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Nur, Nabihah Rusyda Roslan, Fatin Farhanie Mohd Fauzi Noor, and Ikhwan Muhammad Ridzuan Mohd. "Monte Carlo simulation convergences' percentage and position in future reliability evaluation." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 6 (2022): 6218–27. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i6.pp6218-6227.
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Reliability assessment is a needed assessment in today's world. It is required not only for system design but also to ensure the power delivered reaches the consumer. It is usual for fault to occur, but it is best if the fault can be predicted and the way to overcome it can be prepared in advance. Monte Carlo simulation is a standard method of assessing reliability since it is a time-based evaluation that nearly represents the actual situation. However, sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) typically took long-time simulation. A convergence element can be implemented into the simulation to ensure that the time taken to compute the simulation can be reduced. The SMC can be done with and without convergence. SMC with convergence has high accuracy compared to the SMC without convergence, as it takes a long time and has a high possibility of not getting accurate output. In this research, the SMC is subjected to five different convergence items to determine which converge simulation is the fastest while providing better performance for reliability evaluation. There are two types of convergence positions, namely input convergence and output convergence. Overall, output convergence shows the best result compared to input convergence.
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Rusyda Roslan, Nur Nabihah, NoorFatin Farhanie Mohd Fauzi, and Mohd Ikhwan Muhammad Ridzuan. "Monte Carlo simulation convergences’ percentage and position in future reliability evaluation." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 6 (2022): 6218. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i6.pp6218-6227.
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<span lang="EN-US">Reliability assessment is a needed assessment in today's world. It is required not only for system design but also to ensure the power delivered reaches the consumer. It is usual for fault to occur, but it is best if the fault can be predicted and the way to overcome it can be prepared in advance. Monte Carlo simulation is a standard method of assessing reliability since it is a time-based evaluation that nearly represents the actual situation. However, sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) typically took long-time simulation. A convergence element can be implemented into the simulation to ensure that the time taken to compute the simulation can be reduced. The SMC can be done with and without convergence. SMC with convergence has high accuracy compared to the SMC without convergence, as it takes a long time and has a high possibility of not getting accurate output. In this research, the SMC is subjected to five different convergence items to determine which converge simulation is the fastest while providing better performance for reliability evaluation. There are two types of convergence positions, namely input convergence and output convergence. Overall, output convergence shows the best result compared to input convergence.</span>
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Lee, Jangtaek. "Convergence characteristics of Pythagorean winning percentage in baseball." Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society 27, no. 6 (2016): 1477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7465/jkdi.2016.27.6.1477.
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Armelly, Armelly, Novi Tri Putri, Retno Agustina Ekaputri, and Lela Rospida. "ANALISIS KETIMPANGAN PRODUKTIVITAS DAN DUALISME KETENAGAKERJAAN DI PROVINSI BENGKULU." Convergence: The Journal of Economic Development 2, no. 2 (2021): 150–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/convergence-jep.v2i2.13869.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze labor productivity inequality and labor dualism in Bengkulu Province. The method used is descriptive analysis, equipped with class typology and elasticity of employment. We are using employment data from BPS publications. The results show that by dividing business fields into 17 sectors in 2018 and 2019, labor productivity inequality is awfully unequal, which is indicated by a very high standard deviation rate. Meanwhile, labor dualism is led by informal workers by a percentage of over 60%. More workers with primary education are absorbed in the informal sector, whereas educated workers are mostly taken in the formal sector. The highest coefficient of labor absorption elasticity for legal workers occurred in 2016 (3.14) and for informal workers in 2015 (1.73).Keywords: labor dualism, labor productivity
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Pandey, Lavkush, and Trilokinath. "Convergence of Bisection Method." Scientific Temper 13, no. 02 (2022): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2022.13.2.14.
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Fourth roots of the natural numbers from 1 to 30 have been calculated by Bisection method inthe interval [0, 3] using stopping tolerance 0f 0.00001. Calculated roots have been comparedwith the actual values of roots to obtain error and percentage error in the calculated roots.Numerical rate of convergence has also been calculated in the determination of each fourthroot. The highest numerical rate of convergence of Bisection method has been observed in thecalculation of fourth root of 2 and is equal to 1.754385964912. The lowest numerical rate ofconvergence of Bisection method has been observed in the calculation of fourth roots of 1, 3,4-8, 10, 12 and is equal to 1.333333333333. Average error, average percentage error and averagenumerical rate of convergence of Bisection method have been found to be 0.000000062635,0.000003048055 and 1.458082183940 respectively
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Pandey, Lavkush, and Trilokinath. "Convergence of the Method of False Position." Scientific Temper 13, no. 02 (2022): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2022.13.2.13.
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The method of false position has been applied to calculate the fourth roots of the naturalnumbers from 1 to 30 in the interval [0, 3] with the stopping tolerance of 0.00001 using C++computer program. The minimum error 0.000000029282 and minimum percentage error0.000001251170 have been obtained in the determination of fourth roots of 30. The maximumerror 0.000002324581 and maximum percentage error 0.000232458100 have been obtained inthe determination of fourth roots of 1. The average value of the error is 0.000000392037 and theaverage value of percentage error is 0.000027500512. Minimum, maximum and average valuesof the numerical rate of convergence have been found to be 0.239808153477, 1.851851851852and 1.197514787730 respectively.
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Cary, Michael. "Increasing Access to Clean Fuels and Clean Technologies: A Club Convergence Approach." Clean Technologies 1, no. 1 (2019): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol1010017.
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In this paper we test for convergence in access to clean energy and clean technology among nations in order to study the economic determinants of access to clean energy and clean technologies. This is important because without access to clean fuels, no global development strategy can be environmentally sustainable. After obtaining an estimated convergence rate under a conditional β -convergence model, we use a more sophisticated club convergence econometric framework and ultimately reject the hypothesis of β -convergence in favor of subgroups exhibiting intra-group convergence tendencies that are distinct from the other groups. We then employ a club convergence algorithm which groups the 93 nations studied into 8 convergence clubs based on characteristics including the percentage of the population with access to clean energy in the household and the growth rate of this percentage. Evidence that household access to clean energy and clean technology is tied to economic development and institutional quality is provided by showing that the convergence clubs not only reflect distinct strata in access to clean energy but are also strongly tied to important indicators of institutional quality.
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Sachs, Jeffrey D., Nirupam Bajpai, and Ananthi Ramiah. "Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India." Asian Economic Papers 1, no. 3 (2002): 32–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/153535102320893983.
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This paper aims to explain the growth experiences of 14 major states of India between 1980 and 1998. Using two measures of convergence, σ-convergence and ß-convergence, we examine whether per capita incomes in the states have been converging or diverging. By both standards of convergence, India demonstrated overall divergence during 1980–;98, as well as during both the pre-reform and post-reform subperiods. Interestingly, the richer states experienced a degree of convergence during the post-reform period, whereas the poorer states did not. Divergence was most notable within the poorer group of states. A remarkable 82 percent of the cross-state variation in growth is explained by just the urbanization variable in India, with no hint of any conditional convergence after controlling for the degree of urbanization. The regression estimate shows that a 10 percentage point higher rate of urbanization is associated with 1.3 percentage points per year higher rate of annual growth.
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Alexiadis, Stilianos, and George M. Korres. "Adoption of Technology and Regional Convergence in Europe." European Spatial Research and Policy 17, no. 2 (2010): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10105-010-0012-6.
