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Chepeliuk, M. I., and S. S. Kushchii. "Strategies for the Company’s Interaction with Stakeholders in Ensuring Sustainable Development: The Global Aspect." Business Inform 12, no. 515 (2020): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-12-460-465.
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The article is aimed at analyzing the social responsibility of «PepsiCo», identifying the main groups of stakeholders, their impact on the company’s activities and strategies for interacting with them. In today’s business world, many enterprises face increased pressure from their competitors, shareholders, and the environment. More and more companies are introducing a vector of socially responsible business into the corporate strategy. As a result, companies continuing their operations need to apply different strategies for long-term sustainability, which maximizes the shareholder value. However, corporate social and ethical responsibilities have become higher expectations. Therefore, the research examines the corporate strategy, management and ethical practices of the successful global company PepsiCo Inc. The article emphasizes and proves the growing role of the conception of sustainable development in the activities of large companies, as well as analyzes the connection, mutual influence and fundamental differences in the interpretation of the concepts of sustainable development, corporate social responsibility, and business stability. The PepsiCo’s core stakeholder groups are analyzed; the relevance of the implementation of sustainable development strategies by the company is determined and it is shown how the implementation of sustainable development strategies allows to gain additional advantages in management and quickly respond to changes in both the internal and the external environment. Based on the analyzed data, the company needs a more comprehensive ethical policy to ensure the production of healthier and safer products. The research concludes that PepsiCo should improve its conception of social responsibility, corporate strategy, ethics, and corporate governance policy in order to obtain results that best meet the interests of stakeholders.
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Erkens, Yvonne. "Results without a Negotiated Agreement in Mediation: iuf v PepsiCo, Inc." International Labor Rights Case Law journal 3, no. 3 (September 11, 2017): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056901-00303009.
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Martin, Danielle, Michael Zarro, Maike Rahn, Jenny Gusba, and Christina Sherry. "Process and Method for Implementation of Automated Nutrient Profiling Reporting for a Global Food and Beverage Portfolio." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa060_008.
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Abstract Objectives With the increasing need for dynamic and flexible nutrient profiling of foods and beverages, PepsiCo has expanded capabilities to report on global nutrition data for business guidance and reporting to regulatory and health agencies. Additional processes were established to integrate nutrition and finance information and influence the long-term data strategy needs of the organization. Methods A multidisciplinary team of nutrition science, finance and IT professionals was assembled to systematically collect and link nutritional and financial data. A controlled, centralized database was created with data from 2015 to present from multiple data sources. Data quality is reviewed quarterly. Dashboards, scorecards and other reporting outputs were created (Tableau software, 2019.02) with end-user input, to measure performance against country-specific regulations, Front-of-Pack (FOP) labeling requirements and internal nutritional guidelines. Results Nutrition data from > 40,000 products are captured annually and linked with sales volume data. There was a 2.5-fold increase in countries contributing data since 2015 (10 vs 26 markets), representing >80% of the company's annual food/beverage sales volumes. Current reports focus on analyzing nutrients-to-encourage (protein, fiber, specific vitamins and/or minerals), food-groups-to-encourage (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fat-free/low-fat dairy and nuts/seeds/legume) and nutrients-to-limit (saturated fat, sodium, added sugars, trans-fat). Dashboards are currently utilized by 9 company functions, supporting several requests, including national nutrition regulations (n = 2 dashboards), FOP labeling systems (n = 2), retail store requirements (n = 1), internal sustainability goals (n = 3) and customized reports (n = 40). Across all iterations, dashboards have received >1000 views. Conclusions Automated nutrient profiling has been successfully implemented by a multidisciplinary team. Dashboards provide end-users with a timely and efficient tool to dynamically analyze PepsiCo's product portfolio guiding short- and long-term business decisions. Future work includes informing opportunities to improve the nutrient profile of PepsiCo's portfolio and increasing data availability and analysis. Funding Sources PepsiCo Inc.
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Kalinová, Eva, and Michal Tlustý. "An Analysis of the Time Series of the PepsiCo, Inc. (PEP) Share Price and a Prediction of its Development." SHS Web of Conferences 91 (2021): 01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219101046.
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The paper deals with the topic of stock time series and their forecasts. The aim of the paper is to provide a detailed analysis of the time series of PepsiCo, Inc. (PEP) shares and subsequently, to use machine tools to predict its further development. The results of the paper in their first part identify the boundaries of RSI indicators for the oversold or overbought market and moreover, with the help of these indicators, predict further possible development of the time series. Daily share price data from PepsiCo, Inc. from the end of April 2019 to the end of April 2020 are used. Two indicators have been recorded since the beginning of 2020. The first one, recorded at the end of January, recommended the trader to sell the position, and further developments suggest that this step would be correct, as stock values then began to fall sharply. The second indicator was identified at the beginning of March, when the world was shaken by the coronavirus crisis, and this indicator recommended the trader to buy a position. Further developments indicated that this would be the right move, as stock values rose in the following period. Moreover, the moving average method is employed as well. Values are calculated for 50, 100 and 200 days. With this tool, only one recommendation is identified, in March 2020, when the fast moving average intersected both slower moving averages, and the ideal solution was to sell the position, which could be described as the right step with the further development of the time series, because stock values began to fall again after this period.
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Brauchla, Mary, and Victor Fulgoni, III. "Cost-Effective Options for Increasing Consumption of Underconsumed Food Groups in the United States." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa051_003.
