Books: 'Perceived benefits of running'

1

GLEAVE, Sam J. The perceived benefits of outdoor and adventurous residential school trips: B.Technol.Leisure and Recreation Management thesis. Glasgow: University of Glasgow, 1996.

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2

Haughey, Niall Gavan. ISO9000 and small companies in Northern Irlend: A study of attitudes to the perceived costs and benefits. [s.l: The Author], 1996.

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Zimmerman, Deborah Lynn. Comparison of perceived risks and benefits of living donor renal transplantation among patients with end stage renal disease and their family members. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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4

Jonung, Lars. To be or not to be in the euro?: Benefits and costs of monetary unification as perceived by voters in the Swedish euro referendum 2003. Brussels: European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, 2004.

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5

Tingen, Martha Smith. PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND FATALISM. 1995.

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6

Dr. Fernando, Imperial Dos Santos. The Hell and Joy of Running: Physiological, Psychological, and Biomechanical Benefits Associated with Running. AuthorHouse UK DS, 2006.

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7

Aplin. Investigation into school sport in the National Curriculum and the perceived health benefits. SIHE, 1995.

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8

A comparison of rating of perceived exertion in treadmill vs track walking and running. 1991.

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9

Perceived benefits of strength training for youth sport participants as determined by orthopedic surgeons. 1993.

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10

Hamilton, Bruce. Running injuries. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0041.

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Nothing in life was worth very much that did not entail some risk. So do not be afraid of strains and sprains, aches and pains.Percy Wells CeruttySchoolboy Athletics, p.115, c.1966Distance running is an extremely popular activity with many thousands of runners competing in major city marathons as well as weekly club running events. Most of these runners are not competitive in any given race, but will have their own goals and reasons for participating. As with other forms of exercise, running has significant health and social benefits, and the prevention of injury and thus maintenance of participation should be a key goal for any practitioner. While there has been some variance in the literature in defining what exactly a distance runner is, there is agreement that individuals who run on a regular basis are susceptible to overuse injuries. Up to 70% of competitive distance runners may be injured during any single year, although even this may be an underestimate because of the use of different injury definitions and study limitations (...

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11

End user searchers of online bibliographic databases in an industrial setting: Training, use and perceived benefits. Ann Arbor, Mich: University Microfilms International, 1987.

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12

Campbell, Sharon. Swimming as a therapeutic activity: Its perceived benefits and use by occupational therapy staff in the Eastbourne Healthcare Trusts. 1997.

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13

Bercovitz, Kim Lori. Perceived benefits of and barriers to involvement of older workers and retirees in physical activity and corporate health promotion programs. 1988.

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14

Pippin, Abby. Perceived Benefits and Barriers of Exercise in College Age Students Before and After Participating in Regular Exercise Comparted to a Cohort Group. Cedarville University, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15385/tmsn.2013.4.

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15

Inside the minds: The green company : industry leaders on the environmental benefits and economic rewards of running an ecologically-minded company. [Bedford, MA]: Aspatore Books, 2004.

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16

Information scientists and librarians as a market for viewdata in the U.K.: Members of the Institute of Information Scientists and of the Library Association as a market for viewdata services and the segmentation of that market on the basis of benefits perceived. Boston Spa, Wetherby: British Library, Document Supply Centre, 1988.

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17

Jones, Christopher R. Neurobiology of Circadian Rhythms Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0175.

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Temporal organization of nervous system function includes daily rhythms driven by a molecular-genetic hypothalamic “clock” with an intrinsic period length of approximately (circa) one day (diem). The resulting circadian rhythm influences all aspects of brain function and internally synchronizes the circadian oscillations inherent in all other body tissues. Idiosyncratic circadian characteristics interact with perceived environmental stimuli to determine each individual’s entrainment pattern of external synchronization with the day-night cycle. Idiosyncratic entrainment patterns that may come to medical attention include delayed, free-running, advanced, or absent sleep rhythms. Prolonged jet travel and shift work are difficult entrainment challenges for most people.