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This paper examines the pattern of convergence in labour productivity across regions due to their ability to adopt technology. Whether regions exhibit a pattern of convergence depends on the degree to which infrastructure conditions are appropriate for the adoption of technological improvements. The ability of a region to adopt or create technology is reflected in the percentage of its labour force employed in technologically dynamic sectors or, more generally, in the resources devoted to science and technology. A high percentage of labour employed in technologically advanced sectors leads a region to a pattern of convergence. This hypothesis is tested using data for the NUTS-2 regions of the EU-27 during the time period 1995-2006. The results suggest that adoption of technology has a significant and positive effect on regional convergence in Europe. The analysis is also shown to have important implications for the direction of regional policy in Europe. To be more specific, regional policies, in order to enhance regional growth and convergence, should encourage employment in advanced technological sectors.
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Böing, Tobias, Georg Stadtmann, and Meerim Sydykova. "Measuring Nominal and Real Convergence of Selected CEE Countries by the Taylor Rule." International Journal of Management and Economics 52, no. 1 (2016): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2016-0024.
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Abstract We propose using a simple Taylor rule to evaluate business cycle convergence of the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland with the Eurozone. Our findings indicate an ongoing convergence of those CEE countries to the Eurozone, but with instabilities and heterogeneity between the countries. Especially Poland has shown a high degree of convergence in recent years. But there are still relevant differences in Taylor rates of each country to the Eurozone of about two percentage points.
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Cruz-Alejo, Jesus de la, Hugo Beatriz Cuellar, and Irving Cardiel Alcocer Guillermo. "Control of the humidity percentage of a bioreactor using a fuzzy controller to grow bonsai." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 3 (2022): 2465. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2465-2476.
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<p>Different controllers have been designed and used to cultivate bonsai, which need specific conditions to grow and survive in a different place or climate, for this case, humidity. In this work, theoretical, simulation and experimental level are compared and presented in terms of performance characteristics such as complexity, accuracy and convergence of an algorithm proposed to design and implement a fuzzy controller used in a bioreactor to control the humidity percentage to grow bonsai. The MATLAB™ script and fuzzy logic Toolbox™ were used for the analysis and simulation. The controller implementation was done on an Arduino Uno board, and 25850 bytes or 80% of the memory were used to implement it. A sensor to monitor the humidity percentage, a stepper motor connected to a water tap, and a DC motor connected to a propeller were used to adjust the humidity percentage of the bioreactor. The controller results show a maximum error of ±1% for all entire range, and a processing time of 5 milliseconds for one iteration. The results of the tests carried out in the bioreactor are in accordance with the predictions and theoretical simulations, which presents a maximum error of 3%, and a convergence time of 50 seconds for the worst case.</p>
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Jesus, de la Cruz-Alejo, Beatriz Cuellar Hugo, and Cardiel Alcocer Guillermo Irving. "Control of the humidity percentage of a bioreactor using a fuzzy controller to grow bonsai." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 3 (2022): 2465–76. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2465-2476.
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Different controllers have been designed and used to cultivate bonsai, which need specific conditions to grow and survive in a different place or climate, for this case, humidity. In this work, theoretical, simulation and experimental level are compared and presented in terms of performance characteristics such as complexity, accuracy and convergence of an algorithm proposed to design and implement a fuzzy controller used in a bioreactor to control the humidity percentage to grow bonsai. The MATLAB™ script and fuzzy logic Toolbox™ were used for the analysis and simulation. The controller implementation was done on an Arduino Uno board, and 25850 bytes or 80% of the memory were used to implement it. A sensor to monitor the humidity percentage, a stepper motor connected to a water tap, and a DC motor connected to a propeller were used to adjust the humidity percentage of the bioreactor. The controller results show a maximum error of ±1% for all entire range, and a processing time of 5 milliseconds for one iteration. The results of the tests carried out in the bioreactor are in accordance with the predictions and theoretical simulations, which presents a maximum error of 3%, and a convergence time of 50 seconds for the worst case.
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Bolkol, Hakki. "Regional income convergence in Turkey: An empirical analysis from an endogenous growth perspective." Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan190428010b.
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This study analyzes convergence among regions of Turkey from an endogenous growth perspective. The results show that human capital, which is represented with R&D personnel, has a negative impact on economic growth in the regions based on its percentage in total employment. Moreover, we find that there is an estimated U-shaped relationship, which implies that if the percentage of R&D personnel in total employment increases after a certain level, the effect has a tendency of turning positive; the west region is especially closer to having a positive effect. However, regarding convergence, the relatively high-income west is closer to experiencing the positive effect of R&D personnel. Moreover, due to the relatively low percentage of R&D personnel in the east region, the economic growth of the east region is more negatively affected by R&D personnel. Therefore, using a strategy that is based on increasing the percentage of R&D personnel cannot help the east region to close the differences in income.
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Attia, Nicole, and Valérie Berenger. "Social protection convergence in the European Union: Impact of Maastricht treaty." Panoeconomicus 54, no. 4 (2007): 469–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0704469a.
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The main goal of this paper is to test the convergence of social protection expenditures and, more specifically, to examine the incidence of the Maastricht Treaty on this process. We tested several hypotheses of convergence on 12 EU Member States between 1980 and 2000, by considering two indicators: social protection expenditure as percentage of GDP and social protection expenditure per capita. The cross sectional tests of a and ?-convergence show that, for the two indicators, these two assumptions are checked for the whole of the period. On the other hand, the period division in two sub-periods intended to locate the Maastricht effect indicates a rupture since 1993. Then, panel data estimations of conditional ?-convergence confirm the existence of a process of conditional convergence and reveal the significant role of the debt criterion of Maastricht. The coexistence of absolute and conditional ?-convergence is not incompatible. It evokes the possible idea of a European "Social Snake" rather than of a single Social Model.
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Kaukab, M. Elfan, and Surwandono Surwandon. "CONVERGENCE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX: CASE STUDY OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN ASEAN." Business: Theory and Practice 22, no. 1 (2021): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2021.12153.
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This article examines the role of bilateral FDI and income convergence in affecting HDI increase in countries with middle HDI in ASEAN. The ASEAN Economic Community has been developing and it is expected that the gaps between nations can be covered. This article explores how economic intervention through HDI and income convergence can boost HDI improvement. The writers examine the presence of a statistically significant causal relationship between source country’s GDP, home country’s GDP, source country’s FDI towards the home country, source country total FDI, home country total FDI, and the percentage of source country FDI towards source country total FDI with both countries HDI convergence. Measurement is carried out using the generalized method of moments. Based on yearly samples of high HDI countries (Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore) couple with medium HDI countries (Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, and Philippine) during 2013–2017 period, the writers find statistically significant impact of home country GDP, source country FDI towards all countries, and FDI percentage of the home country compared to all countries.
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Erbe Healy, Amy. "Convergence or difference? Western European household food expenditure." British Food Journal 116, no. 5 (2014): 792–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-11-2012-0274.
