how it allows us to produce an entirely new and more meaningful account of the Athenian politeia. The book is expressly written to be accessible to a non-specialist, cross-disciplinary readership.
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Field, Arthur. The Oligarchs and Their Opponents, 1378–1426. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791089.003.0001.
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This chapter describes the contrasts between the more “oligarchic” and the more “popular” components of Florentine society, from the time of the Ciompi tumult in 1378 until the formation of the Medici party in 1426. The oligarchs—some being engaged in business and many taking advantage of opportunities that arose from Florence’s expanding state—attempted, via an oligarchic political club, the Parte Guelfa, to prevent new people from entering the government and endorsed optional wars that enlarged the Florentine state. The more popular groups were merchants, often not from older families, and artisans (the popolo minuto), who wanted to open the government to new families and tended to oppose optional wars. By 1426 the more popular elements coalesced around the Medici. The chapter utilizes political debates in Florence (the Consulte e Pratiche) as well as diaries and other unpublished sources.
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Tomlinson, Jim. Managing the Economy, Managing the People. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786092.001.0001.
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The volume provides a distinctive new account of British economic life since the Second World War, focusing upon the ways in which successive governments, in seeking to manage the economy, have sought simultaneously to ‘manage the people’: to try and manage popular understanding of economic issues. In doing so, governments have sought not only to shape expectations for electoral purposes but to construct broader narratives about how ‘the economy’ should be understood. The starting point is to ask what goals have been focused upon; how these have been constructed to appeal to the population; and how far the population has accepted these narratives. In its first part, the volume analyses the development of the major narratives from the 1940s onwards. This part covers the notion of ‘austerity’ and its particular meaning in the 1940s; the rise of a narrative of ‘economic decline’ from the late 1950s, and the subsequent attempts to ‘modernize’ the economy; the attempts to ‘roll back the state’ from the 1970s; the impact of ideas of ‘globalization’ in the 1980s and 1990s; and, finally, the way the crisis of 2008/9 onwards was constructed as a problem of ‘debts and deficits’. The second part of the volume then focuses in on four key issues in attempts to ‘manage the people’: productivity, the balance of payments, inflation, and unemployment. It shows how in each case governments have sought to get the populace to understand these issues in a particular light, and have shaped strategies to that end.
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Alconini, Sonia, and Alan Covey. Conclusions. Edited by Sonia Alconini and Alan Covey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219352.013.53.
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This chapter summarizes the themes presented in Part 2, which focused on centers of Inca power in the Cuzco region and other parts of the Andes. Focusing on the overlapping concepts of royal estates and imperial centers, the chapter considers the different governing functions of each category, as well as the special social statuses (mitmacona, yanacona, acllacona) providing the labor that sustained them. These people were part of Inca efforts to extend royal households (panacas) from the Cuzco region into the provinces. The provincial construction of new state farms and imperial centers echoed similar projects of agrarian intensification and estate building in the Inca heartland and outlying provinces, helping to create nodes of imperial social and economic power that supported the imperial administration of diverse populations from across the Andes.
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Archer, Richard. Emancipation and Free African Americans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676643.003.0003.
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Except in parts of Rhode Island and Connecticut, slavery was a peripheral institution, and throughout New England during and after the Revolution there was widespread support to emancipate slaves. Some of the states enacted emancipation laws that theoretically allowed slavery to continue almost indefinitely, and slavery remained on the books as late as 1857 in New Hampshire. Although the laws gradually abolished slavery and although the pace was painfully slow for those still enslaved, the predominant dynamic for New England society was the sudden emergence of a substantial, free African American population. What developed was an even more virulent racism and a Jim Crow environment. The last part of the chapter is an analysis of where African Americans lived as of 1830 and the connection between racism and concentrations of people of African descent.