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18

Rosengart, Matthew R. Tube Thoracostomy (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0027.

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There are few technical skills that surpass in value the performance of tube thoracostomy. Throughout the career life span of the physician, probability dictates that at least one patient will be encountered who will require pleural drainage. And yet equal in magnitude to the perceived benefits, are the inherent risks, which for the critically ill patient may be poorly tolerated and equally lethal. Thus, it is imperative to approach each intervention with a standardized approach upon which nuanced alterations are built based upon circumstances specific and particular to each case. This chapter discusses the tube thoracostomy procedure, patient placement, and modern concepts.

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Exum, M. Lyn, Lauren A. Austin, and Justin D. Franklin. The Effect of Alcohol and Arousal on Criminal Decision Making. Edited by Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder, and Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.18.

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Consequentialist theories of criminal decision making assume crime is a choice that one undertakes if the perceived benefits of the act outweigh its costs. This a priori assessment of costs and benefits involves the use of several neurological components, including the amygdala–striatal system and the prefrontal cortex. Crime is commonly committed by individuals under the influence of alcohol and/or experiencing heightened states of emotional arousal. Both alcohol and arousal impact neurological functioning, including that of the amygdala–striatal system and prefrontal cortex. This chapter examines the influence of alcohol and arousal on criminal decision making from a neuroeconomic perspective. It discusses the neurological effects that alcohol and arousal may have on the identification and evaluation of criminal consequences. These effects bound one’s rationality and increase the likelihood of criminal/aggressive behavior. Empirical research on alcohol, arousal, and criminal decision making is summarized, and suggestions for future research are presented.

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20

Pendleton, Andrew, and Andrew Robinson. Employee Ownership in Britain Today. Edited by Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.30.

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The chapter reviews the development of new forms of employee ownership in Britain since the 1980s. It compares trust-based and direct forms of ownership, as well as hybrids of the two, drawing attention to the perceived benefits of each. The chapter then considers the influences on the development of these forms of ownership. It highlights the role of political factors within a broader context of economic change. Finally, drawing on a research project currently under way, it discerns four main circumstances in which employee ownership is created, such as privatization and business succession. It is noted that those involved in ownership conversions varies by these circumstances. This in turn reflects on the forms of ownership and governance adopted.

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21

James, Philip. A new relationship. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0012.

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If the health and well-being benefits attributable to contact with nature are to be realized, there needs to be a change in the framing of nature within urban environments. The way nature is perceived and valued and the way that it is incorporated in policy and practice need to be re-positioned. The discourse around that challenge and the resulting re-framing are set out. There is a discussion of the changing relationship between humans and the natural environment. Ideas around nature apart from, or in spite of, or for, or and people are considered. These paradigm shifts affect conservation policies and associated practices. The ecosystem services and disservices attributable to urban environments are assessed. The importance of cultural services within urban environments is highlighted. Tensions that exist within this changing relationship are causing humans to forget the natural world and its benefits, with knock-on ill effects to human health.

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22

Lamb, Kevin L., Gaynor Parfitt, and Roger G. Eston. Effort perception. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0015.

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As the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale was not appropriate for children, investigators set about developing child-specific scales which employed numbers, words and/or images that were more familiar and understandable. Numerous studies have examined the validity and reliability of such scales as the CERT, PCERT and OMNI amongst children aged 5 to 16 years, across different modes of exercise (cycling, running, stepping, resistance exercise), protocols (intermittent vs. continuous, incremental vs. non-incremental) and paradigms (estimation vs. production). Such laboratory-based research has enabled the general conclusion that children can, especially with practise, use effort perception scales to differentiate between exercise intensity levels, and to self-regulate their exercise output to match various levels indicated by them. However, inconsistencies in the methodological approaches adopted diminish the certainty of some of the interpretations made by researchers. The scope for research in the application of effort perception in physical education and activity/health promotion is considerable.