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Abstract Objectives Current intakes of fruits, vegetables and whole grains are lower than recommended levels with cost often cited as a barrier to increasing intake. This study evaluated current contributors to these food groups to determine the most cost-effective options within each food group. Analyses were also done to determine cost-effective contributors to underconsumed nutrients among foods and beverages contributing to these underconsumed food groups. Methods The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2016 (N = 10,112 adults 19 + y) was analyzed for current contributors to fruit, vegetable and whole grain intakes. Prices of these foods and beverages were then calculated per cup (fruits and vegetables) or ounce equivalent (whole grains) using the USDA National Food Prices Database after adjustment for inflation. Prices for each food/beverage were also calculated for underconsumed micronutrients (vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, magnesium, iron, choline, zinc). Results The top five most cost-effective contributors to whole grain intakes were oatmeal, popcorn, rice, yeast breads and pasta/noodles/cooked grains; oatmeal was also a top 10 cost-effective contributor to vitamin A, magnesium, iron and zinc while rice was a top 10 cost-effective contributor to iron and zinc. For fruit the most cost-effective options were 100% apple juice, 100% citrus juice, bananas, apples and melons. Both 100% apple juice and 100% citrus juice were also in the top five cost-effective contributors to vitamin C. The five most cost-effective contributors to vegetables were white potatoes, mashed potatoes, lettuce/lettuce salads, carrots and string beans; carrots were also the top cost-effective contributor to vitamin A. Conclusions These data highlight the lowest cost contributors to underconsumed food groups in adults, most of which are rich in underconsumed micronutrients. These results should be communicated to the public to promote intake of fruits, vegetables and whole grains at minimal cost in order to improve overall diet quality. Funding Sources Financial support for this study was provided by PepsiCo, Inc. The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo, Inc.
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Kamil, Alison, Lisa Fleige, YiFang Chu, Peter John De Chavez, Cindy Duysburgh, and Pieter Van den Abbeele. "Oats Containing 1.4g β-Glucan Significantly Increased Lactobacillus Levels In Vitro using M-SHIME® Model and In Vivo in Healthy Adults with Elevated Cholesterol Levels." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa062_024.
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Abstract Objectives Preliminary evidence, primarily animal and in vitro studies, suggests that oats selectively impact the microbiota. We conducted an in vitro screening trial, using the M-SHIME model®, with fecal inoculum from healthy adult donors with elevated cholesterol levels to determine the effect of 1 serving (40g) of Quaker Old-Fashioned Oats (OFO) containing 1.4g β-Glucan (βG). We also conducted a clinical trial to confirm the in vitro effect of OFO in vivo using fecal material obtained from a similar subject population. Methods In Vitro Trial- Validated M-SHIME model of the entire GI system was used with mucosal beads. Fecal inoculum was donated from 3 healthy adults with elevated cholesterol levels (total cholesterol >5.5 to < 7mmol/L and LDL cholesterol >3.4 to ≤ 4.9mmol/L). Treatment was 40g OFO, containing 1.4g βG. Study design included 2 week (wk) stabilization, 2 wk control, and 3 wk intervention periods. Clinical Trial- Randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study with 38 healthy adults with elevated cholesterol levels within same ranges used in vitro. Treatment was 40g OFO (1.4g βG). Control was 40g Cream of Rice, containing no βG. Study design included 2 wk run-in, 6 wk intervention, and 4 wk wash out periods. Changes in select fecal groups were quantified using qPCR. Results OFO statistically increased lactobacillus in vitro in all colon regions and in vivo compared to control. OFO statistically increased bifidobacterium in vitro in all colon regions compared to control. Increase in bifidobacterium in vivo was observed but did not reach significance. No significant changes in either studies for other bacteria's quantified: Akkermansia Muciniphila, Enterobacteriaceae, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii, Clostridium Perfringens, and Eubacterium Hallii. Conclusions 1 serving of OFO significantly increased lactobacillus levels in vitro and was replicated in vivo. This is notable because previous in vivo research suggests lactobacillus strains may play a significant role in cholesterol metabolism, and therefore this effect warrants further study in humans. Funding Sources Financial support for this study was provided by PepsiCo, Inc. The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo, Inc.
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Paske, Nathan, Bryan Berry, John Schmitz, and Darryl Sullivan. "Determination of Low-Level Agricultural Residues in Soft Drinks and Sports Drinks by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Single-Laboratory Validation." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 90, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 521–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.2.521.
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Abstract In this study, sponsored by PepsiCo Inc., a method was validated for measurement of 11 pesticide residues in soft drinks and sports drinks. The pesticide residues determined in this validation were alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, isoproturon, malaoxon, monocrotophos, paraoxon-methyl, phorate, phorate sulfone, phorate sulfoxide, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) when spiked at 0.100 g/L (1.00 g/L for phorate). Samples were filtered (if particulate matter was present), degassed (if carbonated), and analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Quantitation was performed with matrix-matched external standard calibration solutions. The standard curve range for this assay was 0.0750 to 10.0 g/L. The calibration curves for all agricultural residues had coefficient of determination (r2) values greater than or equal to 0.9900 with the exception of 2 values that were 0.9285 and 0.8514. Fortification spikes at 0.100 g/L (1.00 g/L for phorate) over the course of 2 days (n = 8 each day) for 3 matrixes (7UP, Gatorade, and Diet Pepsi) yielded average percent recoveries (and percent relative standard deviations) as follows (n = 48): 94.4 (15.2) for alachlor, 98.2 (13.5) for atrazine, 83.1 (41.6) for butachlor, 89.6 (24.5) for isoproturon, 87.9 (24.4) for malaoxon, 96.1 (9.26) for monocrotophos, 101 (25.7) for paraoxon-methyl, 86.6 (20.4) for phorate, 101 (16.5) for phorate sulfone, 93.6 (25.5) for phorate sulfoxide, and 98.2 (6.02) for 2,4-D.
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McGranahan, Melissa, Ryan Nuccio, Ellen Mitchell, Matthew Pahnke, and Patrick O'Connor. "Acute Effects of Two Doses of a Coffeeberry Extract on Mental Energy-Related Feelings and Cycling Performance After Cognitive and Physical Work." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab058_007.
