Academic literature on the topic 'Percentage distribution'
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Journal articles on the topic "Percentage distribution"
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Nadarajah, Saralees, and Samuel Kotz. "Percentage Points of the Multivariate t Distribution." International Statistical Review 74, no. 1 (2006): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2006.tb00158.x.
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Schader, M., and F. Schmid. "Distribution function and percentage points for the central and noncentral F-distribution." Statistische Hefte 27, no. 1 (1986): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02932556.
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Kim, Seock-Ho, and Allan S. Cohen. "Table of percentage points of the behrens-fisher distribution." Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 55, no. 3 (1996): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00949659608811760.
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Joy Christy, A., and A. Umamakeswari. "A Novel Percentage Split Distribution Method for Image Thresholding." Optik 218 (September 2020): 164953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164953.
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Wichura, Michael J. "Algorithm AS 241: The Percentage Points of the Normal Distribution." Applied Statistics 37, no. 3 (1988): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2347330.
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Sanders, T. H. "Maturity Distribution in Commercially Sized Florunner Peanuts." Peanut Science 16, no. 2 (1989): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-16-2-8.
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Abstract Quality, as measured by roast color, flavor and storability, is variable within and among peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lots of the same commercial size. Because maturity is significantly related to many quality characteristics, the variability in maturity distributions (percentage of various maturity classes) was examined within sized peanut lots from twenty random samples, an irrigation study, a harvest date study, and a soil temperature study. Pods from each source were separated into hull scrape maturity classes, dried, shelled, and screened to obtain seed size distributions. Using the weight of each maturity class in each commercial size, the percentage weight contribution of each maturity class in each commercial size category was calculated. Seed size distribution for maturity classes from different treatments in each study varied widely. The data indicated that each commercial size category contained peanuts from each maturity class. Treatments within the studies generally produced significant differences among percentages of individual maturity classes in each size. Large standard deviations and coefficients of variation in all studies indicated the wide variability potential in sized lots. The distributions of maturity within commercial sizes were sufficiently different to suggest that flavor, roast color, storability, and other quality estimators would be affected in final roast products from some of the lots.
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El-Saidi, M. A., та K. P. Singh. "Evaluating the Cumulative Distribution Function and 100α Percentage Point of a Family of Generalized Logistic Distributions". Biometrical Journal 33, № 7 (1991): 865–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710330716.
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Whitaker, Thomas, Francis Giesbrecht, and Jeremy Wu. "Suitability of Several Statistical Models to Simulate Observed Distribution of Sample Test Results in Inspections of Aflatoxin-Contaminated Peanut Lots." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 4 (1996): 981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.4.981.
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Abstract The acceptability of 10 theoretical distributions to simulate observed distribution of sample aflatoxin test results was evaluated by using 2 parameter estimation methods and 3 goodness of fit (GOF) tests. All theoretical distributions were compared with 120 observed distributions of aflatoxin test results of farmers' stock peanuts. For a given parameter estimation method and GOF test, the negative binomial distribution had the highest percentage of statistically acceptable fits. The log normal and Poisson-gamma (gamma shape parameter = 0.5) distributions had slightly fewer but an almost equal percentage of acceptable fits. For the 3 most acceptable statistical models, the negative binomial had the greatest percentage of best or closest fits. Both the parameter estimation method and the GOF test had an influence on which theoretical distribution had the largest number of acceptable fits. All theoretical distributions, except the negative binomial distribution, had more acceptable fits when model parameters were determined by the maximum likelihood method. The negative binomial had slightly more acceptable fits when model parameters were estimated by the method of moments. The results also demonstrated the importance of using the same GOF test for comparing the acceptability of several theoretical distributions.
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TODA, Hideo, and Harumi ONO. "The Minimax Approximation for Percentage Points of the Standard Normal Distribution." Japanese journal of applied statistics 22, no. 1 (1993): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5023/jappstat.22.13.
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Sun, Da-Wen. "Inspecting pizza topping percentage and distribution by a computer vision method." Journal of Food Engineering 44, no. 4 (2000): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0260-8774(00)00024-8.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Percentage distribution"
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Liu, Jie. "Gender differences in mandibular bone mineral distribution with aging." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1365458821.
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Leite, Roger Almeida. "PhenoVis : a visual analysis tool to phenological phenomena." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115181.
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Phenology studies recurrent periodic phenomena of plants and their relationship to environmental conditions. Monitoring forest ecosystems using digital cameras allows the study of several phenological events, such as leaf expansion or leaf fall. Since phenological phenomena are cyclic, the comparative analysis of successive years is capable of identifying interesting variation on annual patterns. However, the number of images collected rapidly gets significant since the goal is to compare data from several years. Instead of performing the analysis over images, experts prefer to use derived statistics (such as average values). We propose PhenoVis, a visual analytics tool that provides insightful ways to analyze phenological data. The main idea behind PhenoVis is the Chronological Percentage Maps (CPMs), a visual mapping that offers a summary view of one year of phenological data. CPMs are highly customizable, encoding more information about the images using a pre-defined histogram, a mapping function that translates histogram values into colors, and a normalized stacked bar chart to display the results. PhenoVis supports different color encodings, visual pattern analysis over CPMs, and similarity searches that rank vegetation patterns found at various time periods. Results for datasets comprising data of up to nine consecutive years show that PhenoVis is capable of finding relevant phenological patterns along time. Fenologia estuda os fenômenos recorrentes e periódicos que ocorrem com as plantas. Estes podem vir a ser relacionados com as condições ambientais. O monitoramento de florestas, através de câmeras, permite o estudo de eventos fenológicos como o crescimento e queda de folhas. Uma vez que os fenômenos fenológicos são cíclicos, análises comparativas de anos sucessivos podem identificar variações interessantes no comportamento destes. No entanto, o número de imagens cresce rapidamente para que sejam comparadas lado a lado. PhenoVis é uma ferramenta para análise visual que apresenta formas para analisar dados fenológicos através de comparações estatísticas (preferência dos especialistas) derivadas dos valores dos pixels destas imagens. A principal ideia por trás de PhenoVis são os mapas percentuais cronológicos (CPMs), um mapeamento visual com uma visão resumida de um período de um ano de dados fenológicos. CPMs são personalizáveis e conseguem representar mais informações sobre as imagens do que um gráfico de linha comum. Isto é possível pois o processo envolve o uso de histogramas pré-definidos, um mapeamento que transforma valores em cores e um empilhamento dos mapas de percentagem que visa a criação da CPM. PhenoVis suporta diferentes codificações de cores e análises de padrão visual sobre as CPMs. Pesquisas de similaridade ranqueiam padrões parecidos encontrados nos diferentes anos. Dados de até nove anos consecutivos mostram que PhenoVis é capaz de encontrar padrões fenológicos relevantes ao longo do tempo.
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Wang, Hongjun. "On the Estimation of Lower-end Quantiles from a Right-skewed Distribution." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1265985713.