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Bass, Amy. We Believe. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037610.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the diasporic quality of Red Sox Nation and the effects of winning two World Series on its (formerly “angst-ridden”) citizenry. For Boston Red Sox fans, the definition of home has always been blurry. Red Sox fans have always been part of a diasporic New England community more imagined than real, but maintaining a strong identity. Even in its most parochial eras, the Red Sox have reached far beyond Fenway Park, rendering “Boston” as home for people in Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, parts of Connecticut, and the rest of Massachusetts. In the 2004 championship season, the Red Sox surpassed the New York Yankees as Major League Baseball's most profitable road attraction. This chapter considers how the creation of Red Sox Nation turned the team into a national phenomenon, “enjoying a community that is rooted to whatever space it occupies at any given moment.”
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Rosanne, Rutten, ed. Brokering a revolution: Cadres in the Philippine insurgency. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2008.
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29
Peterson, Martin. The Autonomy Principle. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190652265.003.0007.
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Technological innovations have increased the independence, self-governance, and freedom of millions of people around the world. The link between new technologies and increased autonomy is by no means a modern phenomenon. Pick any point in time at which a substantial technological transformation has occurred, and it is likely that a significant part of the process can be described as an upsurge of autonomy. The focus of this chapter is on three questions: (i) How should autonomy be defined? (ii) Is autonomy valuable for its own sake or as a means to an end? (ii) How should autonomy be measured? By answering these questions it becomes clear how the Autonomy Principle should be applied to real-world cases in which people’s independence, self-governance, or freedom is affected.
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Wright Rigueur, Leah. No Room at the Inn. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159010.003.0009.
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This concluding chapter explores how the fundamental ideological rift illustrated by Elaine Jenkins' and Clarence Thomas' philosophies spoke to an evolution of the thoughts and actions that black Republicans had advanced since 1936. In that year, about one hundred African American party members from New York gathered to discuss the party's responsibilities in times of crisis; for them, Republicanism symbolized government that was “by the people,” that spoke to matters of social justice. And though they rejected the New Deal, disparaging social welfare as “handouts,” they nevertheless insisted that the party had to offer something to address racial inequality and the economic needs of the American public in a viable and empathetic way.
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Chalus, Elaine, and Perry Gauci, eds. Revisiting The Polite and Commercial People. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802631.001.0001.
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For some time before his death in July 2015, former colleagues and students of Paul Langford had discussed the possibility of organizing a festschrift to celebrate his remarkable contribution to eighteenth-century history. It was planned for 2019 to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the appearance of his seminal A Polite and Commercial People, the opening volume in the New Oxford History of England series, Paul’s best-known and most influential publication. He was delighted to hear of these plans and the tragic news of his death only made the contributors more determined to see the project through to completion. The importance of A Polite and Commercial People within its own time is unquestionable. Not only did it provide a powerful new vision of eighteenth-century Britain, but it also played a vital part in reviving interest in, and expanding ways of thinking about, Georgian history. As the thirteen contributors to this volume amply testify, any review of the field from the 1980s onwards cannot ignore the profound effect Paul’s research had on the social and political publications in his field. This collection of essays combines reflection on the impact of Paul’s work with further engagement with the central questions he posed. In particular, it serves to reconnect various recent avenues of Georgian studies, bringing together diverse themes present in Paul’s scholarship, but which are often studied independently of each other. As such, it aims to provide a fitting tribute to Paul’s work and impact, and a wider reassessment of the current direction of eighteenth-century studies.
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Nichols, Shaun. Rational Rules. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869153.001.0001.
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Moral systems, like normative systems more broadly, involve complex mental representations. Rational Rules offers an account of the acquisition of key aspects of normative systems in terms of general-purpose rational learning procedures. In particular, it offers statistical learning accounts of: (1) how people come to think that a rule is act-based, that is, the rule prohibits producing certain consequences but not allowing such consequences to occur or persist; (2) how people come to expect that a new rule will also be act-based; (3) how people come to believe a principle of liberty, according to which whatever is not expressly prohibited is permitted; and (4) how people come to think that some normative claims hold universally while others hold only relative to some group. This provides an empiricist theory of a key part of moral acquisition, since the learning procedures are domain general. It also entails that crucial parts of our moral system enjoy rational credentials since the learning procedures are forms of rational inference. There is another sense in which rules can be rational—they can be effective for achieving our ends, given our ecological settings. Rational Rules argues that at least some central components of our moral systems are indeed ecologically rational: they are good at helping us attain common goals. In addition, the book argues that a basic form of rule representation brings motivation along automatically. Thus, part of the explanation for why we follow moral rules is that we are built to follow rules quite generally.