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Abstract Objectives To assess the acute effects of two doses of coffeeberry extract use on (i) mental energy-related feelings (primary outcome) and (ii) cycling performance (secondary outcome). Methods Twenty-eight active adults (14 females & 14 males: mean age = 20.6 ± 1.0 & 21.8 ± 3.8 years; VO2peak = 38.6 ± 5.2 & 44.7 ± 6.9 ml.kg.min−1) completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Treatments were a base beverage supplemented with a coffeeberry® extract (VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc.) at doses of 100 mg (CB100) and 300 mg (CB300). The base beverage alone was the placebo (PL) and the positive control was the base beverage with 75 mg caffeine (CAF). Participants consumed one of the four beverages during visits separated by at least five days. Before (BL) and one hour post-treatment, a battery of five cognitive tests and visual analog scales assessing the mood states of alertness, energy and fatigue were completed, taking 55-minutes. Two hours post-treatment, a 20-minute high intensity interval cycling protocol was performed followed by a 3-minute time trial; heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and feelings of fatigue were measured. Bonferroni corrected t-tests tested differences in cycling performance (P < .001). Repeated measures ANOVAs tested for other treatment effects. Mean differences from BL are presented below. Results There was a significant Beverage x Time interaction for alertness (P = .008), energy (P = .009), and fatigue (P = .008). Post-hoc analysis indicated from BL to POST CAF significantly improved alertness (PL: –2.2 ± 15.3; CB100: –.3 ± 11.2; CB300: 1.0 ± 11.7; CAF: 9.1 ± 12.5); energy (PL: –9.4 ± 54.7; CB100: –5.6 ± 36.4; CB300: 1.9 ± 35.9; CAF: 26.2 ± 40.8), and fatigue (PL: 11.8 ± 52.6; CB100: 6.5 ± 41.0; CB300: –.9 ± 43.9; CAF: –26.8 ± 42.9). Conclusions Consumption of a beverage with 100 mg or 300 mg coffeeberry extract one hour before a cognitive test or two hours before a high intensity exercise bout does not influence feelings of alertness, energy, and fatigue or cycling performance. Consumption of a beverage with 75 mg caffeine had no impact on cycling performance but improved feelings of alertness, energy, and fatigue. Funding Sources PepsiCo R&D. The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo, Inc.
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Rehm, Colin, Matthieu Maillot, Florent Vieux, Pamela Barrios, and Adam Drewnowski. "Who is Replacing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages with Plain Water? Analyses of NHANES 2011–16 Data." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa046_057.
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Abstract Objectives In the United States, replacing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) with plain drinking water is recommended via by numerous public health agencies and non-governmental organizations. While declines in SSB consumption in the US are well-documented, it is not clear if consumers are replacing SSBs with other beverages, namely plain drinking water. Methods Beverage consumption data for 7453 children (4–18y) and 15,263 adults (≥19y) came from two 24 h dietary recalls in three most recent cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011–2016). Consumption trends for water intakes (in mL/d) from SSBs and from drinking water were analyzed by gender, age group, family income, and race/ethnicity. Results Mean water intakes from SSBs declined from 322 mL/d to 262 mL/d (p-trend = 0.002) on average, whereas plain drinking water increased from 1011 mL/d to 1144 mL/d (p-trend = 0.0108). Statistically significant reductions in SSBs were observed only among men (-18%), younger participants (-26% in 4–8, -22% in 9–13, -33% in 14–19 and -30% in 20–30), those with lower incomes (family income-to-poverty ratio < 2.0), non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic black participants (p-trend < 0.05 for each). Within these population sub-groups, only non-Hispanic white participants, those with a family income to poverty ratio of 1–1.99, but not < 1.0, and children aged < 14y had a corresponding increase in plain water consumption. When examining types of water, non-Hispanic white participants replaced SSBs with tap water as opposed to bottled water, and the lower income group replaced SSBs with bottled water, as opposed to tap water. Conclusions The expected replacement of SSBs with plain drinking water was not uniformly observed across socio-demographic group. Only non-Hispanic Whites and lower income groups replaced SSB with water, whereas teenagers (14–19y) and non-Hispanic black participants did not. Understanding how and if specific population sub-groups are replacing a declining food/beverage category with another category has important population health implications. Funding Sources Analyses of publicly available federal NHANES databases were sponsored by PepsiCo Inc. and conducted by MS-Nutrition. The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo, Inc.
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Guzman, Gabriela, Yujie Du, Yihong Wu, Di Xiao, Rebecca Replogle, Thomas Boileau, Britt Burton-Freeman, and Indika Edirisinghe. "Addition of Apple Pomace to 100% Apple Juice Delayed Time to Reach Maximal Glucose and Insulin Concentrations Compared to 100% Apple Juice and Whole Fruit in Healthy Adults." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa049_028.
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Abstract Objectives Apple pomace (AP) is a byproduct of apple juice production and is a rich source of fiber. The goal of the present study was to determine the impact of adding AP to 100% apple juice (AJ) on the postprandial glycemic response compared to sugar matched AJ or whole apple fruit (WAF) in healthy human subjects. Methods Fifty-eight healthy subjects (aged 25 ± 3 years, BMI 22.9 ± 1.4 kg m−2, mean ± SD) participated in a randomized, 3-arm, cross-over clinical trial to test the glycemic response to AJ, 235 g, AJ with 5 g fiber from AP added (APF, 235 g total beverage weight) or whole Red Delicious apple with skin (WAF, 230 g edible portion with skin). Fiber content of APF was matched to WAF and all study products were matched for available carbohydrates (AJ/APF/WAF, 24 g). Blood samples were collected to measure glucose and insulin concentrations at fasting (0 min) and multiple time points over 2 h after consuming study product. The primary end point was the difference in maximal glucose concentrations (Cmax) among study products. Results Results indicated that Cmax values were not significantly different between 3 products (AJ −121.2 ± 1.8 mg/dL vs. APF- 120.8 ± 1.8 mg dL-1 vs. WAF 121.3 ± 1.8 mg dL-1, respectively, P > 0.05). Time to reach maximal glucose concentration (T max) was delayed in APF compared to AJ and WAF (33.2 ± 0.8 min vs. 29.9 ± 0.8 and 29.6 ± 0.8, respectively, P < 0.01), as was the insulin T max (APF 34.0 ± 0.9 min vs. 28.0 ± 0.9 and 28.7 ± 0.9, respectively, P < 0.001). Analysis of the 2 h glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC0–2 h) was not significantly different among treatments, P > 0.05. Conclusions This study demonstrated that adding 5 g of fiber from AP into 235 g of AJ did not attenuate maximal postprandial glucose concentration. However, times to reach maximal glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly delayed in the group receiving pomace fiber added to apple juice compared to apple juice alone or whole apple fruit. Funding Sources Financial support for this study was provided by PepsiCo, Inc. The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo, Inc.