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Alves, Petr?nio Henrique. "Decis?es silviculturais para produ??o de ?rvores de eucalipto de grande porte." UFVJM, 2016. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1343.
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Previous issue date: 2016<br>Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a influ?ncia do desbaste e da fertiliza??o p?s-desbaste no crescimento de ?rvores de um povoamento clonal de eucalipto e comparar a idade t?cnica de desbaste (ITD), obtida atrav?s do M?todo dos Ingressos Percentuais, com a idade t?cnica de corte (ITC) de dois povoamentos de clones de eucalipto. Para o primeiro objetivo, os dados foram coletados em 30 parcelas permanentes, sendo 16 convencionais e 14 g?meas, em que foi analisado o efeito do desbaste (parcela convencional) e da fertiliza??o (parcela g?mea) sobre o crescimento das ?rvores. O desbaste foi realizado aos 81 meses, com intensidade de 20%, 35% e 50% de ?rea basal presente, eliminando os piores indiv?duos, e a fertiliza??o aplicada aos 99 meses. As vari?veis analisadas resultantes da totaliza??o dos dados das parcelas foram ?rea basal (B), di?metro m?dio (q), altura total m?dia (Ht) e volume total com casca (Vcc). A an?lise dos dados constituiu-se na compara??o do efeito de vari?veis em rela??o ? idade por meio de modelo de regress?o, e foi realizada aos 99 meses ap?s o desbaste e aos 81 meses ap?s a fertiliza??o. Para atender ao segundo objetivo, os dados foram coletados em 34 parcelas permanentes, instaladas em povoamentos com espa?amento de 3,0 x 2,5 metros, em dois s?tios diferentes. Essas parcelas foram medidas aos 24, 36, 48, 60 e 72 meses, durante o Invent?rio Florestal Continuo (IFC). O M?todo dos Ingressos Percentuais foi empregado para determinar a ?poca de realiza??o do primeiro desbaste. Para projetar as distribui??es diam?tricas, para idades superiores ? ?ltima medi??o, utilizou-se um modelo de distribui??o diam?trica, que consiste na recupera??o dos par?metros de uma fun??o de densidade de probabilidade (f.d.p) ao longo dos anos. Neste trabalho, adotou-se a fun??o Weibull, que foi ajustada pelo m?todo de m?xima verossimilhan?a. A partir das informa??es de n?mero de indiv?duos e valores estimados para os par?metros da fun??o Weibull, ? e ?, de ambas as distribui??es diam?tricas analisadas, calculou-se o ingresso percentual (IP) de ?rvores em classes de di?metro sucessivas ao longo do tempo. Para determinar a ITD, foi ajustado um modelo exponencial justaposto a um modelo linear simples. A ITC foi definida como o momento em que o incremento corrente ? igual ao incremento m?dio, sendo a produtividade volum?trica, ao longo do tempo, estimada pelo modelo de Clutter. O desbaste apresentou influ?ncia para as vari?veis ?rea basal, volume total com casca e di?metro m?dio, por?m n?o influenciou a altura total m?dia. A fertiliza??o realizada ap?s o desbaste n?o influenciou a produ??o das vari?veis analisadas. A idade t?cnica de desbaste de um povoamento de eucalipto localizado em um s?tio de maior capacidade produtiva ocorre antes, comparado com a idade de desbaste de um povoamento em um local de produtividade inferior. Esse mesmo comportamento ocorre para a idade t?cnica de corte. Para um mesmo s?tio, a idade t?cnica de desbaste ocorre ap?s a idade t?cnica de corte.<br>Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016.<br>The objectives of this work were to evaluate the influence of thinning and post-thinning fertilization on tree growth of a clonal eucalypt stand, and compare the thinning technical age (ITD), obtained by the Percentages Ingress Method, with the harvest technical age (ITC) of two clonal eucalypt stands. For the first objective, the data were collected in 30 permanent plots, 16 conventional and 14 twins, in which were analyzed the effect of thinning (conventional plot) and fertilization (twin plot) on tree growth. The thinning was carried out at 81 months, with intensity of 20%, 35% and 50% of present basal area, eliminating the worst individuals, and the fertilization applied at 99 months. The analyzed variables resulting from the summation of data from plots were basal area (B), quadratic diameter (q), mean total height (Ht) and total volume with bark (Vcc). The data analysis consisted in the comparison of variable effects, in relation to age, through regression model, and was held at 99 months after the thinning and 81 months after fertilization. To attend the second objective, the data were collected in 34 permanent plots, installed in stands with spacing of 3.0 x 2.5 meters, in two different sites. These plots were measured at 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 months, during the Continuous Forest Inventory (IFC). The Percentages Ingress Method was employed to determine the epoch of realization of the first thinning. To project the diameter distributions for older ages after the last measurement, there was used a diameter distribution model, which consists in recovering the parameters of a probability density function (f.d.p) along the years. In this work, it was adopted the Weibull function, which was adjusted by the maximum likelihood method. From the information of number of individuals and estimated values for the parameters of the Weibull function, ? and ?, from both analyzed diameter distributions, it was calculated the percentage ingress (IP) of trees in successive diameter classes along the time. To determine the ITD it was adjusted an exponential model juxtaposed to a simple linear model. The ITC was defined as the moment that the current increment is equal to the average increment, in which the volumetric productivity along the time was estimated by Clutter model. The thinning presented influence for the variables basal area, total volume with bark and quadratic diameter, however did not affect the mean total height. The fertilization performed after thinning did not influence the production of the analyzed variables. The thinning technical age of an eucalypt stand located in a higher productive capacity site occurs earlier compared to the thinning age of a stand in a lower productivity site. This same behavior occurs for the harvest technical age. For the same site, the thinning technical age occurs after the harvest technical age.
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Ptukhin, Yevgeniy. "A DERIVATION OF THE PERCENTILE BASED TUKEY DISTRIBUTIONS AND A COMPARISON OF MONOTONIC VERSUS NONMONOTONIC AND RANK TRANSFORMATIONS." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1597.
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The Method of Moments (MOM) has been extensively used in statistics for obtaining conventional moment-based estimators of various parameters. However, the disadvantage of this method is that the estimates “can be substantially biased, have high variance, or can be influenced by outliers” (Headrick & Pant, 2012). The Method of Percentiles (MOP) provides a useful alternative to the MOM when the distributions are non-normal, specifically being more computationally efficient in terms of estimating population parameters. Examples include the generalized lambda distribution (Karian & Dudewicz, 1999), third order power method (Koran, Headrick & Kuo, 2015) and fifth order power method (Kuo & Headrick, 2017). Further, the HH, HR and HQ distributions, as extensions of the Tukey g-h (GH) family, are of interest for investigation using the MOP in this dissertation. More specifically, closed form solutions are obtained for left-right tail-weight ratio (a skew function) and tail-weight factor (a kurtosis function). A Monte Carlo simulation study which includes the comparison of monotonic and nonmonotonic transformation scenarios is also performed. The effect on Type 1 error and power rates under severely nonmonotonic scenarios are of special interest in the study. Dissimilarities of not strictly monotonic scenarios are discussed. The empirical confirmation that Rank Transform (RT) is appropriate for 2x2 designs is obtained.