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Lause, Mark A. Free Democrats to the Republicans. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040306.003.0002.
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This chapter shows that spiritualism gained its first strong foothold in Washington and began to flourish when Martin Van Buren and kindred politicians trailed back into their Free Soil Party, leaving the antislavery insurgency to the most stalwart radical elements who reorganized as the Free Democratic Party. It explains how these political shifts brought antislavery political leaders to Washington and discusses the growth of spiritualism by 1854–1856 with the rise of sectional tensions. After highlighting the prominence of spiritualists among the Free Democrats, the chapter considers the parallel development and convergence of spiritualism and antislavery politics in New York City. It then examines how the tensions of the spring of 1853–1854 seem to have driven many more people to the spirits and how Kansas became the catalyst for a major shift in Free Democratic circles as well as politics generally. It also explores how spiritualists, particularly in the upper Midwest, made vital decisions that marked the emergence and triumph of a new Republican Party.
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Petit, Véronique, Kaveri Qureshi, Yves Charbit, and Philip Kreager, eds. The Anthropological Demography of Health. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862437.001.0001.
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This book provides an integrative framework for the anthropological demography of health, a field of interdisciplinary population research grounded in ethnography and in critical examination of the social, political, and economic histories that have shaped relations between peoples. The field has grown from the 1990s, extending to a remarkable range of key human and policy issues, including: genetic disorders; nutrition; mental health; infant, child and maternal morbidity; malaria; HIV/AIDS; disability and chronic diseases; new reproductive technologies; and population ageing. Collaboration with social, medical, and demographic historians enables these issues to be situated in the evolution of institutional structures and inequalities that shape health and care access. Understanding fertility levels and trends has widened beyond parity and contraception to the many life course risks and alternative healing systems that shape reproductive health. By going beyond conventional demographic and epidemiological methods, and idealised macro/micro-level units, the anthropological demography of health places people’s health-seeking behaviour in a compositional demography based on ethnographic observation of group formation and change over time, and of variance between what people say and do. It tracks family and community networks; class, linguistic, and religious groups; sectoral labour and market distributions; health and healing specialisms; and relations between these bodies and with groups controlling local and national governments. The approach enables examination of how local cultures and experience are translated formally into measures on which survey and clinical programmes rely, thus testing the empirical adequacy of such translations, and leading to revision of concepts of risk and governance.
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King, Richard. Cultural Revolution. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.031.
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Culture served communist-ruled states by presenting a vision of nations and peoples in transition from a dark and oppressive past into the projected bright future of communism. National and party leaders followed Lenin in ascribing great importance to the persuasive powers of the arts and insisting on their incorporation into the machinery of government. Artists creating works of literature, film, and the performing and visual arts according to the official doctrine of socialist realism presented images of new socialist persons overcoming difficulties and accomplishing tasks to instruct and entertain their audiences. While they might enjoy the benefits of state patronage, artists also risked condemnation and punishment if their works displeased the ruling party and its leadership. The arts of socialism have largely lost their political function and are now viewed as nostalgic memorabilia or kitsch.
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Kölbel, Andrea. In Search of a Future. Edited by Meenakshi Thapan. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190124519.001.0001.