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Wilburn, Kathleen, and Ralph Wilburn. "Social purpose in a social media world." Journal of Global Responsibility 6, no. 2 (September 14, 2015): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-07-2015-0011.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the effects of social media on a company when stakeholders decide select companies are not living up to their corporate social responsibility (CSR) goals. As the number of CSR and sustainability reports on company Web sites increases, the more stakeholders, not just stockholders, know about a company’s commitment to CSR, and the more they can use social media to comment on those goals. It will describe three strategies for CSR initiatives that move beyond self-reporting of goals and progress: third party assessment, specialized certifications and partnerships to provide trustworthy data to stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach – The experiences of Nestlé, Unilever, PepsiCo/Frito Lay and P & G are described. Key third-party assessors and their processes are described, as well as organizations who certify in specific areas. The importance of third-party assessment for CSR achievement is reinforced by examining the results of two reports on CSR reporting trends and capital markets’ response, one of Fortune 500® companies and the other of S & P 500® companies by the Governance & Accountability Institute, Inc. Findings – All three strategies used to verify the data for CSR accomplishment help companies communicate their goals through social media. Originality/value – All three strategies used to verify the data for CSR accomplishment are shown to help companies communicate and validate their CSR goals through social media.
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Paske, Nathan, Bryan Berry, John Schmitz, and Darryl Sullivan. "Determination of Low-Level Agricultural Residues in Soft Drinks and Sports Drinks by Gas Chromatography with Mass-Selective Detection: Single-Laboratory Validation." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 90, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 534–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.2.534.
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Abstract In this study, sponsored by PepsiCo Inc., a method was validated for measurement of 19 pesticide residues in soft drinks and sports drinks by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with mass selective detection The pesticide residues determined in this validation were -benzenehexachloride (BHC); -BHC; -BHC; delta-BHC; methyl parathion; malathion; chlorpyrifos; aldrin; 2,4-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE); -endosulfan; 4,4-DDE; 2,4-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD); dieldrin; ethion; 4,4-DDD; 2,4-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene (DDT); -endosulfan; 4,4-DDT; and endosulfan sulfate when spiked into a 200 mL matrix sample at 0.50 g/L. The samples were diluted with acetonitrile and water, then liquidliquid phase extracted into petroleum ether. The resulting extract was concentrated to near dryness and diluted with hexane:dichloromethane (50:50). The concentrated samples were purified by gel permeation chromatography. The resulting solution was concentrated and separated on a Florisil substrate. The eluent was concentrated to near dryness, reconstituted to produce a 200-fold concentration, and analyzed using a GC/MS instrument operated in the selective ion monitoring mode. The GC/MS instrument was equipped with a large volume injector capable of injecting 25 L. External standards prepared in dichloromethane were used for quantification without the need for matrix-matched calibration because the extraction step minimized the matrix effects. The calibration curves for all agricultural residues had coefficients of determination (r2) of greater than or equal to 0.9900, with the exception of one value that was 0.988. Fortification spikes at 0.50 g/L in 3 matrixes (7UP, Gatorade, and Diet Pepsi) over the course of 2 days (4 days for Gatorade), where n = 8 each day, yielded average percent recoveries (and percent relative standard deviations) as follows (n = 64): 95.6 (24.8) for -BHC; 91.9 (23.6) for -BHC; 89.1 (21.3) for - BHC; 91.7 (19.0) for -BHC; 96.2 (20.1) for methylparathion; 99.8 (26.5) for malathion; 120 (27.3) for chlorpyrifos; 103 (31.4) for aldrin; 111 (25.8) for 2,4-DDE; 116 (21.1) for -endosulfan; 132 (34.6) for 4,4-DDE; 123 (34.4) for 2,4-DDD; 104 (20.8) for dieldrin; 141 (31.4) for ethion; 107 (24.5) for 4,4-DDD; 142 (29.2) for 2,4-DDT; 130 (35.9) for -endosulfan; 146 (25.3) for 4,4-DDT; and 91.5 (21.6) for endosulfansulfate.
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Kostyuchenko, N., and A. Zakorko. "TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES’ STRATEGIC PLANNING IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 4 (2019): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2019.4-15.
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The paper is dedicated to the investigation of the impact of the Global Sustainable Development Goals on the strategic planning of transnational corporations and their competitiveness. The object of the paper is transnational corporations in the sector of fast-moving consumer goods, particularly: Danone S.A., Kraft Heinz, PepsiCo Inc., the Coca Cola company, Unilever PLC, P&G, Johnson& Johnson, Mondelez International, Nestle S.A., Philip Morris International, British American Tobacco. The article focuses on analysis of fast-moving consumer goods’ sector and examines the relevance of the companies’ activities to the Global Sustainable Development Goals. The role of “green” investments for competitiveness of transnational corporations has been identified. The information base of the paper is the United Nations’ information materials, Forbes information resources, the statistical data of NASDAQ, publications of famous audit and consulting companies (Deloitte, KPMG, PwC), transnational companies’ official reports, and scientific papers of Ukrainian and foreign researches. A rank of scientific research methods was applied in the paper: descriptive method - for general analysis of transnational companies’ strategic planning; analytical method and comparative method - for evaluation and analysis of transnational corporations’ stock prices and market capitalization in the fast-moving consumer goods’ sector; system analysis - for identification of the key characteristics of strategic planning of transnational corporations in the context of the Global Sustainable Development Goals. The authors propose recommendations that can be used while creating strategies for the development of international companies, including transnational corporations, as well as while analyzing the compliance of existing companies' strategies with the Global Sustainable Development Goals. Keywords: fast-moving consumer goods’ market, Global Report Initiative, Global Sustainable Development Goals, strategic planning, transnational corporations.
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Barrios, Pamela, Florent Vieux, Matthieu Maillot, Colin Rehm, and Adam Drewnowski. "Are Young US Adults Meeting the National Academy of Medicine Recommendations for Adequate Water Intakes? Analyses of NHANES 2011–16 Data." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_010.