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23

Mitchem, Laura, Henrietta Harrison, and Alex G. Stewart. Fire and fear: Immediate and long-term health aspects. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0014.

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Fires can cause significant health concerns within local communities impacted by any associated smoke plume. This chapter discusses the potential public health concerns associated with fires, in particular fires at waste-processing installations. Using an example scenario, actions to be undertaken throughout the incident response, from initial acute phase to recovery, are considered, along with health concerns and fears, real or perceived, involvement of asbestos-contaminant material, multi-agency communication mechanisms, and potential issues associated with long-running fires. The multi-agency mechanisms for response are detailed, including the various coordinating groups (strategic, tactical, recovery coordinating groups (SCG, TCG, RCG, respectively), and expert cells (scientific and technical advisor cell, air quality cell (AQC)). Key points to note in the incident response include concerns raised by the local population, typical health effects associated with exposure to a smoke plume, and tools that support the response to the incident and the public health risk assessment.

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24

Gofeld, Michael. Lumbar Transforaminal and Nerve Root Injections: Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0017.

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Ultrasound (US) guidance has gained recognition in the field of regional anesthesia mainly because of its definite advantage of visually localizing the desired target and also due to perceived benefits of safety, accuracy, and efficiency when peripheral nerve blocks are performed. On the contrary, ultrasonography of the spinal structures may be challenging because of depth, bony acoustic shadowing, and complex three-dimensional anatomy. Nevertheless, US allows satisfactory imaging of the posterior elements of spine column and paraspinal soft tissues. This makes US applicable and practical in the outpatient clinical setting, and thus ultrasonography has been increasingly penetrating into chronic spinal pain management. Perhaps the major advantage of ultrasound-guided spine interventions is the lack of radiation exposure. Lumbar transforaminal injections are frequently performed for managing acute and chronic radicular pain, and US guidance may reduce overall radioactive contamination.

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25

Roger, Mccormick, and Stears Chris. Part IX Legal and Conduct Risk Management, 32 Managing the ‘Grey Areas’Standards, Scenario Analysis, and Case Studies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749271.003.0033.

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The management of conduct risk continues to present many challenges for financial institutions. Society expects banks to do more than merely comply with the law. Banks are expected to be ‘good corporate citizens’ and to behave ethically. One might argue that they are expected to observe the sprit as well as the letter of the law. However, financial markets thrive on ingenuity and the law allows considerable flexibility to those who are determined to ‘find a way round’ a perceived problem. This chapter revisits, in the context of risk management, the issues concerning ‘grey areas’ and explores the potential benefits of standards that set out what is regarded as accepted practice, adopted either within an individual bank or amongst a group of banks. It also suggests how one might in practice set about developing a standard.

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26

Epstein, Ben. The Technological Imperative. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698980.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 is the second chapter dedicated to the technological imperative stage of the political communication cycle (PCC). It focuses on the technological component of political communication revolutions (PCRs) and addresses how the cost, rate of diffusion, and perceived benefits of each new information and communication technology (ICT) affects its political utility. In other words, chapter 3 evaluates how new ICTs become politically viable. A politically viable ICT does not enter American politics without active choices made on the part of political actors who try to use these new tools in innovative ways. All widely diffused ICTs do not share wide-scale political utility. As a result, some ICTs—like mass-marketed newspapers, radio, television, and the internet—have had a major impact on communication practices broadly and political communication innovations specifically, while others like the telephone and telegraph have transformed social communication but not political communication.

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27

Sillence, Elizabeth, and Pam Briggs. Examining the role of the Internet in health behaviour. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0022.