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Purpose – This research examines convergence theory in terms of food expenditure patterns within and across a sample of Western European countries, specifically Italy, Ireland, France and the UK. Design/methodology/approach – Household budget survey data from Italy, the UK, France and Ireland (1985-2005) have been analysed comparing average food budgets and change in coefficient of variations for common food groupings and through cluster analysis for all four countries to determine whether or not countries are becoming more or less alike. Findings – Unlike the average food budgets in Ireland, the UK and France, Italian food budgets are still made up of a high percentage of foods to prepare and eat at home, similar to food budgets in the other countries for socio-demographic groups that either have chosen to eat traditionally or cannot afford to eat out (food poverty households). Modern households within France, the UK and Ireland are spending a higher percentage on foods away from home with some households, specifically those with a head of household who is young, employed and single, spending, on average, two-thirds of their household food budget dining away from home. Originality/value – Previous research into convergence theory has generally analysed national summary level data. This research uses household level data, allowing for both an analysis of convergence across countries and within countries, specifically looking at socio-demographic groups that share similar food budgets and food lifestyles.
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Obioma-Elemba, Jacqueline E., Nnenne U. Onu, and Okechi U. Amaechi. "The Presentations of Convergence Insufficiency among Young Adults (18-25 Years)." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 11, no. 7 (2021): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20210732.
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Convergence Insufficiency is a major binocular vision dysfunction commonly found among the youth. The prevalence of convergence insufficiency has been studied extensively; however there are limited data available on the prevalence of the various presentations of convergence insufficiency among young adults. Convergence insufficiency is associated with symptoms such as fatigue, blurred vision at near, intermittent diplopia at near, “eye strain,” tension in and around the eyes, and the sensation of the print moving while reading. However, convergence insufficiency may present with or without symptoms. The exact prevalence of convergence insufficiency is not known. This study assessed the various presentations of convergence insufficiency among the young adults (aged 18 – 25 years) within the Imo State University community, Owerri, Nigeria, using a cross-sectional study design. Through purposive sampling, a sample size of 162 participants was used for this study after screening and pre-assessment. The Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS), the near point of convergence test, the Von Graefe phoria tests (at far and at near) and the positive fusional vergence tests were administered to all of the study participants. Convergence insufficiency among the young adults of Imo State University presented with symptoms (without clinical signs, 14.2%; with clinical signs, 16.6%) and without symptoms convergence insufficiency (27.8%). The study revealed that convergence insufficiency with symptoms was the more prevalent presentation of convergence insufficiency within the study population. A high percentage of young adults within the study population tested positive for convergence insufficiency, presenting with symptoms (with or without clinical signs) or without symptoms. Key words: Binocular vision, convergence insufficiency, young adult, symptoms, diplopia, phoria.
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Radaikin, O., L. Sabitov, Sergey Klyuev, M. Hassoun, T. Arakcheev, and A. Darvish. "CONVERGENCE OF THE NUMERICAL DIAGRAM METHOD OF NONLINEAR CALCULATION OF CORE REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 7, no. 7 (2022): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2022-7-7-31-43.
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Earlier, authors considered the under-examined question of accuracy (error) in the theory of the diagram method for calculating reinforced concrete core elements. The notion of convergence of the numerical implementation of the method under consideration is closely related to it, which has so far remained undisclosed. The article presents a theoretical justification of the convergence criterion of a numerical diagram method for calculating the strength of reinforced concrete bendable elements. The resulting criterion coincides in form with the Chebyshev norm. It implies a criterion for stopping the iterative calculation process and an estimate of the error of the numerical diagram method. Using the example of a reinforced concrete element with a rectangular cross section and double reinforcement, the issue of convergence of iterative strength calculation with varying concrete class and percentage of reinforcement is investigated. It is established that for all the considered design variants, the iterative calculation process converges after the 6th iteration at the initial curvature approximation and after the 4th iteration at , with a relative calculation error of δ<1 %. In addition, it is found that with an increase in the percentage of reinforcement, the convergence of the calculation improves: with the number of iterations equal to 4, the error in the design variant B60, µ = 0.5 % is 10.3 %, and with B35, µ = 3.0 %–0.98 %.
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Brero, Gianluca, Sébastien Lahaie, and Sven Seuken. "Fast Iterative Combinatorial Auctions via Bayesian Learning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 1820–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011820.
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Iterative combinatorial auctions (CAs) are often used in multibillion dollar domains like spectrum auctions, and speed of convergence is one of the crucial factors behind the choice of a specific design for practical applications. To achieve fast convergence, current CAs require careful tuning of the price update rule to balance convergence speed and allocative efficiency. Brero and Lahaie (2018) recently introduced a Bayesian iterative auction design for settings with singleminded bidders. The Bayesian approach allowed them to incorporate prior knowledge into the price update algorithm, reducing the number of rounds to convergence with minimal parameter tuning. In this paper, we generalize their work to settings with no restrictions on bidder valuations. We introduce a new Bayesian CA design for this general setting which uses Monte Carlo Expectation Maximization to update prices at each round of the auction. We evaluate our approach via simulations on CATS instances. Our results show that our Bayesian CA outperforms even a highly optimized benchmark in terms of clearing percentage and convergence speed.
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Gulayeva, N. M., and S. A. Yaremko. "EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MULTINATIONAL GENETIC ALGORITHM AND ITS MODIFICATIONS." Radio Electronics, Computer Science, Control, no. 2 (July 3, 2021): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-3274-2021-2-8.
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Context. Niching genetic algorithms are one of the most popular approaches to solve multimodal optimization problems. When classifying niching genetic algorithms it is possible to select algorithms explicitly analyzing topography of fitness function landscape; multinational genetic algorithm is one of the earliest examples of these algorithms. Objective. Development and analysis of the multinational genetic algorithm and its modifications to find all maxima of a multimodal function. Method. Experimental analysis of algorithms is carried out. Numerous runs of algorithms on well-known test problems are conducted and performance criteria are computed, namely, the percentage of convergence, real (global, local) and fake peak ratios; note that peak rations are computed only in case of algorithm convergence. Results. Software implementation of a multinational genetic algorithm has been developed and experimental tuning of its parameters has been carried out. Two modifications of hill-valley function used for determining the relative position of individuals have been proposed. Experimental analysis of the multinational genetic algorithm with classic hill-valley function and with its modifications has been carried out. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the study is that hill-valley function modifications producing less number of wrong identifications of basins of attraction in comparison with classic hill-valley function are proposed. Using these modifications yields to performance improvements of the multinational genetic algorithm for a number of test functions; for other test functions improvement of the quality criteria is accompanied by the decrease of the convergence percentage. In general, the convergence percentage and the quality criterion values demonstrated by the algorithm studied are insufficient for practical use in comparison with other known algorithms. At the same time using modified hill-valley functions as a post-processing step for other niching algorithms seems to be a promising improvement of performance of these algorithms.
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Weller, Evan, Kay Shelton, Michael J. Reeder, and Christian Jakob. "Precipitation Associated with Convergence Lines." Journal of Climate 30, no. 9 (2017): 3169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0535.1.
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Precipitation is often organized along coherent lines of low-level convergence, which at longer time and space scales form well-known convergence zones over the world’s oceans. Here, an automated, objective method is used to identify instantaneous low-level convergence lines in reanalysis data and calculate their frequency for the period 1979–2013. Identified convergence lines are combined with precipitation observations to assess the extent to which precipitation around the globe is associated with convergence lines in the lower troposphere. It is shown that a large percentage of precipitation (between 65% and 90%) over the tropical oceans is associated with such convergence lines, with large regional variations of up to 30% throughout the year, especially in the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Over land, the annual-mean proportion of precipitation associated with convergence lines ranges between 30% and 60%, and the lowest proportions (less than 15%) associated with convergence lines occur on the eastern flank of the subtropical highs. Overall, much greater precipitation is associated with long coherent lines (greater than 300 km in length) than with shorter fragmented lines (less than 300 km), and the majority of precipitation associated with shorter lines occurs over land. The proportion of precipitation not associated with any convergence line primarily occurs where both precipitation and frequency of convergence lines are low. The high temporal and spatial resolution of the climatology constructed also enables an examination of the diurnal cycle in the relationship between convergence lines and precipitation. Here an example is provided over the tropical Maritime Continent region.