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Abstract Objectives Young US adults consume inadequate amounts of recommended food groups, including fruit, vegetables, and whole grains but little is known about their fluid consumption. The present study aimed to evaluate if this population is meeting the recommendations for adequate fluid intake issued by National Academy of Medicine (NAM). Methods Beverage consumption data for 2160 adults aged 18–24y came from two 24 h dietary recalls in the three most recent cycles of the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011–16). Water intakes (in mL/d) from drinking water, other beverages and moisture from foods were analyzed in relation to the current NAM Adequate Intake (AI) thresholds (3700 mL/d for males and 2700 mL/d for females). The proportion of young adults adhering to the AIs for total water intake was assessed using the National Cancer Institute method for estimating usual intake distributions. Additional analyses examined adherence by gender, income-to-poverty ratio and race/ethnicity. Results Mean water intakes were 2713 mL/d (3003 mL/d for men and 2382 mL/d for women). Of total water, 1191 mL/d (44%) came from drinking water, tap and bottled; 947 mL/d (35%) from non-water beverages; and 575 mL/d (21%) from foods. Only 35.3% of young adults met the AI recommendations. Female young adults were significantly more likely to meet the recommendations than males (37.8% vs. 29.6%; P = 0.04). Compared to the other race/ethnicity groups, non-Hispanic white young adults were most likely to meet recommendations (41.5%). Compared to non-Hispanic white young adults, non-Hispanic black young adults were least likely (18.7%, P < 0.001) to meet recommendations. Mexican-American (29.3%) and other Hispanic young adults (32.3%, P < 0.05 for each) were also less likely to meet recommendations when compared to non-Hispanic white young adults. No significant effects by family income were observed. Conclusions Less than half of all young adults and only 18.7% of non-Hispanic Black young adults met the AI recommendations for water. Understanding the reasons for the high proportion of young adults failing to meet recommendations should be the subject of future research. Given the impact of habitual fluid intake on health outcomes, adequate hydration among young adults remains a cause for concern. Funding Sources Data analyses were sponsored by PepsiCo Inc.
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Lanney, Andrew Ray, and Prescott C. Ensign. "Melville Corporate Finance, Inc." Asian Case Research Journal 18, no. 02 (December 2014): 221–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927514500096.
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Melville Corporate Finance, Inc. (Melville) is approached by a Canadian bottling equipment manufacturer to provide $3.4 million of capital investment foreign buyer financing to their customer, a rapidly expanding Chinese bottling company. The Chinese company needs to purchase the equipment and increase its production capacity to secure long-term, multi-million dollar contracts with Pepsi and Coca-Cola in Thailand. With very short deadlines, Melville's CEO works with Export Development Canada (EDC) to assess the risks involved in offering full financing and insurance for the Chinese bottler, and must keep in mind that the Canadian manufacturer will lose the sale if the financing does not get approved. The deal presents several challenges to Melville; an unknown foreign buyer with no proven credit history, language and communication barriers, geographic distance, incongruent accounting standards, etc. As the risk variables emerge, both Melville and EDC must decide if the stakes are too high to support the transaction.
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Morts, Megan E., and Ingrid Silva. "PSIII-38 Pepsin-pancreatin protein digestibility of various protein sources intended for pet food." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.571.
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Abstract Pet food companies need quality protein ingredients to offer new and different options for pet owners. Evaluating these proteins with animal feeding trials are time consuming and expensive. An in vitro (benchtop) method could provide detailed information about protein quality for novel ingredients. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to develop a pepsin-pancreatin digestibility assay and determine the appropriate incubation time for enzyme hydrolysis to approximate results from animal studies. Ingredients evaluated were faba beans, navy beans, spray-dried granulated egg, chick pea, pea protein concentrate (72% CP and 50% CP), green field peas, and sunflower meal. One gram of test ingredient was mixed with an HCl-pepsin solution and then incubated for 3 or 6 hours at 37°C before NaOH was added, stopping the pepsin reaction. Phosphate buffer with pancreatin was then added and the tubes were incubated for an additional 18 hours. Samples were then centrifuged, washed, filtered, and dried at 105°C overnight. Residual protein was determined with a modified Kjeldahl assay and was used to calculate protein digestibility. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure for mixed models (SAS v 9.4, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). There was no interaction between test ingredient and time (P = 0.63). Incubation time did not influence protein digestibility (P = 0.69). Test ingredient did impact protein digestibility. Spray-dried granulated egg, faba bean, green field pea, and pea protein concentrate (50% CP) did not differ with digestibilities above 97% (P < 0.0001). Navy bean had a digestibility of 93%. The lowest digestibilities were sunflower meal and pea protein concentrate (72% CP). Overall, the crude protein digestibility was higher than expected. This data would suggest other factors, such as the amount and activity of the enzyme used, should be altered to obtain digestibility values that are consistent with reported values from animal studies.
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Rossi, Edmund A., Rosana Michel, Daniel J. Wallace, Chien-Hsing Chang, and David M. Goldenberg. "CD22-Targeting Epratuzumab Down-Regulates Multiple BCR Regulators On the Surface of Normal, Lupus, and Malignant B Cells." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.1357.1357.