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This article explores the role of the Internet in health behaviour, with particular emphasis on the issue of trust and trusting behaviours, as this is seen as key to determining the impact of the Internet on health outcomes. It is organized as follows. The first section discusses the role of the Internet in the context of health information and advice, exploring broader issues such as user motivation and outcomes in terms of perceived health benefits, as well as interactions with healthcare professionals. The article then goes on to examine the types of health websites available, and explores issues of advice and information quality. The following section examines the context of trust in relation to online health advice and information, and presents a staged model of trust that helps reconcile differences in the literature. The last section presents a validation of the staged model through in-depth, longitudinal qualitative work.

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28

Lin, Yi-min. FDI and Privatization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190682828.003.0007.

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Chapter 6 extends the analysis of local state actions to the privatization function of FDI. The focal issue is how and why foreign investors were able to overcome centrally imposed regulatory and policy constraints on their entry, expansion, and organization before trade liberalization associated with China’s WTO accession in 2001. Again, rule bending by local governments was the centerpiece of the story. As in the case of locales experiencing early privatization, local officials took calculated political risk by using economic hardship and the benefits of FDI for addressing revenue and employment imperatives as justifications. The extent of their deviations from centrally set boundaries nevertheless varied, depending greatly on the bargaining power of local political leaders vis-à-vis their supervising authorities. In particular, whether a locale was perceived as a major fiscal burden or an important resource contributor to higher-level authorities was an important differentiating factor.

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Klehe, Ute-Christine, Irene E. De Pater, Jessie Koen, and Mari Kira. Too Old to Tango? Job Loss and Job Search Among Older Workers. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.35.

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Older workers are often shielded from job loss by high tenure, yet are struck particularly harshly when seeking reemployment after job loss. This article combines earlier research on coping with job loss and job search with insights on employability for older workers. We outline the situation of older workers, highlighting their vulnerability to possible job-loss and to stereotypes that may lower their perceived employability. Then we outline how this may place older workers in precarious situations regarding (a) the threat of losing their jobs, (b) suffering from loss of nonmonetary benefits (or latent functions) associated with work, (c) having different and fewer coping options than younger job-seekers, and (d) facing fewer chances of finding reemployment. Older workers face an uphill battle when searching for reemployment, which is partially explained by retirement as an alternative coping reaction to age-related stereotypes, discrimination that undermines older workers’ employability, and other factors.

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Honey, P. Lynne. The Element of Surprise. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.42.

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The Dark Triad of personality (subclinical psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism) is associated with exploitative behavior. Although people with these traits may be perceived negatively, they often compete successfully for mates, resources, and power. Research on the Dark Triad highlights its utility for men and downplays the smaller, but still meaningful, samples of women with dark personalities. This chapter summarizes evidence about women’s antisocial behaviors and traits, and hypothesizes that we underestimate women’s ability to deceive and harm others. Women exploit others, and yet our expectations about women tend to be positive and women are generally viewed as nonthreatening. When women cause harm, it is often minimized, and women are held typically less responsible for their actions. Female criminals may have an advantage because their behavior is unexpected. This chapter outlines benefits for underestimated women and proposes additional research to clarify whether the Dark Triad is differentially adaptive for women.

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Sandstrom, Marlene J. The Peer Nature of Relational Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0011.

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Relational aggression (RA), which involves the manipulation of a target’s relationships, peer status, or reputation, is an inherently interpersonal weapon. This chapter focuses on the peer context of RA, and addresses core questions about the association between RA and social constructs such as group acceptance, rejection, popularity, and friendship. What are the interpersonal costs and benefits of RA? What factors might explain why some relationally aggressive children are able to achieve and maintain popularity and social centrality despite being disliked? How does RA play out within mutual friendships? And how do the peer dynamics surrounding RA shift across development? The chapter begins with a discussion of RA in relation to group-level peer experiences (i.e., peer liking/acceptance; disliking/rejection; perceived popularity) and then turns to an exploration of RA within the context of friendships. It concludes with a discussion of selection and influence effects in regard to relationally aggressive behavior.