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Tchouta, Romual Eloge. "Estimating the Difference of Percentiles from Two Independent Populations." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1981.
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We first consider confidence intervals for a normal percentile, an exponential percentile and a uniform percentile. Then we develop confidence intervals for a difference of percentiles from two independent normal populations, two independent exponential populations and two independent uniform populations. In our study, we mainly focus on the maximum likelihood to develop our confidence intervals. The efficiency of this method is examined via coverage rates obtained in a simulation study done with the statistical software R.
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Forgo, Vincent Z. Mr. "A Distribution of the First Order Statistic When the Sample Size is Random." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3181.
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Statistical distributions also known as probability distributions are used to model a random experiment. Probability distributions consist of probability density functions (pdf) and cumulative density functions (cdf). Probability distributions are widely used in the area of engineering, actuarial science, computer science, biological science, physics, and other applicable areas of study. Statistics are used to draw conclusions about the population through probability models. Sample statistics such as the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum, referred to as the five-number summary, are examples of order statistics. The minimum and maximum observations are important in extreme value theory. This paper will focus on the probability distribution of the minimum observation, also known as the first order statistic, when the sample size is random.
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Marinho, Cláudia Fidelis. "Espécies de parasitóides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) no estado de São Paulo: caracterização taxonômica, distribuição geográfica e percentagem de parasitismo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-04062007-112747/.
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A partir de 148 amostras com parasitóides da família Braconidae, provenientes de levantamentos realizados com as moscas-das-frutas no Estado de São Paulo, foi feito estudo taxonômico, de distribuição e de associação com as moscas hospedeiras e fruteiras. Em 33 municípios, foram coletados 3.009 exemplares. A subfamília Opiinae foi a mais abundante com 96,2% dos exemplares. Apenas 3,8% dos parasitóides pertenciam à subfamília Alysiinae. Foram coletadas seis espécies de braconídeos: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), Opius bellus (Wesmael) e Opius sp. (Wesmael), além do alisiíneo Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck). A maior parte dos braconídeos (77,5%) pertencia a D. areolatus. Esta espécie foi associada ao maior número de espécies frutíferas (26), em 7 famílias, e ocorreu na maioria dos municípios amostrados (30). Foi associada a Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.), A. obliqua (Macquart) e A. amita Zucchi, sendo obtida pela primeira vez de larvas de moscas em frutos de wampi, Clausena lansium (Lour) Skeels, e de canela-batalha, Cryptocarya aschersoniana Mez. Doryctobracon brasiliensis foi associada apenas A. fraterculus, sendo registrado pela primeira vez em ameixa-japonesa, Prunus salicina Lindl. Não foi possível associar as demais espécies de parasitóides às moscas-das-frutas. Opius sp. foi associada às larvas em canela-batalha (primeiro registro de planta associada). A percentagem de parasitismo de tefritídeos nos 33 municípios foi de 7,75%, variando de 0,02% a 40%. Foi elaborada uma chave de identificação para as espécies.<br>This work presents the results of a survey of braconid fruit fly parasitoids from 33 localities in the State of São Paulo. In addition to the taxonomic studies, data of geographical distribution and association of braconid species to insect hosts and associated plants were also performed. A total of 3,009 specimens were colleted. The subfamily Opiinae was the most abundant with 96.2% of specimens colleted, and only 3.8% of the parasitoids belonged to the subfamily Alysiinae. Six species of braconids were collected: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), Opius bellus (Wesmael) and Opius sp. (Wesmael), beyond the alisiíneo Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck). Most of the braconids (77.5%) belonged to D. areolatus. This species was associated with the highest number of fruit tree species (26), in 7 families, and occurred in the majority of the cities sampled (30). It was associated to Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.), A. obliqua (Macquart) and A. amita Zucchi, and it is recorded for the first time from fruit fly larvae in wampi, Clausena lansium (Lour) Skeels, and in "canela-batalha" fruits, Cryptocarya aschersoniana Mez. Doryctobracon brasiliensis was associated only to A. fraterculus, and it is recorded for the first time in fruit fly larvae in plum, Prunus salicina Lindl. It was not possible to associate the other parasitoid species to the fruit fly species. Opius sp. was associated with the fruit fly larvae in "canela-batalha" (first record of associate plant). The percentage of tephritid parasitism in the 33 cities was of 7.75%, varying from 0.02% to 40%. A key to identification for the braconid species was elaborated.
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Andersson, Filip. "Swedish Income Distribution and Wealth Concentration 1900-1985 : The interconnection between data and contemporary news outlets." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325495.
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This paper holds a study of Swedish inequality from 1900-1985 with specific focus on the half-decades of 1900-1905 and 1980-1985. Subsequently constructed data and contemporary news outlets are presented to develop further understanding upon how inequality was depicted in comparison to data. Through a comparison of the time-periods, the developed understanding and changed stance of the public on the issue of inequality is examined. This method of examination gives new insight upon how the widening knowledge of inequality during the 1900s, through the development of micro-economic measurements, as well as more complete tax returns, has affected the depiction of the issue. The results of the study suggest that news articles of the latter period (1980-1985), tend to be more data-based than during the former time-period, where general assumptions were more frequent. It additionally suggests that the decreased inequality over the 20th century did not lessen the discussion of inequality, but rather the opposite. The news articles furthermore do not discuss inequality in relation to the presented data - the long-term changes are not clearly stated in the news outlets - but are in conclusion unconsciously considered, through the general knowledge of current inequality, through tax levels etc.
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Bergia, Robert. "The Relationship Between Within-day Energy Balance and Protein Distribution on Body Composition in Collegiate Female Basketball Players." 2015. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/nutrition_theses/65.
