Academic literature on the topic 'Percentage margin'
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Journal articles on the topic "Percentage margin"
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Cheng, Liang, Jeff Slezak, Erik J. Bergstralh, Robert P. Myers, Horst Zincke, and David G. Bostwick. "Preoperative Prediction of Surgical Margin Status in Patients With Prostate Cancer Treated by Radical Prostatectomy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 18, no. 15 (2000): 2862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2000.18.15.2862.
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PURPOSE: We sought to determine the preoperative factors associated with surgical margin status in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 339 patients who were treated by radical retropubic prostatectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy at the Mayo Clinic. None received preoperative adjuvant therapy. The mean age at the time of surgery was 66 years (range, 45 to 79 years). All specimens were totally embedded and whole-mounted. Positive surgical margin was defined as the presence of cancer cells at the inked margins. Numerous pathologic characteristics in needle biopsies and preoperative clinical findings were analyzed. RESULTS: The overall margin positivity rate was 24%. In univariate analysis, preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, Gleason score, perineural invasion, percentage of cancer in the biopsy specimens, and number and percentage of biopsy cores involved by cancer were all associated with positive surgical margins. In multivariate analysis, preoperative serum PSA level (odds ratio for a doubling of PSA levels, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 2.4; P < .001) and percentage of cancer in the biopsy specimens (odds ratio for a 10% increase, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 1.4; P < .001) were predictive of margin status in radical prostatectomy. With use of preoperative serum PSA level and percentage of cancer in the biopsy as predictors of surgical margins, the overall accuracy as measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.74. CONCLUSION: Preoperative serum PSA level and percentage of cancer in the biopsy specimens were independently associated with surgical margin status in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. The combination of these two factors provides a high level of predictive accuracy for margin status.
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Zuellig-Singer, R., I. Krejci, and F. Lutz. "Effects of Cement-curing Modes on Dentin Bonding of Inlays." Journal of Dental Research 71, no. 11 (1992): 1842–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345920710111501.
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The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate dentin adhesion after cementation of immediate direct "All Purpose" Hybrid (AP.H) composite inlays (Dentsply) and Cerec Dicor-MGC (Dentsply) inlays with the dentin adhesive Prisma Universal Bond 2 (Dentsply) and the dual-curing Dicor-MGC luting composite (Dentsply). In 24 extracted human molars, standard MOD cavities were prepared with one approximal margin located in enamel and the other one located in dentin. They were divided into four groups: (I) AP.H inlays, luting composite only, chemically cured; (II) AP.H inlays, luting composite, immediately-light-cured; (III) AP.H inlays, luting composite, initially chemically and delayed-light-cured (15 min); and (IV) MGC inlays, luting composite, initially chemically and delayed-light-cured (15 min). In vitro load cycles corresponding to five years of clinical stress followed. Initially and after specimens were loaded, the margins were analyzed quantitatively by SEM. The tooth/cement and cement/inlay interfaces were scored separately. The initial percentages of "continuous margin"—at both the tooth/luting composite and luting composite/inlay interfaces-were higher than 94% for all groups. At the end of the load cycles, the quality of the margins at the tooth/luting composite interface significantly decreased for all groups. The highest decrease was found for the cervical margins located in dentin, where only 37%-61% were scored as "continuous margin". The AP.H inlay/luting composite interface showed almost no change. At the MGC inlay/ luting composite interface, the percentage of "continuous margin" decreased to 74%. After specimens were loaded, the percentage of "continuous margin" in dentin was lower than in enamel, despite the use of a dentin bonding agent (PUB 2). Chemical curing alone and immediate- and delayed-light-curing modes of the dual-cured luting composite showed "continuous margin" scorings which were not statistically different from each other.
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Bhatti, Abu Bakar Hafeez, Amina Iqbal Khan, Muhammad Awais Aamir, Mazhar Ali Shah, Neelam Siddiqui, and Narjis Muzaffar. "Safe negative-margin width in breast-conservative therapy: Results from a population with a high percentage of negative prognostic factors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 26_suppl (2013): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.26_suppl.75.