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Cloeren, Marianne, and Stephen Colameco. Preventing Avoidable Work Disability (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0022.

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Addiction professionals often are called upon to provide opinions or coordinate the treatment of substance abuse, dependence, or addiction in patients who are enmeshed in complicated benefits or compensation systems, including workers’ compensation. Recovery is often compromised by system hurdles, such as insurer resistance to addiction treatment, and secondary gain issues, such as attorney advice for maximal benefit based on profound disability. Disability beliefs and other potentially modifiable risk factors for unnecessary work disability are also common in patients with chronic pain and addiction. These risk factors include fear/avoidance, pain catastrophization, perceived injustice, childhood trauma, and psychiatric illness. Excessive and inappropriate medical care, often including unnecessary procedures and medication, contributes to disability beliefs, which are usually entrenched by the time a patient presents to an addiction professional. This chapter provides information about recognizing disability risk factors, assessing work capacity, and developing treatment strategies that promote optimal return to function.

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33

Wilkinson, Susie, and Anita Roberts. Training facilitators to deliver an advanced communication course for senior healthcare professionals in cancer and palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0026.

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This chapter presents a communication skills training initiative designed to train facilitators to deliver an advanced communication skills training course for senior healthcare professionals working in cancer and palliative care. It is generally accepted that communication skills training benefits healthcare professionals. However, little has been written about the training and support of those healthcare professionals who deliver this training. The chapter describes the content, process, and guidelines trainee facilitators explore while learning to deliver the experiential learner-centred advanced communication skills training course for senior healthcare professionals working in oncology or palliative care. The teaching methods presented include group safety, agenda setting, didactic methods, the use of trigger tapes, working with actors, and video-recorded role play with feedback. The facilitator training course was evaluated across six UK settings and had a positive effect on the participants’ perceived confidence in delivering communication skills training.

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34

Batson, C. Daniel. The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.3.

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Do we humans ever, in any degree, care for others for their sakes and not simply for our own? The empathy-altruism hypothesis offers an affirmative answer to this question. It claims that empathic concern (defined as “other-oriented emotion elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of another in need”) produces altruistic motivation (“a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing the other’s welfare”). Research over the past 40 years testing this hypothesis against egoistic alternatives has provided quite strong support. Empathy-induced altruistic motivation does seem to be within the human repertoire. This empathy-induced altruism may have its biological roots in generalized parental nurturance. Practical implications of the empathy-altruism hypothesis include both benefits and liabilities—for the targets of empathy, for others, and for the person feeling empathic concern. Implications of the empathy-altruism research for the content and conduct of compassion science are suggested.

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35

Hazzard, Oli. ‘trying to have it both ways’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822011.003.0004.

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Chapter 3 examines Lee Harwood’s self-described ‘imitations’ of Ashbery, composed while the poets were in a relationship. This extends earlier critical writing about the two by being the first to read their correspondence alongside their poems, and benefits from Harwood’s recently opened archive. The poets’ interactions are broadly situated in Anglo-American exchange during the 1960s, in which the United States is perceived by both to have become the dominant Anglophone poetic culture. It details some of Harwood’s key appropriations from Ashbery in The Man with Blue Eyes, then reads their collaboration, ‘Train Poem’—which has yet to be discussed by any critic—as a transcript of the process of poetic influence as it occurs. Finally, it considers the Ashbery’s first critical formation of an English ‘other tradition’, through his association of Harwood with John Clare’s work in his blurb for Harwood’s The White Room and later Charles Eliot Norton lectures.

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Fillion, Lise, Mélanie Vachon, and Pierre Gagnon. Enhancing Meaning at Work and Preventing Burnout. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199837229.003.0014.