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Background: Previous research suggests associations between energy balance, eating frequency, macronutrient content, and macronutrient distribution with body composition. In particular, energy balance and protein intake have been conventionally evaluated in 24-hr time blocks, consistent with dietary recommendations and general public understanding. However, there is a potential benefit to investigating energy balance and protein intake in smaller increments of time to account for dynamic changes that occur within-day.Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate protein intake/distribution relative to energy balance fluctuations during the day and body composition in collegiate female basketball players.Methods: Subjects provided information on dietary intake and expenditure. Body composition was assessed by multi-current bioelectrical impedance. Energy balance (EB) and related protein distribution variables were determined with a Computerized Time-Line Energy Analysis procedure. Data were analyzed for associations between energy balance, protein intake and distribution, and body composition. Data are displayed as either traditional 24-hr EB and total protein intake or dynamic protein variables in relation to real-time EB (ingestion within ± 400 kcal EB or > 0 kcal EB).Results: There was no relationship between net 24-hr energy balance and percentage body fat. A statistically significant positive relationship was observed between total protein intake and body fat mass (R = .597; p = .031). No relationship was observed between protein distribution variables (g in ± 400 kcal EB, g in > 0 kcal EB) and percentage body fat. Protein eating occurrences (>10g, ± 400 kcal EB) was inversely correlated with BMI (R = -.650; p = .016). Subjects with the greatest energy deficits presented with lower lean body mass (R= -.736; p = .004).Conclusion: These data suggest that within-day protein distribution relative to energy balance are associated with BMI, but not with percentage body fat. Those with the highest protein intake had the highest body fat mass, with no correlation between protein intake and total energy intake detected. In this group, no association between 24hr intake net values or within-day intake values were found to be related to body fat percentage. However, the greatest energy balance deficit during the day was strongly inversely associated with lean body mass, indicative of potentially deleterious effects of energy restriction.
Books on the topic "Percentage distribution"
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Taxation, United States Congress Joint Committee on. Percentage distribution of the aggregate tax chance of a capital gains exclusion and a proposal to index the cost basis of certain capital assets, 1985. Joint Committee on Taxation, 1989.
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Levchenko, Boris. Criteria for testing hypotheses about uniformity. Application manual. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/986695.
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The guide discusses the use of statistical criteria focused on the testing of hypotheses about uniformity of laws, which belong to the analyzed sample, of the homogeneous medium (about equality of the mathematical expectations), about the homogeneity of variance (equality of variances of compared samples). The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are indicated, and the application of criteria in conditions of violation of standard assumptions is considered. Tables containing percentage points and statistical distribution models necessary for the correct application of the criteria are provided.
 
 This publication describes a broader set of criteria. Constructed models of marginal distributions of statistics for some sample criteria of law uniformity are proposed. Following the recommendations will ensure the correctness and validity of statistical conclusions when analyzing data. It is intended for specialists who are more or less faced with the issues of statistical data analysis, processing the results of experiments, and using statistical methods to analyze various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists in various fields (doctors, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.), University teachers, graduate students and students.
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Lemeshko, Boris, and Pavel Blinov. Criteria for checking deviations from the exponential law. Application manual. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1097477.
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The monograph is intended for specialists who are more or less faced with the issues of statistical data analysis, processing of experimental results, and using statistical methods to analyze various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality. The guide discusses the application of statistical criteria aimed at testing the hypothesis that the analyzed sample belongs to the exponential (exponential) distribution law. The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are indicated. Estimates of the power of the criteria and results of comparative analysis of the criteria are given, as well as tables containing percentage points and statistical distribution models necessary for applying the criteria. Following the recommendations will ensure the correctness and validity of statistical conclusions when analyzing data. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists in various fields (doctors, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.) who are faced with the need for statistical analysis of experimental results, as well as University teachers, graduate students and students.
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Haggard, Brian E. Percentile distributions of median nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in Oklahoma streams, 1973-2001. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.
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A, Koziol James, ed. CRC handbook of percentage points of the Inverse Gaussian distribution. CRC Press, 1989.
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Handbook of Percentage Points of the Inverse Gaussian Distributions. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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Handbook of Percentage Points of the Inverse Gaussian Distributions. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351071161.
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Ferreira, Eliel Alves, and João Vicente Zamperion. Excel: Uma ferramenta estatística. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-400-5.
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This study aims to present the concepts and methods of statistical analysis using the Excel software, in a simple way aiming at a greater ease of understanding of students, both undergraduate and graduate, from different areas of knowledge. In Excel, mainly Data Analysis Tools will be used. For a better understanding, there are, in this book, many practical examples applying these tools and their interpretations, which are of paramount importance. In the first chapter, it deals with introductory concepts, such as introduction to Excel, the importance of statistics, concepts and definitions. Being that in this will be addressed the subjects of population and sample, types of data and their levels of measurement. Then it brings a detailed study of Descriptive Statistics, where it will be studied percentage, construction of graphs, frequency distribution, measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion. In the third chapter, notions of probability, binomial and normal probability distribution will be studied. In the last chapter, Inferential Statistics will be approached, starting with the confidence interval, going through the hypothesis tests (F, Z and t tests), ending with the statistical study of the correlation between variables and simple linear regression. It is worth mentioning that the statistical knowledge covered in this book can be useful for, in addition to students, professionals who want to improve their knowledge in statistics using Excel.
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Cruces, Guillermo, Gary S. Fields, David Jaume, and Mariana Viollaz. Within-Country Analysis of the Growth–Employment–Poverty Nexus. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801085.003.0005.
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This chapter analyses the within-country growth–employment–poverty nexus. First, it calculates labour market indicators’ elasticities with respect to gross domestic product per capita growth. It finds that in the Latin America region and in most countries, labour market indicators improved with percentage increases in GDP per capita. Second, it estimates poverty elasticities with respect to employment and earnings indicators and finds that in the region and in most of the countries, poverty measures were related in the welfare-improving direction with percentage changes in some employment and earnings indicators. Finally, it analyses the patterns of earnings changes across deciles of the earnings distributions in each country and finds that 70 per cent of the country-decile cells exhibited positive earnings changes.
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Aye, Goodness C., Laurence Harris, and Junior T. Chiweza. Monetary policy and wealth inequality in South Africa: Evidence from tax administrative data. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/931-0.
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This paper examines the relationship between monetary policy and wealth inequality in South Africa. We employed a unique database of tax administrative data which allowed us to account for individual heterogeneity. These tax data span from 2011 to 2017 and include over 3 million individual taxpayers in South Africa after data cleaning. Results based on fixed- and random-effects panel model estimates show that monetary policy generally increases wealth Gini inequality while it decreases the wealth 90–10 percentile differential. Increasing asset prices and gross domestic product per capita generally increases wealth inequality, while inflation reduces wealth inequality. The effect of age on wealth distribution varies depending on whether a fixed- or random-effects panel model is considered. Based on the estimates and observed data, being male tends to increase wealth inequality.
Book chapters on the topic "Percentage distribution"
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Takagi, Tomohiko, Kazuya Nishimachi, Masayuki Muragishi, Takashi Mitsuhashi, and Zengo Furukawa. "Usage Distribution Coverage: What Percentage of Expected Use Has Been Executed in Software Testing?" In Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01203-7_5.
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Chen, Lian-Yi, Jun-Yang Peng, Jia-Quan Xu, Hongseok Choi, and Xiao-Chun Li. "Achieving Uniform Distribution and Dispersion of a High Percentage Nanoparticles in Mg18Sn Matrix by Solidification Processing." In Magnesium Technology 2014. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118888179.ch85.
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Chen, Lian-Yi, Jun-Yang Peng, Jia-Quan Xu, Hongseok Choi, and Xiao-Chun Li. "Achieving Uniform Distribution and Dispersion of a High Percentage Nanoparticles in Mg18Sn Matrix by Solidification Processing." In Magnesium Technology 2014. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48231-6_85.