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Nkwatoh, Louis S. "Does ECOWAS Macroeconomic Convergence Criteria Satisfy an Optimum Currency Area?" Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 1, no. 2 (2018): p61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/jems.v1n2p61.
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The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) countries have expressed their desire to establish a monetary union by the year 2020 based on six macroeconomic convergence criteria. The desire is predicated on a series of strategies and various treaties ratified and signed by various ECOWAS Heads of governments and Central Banks’ Governors with more emphasis on the Maastricht-type set of convergence criteria that must be satisfied by all member countries before they ascend to the envisaged monetary union. Even though the convergence criteria may guarantee macroeconomic stability in a regional grouping, critics assert that the convergence criteria are insufficient and inconsequential to the formation of monetary union. The objective of this study is to ascertain whether ECOWAS countries have met all the macroeconomic convergence criteria making them fit for a monetary union. The analyses indicate that no ECOWAS country has met all the convergence criteria at a given point in time implying that the level of macroeconomic convergence in the region still remains inadequate relative to the set targets. However, WAEMU sub-set economies have met three of the criteria -public debts to GDP Ratio, deficits including grants, annual percentage inflation rate. The simple reason is that WAEMU is an existing monetary union with a common stabilization policy.
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López-Martínez, María, Olga García-Luque, and Myriam Rodríguez-Pasquín. "Digital Gender Divide and Convergence in the European Union Countries." Economics 15, no. 1 (2021): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/econ-2021-0012.
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Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the digital gender divide in the European Union (EU) countries by applying two widely used indicators: percentage of the population who has used the Internet in the last 3 months (ICT-USE indicator) and percentage of the population who has made an online purchase in the last 3 months (ICT-PURCHASE indicator). With these indicators, the digital gender gaps are shown in absolute and relative terms. In addition, the European convergence beta and sigma, between the years 2007 and 2019, is also analyzed. The results among European countries show that the ICT-USE indicator has a lower dispersion than the ICT-PURCHASE indicator; hence, in general, the digital gender divide or gap is usually lower when ICT-USE is used in comparison with ICT-PURCHASE. The highest values of the digital gender gap in the EU, regardless of the indicator used, are found in Croatia and Italy, reflecting an unfavorable position for women. Ireland is also in this group, but in its case, the results show an unfavorable position for men. Additionally, Cyprus does not register gender differences in either of the two indicators analyzed. Finally, the convergence between European countries is corroborated, both in the indicators analyzed and in the different gender digital gaps built.
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Martínez-Asenjo, Cristina, and Antonio Montañés. "Convergence in infant mortality rates: the Spanish regions case." Papeles de Población 27, no. 109 (2021): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22185/24487147.2021.109.20.
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This paper studies the evolution of infant mortality rates in Spanish regions. Our results allow us to reject the null hypothesis of convergence, but we find the presence of several convergence clubs, which implies the existence of different patterns of behavior. We also find some degree of connection between the Great Recession and the evolution of infant mortality rates. The popula-tion density, the evolution of the labor market and the percentage of the female population that admits to having drunk alcoholic beverages in the previous two weeks are the factors that help us to explain the forces that drive the creation of the clubs.
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Szapáry, György, and Balázs Vonnák. "The Impact of Monetary Policy Institutional Decisions on Convergence in Central and Eastern European Countries." Financial and Economic Review 23, no. 4 (2024): 120–52. https://doi.org/10.33893/fer.23.4.120.
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Our study looks at the role of monetary policy related institutional decisions in the nominal and real convergence of the 11 former socialist Central and Eastern European EU Member States over the three decades following their regime change. We use our empirical model to estimate the impact of four key drivers of the monetary policy framework (exchange rate regime, central bank independence, inflation targeting, euro adoption) on inflation and real economic growth. Our main finding is that the convergence rate over the past decades has had little to do with the choice of exchange rate regime or the potential adoption of the euro or inflation targeting and much more with the establishment of central bank independence. The latter has reduced inflation by roughly 5 percentage points, while boosting real GDP growth by about 2 percentage points. This suggests that central bank independence significantly enhances the credibility and predictability of monetary policy and largely determines the success of each monetary regime.
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Shams, Mudassir, and Bruno Carpentieri. "Computational Analysis of Parallel Techniques for Nonlinear Biomedical Engineering Problems." Algorithms 17, no. 12 (2024): 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/a17120575.
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In this study, we develop new efficient parallel techniques for solving both distinct and multiple roots of nonlinear problems at the same time. The parallel techniques represent an innovative contribution to the discipline, with local convergence of the ninth order. Theoretical research shows the rapid convergence and effectiveness of the proposed parallel schemes. To assess the suggested scheme’s stability and consistency, we look at certain biomedical engineering applications, such as osteoporosis in Chinese women, blood rheology, and differential equations. Overall, detailed analyses of convergence behavior, memory utilization, computational time, and percentage computational efficiency show that the novel parallel techniques outperform the traditional methods. The proposed methods would be more suitable for large-scale computational problems in biomedical applications due to their advantages in memory efficiency, CPU time, and error reduction.
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Wang, Ren, Jingxiang Gao, Nanshan Zheng, et al. "Research on Accelerating Single-Frequency Precise Point Positioning Convergence with Atmospheric Constraint." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (2019): 5407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245407.
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An increasing number of researchers have conducted in-depth research on the advantages of low-cost single-frequency (SF) receivers, which can effectively use ionospheric information when compared to dual-frequency ionospheric-free combination. However, SF observations are bound to increase the unknown parameters and prolong the convergence time. It is desirable if the convergence time can be reduced by external information constraints, for example atmospheric constraints, which include ionosphere- or troposphere constraints. In this study, ionospheric delay constraints, tropospheric delay constraints, and their dual constraints were considered. Additionally, a total of 18,720 test experiments were performed. First, the nearest-neighbor extrapolation (NENE), bilinear- (BILI), bicubic- (BICU), and Junkins weighted-interpolation (JUNK) method of Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) grid products were analyzed. The statistically verified BILI in the percentage of convergence time, average convergence time, and computation time consumption of them shows a good advantage. Next, the influences of global troposphere- and ionosphere-constrained on the convergence time of SF Precise Point Positioning (PPP) were analyzed. It is verified that the ionosphere-constrained (TIC2) has significant influence on the convergence time in the horizontal and vertical components, while the troposphere-constrained (TIC1) has better effect on the convergence time in the vertical components within some thresholds. Of course, the dual constraint (TIC3) has the shortest average convergence time, which is at least 46.5% shorter in static mode and 5.4% in kinematic mode than standard SF PPP (TIC0).
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Cahyati, Ari Dewi. "DAMPAK PENERAPAN IFRS TERHADAP KUALITAS LAPORAN KEUANGAN DAN ARUS INVESTASI." JRAK: Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Komputerisasi Akuntansi 9, no. 1 (2018): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33558/jrak.v9i1.1362.