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Abstract Abstract 1357 Background. The humanized anti-CD22 antibody, epratuzumab, has demonstrated therapeutic activity in clinical trials of lymphoma and autoimmune diseases, treating currently over 1000 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), leukemias, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, Sjögren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Thus, epratuzumab offers a promising option for CD22-targeted immunotherapy, yet its mechanism of action (MOA) remains poorly understood to date. Because epratuzumab reduces on average 35% of circulating B cells in patients, and has minimal antibody–dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and negligible complement-dependent cytotoxicity when evaluated in vitro, we reason its therapeutic activity may not result completely from B-cell depletion; instead, ligation of epratuzumab to CD22 could modulate other surface molecules involved in regulating B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling, leading to altered B-cell functions that ultimately mitigate symptoms of the underlying diseases. Here we report for the first time that epratuzumab induces a substantial reduction of CD22 along with CD19, CD21, and CD79b, on the surface of B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from normal donors or lupus patients, and of cells from three NHL lines (Daudi, Raji, and Ramos) spiked into normal PBMCs. Intriguingly, only CD22, but not others, was appreciably down-regulated by epratuzumab in isolated B cells, implicating additional cell-based factors are required. Methods and Results. PBMCs, from either healthy donors or lupus patients with flares, were incubated with epratuzumab (10 μg/mL) for 2 h or 18 h, and the relative surface expression levels of CD22 and selected BCR regulators, including CD19, CD21, and CD79b, were analyzed by flow cytometry. Treatment of PBMCs from healthy donors with epratuzumab, but not an isotype control mAb, induced a marked down-regulation of CD22 (>80%), CD19 (>50%), CD21 (>50%) and CD79b (>30%) on the surface of B cells, with the stronger effect observed for CD27-negative B cells. The effect of epratuzumab could be observed after 2 h and increased moderately with overnight incubation (18 h). Moreover, substantial reduction of CD22 (>50%), but not others, was achieved with the F(ab')2 of epratuzumab generated from pepsin digestion. Similar results were observed for B cells in PBMCs of lupus patients. In the absence of PBMCs, treatment of NHL cell lines (Daudi, Raji and Ramos) with epratuzumab resulted in more than 80% reduction of CD22, with little, if any, reduction in CD19, CD21, CD79b or surface IgM observed. Inclusion of a crosslinking second antibody with epratuzumab induced only a minimal (<15%) suppression of CD19 and CD21. When these NHL cells (1×105 cells) were mixed with PBMCs (1×106 cells), epratuzumab induced a 40 to 70% reduction of CD19 and CD21, with significant down-regulation of surface IgM and CD79b also. Importantly, in all these experiments, there was no evidence of depletion in B cells, whether malignant or not; nor had epratuzumab induced an increase in apoptotic (Annexin V+) B cells in PBMCs from any of 4 donors, compared to the untreated (22.9 ± 1.8% versus 22.1 ±1.2%; P=0.6864). Conclusions. This study revealed a previously unknown, and potentially important, MOA of epratuzumab. The prominent down-regulation of CD19, CD21, and CD79b by epratuzumab is not only Fc-dependent, but also requires further engagement with certain effector cells present in PBMCs. The findings of reduced levels of CD19 are of particular relevance for the efficacy of epratuzumab in autoimmune diseases, because elevated CD19 has been correlated with susceptibility to SLE in animal models as well as in patients, and down-regulation of CD19 should attenuate activation of B cells by raising the BCR signaling threshold. Disclosures: Rossi: Immunomedics, Inc.: Employment; IBC Pharmaceuticals Inc.: Employment. Michel:Immunomedics, Inc.: Employment. Chang:Immunomedics, Inc.: Employment. Goldenberg:Immunomedics: Employment, Equity Ownership.
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Otake, Kosuke, Norio Sato, Ayako Kitaguchi, Takayuki Irahara, Satoru Murata, Keiichiro Shiraga, Yuichi Ogawa, Takahiro K. Fujiwara, Kaoru Koike, and Hiroyuki Yokota. "The Effect of Lactoferrin and Pepsin-Treated Lactoferrin on IEC-6 Cell Damage Induced by Clostridium Difficile Toxin B." SHOCK 50, no. 1 (July 2018): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/shk.0000000000000990.
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FORBES, L. B., D. E. HILL, S. PARKER, S. V. TESSARO, H. R. GAMBLE, and A. A. GAJADHAR. "Complete Validation of a Unique Digestion Assay To Detect Trichinella Larvae in Horse Meat Demonstrates the Reliability of this Assay for Meeting Food Safety and Trade Requirements." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.3.558.
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A tissue digestion assay using a double separatory funnel procedure for the detection of Trichinella larvae in horse meat was validated for application in food safety programs and trade. The assay consisted of a pepsin-HCl digestion step to release larvae from muscle tissue and two sequential sedimentation steps in separatory funnels to recover and concentrate larvae for detection with a stereomicroscope. With defined critical control points, the assay was conducted within a quality assurance system compliant with International Organization for Standardization–International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) 17025 guidelines. Samples used in the validation were obtained from horses experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis to obtain a range of muscle larvae densities. One-, 5-, and 10-g samples of infected tissue were combined with 99, 95, and 90 g, respectively, of known negative horse tissue to create a 100-g sample for testing. Samples of 5 and 10 g were more likely to be positive than were 1-g samples when larval densities were less than three larvae per gram (lpg). This difference is important because ingested meat with 1 lpg is considered the threshold for clinical disease in humans. Using a 5-g sample size, all samples containing 1.3 to 2 lpg were detected, and 60 to 100% of samples with infected horse meat containing 0.1 to 0.7 lpg were detected. In this study, the double separatory funnel digestion assay was efficient and reliable for its intended use in food safety and trade. This procedure is the only digestion assay for Trichinella in horse meat that has been validated as consistent and effective at critical levels of sensitivity.
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Zhang, M., S. Chen, X. Chen, Y. Huang, L. Wei, B. Chen, Y. Wu, et al. "238 PRODUCTION OF CLEAVAGE-RESISTANT PHYTASE TRANSGENIC PIGS BY HANDMADE CLONING." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab238.