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Al-Dousari, Noor, Modi Ahmed, Ali Al-Dousari, Musaad Al-Daihani, and Murahib Al-Elaj. "Dust Particle Size and Statistical Parameters." In Atlas of Fallen Dust in Kuwait. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66977-5_3.
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AbstractGrain ‘size’ can be specified and measured in several different ways. All methods of grain size determination have blemishes, and the choice of the most appropriate method is governed by the nature of the sample and the use to which the data are placed. Four main methods are currently used for size analysis of sands: (a) sieving; (b) settling tube analysis; (c) electro-optical methods, including Coulter Counter analysis and laser granulometry; and (d) computerized image analysis. The classification of the particle size distribution of Kuwait dust was mapped according to the parameters proposed by Folk And Ward (1957) which were widely used for quantitative comparisons between natural grain size distribution and the lognormal distribution that shows better sorted sediments have lower values of σ1. Maps of the distribution of dust in Kuwait were obtained that included: fine sand (F.S.), Coarse sand (C.S), Medium Sand (M.S), Very Fine Sane (V.F.S), Very Coarse Silt (V.C.Silt), Coarse Silt (C.Silt), Medium Silt (M.Silt), Fine Silt (F.Silt), Very Fine Silt (V.F.Silt), in addition to that, the deposition percentage of Clay, Sand, mud (silt plus clay) and silt were provided.
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Holcomb, Zealure C., and Keith S. Cox. "Frequency Distribution with Percentages." In Interpreting Basic Statistics. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315225647-4.
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Cox, Keith S., and Zealure C. Holcomb. "Frequency Distribution with Percentages." In Interpreting Basic Statistics, 9th ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003096764-4.
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Zillner, Sonja. "Innovation in Times of Big Data and AI: Introducing the Data-Driven Innovation (DDI) Framework." In The Elements of Big Data Value. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68176-0_12.
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AbstractTo support the process of identifying and scoping data-driven innovation, we are introducing the data-driven innovation (DDI) framework, which provides guidance in the continuous analysis of factors influencing the demand and supply sides of a data-driven innovation. The DDI framework describes all relevant aspects of any generic data-driven innovation and is backed by empirical data and scientific research encompassing a state-of-the-art analysis, an ontology describing the central dimensions of data-driven innovation, as well as a quantitative and representative research study covering more than 90 data-driven innovations. This chapter builds upon a short analysis of the nature of data-driven innovation and provides insights into how to best screen it. It details the four phases of the empirical DDI research study and discusses central findings related to trends, frequencies and distributions along the main dimensions of the DDI framework that could be derived by percentage-frequency analysis.
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"Percentage Points of Behrens' Distribution." In New Cambridge Statistical Tables. Cambridge University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511811906.013.
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"Percentage Points of the Normal Distribution." In New Cambridge Statistical Tables. Cambridge University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511811906.007.
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"Percentage Points of the χ2-Distribution." In New Cambridge Statistical Tables. Cambridge University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511811906.010.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Percentage distribution"
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Gaffar, Emmilya Umma Aziza, Irwan Gani, Haviluddin, Achmad Fanany Onnilita Gaffar, and Rayner Alfred. "A Heuristic Network for Predicting the Percentage of Gross Domestic Product Distribution." In 2018 International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Informatics (SAIN). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sain.2018.8673349.
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Sun, L., C. C. Berndt, R. S. Lima, A. Kucuk, and K. A. Khor. "Effects of Spraying Parameters on Phase Formation and Distribution in Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0803.
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Abstract Calcined spray-dried hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)(OH)6; i.e., HA) powders were atmospherically plasma sprayed (APS) using various process parameters. The resulting phases within the coating surface and the interface between the coating and the substrate were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. This XRD revealed the presence of both amorphous (i.e., amorphous calcium phosphate: ACP) and crystalline phases. The crystalline phases included both HA and some impurity phases from the decomposition of HA, such as tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP and β-TCP), tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and calcium oxide (CaO). The crystallinity of HA decreased with increasing spray power and stand-off distance (SOD). The percentage of all impurity phases increased with the spray power. The percentage of both TCP and TTCP decreased with the SOD while the CaO percentage increased. In addition, the percentage of ACP and CaO were higher in the interface than at the surface of the coating while the percentage of TCP and TTCP exhibited the opposite effect.
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Khan, Nadeem S., Jami J. Shah, and Joseph K. Davidson. "Probability Tolerance Maps: A New Statistical Model for Non-Linear Tolerance Analysis Applied to Rectangular Faces." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28937.
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A new statistical model for the tolerance analysis based upon joint probability distribution of the trivariate normal distributed variables involved in the construction of Tolerance-maps (T-Maps) for rectangular face is presented. Central to the new model is a Tolerance-Map (T-Map) (Patent No. 69638242). It is the range of points resulting from a one-to-one mapping from all the variational possibilities of a perfect-form feature, within its tolerance-zone, to a specially designed Euclidean point-space. The model is fully compatible with the ASME/ANSI/ISO Standard for geometric tolerances. In this research, 4D probability T-Maps (prob T-Maps) have been developed in which the probability value of a point in space is represented by the size of the marker and the associated color. Additionally, 3D prob T-Maps (3D cross sections of the 4D prob T-Maps at pre specified values) are used to represent the probability values of two variables at a time for a constant value of the third variable on a plane. Superposition of the probability point cloud with the T-Map clearly identifies which points are inside and which are outside the T-Map. This represents the pass percentage for parts manufactured with the statistical parameters such as mean and standard deviation as of the assumed trivariate probability distribution. The effect of refinement with form and orientation tolerance is highlighted by calculating the change in pass percentage with the pass percentage for size only. Delaunay triangulation and ray tracing algorithms have been used to automate the process of identifying the points inside and outside the T-Map. Proof of concept software has been implemented to demonstrate this model and to determine pass percentages for various cases. The model is further extended to assemblies by employing convolution algorithms on two trivariate statistical distributions to arrive at the statistical distribution of the assembly. Accumulation T-Maps generated by using Minkowski Sum techniques on the T-Maps of the individual parts is superimposed on the probability point cloud resulting from convolution. Delaunay triangulation and ray tracing algorithms are employed to determine the assemleability percentages for the assembly.
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Thomas, Antony, Jifu Tan, Susan Perry, and Yaling Liu. "Characterization of Nanoparticle Distribution in Microcirculation Through a Microfluidics Device." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53943.
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Various methods of targeted nano drug delivery have been developed in recent years to reduce side effects, toxicity, and lower drug doses [1]. The use of nanoparticles in drug delivery provides advantages in drug targeting, delivery and release along with serving in diagnosis and therapy [2]. Higher percentage of nanoparticle drug is uptaken by the target cells while larger drug particles are easily cleaned off by the human body. Nanoparticles also have large surface to volume ratio, which aids in attachment of many functional groups and thereby enhances targeting.