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Objective of this study is to determine whether IFRS convergence will improve the quality of financial statements as indicated by decreasing levels of information asymmetry and declining real earnings management. IFRS convergence is measured by Dummy variables years before convergence and year after covergency while accounting quality reporting is measured by decreasing earnings management level and decreasing level of information asymmetry. Real earnings management uses abnormal cash flow, abnormal discretionary expense and abnormal production cost (Roydhuchory, 2006) while information asymmetry uses adjusted spreads. While the variable of investment flows is measured by the percentage of foreign investment ownership in Indonesia (defond et.al, 2011).
 This research uses a quantitative approach that aims to test the theory. The research method used is explanatory research. The sample of this study are all companies listed on BEI. Secondary data research data. From purposive sampling, 102 samples were obtained for IFRS convergence effect on Real earnings management and 100 companies to test the effect of IFRS convergence on asymmetry and information asymmetry on global investment flows. Methods of data analysis using linear regression analysis.
 The result of statistical analysis shows 1) that IFRS convergence has negative effect on real profit management. This indicates that the higher the IFRS convergence the real earnings management will decrease. 2) IFRS convergence has no effect on information asymmetry and 3) Information asymmetry has no effect on global investment flows in Indonesia.
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Haynes, Philip, and David Alemna. "Convergence Trends in Euro Economies: Financial Crisis Recovery and the COVID-19 Pandemic." Economies 11, no. 11 (2023): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11110284.
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The configurative comparative method, Dynamic Pattern Synthesis (DPS) is used to replicate previous research into the impact of the euro on economic convergence. The DPS method ensures a forensic examination of the diverse variable patterns that influence cluster memberships. As with previous research conclusions, there are multiple patterns of convergence and divergence. Consistent clusters across the time periods compared are Germany, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Ireland; Slovakia and Estonia; Italy, Spain, and Slovenia; and Portugal and Greece. The variable patterns most likely to influence cluster definitions are differences in GDP per capita, productivity, and investment, although there are other differing variable patterns that influence specific smaller cluster memberships and the consistency of memberships over time. Externalities undermine nominal convergence. An example is the divergence of the experience of consumer inflation between 2016 and 2022. Nevertheless, some convergence in long-term interest rates is achieved. There is also divergence in the real convergence target of GDP per capita. As regards structural changes, productivity differences widen, and investment as a percentage of GDP converges during COVID-19. The theoretical implications are that the complex dynamics between collaboration, competitive markets, and global instabilities makes convergence unlikely. Real convergence, such as reducing the distribution differences of GDP per capita, is only likely to be possible over many decades, and needs considerable government interventions. Complex systems theory informs us that limits to convergence are inevitable in dynamic systems where events bring unplanned divergences.
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Zioło, Monika, Lidia Luty, and Dagmara K. Zuzek. "CONVERGENCE OF CHANGES IN THE EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology Organization and Management Series 2025, no. 216 (2025): 647–59. https://doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2025.216.38.
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Purpose: Multidimensional scaling is a method that allows the representation of complex observations in a space with fewer dimensions (usually on the plane) in such a way that the distance matrix counted on the plane is as similar as possible to the matrix counted in the original space. The paper presents a proposal to use this approach in the analysis of spatial temporal structures describing changes in the structure of employment in EU countries. The structures are described by shares, so no procedure is necessary to bring the shares to comparability due to the unit of measure. Separate multidimensional scaling is carried out for each unit of time. The purpose of the study is to try to separate groups of European Union countries similar due to their employment structures. Methodology: The paper uses one of the frequently used non-hierarchical methods - the k-means method. The study of multidimensional clustering of EU regions, which uses the k-means algorithm to identify similar areas are used in many fields among others to group regions or countries. Findings: In the EU countries, enterprises employing up to 9 people account for the largest percentage. On average, they accounted for 95.14% in 2015 and in 2020 the percentage of these enterprises increased slightly to 95.27%. The highest percentage of enterprises employing up to 9 people was in Slovakia, with 97.41% in 2020, while the lowest was in Germany, where the value of this indicator was 82.44%. Among the countries analysed, Germany and Luxembourg stood out in particular, where there was a relatively high number of companies employing between 50 and 249 people. Originality/value: The importance of the indicated research is extremely important from the point of view of EU countries. Therefore, the methods indicated in the article can also be used in other aspects of the economy.
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Inama, Stefano, and Pramila Crivelli. "Convergence on the Calculation Methodology for Drafting Rules of Origin in FTAs Using the Ad Valorem Criterion." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 4 (2019): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019014.
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Drafting product specific rules of origin is the daily nightmare of trade negotiators engaged in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) negotiations. There are no multilateral disciplines, little research has been carried out to concretely suggest best practices and the private sector is unable to provide valuable inputs due to the complexity of rules of origin (RoO) and their calculations. The use of the ad valorem percentage criterion in drafting RoO is often perceived as a shortcut to RoO complexities. In reality the apparent straightforward nature of the percentage criterion is hiding a number of complexities and drafting options. This first part of this article addresses such technicalities and provides recommendations about the calculation methodology of the ad valorem percentage criterion on the basis of comparative analyses and trends in major FTAs.
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Bhowmik, D. "Sustainability of the Service Sector of India." Sri Lanka Journal of Economic Research 11, no. 1 (2023): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljer.v11i1.195.
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The paper examined the linear and non-linear trends of the share of the service sector as a percentage of GDP in India during 1960-2021 using the Regression Analysis and the Hamilton Regression Filter Model. It also studied the relationship between the service sector share and FDI, trade, total debt service and Inflation in India during 1970-2021. The paper verified the convergence of net state value added in services of Indian states from 2004/05-2021/22. The paper found a significant upward linear trend, and in nonlinear cases, the share of the services showed cycles, cyclical trends and seasonal variations. The share of the service sector positively affects trade, total debt service, inflation of the economy and FDI. The net state value added in services showed significant Sigma convergence and insignificant Beta convergence from 2004/05- 2021/22.
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Albulescu, Claudiu Tiberiu. "Health Care Expenditure in the European Union Countries: New Insights about the Convergence Process." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (2022): 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041991.
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This paper assesses the convergence process in the health care expenditure for selected European Union (EU) countries over the past 50 years. As a novel contribution, we use bound unit root tests and, for robustness purposes, a series of tests for strict stationarity to provide new insights about the convergence process. We make a comparison between public and private health expenditure per capita and as a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP), with a focus on six EU countries with different health care systems in place. When we consider the health expenditure per capita, we report mixed findings. We show that the spread from the group average is stationary in the cases of Finland and Portugal when the overall and public expenditure is considered. In terms of private expenditure, the convergence process is noticed only for Austria. For all other countries included in our sample, we document a non-stationary process, indicating a lack of convergence. This result is robust to the different tests we use. However, when we assess the convergence in terms of the health-expenditure-to-GDP ratio, the convergence process is recorded for Austria only. The robustness check we performed using strict stationarity tests partially confirmed the mixed results we obtained. Therefore, our findings highlight the heterogeneity of the EU health care systems and the need for identification of common solutions to the EU health care systems’ problems in order to enhance their convergence processes.
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Henry, Elaine, Stephen Lin, and Ya-wen Yang. "The European-U.S. “GAAP Gap”: IFRS to U.S. GAAP Form 20-F Reconciliations." Accounting Horizons 23, no. 2 (2009): 121–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2009.23.2.121.