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75 Background: There remains a controversy in literature regarding adequate width of negative surgical margins in breast conservative therapy (BCT). Majority of patients included in studies on outcomes of BCT had favorable prognostic factors. Pakistani population is known to have an elevated expression of unfavorable prognostic factors. This study was done to determine safe negative margin width in a patient population with significantly higher percentage of unfavorable prognostic factors undergoing BCT. Methods: A review of patients who received BCT from 1997-2009 at Shukat Khanum Cancer Hospital was performed. A total of 603 patients whose margin status could be assessed were included. Patients were divided into close ( ≤ 2mm), free (> 2-10mm), and wide (> 10mm) margin groups. Patient characteristics, medical treatment modalities, and number of locoregional recurrences were observed for each margin group. Chi square and Fisher’s exact test were used for categorical variables. Five year locoregional control was determined for margin groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of locoregional recurrence. Results: Out of total, 415 (69%) patients were <50 years of age. There were 82 (15%) T3/T4, 337 (56%) poorly differentiated and 238 (39%) ER/PR–ve tumors. Nodal positivity was present in 314 (52%) patients. A higher percentage of T3/T4 tumors in close margin group (25% versus 13% and 7%) (p < 0.0001) was observed. Use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was significantly higher in close margin group (33% versus 29% and 16%) (p < 0.0001). The actual number of observed locoregional recurrences was 16 (12%), 8 (3%), and 10 (4.6%) in close, free, and wide margin groups (p = 0.002) while the expected 5 year locoregional control was 90%, 97%, and 96% (p = 0.002) respectively. On multivariate analysis tumor size stage, nodal involvement and negative margin width were independent predictors of locoregional failure. Conclusions: A negative margin width of 2mm might represent an adequate negative margin width in populations with a higher percentage of unfavorable prognostic factors.
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Lento, Camillo, and Naqi Sayed. "Do changes in gross margin percentage provide complementary information to revenue and earnings surprises?" Review of Accounting and Finance 14, no. 3 (2015): 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-07-2014-0071.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the association between gross profit percentage, abnormal market returns, revenue surprises and earnings surprises. Gross margin is relied upon by various market participants, as its predictive power is incremental and distinct from revenue and earnings signals; however, gross margin has received little researcher attention. Design/methodology/approach – General regression specifications found in the prior literature are extended to assess the informational content of changes in gross margin percentage. In addition, various portfolios are created based around the nature of the signals (positive or negative), provided by each income statement metrics (revenue, gross margin and earnings). A sample of 5,582 quarterly observations of S & P 500 firms is compiled. The main regressions are exposed to three robustness tests that focus on industry sub-groupings, institutional ownership and fourth-quarter observations. Findings – The main findings reveal that gross margin percentage changes and earnings surprises are significantly related to abnormal market returns in the short window around the earnings announcement date and persist into a wider window measured as the quarter after the earnings announcement date. The relationship between gross margin percentage changes and abnormal returns is more pronounced when positive (negative) changes in gross margin percentage are accompanied by positive (negative) revenue and earnings surprises. Research limitations/implications – This study relies upon S & P 500 firms which are all relatively large firms. Therefore, the results may not be generalizable to smaller firms. In addition, the gross margin change is measured as the quarter-over-quarter percentage change because there is no analyst expectation for gross margin. Originality/value – This paper extends the prior literature by developing three testable hypotheses that investigate the linkages between abnormal market returns, gross margin and revenue and earnings surprises. This is the first known study to investigate the informational content of changes in gross margin percentage.
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Tyagi, Rajeev K. "Do Strategic Conclusions Depend on how Price is Defined in Models of Distribution Channels?" Journal of Marketing Research 42, no. 2 (2005): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.42.2.228.62290.
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Models of distribution channels have defined retailer and manufacturer pricing decision variables in different ways, such as absolute retail price or absolute retail margin and absolute manufacturer price or absolute manufacturer margin. This article examines whether this choice of definition affects the equilibrium outcomes from such models. It shows that the equilibrium outcomes do not change with these definitions if manufacturers are modeled as Stackelberg pricing leaders to their retailer. However, if manufacturers are modeled as Bertrand-Nash competitors to their retailer or as Stackelberg pricing followers to their retailer, the equilibrium outcomes change depending on how the retailer's pricing decision variables are defined. Moreover, if in these two cases manufacturers and retailer are allowed to define their own pricing decision variables, then (1) manufacturers are indifferent about choosing among absolute prices, absolute margins, and percentage margins, but (2) the retailer chooses percentage margins. These results have implications for both theoretical and empirical models of price competition in distribution channels.
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Khairunnisa, Tsuraya, Muhammad Irfan Affandi, and Ani Suryani. "ANALISIS EFISIENSI PEMASARAN EMPING MELINJO DI KELURAHAN SUKAMAJU KECAMATAN TELUK BETUNG TIMUR KOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 6, no. 4 (2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jiia.v6i4.341-346.