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In a conversation about youth agency, the most common discourses that come up are of acts of liberation, resistance, and deviance. However, this perspective is fairly narrow and runs the risk of reinforcing pervasive and often polarizing depictions of youth. In order to broaden the understanding of young people’s collective actions and their potential social implications, it is necessary to ask: What types of agency do young people demonstrate? This book aims to scrutinize some of the conceptual ideas that underlie prevalent visions of youth as agents of social change and as a source of hope for a better future. As a part of the Education and Society in South Asia series, it provides insightful accounts of students’ daily routines on and around a public university campus in Kathmandu, Nepal, and calls attention to a group of non-elite university students who have remained less visible in scholarly and public debates about student activism, youth unemployment, and international migration. By placing different strands of literature on youth, aspiration, and mobility into conversation, In Search of a Future unveils new and important perspectives on how young people navigate competing social expectations, educational inequalities, and limited job prospects.
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French, Jeff, ed. Social Marketing and Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198717690.001.0001.
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The premise of this book is that those concerned with public health need to put a lot more effort into understanding why people act as they do and then into using this understanding to develop and deliver social improvement intervention programmes. We need to understand what people are prepared to buy into if we are going to make a significant impact on issues such as smoking or infection control. We need to enable and empower people so that their energy, understanding, and skills are harnessed as part of the solution to improving health. Social marketing is an approach that recognizes that if we are to be successful, it is not about doing things to people but about working with and for them. The second key theme of this book is the need for public health programmes to be more rigorously researched, designed, developed, implemented, and evaluated. Too many public policy interventions have unclear or unrealistic aims, poor pre-testing and piloting, and often weak evaluation. A key feature and strength of social marketing is its obsession with systemic analysis and systematic programme development and implementation. Without clear measurable objectives and cogent implementation plans, little may be achieved or learned about how to help people that can be used to refine new interventions. This book is intended to give the reader a structured learning experience that results in a good understanding of social marketing principles and techniques, alongside examples of real interventions that have made a difference to people’s lives.
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McDonnell, Duncan, and Annika Werner. International Populism. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500859.001.0001.
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The 2014 European Parliament elections were hailed as a “populist earthquake” with parties like the French Front National, UKIP and the Danish People's Party topping the polls in their countries and commentators warning about the consequences of a large radical right populist bloc in the Parliament. But what happened after the elections? Based on policy positions, voting data, and interviews conducted over more than four years with senior figures from fourteen radical right populist parties and their main partners, this is the first major study to explain these parties' actions and alliances in the European Parliament. International Populism answers three key questions: Why have radical right populists, unlike other ideological party types, long been divided in the European Parliament? Why, although divisions persist, are many of them now more united than ever? And how does all of this inform our understanding of the European populist radical right today? Arguing that these parties have entered a new international and transnational phase, with some attempting to be “respectable radicals” while others have instead embraced their shared populism, McDonnell and Werner shed new light on the past, present and future of one of the most important political phenomena of twenty-first-century Europe.
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Kawall, Jason, ed. The Virtues of Sustainability. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190919818.001.0001.
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With a growing recognition of the potentially catastrophic impacts of human actions on current and future generations, people around the world are urgently seeking new, sustainable ways of life for themselves and their communities. What do these calls for a sustainable future mean for our current values and ways of life, and what kind of people will we need to become? Approaches to ethical living that emphasize good character and virtue are recently resurgent, and they are especially well-suited to addressing the challenges we face in pursuing sustainability. From rethinking excessive consumption, to appropriately respecting nature, to being resilient in the face of environmental injustice, our characters will be frequently tested. The virtues of sustainability—character traits enabling us to lead sustainable, flourishing lives—will be critical to our success. This volume, divided into three parts, brings together newly commissioned essays by leading scholars from multiple disciplines—from philosophy and political science, to religious studies and psychology. The essays in the first part focus on key factors and structures that support the cultivation of the virtues of sustainability, while those in the second focus in particular on virtues embraced by various non-Western communities and cultures, and the worldviews that underlie them. Finally, the essays in the third part address further particular virtues of sustainability, including cooperativeness, patience, conscientiousness, and creativity and open-mindedness. Together, these essays provide readers with a rich understanding of the importance and diversity of the virtues of sustainability.