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SYNOPSIS: This study evaluates the extent to which the FASB and IASB convergence projects and the EU-wide adoption of IFRS have impacted the differences between firms’ financial results under U.S. GAAP and IFRS. Using 2004 to 2006 reconciliation disclosures of 75 EU cross-listed firms, we find that the average gap between U.S. GAAP and IFRS income and between U.S. GAAP and IFRS shareholders’ equity declined from 2004 to 2006, consistent with convergence, though the net income gap remains significant. Although both pensions and goodwill are included in the convergence projects, these adjustments appear to be the dominant reconciliation items. Across the EU, net income and shareholders’ equity reconciliation amounts differ significantly by industry and by legal origin of the firm’s home country, raising questions about the homogeneity of IFRS as implemented. Furthermore, most firms report IFRS net income (shareholders’ equity) higher (lower) than U.S. GAAP net income (shareholders’ equity), with the result that 28 percent of the sample firms’ 2006 ROE under IFRS is more than 5 percentage points higher than under U.S. GAAP, whereas fewer than 10 percent of the sample report ROE more than 5 percentage points lower. Finally, shareholders’ equity reconciliations and income reconciliations appear value-relevant, although results are somewhat sensitive to model specification. Overall, our findings indicate that significant numerical differences still exist between results under IFRS and U.S. GAAP, despite convergence. In light of the SEC’s elimination of the requirement for reconciliations between the two sets of standards and the potential adoption of provisions allowing U.S. firms to choose between the standards, investors and other financial statement users should be aware of the significant numerical differences.
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Игнатов, Александр, Aleksandr Ignatov, Виталий Матлахов, Vitaliy Matlakhov, Анатолий Суслов, and Anatoliy Suslov. "SOFTWARE MODULE DEVELOPMENT FOR DEFINITION OF PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION IN ANTIWEAR COATINGS." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 2 (2016): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20243.
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For the analysis of material property changes depending on external factors in materials science there is used a method of the micro-structure analysis of material obtained with the aid of a special optic or electronic microscope. Recently the increasing distribution and application have obtained program-hardware complexes for the automation of metallographic researches which allow speeding up considerably this process. The basis for the development of such complexes is a technology of technical (computer) vision – the theory for the creation of models and algorithms which can carry out the detection and classification of objects and also the processing all research data. For the efficient change of FOP parameters, and also to ensure a convergence (repetition) of test results it is necessary to ensure the authenticity of research data processing. It is achieved by means of the application of a specially developed software module for the definition of percentage composition in nitridetitanium and other wearresisting coatings according to Photomath photographs. As input data for the software module there are used coating microstructure photos obtained with the aid of PMT-3M hardness meter. In the module mentioned all essential transformations for the further com-putation of a percentage composition with the obtaining of a result for a user and also saving in a database are carried out.
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Golestani, Mehdi, Seyed Majid Esmaeilzadeh, and Bing Xiao. "Fault-tolerant attitude control for flexible spacecraft subject to input and state constraint." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, no. 14 (2020): 2660–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331220923780.
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This paper considers the problem of fault-tolerant attitude control for a flexible spacecraft subject to input and state constraint. Particularly, a new sliding mode-based attitude control with fixed-time convergent for the flexible spacecraft is developed in which the convergence rate of the system state is improved both far from and at close range of the origin. In contrast to the existing complicated prescribed performance controls (PPC), the proposed PPC possesses a much simpler structure due to the use of a novel constraint concept without employing error transformation. It also introduces a modified prescribed performance function (MPPF) to explicitly determine the settling time. It is rigorously proved that the attitude variable is kept within the predefined constraint boundaries even when the actuator saturation is taken into account. Moreover, the proposed controller is inherently continuous and the chattering is effectively reduced. An adaptive mechanism is developed in which no prior knowledge of the lumped uncertainties is required. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate that the proposed controller is able to successfully accomplish attitude control with high attitude pointing accuracy and stability. More specifically, it provides faster convergence (improvement percentage of convergence time (IP_CT) is about 18%) and more accurate control (improvement percentages of MRPs (IP_MRPs) and angular velocity (IP_AV) are about 60% and 80%, respectively) under healthy actuators. Values of IP_CT, IP_CT, and IP_AV are 50%, 99.9% and 99.9% under faulty actuators, respectively.
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Zhao, Jiankun, Wei Liu, Qingxian Zhang, et al. "Rapid localization of radioactive leaks based on hybrid adaptive grey wolf algorithm." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (2022): P08034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/p08034.
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Abstract Radioactive source localization algorithms have been widely used in the detection of nuclear accident areas. But some shortcomings, such as complex algorithm structure, slow localization speed and poor accuracy, were obviously performed to affect mobile robot locating autonomously. In this paper, a potential alternative method was investigated to be a new usage of locating leaks, just via specifying the change of exposure rate. In this model, several key factors, such as gamma ray attenuation, scattering factor, travel angle guide, spatial discretization, etc., were taken into consideration, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm, which is appropriated in unknown areas of the radioactive waste repository. Since there are three factors with different contribution, such as position, quantity of the source and gamma ray energy, which considered to demonstrate its impact on success. So, a hybrid adaptive grey wolf algorithm (HAGWO) has been adopted and implemented to develop a novel rapid method of radioactive leak location. Three aspects, including the good point set initialization in population size, balanced convergence function, and self-adaptive greedy strategy for population update, were optimized and merged into the locating model. To investigate the effectiveness of the algorithm, results of HAGWO are compared with grey wolf algorithm (GWO), good point set initialization strategy GWO(GGWO) and adaptive head wolf strategy GWO (ALGWO) in convergence speed, accuracy, stability and positioning error of single and double leak points. It is observed that convergence speed is increased by 37.93 ± 2% at the highest; the convergence accuracy is increased by 92.42 ± 2% at the most; the stability is improved by 30% ∼ 50%. The positioning error of single leak point is within 1.08%, and the positioning error of double leak point is less than 8.90%. Besides, compared with GWO, GGWO and ALGWO, the single-point accuracy is improved by 1.36 percentage points (to GWO), and the double-point accuracy is improved by 40.35 percentage points (to ALGWO) at most. It is observed that HAGWO performs the best in locating leaks, with a faster convergence, stronger stability and more accuracy.
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De Oliveira Gonçalves, Daiane, Natália Da Silva Martins Fonseca, and Marcelo Ângelo Cirillo. "Simulation study of viable scenarios for potential numerical convergence issues in fitting joint models for longitudinal and survival data." Revista Brasileira de Computação Aplicada 16, no. 3 (2024): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5335/rbca.v16i3.15375.
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Studies concerning the characteristics of phenomena/experiments over time, such as longitudinal studies or those focused on the time until an event of interest occurs, are increasingly essential in various fields. There may be instances where the investigation of the relationship between one or more longitudinal responses and an event of interest is warranted, a task achievable through the joint model of longitudinal and survival data. However, these models may have convergence problems and be computationally demanding, making their use unfeasible in many cases. In consideration of these factors, the objective of this study is to conduct a Monte Carlo simulation study involving various censoring percentages and correlation structures. The proposed cross-coverage probability will be employed as a diagnostic tool to identify circumstances conducive to numerical convergence, aiming to obtain maximum likelihood estimates for joint models applied to longitudinal and survival data. The results indicated similarity in terms of inference among the models, accounting for the impact of both the correlation structure and the censoring percentage. It was determined that the cross-coverage probability contributes to diagnosing the favorable behavior of the data, thereby facilitating the implementation of joint modeling.