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Working in palliative care (PC) can be challenging, distressing, and rewarding. This chapter discusses and presents some suggestions to deal with particular challenges in introducing the meaning-centered intervention (MCI) for PC clinicians. Its format and content are founded on the meaning-centered psychotherapy developed for cancer patients. Frankl’s existential therapeutic approach, called logotherapy, serves as the underlying theoretical framework. The chapter describes the intervention, the purpose of which is to create strategies for enhancing meaning at work and for preventing burnout. The chapter provides an understanding of workplace stress, stressors specific to PC, psychosocial risk factors that may lead to burnout, and key ingredients retained for intervention. Elaboration and content of the MCI-PC are described. Quantitative and qualitative studies conducted with PC nurses are presented. Results support the assumption that the MCI-PC can enhance meaning at work by increasing perceived benefits and by linking coherently values and intention, choices and actions.

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Medlock, Michael C. The Rapid Iterative Test and Evaluation Method (RITE). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794844.003.0013.

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This chapter begins with a discussion of the philosophy and then definition of the RITE method. It then delves into the benefits of this method and provides practical notes on running RITE tests effectively. The chapter concludes with an overview of the original case study behind the 2002 article documenting this method.

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Hahn, Robert G. Intravenous fluids in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0020.

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Infusion fluids may be regarded as drugs in the perioperative setting. The therapeutic effects of crystalloid solutions are strongly related to the administered volume, while fluids of the colloid type may also improve microcirculation and have anti-inflammatory properties. The anaesthetist should be able to handle all available infusion fluids and be aware of their benefits, limitations, and risks. Fluid administration programmes for surgery are traditionally based on a balance method in which perceived and measured losses are continuously replaced. Two outcome-guided approaches—restrictive and goal-directed fluid therapy—have been added in recent years. The latter places all patients on the top of the Frank–Starling curve by titrating repeated bolus infusions of colloid fluid while observing the stroke volume response. Areas where special consideration should be given to fluid therapy include burn injury, children, day surgery, endoscopic surgery, neurosurgery, induction of spinal and epidural anaesthesia, and in septic and trauma-related shock. As volume is the key component of infusion fluids, kinetic analysis of their disposition is based on their dilution effect on components already present in the blood, usually haemoglobin.

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Westfahl, Gary. Arthur C. Clarke. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041938.001.0001.

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Despite extensive critical attention, Arthur C. Clarke’s distinctive science fiction has never been fully or properly understood. This study examines some of his lighthearted shorter works for the first time and explores how Clarke’s views regularly diverge from those of other science fiction writers. Clarke thought new inventions would likely bring more problems than benefits and suspected that human space travel would never extend beyond the solar system. He accepted that humanity would probably become extinct in the future or be transformed by evolution into unimaginable new forms. He anticipated that aliens would be genuinely alien in both their physiology and psychology. He perceived a deep bond between humanity and the oceans, perhaps stronger than any developing bond between humanity and space. Despite his lifelong atheism, he frequently pondered why humans developed religions, how they might abandon them, and why religions might endure in defiance of expectations. Finally, Clarke’s characters, often criticized as bland, actually are merely reticent, and the isolated lifestyles they adopt--remaining distant or alienated from their families and relying upon connections to broader communities and long-distance communication to ameliorate their solitude--not only reflect Clarke’s own personality, as a closeted homosexual and victim of a disability, but they also constitute his most important prediction, since increasing numbers of twenty-first-century citizens are now living in this manner.

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Tamburello, Anthony C. Prescribed medication abuse. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0031.