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Zahavi, Dan, ed. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Phenomenology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755340.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of the History of Phenomenology contains thirty-seven new essays by leading scholars in the field. The essays all highlight historical influences, connections, and developments and provide an in-depth coverage of the development of phenomenology; one that allows for a better comprehension and assessment of the continuity as well as diversity of the phenomenological tradition. The handbook is divided into three distinct parts. The first part contains chapters that address the way phenomenology has been influenced by earlier periods or figures in the history of philosophy. The second part contains chapters targeting prominent phenomenologists: How was their work affected by earlier figures, how did their own views change over time, and what kind of influence did they exert on subsequent thinkers? The contributions in the third part trace various core topics such as subjectivity, intersubjectivity, embodiment, spatiality, and imagination in the work of different phenomenologists, in order to explore how the notions were transformed, enriched, and expanded up through the century. The handbook will be a source of insight for philosophers, students of philosophy, and for people working in other disciplines of the humanities, social sciences, and sciences, who are interested in the phenomenological tradition. It is an authoritative guide to how phenomenology started, how it developed, and where it is heading.
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Miroff, Bruce. From Friends to Foes. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036866.003.0005.
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This chapter looks at how antagonism between different traditions of social reform can defeat their agenda. Far from being a coherent movement, postwar liberalism has been divided by class, generation, and philosophy. In the 1970s, the Democratic Party was torn apart by a conflict between New Dealers and their union allies on the one hand, and New Politics people and their identity politics allies on the other. Their tragic failure to reconcile their differences led to a landslide defeat at the hands of Richard Nixon in 1972. Drawing allusions to contemporary politics, the chapter shows how personal conflicts can reflect significant disagreements between reform traditions.
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d'Arcy, paul. Oceania and Australasia. Edited by Jerry H. Bentley. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0031.
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Oceania and Australasia are relatively recent and externally imposed terms. The term Australasia refers collectively to the lands south of Asia, or present-day Australia and New Zealand. Oceania refers to the Pacific Islands east of present-day Indonesia and the Philippines across to Pitcairn Island in the southeast Pacific and also includes the western half of the island of New Guinea, which is now part of Indonesia. These islands are generally divided into three geographical areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Present-day national borders cut across previous indigenous exchange areas or unite peoples with little previous sense of collective identity, especially in the larger Pacific Island nations of southwest Oceania. The region's value and prime relevance to world history lies in its comparative value in terms of European explorers and traders, and subsequent settler societies and their relations with, and impact upon, indigenous peoples.
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Anderson, E. N. Ecologies of the Heart. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090109.001.0001.
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There is much we can learn about conservation from native peoples, says Gene Anderson. While the advanced nations of the West have failed to control overfishing, deforestation, soil erosion, pollution, and a host of other environmental problems, many traditional peoples manage their natural resources quite successfully. And if some traditional peoples mismanage the environment--the irrational value some place on rhino horn, for instance, has left this species endangered--the fact remains that most have found ways to introduce sound ecological management into their daily lives. Why have they succeeded while we have failed? In Ecologies of the Heart, Gene Anderson reveals how religion and other folk beliefs help pre-industrial peoples control and protect their resources. Equally important, he offers much insight into why our own environmental policies have failed and what we can do to better manage our resources. A cultural ecologist, Gene Anderson has spent his life exploring the ways in which different groups of people manage the environment, and he has lived for years in fishing communities in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Tahiti, and British Columbia--as well as in a Mayan farmtown in south Mexico--where he has studied fisheries, farming, and forest management. He has concluded that all traditional societies that have managed resources well over time have done so in part through religion--by the use of emotionally powerful cultural symbols that reinforce particular resource management strategies. Moreover, he argues that these religious beliefs, while seeming unscientific, if not irrational, at first glance, are actually based on long observation of nature. To illustrate this insight, he includes many fascinating portraits of native life. He offers, for instance, an intriguing discussion of the Chinese belief system known as Feng-Shui (wind and water) and tells of meeting villagers in remote areas of Hong Kong's New Territories who assert that dragons live in the mountains, and that to disturb them by cutting too sharply into the rock surface would cause floods and landslides (which in fact it does). He describes the Tlingit Indians of the Pacific Northwest, who, before they strip bark from the great cedar trees, make elaborate apologies to spirits they believe live inside the trees, assuring the spirits that they take only what is necessary. And we read of the Maya of southern Mexico, who speak of the lords of the Forest and the Animals, who punish those who take more from the land or the rivers than they need. These beliefs work in part because they are based on long observation of nature, but also, and equally important, because they are incorporated into a larger cosmology, so that people have a strong emotional investment in them. And conversely, Anderson argues that our environmental programs often fail because we have not found a way to engage our emotions in conservation practices. Folk beliefs are often dismissed as irrational superstitions. Yet as Anderson shows, these beliefs do more to protect the environment than modern science does in the West. Full of insights, Ecologies of the Heart mixes anthropology with ecology and psychology, traditional myth and folklore with informed discussions of conservation efforts in industrial society, to reveal a strikingly new approach to our current environmental crises.