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Rapidly developing and intensive animal husbandry of livestock is a major contributor to global environmental pollutions. Large quantities and high concentrations of manure waste that contains phytate phosphorus are generated. The use of phytase can effectively solve the problem of high phosphorus pollution in the fecal material of monogastric animals. Enviropigs, producing phytase in the salivary glands and secreting the enzyme in the saliva, were first generated at the University of Guelph (Guelph, ON, Canada) in 1999. However, phytase is easily inactivated in digestive processing. To address this problem, we improved the transgene construct and successfully generated phytase transgenic pigs by handmade cloning. The Escherichia coli periplasmic phosphoanhydride phosphohydrolase (appA) gene was subcloned. Using fragment substitution method, we designed a phytase gene that was insensitive to cleavage by pepsin and trypsin and had a higher affinity for the substrate. After codon optimization, the designed phytase gene was named Cafp and subcloned downstream of the pig parotid secretory protein (PSP) gene promoter. The tissue-specific vector p-PSP-Intron-Cafp was constructed and transferred into Landrace fetal fibroblasts by electroporation. The cell lines carrying Cafp were used as nuclear donors in handmade cloning. Cloned embryos were cultured in vitro to blastocysts and transferred to recipient sows. The presence of Cafp was tested by PCR and sequencing of cloned pigs. Phytase activity in saliva, feed, and feces was detected by the ammonium molybdate method with a slight modification. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to determine tissue-specific expression. Three cell lines carrying Cafp were obtained. We generated 1027 blastocysts; 712 were of good quality and transferred to 6 recipients. Fourteen piglets were born, of which 6 survived. The PCR and sequencing results showed that 7 (3 live and 4 dead) of the 14 piglets carried Cafp. Phytase activity in the saliva of the 6 live cloned pigs was tested at 4 months of age and only 1 pig had 0.155 FTU mL–1 enzyme activity. The enzyme in the other 2 pigs may be inactivated in the transgenic parotid gland. Among all the transgenic pigs, the highest phosphorus digestion rate was 59.2% of intake, which represents a 25.4% decrease in fecal emissions compared with the average of controls. The IHC results on the 3 later dead, Cafp-positive pigs showed that the transgene was expressed only in parotids, confirming tissue-specific gene expression. In summary, cleavage-resistant phytase transgenic pigs were successfully produced through handmade cloning. The cloned pigs offer a unique biological approach to manage phosphorus nutrition and environmental pollution in animal husbandry.
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"Pepsico Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 3, no. 1 (2006): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.3614.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 3, no. 2 (2006): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.4025.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 3, no. 3 (2006): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.4442.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 3, no. 4 (2006): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.4859.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 4, no. 1 (2006): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.5271.
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"Pepsico Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 4, no. 2 (2007): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.5696.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 4, no. 3 (2007): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.6095.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 4, no. 4 (2007): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.6447.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 1, no. 3 (2004): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.1239.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 1, no. 4 (2004): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.1620.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 2, no. 1 (2005): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.1994.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 2, no. 2 (2005): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.2386.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 2, no. 3 (2005): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.2795.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 2, no. 4 (2005): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.3209.
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"Pepsico Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 5, no. 1 (2008): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.6791.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 5, no. 2 (2008): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.7133.
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"Pepsico Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 5, no. 3 (March 2008): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.7476.
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"PepsiCo Inc." Mergent's Dividend Achievers 5, no. 4 (June 2008): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/div.7817.
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Eades, Kenneth M., and David Thornhill. "Pepsico, Inc.: Cost of Capital." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.909083.
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Eades, Kenneth M., and David Thornhill. "PepsiCo, Inc.: Cost Of Capital." Darden Business Publishing Cases, January 20, 2017, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/case.darden.2016.000228.
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A Wall Street Journal article states, “At PepsiCo, Inc., cola was king, but it is quietly being dethroned.” PepsiCo is composed of three lines of business: soft drinks, restaurants, and snack foods. Using data from comparable pure-play companies, the student is asked to compute divisional costs of capital and see if they can be reconciled with the company's reported cost of capital, 11%.
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"Award rendered on October 11, 1986 by the IranUnited States Claims Tribunal in the case Pepsico Inc. V. Islamic Republic of lran." Journal of World Trade 21, Issue 1 (February 1, 1987): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1987005.
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"23 oecd National Contact Point, United States: Specific Instance between the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations (iuf) and PepsiCo, Inc., Final Statement, 15 April 2016." International Labor Rights Case Law journal 3, no. 3 (September 11, 2017): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056901-00303008.
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Mitchell, Diane, Jeff Rumney, Jessie Campbell, David Cai, Julianne Curran, and Christopher Marinangeli. "Increasing Pulse Intake Improves Diet Quality in Adults in the US (P18-114-19)." Current Developments in Nutrition 3, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz039.p18-114-19.
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Abstract Objectives Pulses (dry beans, peas, chickpeas and lentils) are significant sources of important nutrients and other bioactive components providing health benefits including improved weight status and gastrointestinal health and reduced risk of cancers and cardiovascular disease. However, recent data suggests the intake of pulses remains quite low. To support dietary guidance encouraging healthier diet patterns with higher intakes of plant-based foods, an updated perspective on pulse consumption and their impact on diet quality is needed. Therefore, we analyzed data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2014 for adults to compare intakes of pulse consumers and non-consumers and to explore the impact of increasing pulse consumption on diet quality in the US population. Methods Pulse consumers were identified as those respondents who consumed pulses on one or both days of intake from 272 pulse containing food codes. Consumers were divided into quartiles of consumption based on grams of pulses consumed. Differences in energy adjusted nutrient intakes between non-consumers and consumers were assessed. The diets of respondents were modeled to increase plant-based food intake by replacing 57 g of meat and 28 g of refined grain with 100 g of pulses. The nutrient composition of the 100 g of pulses added to the modified diets was based on a weighted average of all pulses consumed. Nutrient intakes of the modified diet were analyzed to compare nutrient intakes between the modeling scenario and reported intakes. Results Approximately 27% of adults consumed pulses with a mean intake of 72 g/d just slightly < 0.5 cup equivalents/d. Consumers at all levels of intake had higher (P < .05) energy adjusted intakes of fiber, folate, magnesium, potassium, and zinc with lower intakes of fat than non-consumers. Consumers at the highest levels (≥69.8 (±1.01) g/d) had significantly higher intakes of choline, iron, folate and fiber. Substituting pulses for 2 oz meat and 1 oz of refined grain resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher energy adjusted intakes of carbohydrates, fiber, choline, folate, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc. Conclusions Increasing pulses in the diets of the US population supports healthier dietary patterns consistent with dietary guidelines. Funding Sources This research was funded by the American Pulse Association and PepsiCo, Inc.