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Community abuse of prescription medication is typically limited to overuse or inappropriate sharing of medication. In jails and prisons, the demand characteristics are dramatically altered, creating an elaborate laboratory for medication alteration, diversion, and abuse. While prescription medications are sometimes used to achieve a ‘high,’ they may also be sought to ease discomforts commonly experienced in a jail or prison. Some may seek stimulating medications to counteract the effects of prescribed sedatives to allow them to be ready to respond to real or perceived dangers. Thus, inmates may feign or exaggerate mood, anxiety, psychotic, or somatic symptoms with the goal of being prescribed medications with the desired effects. More insidious is the diversion of prescribed medications to a third party. Many prescribed medicines have a ‘street value’ in correctional settings. A patient with a legitimate need for medication, who may already have poor illness insight, may be enticed or coerced into transferring their medication to a peer. This creates several dangerous problems. The source inmate may worsen or fail to improve, which may lead to dose escalation, an incorrect conclusion about a treatment failure, poor functioning, and behavioral sequelae including disruptive or violent conduct. Meanwhile, the recipient is exposed to medication risks without the benefits of informed consent or medical supervision. This chapter presents data on specific classes of prescribed medication abuses, methods of abuse, and approaches to minimize abuse or diversion of prescribed medications.

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Ghalehdar, Payam. The Origins of Overthrow. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695859.001.0001.

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Why has regime change figured so recurrently in US foreign policy? Between 1906 and 2011, the United States forcibly intervened in at least sixteen states, targeting their domestic political authority structure. Accounts thus far in International Relations scholarship fail to provide sound explanations for this pattern. Their premise that the United States seeks national security, economic benefits, or democracy in the target state is put into doubt by studies that demonstrate the limited success of most US regime change interventions. Focusing on the emotional state of US presidents, this book presents a novel explanation for the recurrence of forcible regime change in US foreign policy. It argues that regime change becomes an attractive foreign policy tool to US presidents when emotional frustration grips them. Emotional frustration, the book’s core concept, is an emotional state that comprises hegemonic expectations, perceptions of hatred in target state obstructions, and negative affect. Once instigated, it shapes both presidential preferences and strategies, carrying with it both a desire for removing foreign leaders as the perceived source of frustration and a turn to military aggression. Based on a wealth of declassified government sources, the empirical part of the book illustrates how emotional frustration has time and again shaped US regime change decisions. Spanning two world regions—the Western Hemisphere and the Middle East—and roughly one hundred years of US foreign policy, the book traces the emotional state of US presidents in five regime change episodes—Cuba 1906, Nicaragua 1909–1912, the Dominican Republic 1963–1965, Iran 1979–1980, and Iraq 2001–2003.

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Junior, Luiz Carlos Hespanhol, Saulo Delfino Barboza, and Per Bo Mahler. Epidemiology and prevention of injuries in competitive non-contact sports. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0043.

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This chapter discusses the aetiology and prevention of paediatric sports injuries in non-contact sports, and the chapter covers bicycling, dance, gymnastics, running, skiing, snowboarding, swimming, tennis, badminton, and volleyball, which were selected based on their worldwide popularity. Each sport is covered in a systematic manner including a brief introduction of the sport practise, the epidemiology and aetiology of sport-specific injuries, risk factors, and preventive strategies. Because of similarities, skiing and snowboarding are grouped and discussed together, as are tennis and badminton. The knowledge summarized should be implemented in real-life situations in order to encourage children and adolescents to participate in sports where they will experience the well-known health benefits of sports participation, but with the lowest risk possible.

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Eduardo Martinez, Llarena. Part II Commentaries to Typical Sofa Rules, 23 Logistic Support. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808404.003.0023.

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This chapter discusses logistic support arrangements. When properly orchestrated, logistics arrangements can be conceived as a decisive instrument of multinational warfare and champion the change from a military coalition to an alliance. Nevertheless, logistics is a low-profile discipline that only comes to light when it fails. In this regard, looking for market-oriented efficiencies should never result in a gap on strategic projection. It is by creating and sustaining superior performance that an organization will dilute costs due to a greater value of its overall activities. Very great attention is paid to short-term cash economy in detriment to long-range military planning benefits. Tactical logistics are well monitored: everyone understands the importance of not running out of fuel during combat and it is not difficult to flag the problem. On the other hand, strategic logistics and its implication on support arrangements are frequently neglected during peacetime.