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Afrin, Samia, Jesus D. Ortega, Vinod Kumar, and Desikan Bharathan. "A Computational Analysis: A Honeycomb Flow Distributor With Porous Approximation for a Thermocline Thermal Energy Storage System." In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18342.
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Conversion of direct solar energy, in particular the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies, has a significant role on conventional energy cost and efficiency. A single tank thermocline Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system is accountable for the overall efficiency of this conversion system. A single tank TES system has a thermocline region that produces the temperature gradient between hot and cold storage fluid by density difference. The overall energy storage capacity depends on sustaining of this region at uniform manner. This paper analyzes how the difference in the percentage of porous medium influences the effectiveness of the flow-distribution and hence, the overall performance of the TES system. The effectiveness is assessed by the optimal flow distribution. The optimal distribution is obtained by examining the velocity profile at any horizontal plane. This plane should be uniform for sustaining the thermocline region during the operation period. To achieve a uniform velocity distribution, two symmetric perforated plate flow distributors were placed in the tank. The distributors were positioned near the inlet and outlet, and checked the performance by varying the percentage of porous medium since the distribution is influenced by the porosity. Porous distributors with hexagonal shape pore were considered and Hitec® molten salt was used as a heat transfer fluid. These respective percentages of porosity affect the flow distribution throughout the tank during the flow distribution. The standard deviations of the velocity field at different positions along z-plane and thermal diffusivity were analyzed. The analyses of our cases were done to distinguish a configuration for the minimum thermal diffusivity and velocity deviation from the mean flow. A finite volume based computational fluid dynamics software was used to execute the computational analysis.
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Silva, Lucas, Fernanda Sumika H. Souza, Daniel Ludovico Guidoni, João F. M. Sarubbi, Cristiano Pitangui, and Cristiano Maciel da Silva. "Gerenciamento da Infraestrutura de Comunicação baseado na Distribuição Gaussiana do Tempo de Contato entre Veículos e a Infraestrutura." In XXIV Workshop de Gerência e Operação de Redes e Serviços. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wgrs.2019.7689.
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Seeking novel solutions for urban mobility seems paramount for 21st century society. This work discusses the performance of vehicular networks relying on the Delta Network. Delta characterizes the connectivity of the vehicular network by the percentage of travel time in which the vehicles are connected to the infrastructure. This work presents a novel deployment strategy based on the Gaussian distribution of the percentage of the trip duration in which vehicles are covered by the infrastructure. Roadside units are distributed throughout the urban area through a heuristic based on weights assigned according to the trips that are covered by the new roadside unit. The most important gain of this approach is that the resulting coverage pattern favors most of the fleet experiencing similar connectivity, while vehicles with very low or very high connectivity become the exception. The results demonstrate that the heuristic reaches its goal, promoting the distribution of percentage times of contact of vehicles with the infrastructure according to the Gaussian distribution.
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Abuseada, Mostafa, and Nesrin Ozalp. "Intensity Distribution From a Single-Bulb Solar Simulator Identification Through Inverse Ray Tracing." In ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3860.
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Abstract Through the flux characterization of a high flux solar simulator, all directional information of the flux distribution is lost. Therefore, an experimental approach is necessary to restore the directional information. In this study, 13 heat flux maps were experimentally obtained from a 10 kWe Xenon arc solar simulator through an indirect flux mapping technique, implementing the use of one Lambertian target. The formulation of the inverse problem of experimentally determining the intensity distribution at the focal plane is presented. In addition, a Monte Carlo ray tracing in-house code modeling the Xenon arc is developed and used to generate the experimentally obtained flux maps and intensity at the focal plane to be used as a reference. Two intensity interpolation schemes were examined; a zeroth and first-order schemes. It is shown that a first order interpolation unnecessary complicates the inverse problem. The percentage error reduced from 90.9% to 82.6% when changing the interpolation scheme from a first to zeroth-order, in addition to a five times reduction in computational time. Furthermore, a new approach of constraining the formulated system of equations with an equality constraint that works by eliminating some of the intensity values that cannot be traced back to the ellipsoidal reflector is proposed. Therefore, it can be used as a technique to change the ill-conditioned problem to a well-conditioned one, without depending heavily on Tikhonov regularization methods. This new approach provided intensity values at the focal plane with a reduced percentage error from 52.2% to 30.4% for the zeroth-order interpolation scheme.
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Abu-Jadayil, Wisam M., Donald R. Flugrad, and Abir Z. Qamhiyah. "Fatigue Life Prediction of Optimum Hollowness of Hollow Cylindrical Rollers in Pure Rolling Contact." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95036.
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Fatigue life investigations have been made for cylindrical hollow rollers in pure rolling contact. In addition to normal loading, the rollers have been subjected to tangential loading of 1/3rd the normal load value. Sufficient coefficient of friction has been used to ensure no slipping occurs. Two main models were built with different hollowness percentages to investigate the hollowness percentage that gives the longest fatigue life. The first model consists of two cylindrical rollers of same size, while the second model consists of two rollers of different sizes. Two cases have been studied, when both rollers are hollow and when only one roller is hollow. The stress distribution in the roller body and the resulting deformation has been investigated using the finite element package, ABAQUS. Then the Ioannides-Harris (IH) theory was used to predict the fatigue life of the hollow rollers in pure rolling contact. Investigations have been made for five different materials, CVD 52100, Carburized steel, VIMVAR M50, M50NiL and Induction-hardened steel. It has been found that the optimum hollowness percentage with the longest fatigue life ranges between 50% and 70%. Many factors affect the optimum hollowness percentage, like the kind of the material used for the cylindrical roller, whether the rollers in contact are of the same size or different size and whether the hollow roller is in contact with another hollow roller or in contact with solid roller. At the optimum hollowness percentage, the roller can live hundred times the life of solid roller. So, as the endurance limit of the material increases, as the fatigue life of the rollers increases too. It has been found that cylindrical roller in contact with another identical sized roller has shorter fatigue life than the cylindrical roller in contact with a bigger roller. That might be related to increase the flexibility of the system that acts as a spring mass system and to the increase of the contact surface area. In case of identical sized models, the longest fatigue life achieved was two hollow rollers of 50% percentage of hollowness. When only one roller is hollow, the optimum shifts to 70% percentage of hollowness. For the non identical sized rollers, the optimum is around 50% but when one roller only is hollow, the fatigue life is longer. That might be related to optimum flexibility that gives the longest fatigue life. If the flexibility of the system is very high, the fatigue life of the roller is reduced because of the effect of the bending stresses.
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Shan-Jian, Gu, Yang Mao-Lin, and Li Xiang-Yi. "A Method to Measure the Fuel Distribution and the Fuel Captured by V–Gutter Flameholder in High Speed Airstream." In ASME 1985 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-gt-42.