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Lindemann, Hilde, Janice McLaughlin, and Marian A. Verkerk, eds. What About the Family? Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190624880.001.0001.
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The aim of this collection is to develop new theoretical and practical approaches to address the responsibilities created by new forms of healthcare practice. In particular, the authors examine the significance of people’s key relationships, such as family and community, and how they deliberate and make decisions about their responsibilities. Each chapter of the collection works through a set of questions that provide a framework for understanding the problematic behind the book and the broader debates it is part of: why families matter, what counts as family, how families track responsibilities, how treatment decisions ought to work in families, and what justice requires of families.
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Dalby, Simon. Climate Change and Geopolitics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.642.
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Historic discussions of climate often suggested that it caused societies to have certain qualities. In the 19th-century, imperial representations of the world environment frequently “determined” the fate of peoples and places, a practice that has frequently been used to explain the largest patterns of political rivalry and the fates of empires and their struggles for dominance in world politics. In the 21st century, climate change has mostly reversed the causal logic in the reasoning about human–nature relationships and their geographies. The new thinking suggests that human decisions, at least those made by the rich and powerful with respect to the forms of energy that are used to power the global economy, are influencing future climate changes. Humans are now shaping the environment on a global scale, not the other way around. Despite the widespread acceptance of the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate-change action, numerous arguments about who should act and how they should do so to deal with climate change shape international negotiations. Differing viewpoints are in part a matter of geographical location and whether an economy is dependent on fossil-fuels revenue or subject to increasingly severe storms, droughts, or rising sea levels. These differences have made climate negotiations very difficult in the last couple of decades. Partly in response to these differences, the Paris Agreement devolves primary responsibility for climate policy to individual states rather than establish any other geopolitical arrangement. Apart from the outright denial that humanity is a factor in climate change, arguments about whether climate change causes conflict and how security policies should engage climate change also partly shape contemporary geopolitical agendas. Despite climate-change deniers, in the Trump administration in particular, in the aftermath of the Paris Agreement, climate change is understood increasingly as part of a planetary transformation that has been set in motion by industrial activity and the rise of a global fossil-fuel-powered economy. But this is about more than just climate change. The larger earth-system science discussion of transformation, which can be encapsulated in the use of the term “Anthropocene” for the new geological circumstances of the biosphere, is starting to shape the geopolitics of climate change just as new political actors are beginning to have an influence on climate politics.
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Wevers, Lydia. Historical Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679775.003.0014.
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Since the latter part of the twentieth century, there has been a noticeable turn towards fiction that draws on historical materials, people, and events to reframe the politics of both the past and the present. This turn was signalled by Linda Hutcheon in 1988 as part of postmodernism. In recent years, and particularly in the postcolonial settler literatures of Australia, Canada, New Zealand the intersections of history and fiction have become significantly political. The chapter considers novels in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the Pacific that deploy a more traditional form of historicity, including those written by Patrick White; historical novels by Indigenous writers; the regionalism of Canadian literature by contrast with New Zealand or Australian historical fiction; and historical fiction that parodies or reframes famous novels of the past.