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Pierre-Henri, Conac. Part III Trading, 17 Algorithmic Trading and High-Frequency Trading (HFT). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198767671.003.0017.

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This chapter analyses the MiFID II rules on algorithmic trading (AT), including high-frequency trading (HFT). The author argues that AT raises serious issues of volatility and systemic risk, and HFT issues of systematic front-running of investors. However, opinions are divided on the benefits and risks of these techniques, especially HFT. MiFID II takes a technical approach mostly focused on prevention of a repeat of the 2010 ‘Flash Crash’ with provisions on market abuse. The ESMA 2012 Guidelines remain the most effective regulation to frame the development of HFT, able to tackle market developments with relative speed. However, with implementation of the directive still far away, prosecution of market abuse among HFT traders by legislators and supervisors could lead to a de facto ban of HFT in some Member States. However, the author argues that supervisors would need to allocate scarce resources to it, at great cost, and only the most motivated supervisors will do so.

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Leslie, Thomas. Glass and Light: “Veneers” and Curtain Walls, 1889–1904. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037542.003.0005.

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This chapter describes major structures built from 1889 to 1904, many of which used skins of lightweight terra-cotta and glass that exploited new wind-bracing techniques and depressed glass prices to achieve unprecedented transparency. The flourishing of lightweight skins supported by rigid steel frames was uniquely permitted by Chicago's codes, which minimized the required thickness of masonry walls. Chicago's code helped architects and engineers solve the problems that continued to plague tall buildings on its poor soil. At 90 pounds per cubic foot for hollow brick and up to 140 pounds for pressed, the reduction of masonry envelopes from deep structural walls to thin veneers had immediate benefits. For instance, the six-foot walls of the Monadnock's first story weighed nearly a ton per running foot. Replacing this with a twelve-inch-thick wall of nonstructural hollow tile would have eliminated some 95 percent of the first-floor walls' dead weight.

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Krakowiak, Piotr, and Leszek Pawłowski. Volunteering in hospice and palliative care in Poland and Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788270.003.0007.

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Hospice and palliative care in Central and Eastern European countries benefits from volunteers involved in a variety of services. The variety of volunteering across the region reflects diverse political, economic, and legal situations in post-communist countries. Poland led palliative care in the 1980s with other countries following in the 1990s. Polish palliative care started with volunteers, the Catholic Church and the country’s first non-governmental organizations running home centres with care incorporated into health care systems after the democratic changes of 1989. That brought financing from the national health insurance with a greater role for paid staff. Poland has played a leading role in the Central and Eastern Europe in the development of palliative care and hospice volunteering. Volunteers across the region now work together with paid staff in various forms of hospice and palliative care centres providing patient care, psychosocial support, and are engaged in charity work, fundraising, and education.

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Moran, John, and Scott McDonald. Feedpads for Grazing Dairy Cows. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100947.

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This book is the first detailed and comprehensive guide to the use of feedpads in the dairy industry, from planning and construction to day-to-day management, written especially for farmers. With ongoing droughts and access to water driving up the cost of conserved forages and feeding concentrates, feedpads offer flexible and efficient systems to maximise returns on feeding expensive supplements to grazing dairy cows, and form part of the risk management strategy for dairy farms. Feedpads for Grazing Dairy Cows covers all the aspects of animal husbandry involved in running a successful system and addresses key issues such as formulating rations to balance grazed pasture, management of farm labour and effluent management. The key principles of dairy nutrition are explained along with the concept of partial mixed rations and the range of potential ingredients. The authors also cover the physical features of feedpad design and construction and provide a checklist for planning a feedpad. They discuss important issues such as cow welfare, animal health and the management of effluent, including cleaning the pad, storing and recycling these solids and liquids on farm while minimising feedpad odours, flies and vermin. This book demonstrates a wide range of long-term economic benefits and will play an important role in helping dairy farmers achieve higher farm profitability.

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Books on the topic 'Perceived benefits of running'

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