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This research aims to analyze the efficiency of marketing channels and margins of melinjo chips in Sukamaju village, Teluk Betung Timur Subdistrict, Bandar Lampung City. The research is conducted by survey method, in which location is determined purposively. Respondents of this research, producers of melinjo chips in Sukamaju village of Teluk Betung Timur, Bandar Lampung, are drawn by simple random sampling method. This research uses analysis method of marketing channel, margin producer's share analysis, and price transmission elasticity. The results of this study indicated that there were two types of marketing channels in Sukamaju village. The first channel was producer to consumer, and secondly was producer to retailer then consumer. The marketing of melinjo chips in Sukamaju village had a margin percentage and a market share of 42.00% and 58.00% on channel I; of 33.33% and 66.67% on channel II respectively. Marketing of melinjo chips had been economically efficient with competing margin percentage, but based on Price Transmission Elasticity (Et) marketing system was not efficient with Et by 1,13 (Et >1).Key words: efficiency, margin, marketing channels, melinjo chips
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Joely, Muhammad Ferdy, and Ridwan Ridwan. "ANALISIS PENETAPAN MARGIN PADA PEMBIAYAAN MURABAHAH (STUDI KASUS PADA BPRS RAHMANIA DANA SEJAHTERA KABUPATEN BIREUEN)." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Ekonomi Akuntansi 5, no. 1 (2020): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jimeka.v5i1.15472.
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Margin is the seller's rights agreed between the seller and the buyer. The profit margin is only found in the sale and purchase agreement. The percentage of profit obtained is an agreement between the seller and the buyer. So far, the BPRS in general still has difficulty in adjusting the determination of the margin, because if the BPRS sets the margin in accordance with applicable BI regulations, it will burden the BPRS because there are differences between customers, products and third party funds from the BPRS and Islamic commercial banks. This study aims to determine the determination of margins in murabaha financing at BPRS Rahmania Prosperous Bireuen Regency. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods, data collection techniques in research conducted interviews, observations, and documentation conducted directly with the SRB manager Rahmania Dana Sejahtera Bireuen Regency. This research resulted in the procedure for determining the murabaha margin at the BPRS.
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Wibowo, Bambang Argo, Hendrik Anggi Setyawan, and Aufa Linda Ardian. "Analisis Distribusi dan Margin Pemasaran Hasil Tangkapan Ikan Tenggiri (Scomberomorus commerson) di PPN Pekalongan." Journal of Marine Research 10, no. 2 (2021): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v10i2.30250.
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Jumlah pelaku pemasaran yang banyak terlibat menyebabkan tidak efisennya pemasaran ikan Tenggiri di PPN Pekalongan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis bentuk saluran pemasaran, nilai marjin pemasaran, dan efisiensi pemasaran ikan Tenggiri di PPN Pekalongan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis saluran pemasaran, margin pemasaran, farmer’s share dan efisiensi pemasaran. Dalam penelitian ini, wawancara dilakukan terhadap 66 responden yang terdiri dari nelayan, pedagang besar, pedang sedang, dan pedagang kecil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 4 bentuk saluran pemasaran ikan Tenggiri. Total nilai margin ikan Tenggiri dari saluran pemasaran 1 sampai saluran pemasaran 4 adalah sebesar Rp. 28.079,00- Rp. 38.754,00 dan margin pemasaran tertinggi pada saluran IV. Persentase farmer’s share adalah sebesar 12-34%. Nilai farmer’s share berbanding terbalik dengan nilai margin pemasaran. Nilai efisiensi pemasaran dari saluran pemasaran 1-4 adalah sebesar 1–7 %. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa hanya saluran pemasaran II yang tergolong efisien, karena nilai efisiensi pemasaran <5%. The number of marketing chains leads to inefficient marketing of Mackerel in PPN Pekalongan. The purpose of this research were to analyze the distribution of marketing, marketing margins, and marketing efficiency of Mackerel in PPN Pekalongan. The research method was descriptive. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. Data analysis used in this research were marketing channel analysis, marketing margin, farmer's share and marketing efficiency. In this research interviews were conducted with 66 respondents consisting of fishermen, large traders, medium traders, and small traders. The analysis used is the analysis of marketing channels, marketing margins, fisherman’s share and marketing efficiency. The result of this research were found 4 forms Mackerel marketing channels. The total value of Tenggiri margins from marketing channel 1 to 4 is Rp. 28.079,00 - Rp. 38.754,00 and the highest marketing margin on channel IV. Fisherman’s share percentage is 12-34%. The marketing efficiency value of marketing channels 1-4 is 1–7 %. Based on these results, it can be known that only marketing channels II are classified as efficient, because the value of marketing efficiency <5%.
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Ferdiansyah, Doni. "ANALISIS EFISIENSI PEMASARAN BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT (Eucheuma Cottonii) DI KABUPATEN SUMENEP." Jurnal Agrosains: Karya Kreatif dan Inovatif 4, no. 2 (2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31102/agrosains.2017.4.2.11-24.