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Shams, Mudassir, and Bruno Carpentieri. "Chaos in Inverse Parallel Schemes for Solving Nonlinear Engineering Models." Mathematics 13, no. 1 (2024): 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13010067.
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Nonlinear equations are essential in research and engineering because they simulate complicated processes such as fluid dynamics, chemical reactions, and population growth. The development of advanced methods to address them becomes essential for scientific and applied research enhancements, as their resolution influences innovations by aiding in the proper prediction or optimization of the system. In this research, we develop a novel biparametric family of inverse parallel techniques designed to improve stability and accelerate convergence in parallel iterative algorithm. Bifurcation and chaos theory were used to find the best parameter regions that increase the parallel method’s effectiveness and stability. Our newly developed biparametric family of parallel techniques is more computationally efficient than current approaches, as evidenced by significant reductions in the number of iterations and basic operations each iterations step for solving nonlinear equations. Engineering applications examined with rough beginning data demonstrate high accuracy and superior convergence compared to existing classical parallel schemes. Analysis of global convergence further shows that the proposed methods outperform current methods in terms of error control, computational time, percentage convergence, number of basic operations per iteration, and computational order. These findings indicate broad usage potential in engineering and scientific computation.
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Yuan, Yuan, Chunfu Shao, Zhichao Cao, et al. "Urban Rail Transit Passenger Flow Forecasting Method Based on the Coupling of Artificial Fish Swarm and Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithms." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (2019): 7230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247230.
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Urban rail transit passenger flow forecasting is an important basis for station design, passenger flow organization, and train operation plan optimization. In this work, we combined the artificial fish swarm and improved particle swarm optimization (AFSA-PSO) algorithms. Taking the Window of the World station of the Shenzhen Metro Line 1 as an example, subway passenger flow prediction research was carried out. The AFSA-PSO algorithm successfully preserved the fast convergence and strong traceability of the original algorithm through particle self-adjustment and dynamic weights, and it effectively overcame its shortcomings, such as the tendency to fall into local optimum and lower convergence speed. In addition to accurately predicting normal passenger flow, the algorithm can also effectively identify and predict the large-scale tourist attractions passenger flow as it has strong applicability and robustness. Compared with single PSO or AFSA algorithms, the new algorithm has better prediction effects, such as faster convergence, lower average absolute percentage error, and a higher correlation coefficient with real values.
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Sydorova, Elena, Sándor Halász, Galina Zelenkova, Alexander Pakhomov, and Antonina Pahomova. "Management tools in the context of NBIC convergence." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 08017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127308017.
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In view of the potential global human factors threats, NBIC convergence in manufacturing systems requires new, sustainable approaches to HR management. The proposed methodology is based on the systems paradigm of Janos Kornai, which is used in the framework of BigData technologies, artificial intelligence, and blockchain. The problem of control, optimization and evolution of the human factor in NBIC-production cyber-physical systems is solved by means of the developed human-oriented concept of HR-resources management, the development of which occurs in a spiral, involving exit from the system to form new meanings and concepts. Each turn of the spiral is a self-organizing system. For the current stage of development, a cyber-physical system of interaction “Man” - “Machine” is proposed, based on global and double iterative connections, parallel analysis, scenario forecasting, machine learning, cognitive component and collective decision making. The developed human-oriented concept of HR-resources management allows you to control, optimize and develop human production activities, ensure iterative self-development and self-improvement of the system, guarantee the stability and safety of the system, maximize the percentage of return on human resources and reduce the level of opportunistic human behavior.
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Nuryani, Dian, Endang Rusyaman, and Betty Subartini. "Convergence Analysis from the Solution of Riccati’s Fractional Differential Equation by Using Polynomial Least Squares Method." Eksakta : Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA 21, no. 1 (2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol21-iss1/211.
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Riccati's Fractional Differential Equation (RFDE) has become a topic of study for researchers because RFDE can model variety of phenomenon in science such as random processes, optimal control and diffusion problems. Phenomena that can be modeled in a mathematical form can make it easier for humans to analyze several things from that phenomenon. RFDE generally does not have an exact solution, therefore a numerical approach solution is needed, one of the methods that gives good accuracy to the actual or exact solution is Polynomial Least Squares, where the errors calculated based on mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) produce a percentage below 1%. In addition, the convergence of a sequence from approximate solutions indicates that the sequence will converge to a solution.
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Qian, Yuan, Wei Yang, Chaoxu Chen, and Xiaoluo Yu. "Fixed Abrasive Polishing in an Anhydrous Environment: A Material Removal Model for Fused Silica." Machines 10, no. 2 (2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10020147.
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Due to the prevalent randomness and uncertainties associated with traditional loose polishing, fixed abrasive polishing in an anhydrous environment has been chosen as a new polishing method. In this paper, cerium oxide is the main component for polishing pellets, and the particle size distribution of cerium oxide is measured. A material removal model for fixed abrasive polishing of fused silica in an anhydrous environment is proposed. Based on this model, we simulate the roughness of fused silica in fixed abrasive polishing process by using a Monte Carlo method with a constant removal mechanism and obtain the percentage of plastic and chemical removal. The percentage result is then taken into the material removal equation to calculate the material removal rate. The final convergence value of the roughness with 2 μm particle size is about 1.8 nm, while the final convergence value of the surface roughness of the workpiece by Monte Carlo simulation is about 1 nm. The experimental material removal rate at 2 μm particle size is 5.48 μm/h, while the simulation result is 4.29 μm/h. The experiment data of roughness and material removal rate all verify the model.
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Akram, Vaseem, and Badri Narayan Rath. "Does debt convergence hold in case of India?" Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 4 (2019): 858–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-02-2018-0064.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the convergence analysis of public debt among Indian states using annual data from 1990‒1991 to 2014‒2015. Design/methodology/approach The paper tests this hypothesis using club convergence technique propounded by Phillips and Sul (2007). Findings The results reveal the existence of debt divergence for overall Indian states. States are formed into four clubs on the basis of their level of debt, and three clubs support the hypothesis of club convergence. Further, the total public debt decomposes into three compositions such as market loans, bank loans and loans and advances from the central government. The existence of convergence is found for market loans and bank loans; however, the presence of divergence is found in case of loans and advances for overall states. Practical implications Since public debt plays an important role for fiscal health of the Indian states, findings of this study suggest to squeeze the fiscal consolidation further for Indian states whose debts as a percentage to gross state domestic product are on the higher side. Further, the examination of debt convergence helps to manage debt level among the states because heavy dependence on public debt could retard investment and economic growth. Originality/value Whereas bulk of empirical studies emphasize on examining the linkage between public debt and economic growth, and issue on debt sustainability across Indian states, examination of convergence of debt and its compositions (markets borrowings, bank loans and loans and advances from the central government) among the Indian states is scanty.
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Vihariya, P. H., K. V. Gardhariya, and Y. H. Rathwa. "ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE PROFILE OF STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR LEVEL OF CONVERGENCE IN AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION SYSTEM." Gujarat Journal of Extension Education 36, no. 1 (2023): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.56572/gjoee.2023.36.1.0016.