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Baum, Lawrence, and Neal Devins. The Company They Keep. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197539156.001.0001.
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Today’s ideological division on the U.S. Supreme Court is also a partisan division: all the Court’s liberals were appointed by Democratic presidents, all its conservatives by Republican presidents. That pattern never existed in the Court until 2010, and this book focuses on how it came about and why it’s likely to continue. Its explanation lies in the growing level of political polarization over the last several decades. One effect of polarization is that potential nominees will reflect the dominant ideology of the president’s political party. Correspondingly, the sharpened ideological division between the two political parties has given presidents stronger incentives to give high priority to ideological considerations. In addition to these well-known effects of polarization, The Company They Keep explores what social psychologists have taught us about people’s motivations. Justices take cues primarily from the people who are closest to them and whose approval they care most about: political, social, and professional elites. In an era of strong partisan polarization, elite social networks are largely bifurcated by partisan and ideological elites, and justices such as Clarence Thomas and Ruth Bader Ginsburg live in milieus populated by like-minded elites that reinforce their liberalism or conservatism during their tenure on the Supreme Court. By highlighting and documenting this development, the book provides a new perspective on the Court and its justices.
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Mason, Derritt. Queer Anxieties of Young Adult Literature and Culture. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496830982.001.0001.
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This book considers the recent surge in queer young adult literature publishing and argues that this explosion of queer representation has prompted new forms of longstanding cultural anxieties about adolescent sexuality. In particular, critics of queer texts for young people seem concerned with the following questions: what makes for a good “coming out” story? Will increased queer representation in popular culture teach adolescents the right lessons, and help queer youth live better, happier lives? What if these stories harm young people instead of helping them? Although these concerns spring from a particular contemporary moment, Mason illustrates how the history of adolescence is itself a history of anxiety, and how young adult literature emerged, in part, as a way of managing various cultural and social anxieties. Mason suggests that “queer YA” is usefully understood as a body of trans-media texts with blurry boundaries, one that coheres around affect—specifically, anxiety—instead of content. To clarify this point, Mason draws on criticism about a range of texts for and about queer adolescents, including an assortment of young adult books; Caper in the Castro, the first-ever queer video game; online fan communities; and popular television series Glee and Big Mouth. Themes that generate the most anxiety about adolescent culture, Mason argues—queer visibility, risk-taking, HIV/AIDS, dystopia and horror, the promise that “It Gets Better” and the threat that it might not—challenge us to rethink how we read and engage with young people’s media.
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Dyson, Tim. From Ancient Times to the Year 1000. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829058.003.0003.
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This chapter addresses the period from the end of the Mauryan Empire to c.1000 CE. There is very little evidence for the period. Nevertheless, people probably continued to migrate into river valleys and exploit new land. As a result, populations in different parts of the subcontinent increased—albeit usually very slowly and irregularly. In the north, Indo-Aryan influences continued to grow. Further south, kingdoms like those of the Pallavas and Cholas were crucial to the process of ‘Indianization’ which, from about the second century CE, affected areas of south-east Asia. It seems unlikely that India’s people were badly affected by the so-called ‘Plague of Justinian’ which affected parts of the Middle East and southern Europe during the sixth century. The chapter considers evidence collected around 640 CE by the Chinese visitor Hsuan Tsang and suggests that it is consistent with a total population of anywhere between 30 and 85 million.
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Kucinskas, Jaime. Interventions’ Transformation from the Inside Out. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881818.003.0006.
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This chapter examines what meditation is intended to do for practitioners at a micro-level in their “intervention” programs. Mindfulness educators carefully introduced meditation practices to new adopters through modeling and gradual exposure to religious ideology. Meditation practice was used to fundamentally change how participants construed themselves, their place in the world, and their interactions with others at work and in other parts of their lives. Participating in mindfulness programs changed many people’s individual worldviews, self-regulation, and interactions with others. However, there is not conclusive evidence suggesting that contemplative interventions have deep, lasting structural impacts on the organizations and institutional fields they are working in.