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A method to measure the fuel distribution and the percentage of fuel flow rate captured by a V-gutter flameholder in a high speed airstream has been developed. The effects of configuration and size of the probe and temprature of the sample mixture in the probe on measurement have been investigated. The detailed determination of isokinetic sampling condition is described. The effects of V-gutter geometry on flowfield have been considered. The total experimental error is of the order ±5%.
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Selvan, Muthu, Muralidhara Suryanarayana Rao, Indu Kharb, Sundararajan Thirumalachari, Vinod Kumar Vyas, and Sivakumar Neelakandan. "Experimental Analysis of Simplex Atomizer Spray and Swirling Flow Interactions in Unconfined Conditions." In ASME 2015 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2015-1347.
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An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the interaction between the conical spray produced by simplex atomizer and the swirling flow from an axial swirler. This work has been carried out in an unconfined ambience at isothermal conditions, using water. Malvern spray analyzer with a three dimensional traverse is used to characterize the swirling flow and spray interactions at various axial and radial locations. Images of spray at different conditions of air and water mass flow rates have been analyzed. Increasing the air mass flow through swirler at constant water flow rate, changes the spray structure significantly. These structural changes are sudden and highly dependent on the initial conditions of the spray. At smaller air flow rates, single-mode droplet size distribution at mid-plane changes into a bi-modal distribution at an air flow rate of about 35 kg/hr, with higher contribution of larger droplets. With further increase in air flow rate (90, 110 and 130 kg/hr), the bi-modal size distribution is maintained but with a larger volumetric fraction of small droplets. At different axial distances, the droplet size distributions are similar (single mode and bimodal distributions depending on air flow rate). But volume percentage of larger droplets is less compared to those of smaller droplets, at larger axial distance. At outer radial locations of the spray, volume percentage of larger droplets reduces and that of smaller droplets increases significantly, due to secondary droplet breakup. The interaction between the swirl and spray causes droplets to move radially outwards, resulting in droplet break-up by impact on the dome. Cases with higher air to water flow ratios exhibit significant changes in drop size distribution due to such swirl-spray interactions.
Reports on the topic "Percentage distribution"
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Wright, Laverne C., Kristin Williams, and Elizabeth J. Willis. 1999 Survey of Active Duty Personnel: Administration, Datasets, and Codebook. Appendix G: Frequency and Percentage Distributions for Variables in the Survey Analysis Files. Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399482.
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Wilson, W. E., and W. D. Jr Reece. Calculation of percentile-distance ratios and scaled absorbed-dose distributions for 0. 05- to 30-keV primary electrons. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6040610.
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Gradín, Carlos. WIID Companion (March 2021): global income distribution. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-6.
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This document is part of a series of technical notes describing the compilation of a new companion database that complements the UNU-WIDER World Income Inequality Database. It aims at facilitating the analysis of inequality as well as progress in achieving the global goal of reducing inequality within and across countries. This new dataset includes an annual series reporting the income distribution at the percentile level for all citizens in the world, regardless of where they live, from 1950 to the present. The global distribution is displayed along with the country-level information used to produce it. The dataset also includes estimates of various global absolute and relative inequality measures, and the income share of key population groups. All estimates are further disaggregated by the contribution of inequalities within and between countries, as well as by each country’s geographical region and income group. While previous technical notes described the selection of country income distribution series and the integration and standardization process to overcome the heterogeneity in original welfare concepts and other methods, I here describe all the necessary additional steps and assumptions made to construct the new global dataset.
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Nolan, Brian, Brenda Gannon, Richard Layte, Dorothy Watson, Christopher T. Whelan, and James Williams. Monitoring Poverty Trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. ESRI, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/prs45.
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This study is the latest in a series monitoring the evolution of poverty, based on data gathered by The ESRI in the Living in Ireland Surveys since 1994. These have allowed progress towards achieving the targets set out in the National Anti Poverty Strategy since 1997 to be assessed. The present study provides an updated picture using results from the 2000 round of the Living in Ireland survey. The numbers interviewed in the 2000 Living in Ireland survey were enhanced substantially, to compensate for attrition in the panel survey since it commenced in 1994. Individual interviews were conducted with 8,056 respondents. Relative income poverty lines do not on their own provide a satisfactory measure of exclusion due to lack of resources, but do nonetheless produce important key indicators of medium to long-term background trends. The numbers falling below relative income poverty lines were most often higher in 2000 than in 1997 or 1994. The income gap for those falling below these thresholds also increased. By contrast, the percentage of persons falling below income lines indexed only to prices (rather than average income) since 1994 or 1997 fell sharply, reflecting the pronounced real income growth throughout the distribution between then and 2000. This contrast points to the fundamental factors at work over this highly unusual period: unemployment fell very sharply and substantial real income growth was seen throughout the distribution, including social welfare payments, but these lagged behind income from work and property so social welfare recipients were more likely to fall below thresholds linked to average income. The study shows an increasing probability of falling below key relative income thresholds for single person households, those affected by illness or disability, and for those who are aged 65 or over - many of whom rely on social welfare support. Those in households where the reference person is unemployed still face a relatively high risk of falling below the income thresholds but continue to decline as a proportion of all those below the lines. Women face a higher risk of falling below those lines than men, but this gap was marked among the elderly. The study shows a marked decline in deprivation levels across different household types. As a result consistent poverty, that is the numbers both below relative income poverty lines and experiencing basic deprivation, also declined sharply. Those living in households comprising one adult with children continue to face a particularly high risk of consistent poverty, followed by those in families with two adults and four or more children. The percentage of adults in households below 70 per cent of median income and experiencing basic deprivation was seen to have fallen from 9 per cent in 1997 to about 4 per cent, while the percentage of children in such households fell from 15 per cent to 8 per cent. Women aged 65 or over faced a significantly higher risk of consistent poverty than men of that age. Up to 2000, the set of eight basic deprivation items included in the measure of consistent poverty were unchanged, so it was important to assess whether they were still capturing what would be widely seen as generalised deprivation. Factor analysis suggested that the structuring of deprivation items into the different dimensions has remained remarkably stable over time. Combining low income with the original set of basic deprivation indicators did still appear to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation as a result of prolonged constraints in terms of command over resources, and distinguished from those experiencing other types of deprivation. However, on its own this does not tell the whole story - like purely relative income measures - nor does it necessarily remain the most appropriate set of indicators looking forward. Finally, it is argued that it would now be appropriate to expand the range of monitoring tools to include alternative poverty measures incorporating income and deprivation. Levels of deprivation for some of the items included in the original basic set were so low by 2000 that further progress will be difficult to capture empirically. This represents a remarkable achievement in a short space of time, but poverty is invariably reconstituted in terms of new and emerging social needs in a context of higher societal living standards and expectations. An alternative set of basic deprivation indicators and measure of consistent poverty is presented, which would be more likely to capture key trends over the next number of years. This has implications for the approach adopted in monitoring the National Anti-Poverty Strategy. Monitoring over the period to 2007 should take a broader focus than the consistent poverty measure as constructed to date, with attention also paid to both relative income and to consistent poverty with the amended set of indicators identified here.