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Park, Eunyoung, Gabriela Guzman, Yujie Du, Anqi Zhao, Xuhuiqun Zhang, Di Xiao, Rebecca Replogle, Thomas Boileau, Britt Burton-Freeman, and Indika Edirisinghe. "Addition of Orange Pomace to 100% Orange Juice Attenuates Acute Glucose Response Compared to 100% Orange Juice but Not Whole Fruit in Healthy Adults (P08-080-19)." Current Developments in Nutrition 3, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz044.p08-080-19.
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Abstract Objectives Orange pomace (OP) is a byproduct of orange juice production and is a rich source of fiber. The goal of the present study was to determine the impact of the addition of OP to 100% orange juice (OJ) on the postprandial glycemic response compared to the glycemic response to a sugar matched OJ or whole orange fruit (WOF). Methods Forty-five healthy subjects (aged 25 ± 4 years, BMI 23 ± 2 kg m−2, mean ± SD) participated in a randomized, 3-arm, cross-over clinical trial to test the glycemic response to OJ, 250 g, OJ with 5 g fiber from OP added (OPF, 257 g total beverage weight or Navel variety whole orange (WOF, 227 g edible portion). The fiber level was chosen because it is similar to the amount found in sugar-matched weight of WOF. All 3 study products were matched for available carbohydrates (OJ/OPF/WOF, 19.3 g). Blood samples were collected and glucose and insulin concentrations were measured at fasting (0 min) and at multiple time points over 2 h after consuming study product. The primary end point was to assess and compare maximal glucose concentrations (Cmax) among study products. Results OPF and WOF significantly attenuated glucose Cmax compared to OJ (127.7 ± 1.9 and 125.1 ± 1.9 mg dL−1 vs. 136.1 ± 1.9 mg dL−1, respectively, P < 0.001). Insulin Cmax was significantly different among groups (OJ, 64.4 ± 5.0 μIU mL−1 vs. OPF, 54.6 ± 5.0 μIU mL−1 vs. WOF, 46.5 ± 5.0 μIU mL−1, P < 0.001). Time to reach maximal glucose concentration (T max) was delayed in OPF compared to OJ and WOF (35.3 ± 6 min vs. 30.3 ± 5.2 and 30.6 ± 4 min, respectively, P < 0.001). Analysis of the 2 h glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC0–2 h) was not significantly different among treatments, P > 0.05. However, iAUC0–2 h for insulin was significantly different between OJ and OPF vs. WOF (1902 ± 199 and 1789 ± 199 μIU x min mL−1 vs. 986 ± 175 μIU x min mL−1, respectively, P < 0.001). Conclusions This study demonstrated that adding 5 g of fiber from OP into 250 g of OJ attenuated the primary endpoint of maximal postprandial glucose concentration and this response did not differ from whole orange fruit. Funding Sources PepsiCo, Inc.
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Zubčić, Željko, Tihana Mendeš, Andrijana Včeva, Hrvoje Mihalj, Vjeran Bogović, and Stjepan Grga Milanković. "Presence of pepsin in laryngeal tissue and saliva in benign and malignant neoplasms." Bioscience Reports 40, no. 11 (November 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bsr20200216.
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Abstract Objectives: The current study was performed to determine the presence of pepsin in saliva and laryngeal tissue among participants with benign and malignant laryngeal neoplasms. Study design: Case–control study included three groups of patients with: (1) benign laryngeal neoplasms, (2) malignant laryngeal neoplasms and (3) control subjects without symptoms or signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Methods: Eighty-one voluntary participants were included into study. They were recruited from a group of patients with histologically proven benign and malignant laryngeal neoplasms and in case of control subjects among patients with nasal septum deformation without symptoms of LPR. Morning saliva samples were collected preoperatively. Tumor biopsies were collected by directoscopy of larynx and the control samples from interarytenoid unit of larynx. All samples were analyzed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Immunohistochemistry. Results: Pepsin was found in all samples of saliva and tissue biopsies in groups with malignant and benign neoplasms. The highest concentration of pepsin was found in a group of patients with malignant laryngeal neoplasms. Patients with benign laryngeal neoplasms had lower concentrations and the control subjects presented with the lowest concentration of pepsin measured from their saliva. Differences were not statistically significant. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis showed the largest number of high positive samples in the group of malignant lesions. Conclusion: These results suggest that pepsin and LPR can contribute to the development of benign and malignant laryngeal neoplasms. Further prospective studies, with far more patients, are necessary to prove the role of pepsin in multifactorial etiology of laryngeal neoplasms.
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Pivnenko, Tatyana, Julia Karpenko, and Viktoria Krashchenko. "The Influence of Transglutaminase on Minced Muscular Fish Tissue Structure Formation After the Application of Various Protein Substrates." KnE Life Sciences, January 13, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v7i1.10132.
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This research aimed to examine the effect of a microbial transglutaminase preparation (Activa® GS, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, Japan) on the structure formation of the myofibrillar protein system of a deep-sea fish species – the giant grenadier – after the addition of various protein substrates. The low content of proteins and their low water-holding capacity in this fish, subjected to various processing methods, leads to significant losses in the initial mass and decreased gelation ability in the muscle tissue system. Various concentrations of transglutaminase were used but these did not ensure the restructuring of the initial muscle tissue of the grenadier. Additional protein substrates with different molecular weights and amino acid composition were added, including gelatin, milk casein, hydrolysates of the skin and milt of the fish, and whole bivalves, which were used to create a firm structure. It was shown that the introduction of gelatin and casein at a concentration of 5% led to the formation of a firm, thermostable structure under the action of the enzyme, while hydrolyzed proteins with low molecular weight at their various concentrations enhanced the expression of water and formation of the fluid consistency. The ability of gastrointestinal tract proteases (pepsin and trypsin) to digest did not depend on the formation of protein-to-protein cross-linking in these combined products. The influence on the growth of the Tetrahymena pyriformis ciliates test culture also showed the high degree of product availability. The technology of molded products based on fermented minced muscle tissue of grenadier with added casein, both in the form of semi-finished products and in the form of ready-to-eat products, was developed.
Keywords: transglutaminase, muscle tissue, structure formation, deep-sea fish