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Convergence is being made to achieve the common objectives and mutual benefits between partners for targeted project, programmes and /or schemes, where both are sharing their values and outcomes. The present study was carried out in seven districts of South Gujarat during 2020. The six types of stakeholders were playing pivotal role in AIS hence the list of each type of stakeholder were obtained from the concerned authorities. A simple random sampling method was adopted to obtain respondents sample size. Thus, 30 researchers, 50 extensionists, 30 In-charge of NGOs, 30 managers of private agencies, 50 owner of agro-service providers and 50 progressive farmers were selected. All the 240 stakeholders were randomly selected. The statistical tools and method was used to analyze the data were frequency, percentage, arbitrary method and correlation of coefficient. The data represents that overwhelming majority (92.91%) of the respondents as stakeholders had poor to good level of convergence in AIS. The data also reveals that the age, communication ability, information seeking behaviour, mass media exposure, cohesiveness, stress management and management orientation had highly significant correlation with convergence among researchers in AIS. The data tells that the age, stress management and management orientation had highly significant correlation with convergence among extensionists in AIS. While, communication ability was significantly corelated with convergence among extensionists. The data reveals that the age, stress management and management orientation had highly significant correlation with convergence among in charge of NGOs in AIS. While, information seeking behavior, mass media exposure and cohesiveness were significantly corelated with convergence among in charge of NGOs. The data shows that the age, mass media exposure, cohesiveness, stress management and management orientation had highly significant correlation with convergence among manager of private agency in AIS. While, communication ability and information seeking behavior were significantly corelated with convergence among manager of private agency. The data reveals that the age, education, annual income, land holding, extension participation, innovativeness, mass media exposure, achievement motivation, cohesiveness and risk orientation had highly significant correlation with convergence among agro service providers in AIS. While, communication ability and information seeking behavior had significantly corelated with convergence among agro service providers in AIS.
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Hiramatsu, C., and P. De Deckker. "Distribution of calcareous nannoplankton near the Subtropical Convergence, south of Tasmania, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 5 (1996): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960707.
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The floral composition of living calcareous nannoplankton collected from surface waters near the Subtropical Convergence (STC), offshore south-eastern Tasmania, in January 1994 is presented. Emiliania huxleyi represented more than 90% of all coccolithophorids. Scanning electron microscopy showed a substantial increase in intraspecific variation of E. huxleyi, and in variation in coccolith size of Calcidiscus leptoporus, E. huxleyi type A and C. leptoporus (small), north of the STC. It is postulated that the percentage abundance of these taxa may be used to determine the position andlor shift of the STC zone through time, and therefore may be of use for palaeoceanographic studies.
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Vieiras, Nancy Mendes Torres, and Amanda Macedo Balduino. "Apagamento de /R, S, l/ na coda no português de São Tomé: convergência linguística?" PAPIA 30, no. 1 (2020): 7–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3926952.
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The goal of this paper is to analyze the coda deletion of the segments /R, S, l/ in Santomean Portuguese (PST), a Portuguese variety spoken in Sao Tome and Principe, considering the contact of PST with Santome, a native lexical Portuguese-based Creole language. In total, we examined 662 words, or 1.445 tokens: 577 for /R/, 550 for /S/ and 318 for /l/. Results show that coda deletion is a current phenomenon with the following percentage distribution in PST: 61,53 % for rhotics, 5,27% for sibilants and 24,21% for the lateral. Even though the preference for a CV syllable is attested by these values, the implementation of the process is not homogeneous in all segments since deletion of rhotics is more common. At first, this data could suggest a possible linguistic interference from Santome, language in which there are no rhotics in coda. However, the lateral deletion percentage and the occurrence of deletion in varieties such as Brazilian Portuguese indicate that such assumption is not sustained as it does not explain different values of coda deletion in PST. Therefore, issues related to the linguistic contact should not be neglected for analysing coda deletion in PST, but it is necessary to consider them together with structural aspects of Santomense Portuguese.
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Sun, Xiang, Yisheng Miao, Xiaoyan Wu, et al. "Cabbage Transplantation State Recognition Model Based on Modified YOLOv5-GFD." Agronomy 14, no. 4 (2024): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040760.
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To enhance the transplantation effectiveness of vegetables and promptly formulate subsequent work strategies, it is imperative to study the recognition approach for transplanted seedlings. In the natural and complex environment, factors like background and sunlight often hinder accurate target recognition. To overcome these challenges, this study explores a lightweight yet efficient algorithm for recognizing cabbage transplantation states in natural settings. Initially, FasterNet is integrated as the backbone network in the YOLOv5s model, aiming to expedite convergence speed and bolster feature extraction capabilities. Secondly, the introduction of the GAM attention mechanism enhances the algorithm’s focus on cabbage seedlings. EIoU loss is incorporated to improve both network convergence speed and localization precision. Lastly, the model incorporates deformable convolution DCNV3, which further optimizes model parameters and attains a superior balance between accuracy and speed. Upon testing the refined YOLOv5s target detection algorithm, improvements were evident. When compared to the original model, the mean average precision (mAP) rose by 3.5 percentage points, recall increased by 1.7 percentage points, and detection speed witnessed an impressive boost of 52 FPS. This enhanced algorithm not only reduces model complexity but also elevates network performance. The method is expected to streamline transplantation quality measurements, minimize time and labor inputs, and elevate field transplantation quality surveys’ automation levels.
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Majumder, Chiranjib, and Jacqueline N. H. Yih. "Nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies among students of a Malaysian private university." Delta Journal of Ophthalmology 26, no. 2 (2025): 156–60. https://doi.org/10.4103/djo.djo_73_24.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The study aimed to find the status of nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies (NSBVA) among the students of a Malaysian private university. Patients and methods This is a prospective cross–sectional study that was conducted among the students of a private Malaysian University. It included 142 students irrespective of sex. The study included University students aged 18–35 years with best-corrected distance and near visual acuity of 6/6 and N6, respectively. They were subjected to a series of tests which included the heterophoria test, amplitude of accommodation, negative relative accommodation, positive relative accommodation, accommodative facility (monocular and binocular), accommodative convergence accommodation ratio, monocular estimation method, near point of convergence, positive fusional vergence (distance and near), negative fusional vergence (distance and near), and vergence facility to identify the NSBVA. Results The NSBVA were reported in 40.8% of the students. The accommodative and vergence anomalies were detected in 17.6% and 23.2% of the students, respectively. There was no statistically significant association between the NSBVA and sex [χ 2 (1, N=142) =3.569, P=0.059]. Conclusion The percentage of NSBVA was high among the students of a Malaysian private university and the percentage of vergence anomalies was higher than the accommodative anomalies. However, there was no significant association between sex and NSBVA.
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Chupilkin, Maxim, Zsóka Kóczán, and Alexander Plekhanov. "20 years of EU Membership: What Explains the Accession Bonus?" Financial and Economic Review 24, no. 1 (2025): 52–73. https://doi.org/10.33893/fer.24.1.52.
Full textAbstract:
2024 marked the 20th anniversary of the EU accession of ten economies. Their experience was characterised by rapid growth in per capita incomes. Of the 23 percentage points of average convergence observed between the EU-10 and Germany between 2003 and 2023, 6 percentage points are shared with other emerging markets with similar characteristics, while the remaining 17 percentage points can be thought of as an ‘EU accession bonus’, facilitated by rapid growth in exports relative to GDP as they became deeply integrated into supply chains. Looking at the impact of EU accession in earlier waves, 20 years after joining, we also estimate a large ‘EU accession bonus’ for Spain and Portugal (which joined in 1986). Austria, Finland and Sweden (which joined in 1995) outperformed their synthetic controls only in the longer term and when comparators exclude Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland – non-EU economies with access to the internal market.