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Gradín, Carlos. WIID Companion (March 2021): integrated and standardized series. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-5.
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This document is part of a series of technical notes describing the compilation of a new companion database that complements the World Income Inequality Database. It aims at facilitating the analysis of inequality as well as progress in achieving the global goal of reducing inequality within and across countries. This new dataset also includes an annual series reporting the income distribution at the percentile level for all citizens in the world, regardless of where they live, since 1950 to present. A previous note described the selection of income distribution series. Since these series may differ across welfare concepts and other methods used, this technical note describes the second stage, constructing integrated and standardized country series. It discusses all the necessary adjustments conducted to construct the final series for each country, with consistent estimates of the distribution of net income per capita over the entire period for which information is available. This is mainly divided into two stages. First, integrating country series by interlinking series that overlap over time, then using a more general regression-based approach.
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Gradín, Carlos. WIID Companion (March 2021): data selection. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-4.
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This document is part of a series of technical notes describing the compilation of a new companion database that complements the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). It aims at facilitating the analysis of inequality as well as progress in achieving the global goal of reducing inequality within and across countries. This new dataset also includes an annual series reporting the income distribution at the percentile level for all citizens in the world, regardless of where they live, from 1950 to the present. This technical note describes the first stage in constructing the first version of the companion datasets: data selection. It provides an overview of the approach followed in the selection of the series from different sources with information on income distribution and inequality that best represent each country and period. It also discusses the general criteria used and their implementation, which are illustrated with a few country examples.
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Anderson, Andrew, and Mark Yacucci. Inventory and Statistical Characterization of Inorganic Soil Constituents in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-006.
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This report presents a statistical analysis of the Regulated Substances Library (RSL) developed by the Illinois Department of Transportation. The RSL is comprised of surficial soil chemistry data obtained from rights-of-way subsurface soil sampling conducted for routine preliminary site investigations. The 3.7-million-record RSL database is compared with four independent studies of inorganic soil constituents of naturally occurring soils in Illinois. A selection of 22 inorganic soil analytes are examined in this study: Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Ni, K, Se, Na, Tl, V, and Zn. RSL database summary statistics, mean, median, minimum, maximum, 5th percentile, and 95th percentile, are determined for Illinois counties and for recognized environmental concern, non-recognized environmental concern, and de minimis site contamination classifications. The RSL database at a 95% confidence level is compared with current and proposed thresholds for defining naturally occurring soil concentrations for the selected analytes. The revised thresholds proposed by Cahill in 2017 are predominantly larger than the current standards found in the Tiered Approach to Corrective Action Objectives rules and are in better agreement with observed distributions of soil concentrations for both naturally occurring and RSL soils. A notable exception is antimony (Sb), for which Cahill proposed a reduced threshold similar in magnitude to the median for many Illinois Department of Transportation districts.
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Stern, Jonathan M. B., and Benjamin Piper. Resetting Targets: Examining Large Effect Sizes and Disappointing Benchmark Progress. RTI Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.op.0060.1904.
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This paper uses recent evidence from international early grade reading programs to provide guidance about how best to create appropriate targets and more effectively identify improved program outcomes. Recent results show that World Bank and US Agency for International Development–funded large-scale international education interventions in low- and middle–income countries tend to produce larger impacts than do interventions in the United States, as measured by effect sizes. However, these effect sizes rarely translate into large gains in mean oral reading fluency scores and are associated with only small increases in the proportion of students meeting country-level reading benchmarks. The limited impact of these low- and middle–income countries’ reading programs on the proportion of students meeting reading benchmarks is in large part caused by right-skewed distributions of student reading scores. In other words, modest impacts on the proportion of students meeting benchmarks are caused by low mean scores and large proportions of nonreaders at baseline. It is essential to take these factors into consideration when setting program targets for reading fluency and comprehension. We recommend that program designers in lower-performing countries use baseline assessment data to develop benchmarks based on multiple performance categories that allow for more ambitious targets focused on reducing nonreaders and increasing beginning readers, with more modest targets aimed at improving oral reading fluency scores and increasing the percentage of proficient readers.
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Percentile Distributions of Median Nitrite Plus Nitrate as Nitrogen, Total Nitrogen, and Total Phosphorus Concentrations in Oklahoma Streams, 1973-2001. US Geological Survey, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri034084.
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Some complex approaches to training micro-cycles formation among cadetsweightlifters taking into account biotypes. Ilyas N. Ibragimov, Zinaida M. Kuznetsova, Ilsiyar Sh. Mutaeva, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-1-39-46.
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Training cadets-weightlifters at all stages has a multipurpose orientation, that is why it is important to define and plan a rational combination of the training means use. Distribution of such micro structures in the cycle of training, as the days, months of training, provides effective volume, intensity and other values of physical load distribution. The structure of training cadets-weightlifters is based on taking into account the regularities and principles of sports training as the condition for physical readiness and working capacity increase. Any power oriented sports demands components characteristics in the structure of micro cycles. We consider the methodology of the training lessons organization by the example of the micro cycle of training taking into account bioenergetic profile of cadets-weightlifters. We revealed the necessity to distribute the macro cycle to structural components as the condition for the effectiveness of different variants of the training effects distribution. Materials and methods. We analyzed the range of training lessons among cadets-weightlifters in order to create the variants of gradual training problems solution according to the kinds of training. We analyzed training programs of cadets taking into consideration the level of readiness and their bioenergetic profiles. We created the content of the training work in the micro cycle of the preparatory period for cadets-weightlifters with different bioenergetic profiles. The main material of the research includes the ratio of the training effects volume in one micro cycle taking into account cadets’ bioenergetic profile. Cadets-weightlifters from Tyumen Higher Military-Engineering Command College (military Institute) took part in the research (Tyumen, Russia). Results. We created the content of the training work by the example of one micro cycle for cadets-weightlifters taking into account bioenergetic profile. The created variant of the training loads structure includes the main means of training taking into account the kind of training. Realization orientation in five regimens of work fulfillment with the effectiveness estimation of a total load within one lesson and a week in general is estimated according to a point system. Conclusion. The created variant of a micro cycle considers kinds of training realization taking into account the percentage of the ratio. Taking into account bioenergetic profiles helps to discuss strong and weak sides of muscle activity energy supply mechanisms. We consider the ability to fulfill a long-term aerobic load among the representatives of the 1st and the 2nd bioenergetic profiles. The representatives of the 3rd and the 4th biotype are inclined to fulfill the mixed load. The representatives of the 5th biotype are characterized by higher degree of anaerobic abilities demonstration. The technology of planning the means taking into account the regimens of work realization with point system helps to increase physical working capacity and rehabilitation processes in cadets’ organisms.