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This research was conducted at the Central Pakandengan District of Bluto Sumenep, with the aim of: (1) determine the marketing channels and marketing functions, (2) calculate the amount of marketing and profit margins, (3) calculate the percentage level of marketing efficiency at each institution seaweed marketing. Sampling method on farmers is done by using simple random sampling number of 30 respondents and sample marketing agencies using snowball sampling, whereas the method of analysis using the marketing margin analysis, marketing distribution, farmer's share and marketing efficiency. The results show that the first discussion, the marketing channel in the Middle Pekandengan village there are two channels, namely farmer - traders - wholesalers - enterprises and farmers - traders - companies. Marketing functions performed by each agencymarketing is exchange function which consists of sales and purchases, as well as physical function consists of drying, storage, packaging and transport. Second, marketing and profit margins every marketing agencies in each marketing channel is the first marketing channels total marketing margin is Rp. 10,500/kg and the total profit was Rp. 10,250/kg, while the marketing channel II total marketing margin is Rp. 6,000/kg and the total profit was Rp. 5,850/kg. Third, based on the percentage level of efficiency is <50% means it efficiently. I value marketing channel efficiency by 2.08% while the value of the second marketing channel efficiency of 0.83% .
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Laimer, Gregor, Nikolai Jaschke, Peter Schullian, et al. "Volumetric assessment of the periablational safety margin after thermal ablation of colorectal liver metastases." European Radiology 31, no. 9 (2021): 6489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07579-x.
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Abstract Objectives To retrospectively assess the periablational 3D safety margin in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) referred for stereotactic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and to evaluate its influence on local treatment success. Methods Forty-five patients (31 males; mean age 64.5 [range 31–87 years]) with 76 CRLM were treated with stereotactic RFA and retrospectively analyzed. Image fusion of pre- and post-interventional contrast-enhanced CT scans using a non-rigid registration software enabled a retrospective assessment of the percentage of predetermined periablational 3D safety margin and CRLM successfully ablated. Periablational safety zones (1–10 mm) and percentage of periablational zone ablated were calculated, analyzed, and compared with subsequent tumor growth to determine an optimal safety margin predictive of local treatment success. Results Mean overall follow-up was 36.1 ± 18.5 months. Nine of 76 CRLMs (11.8%) developed local tumor progression (LTP) with mean time to LTP of 18.3 ± 11.9 months. Overall 1-, 2-, and 3-year cumulative LTP-free survival rates were 98.7%, 90.6%, and 88.6%, respectively. The periablational safety margin assessment proved to be the only independent predictor (p < 0.001) of LTP for all calculated safety margins. The smallest safety margin 100% ablated displaying no LTP was 3 mm, and at least 90% of a 6-mm circumscribed 3D safety margin was required to achieve complete ablation. Conclusions Volumetric assessment of the periablational safety margin can be used as an intraprocedural tool to evaluate local treatment success in patients with CRLM referred to stereotactic RFA. Ablations achieving 100% 3D safety margin of 3 mm and at least 90% 3D safety margin of 6 mm can predict treatment success. Key Points • Volumetric assessment of the periablational safety margin can be used as an intraprocedural tool to evaluate local treatment success following thermal ablation of colorectal liver metastases. • Ablations with 100% 3D periablational safety margin of 3 mm and ablations with at least 90% 3D safety margin of 6 mm can be considered indications of treatment success. • Image fusion of pre- and post-interventional CT scans with the software used in this study is feasible and could represent a useful tool in daily clinical practice.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Percentage margin"
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Савченко, Тарас Григорович, Тарас Григорьевич Савченко та Taras Hryhorovych Savchenko. "Фінансова оцінка діяльності безбалансових відділень комерційних банків на основі трансфертного ціноутворення". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2005. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/63120.
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Метою доповіді є дослідження методичних аспектів фінансової оцінки
діяльності безбалансових відділень комерційних банків України на основі
трансфертного ціноутворення щодо сальдо ресурсів за активно-пасивними
операціями.
Дослідження проведено на базі методики фінансової оцінки діяльності
безбалансових відділень (ТВБВ), яка функціонує у вітчизняній банківській
системі.
Books on the topic "Percentage margin"
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Levchenko, Boris. Criteria for testing hypotheses about uniformity. Application manual. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/986695.
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The guide discusses the use of statistical criteria focused on the testing of hypotheses about uniformity of laws, which belong to the analyzed sample, of the homogeneous medium (about equality of the mathematical expectations), about the homogeneity of variance (equality of variances of compared samples). The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are indicated, and the application of criteria in conditions of violation of standard assumptions is considered. Tables containing percentage points and statistical distribution models necessary for the correct application of the criteria are provided.
 
 This publication describes a broader set of criteria. Constructed models of marginal distributions of statistics for some sample criteria of law uniformity are proposed. Following the recommendations will ensure the correctness and validity of statistical conclusions when analyzing data. It is intended for specialists who are more or less faced with the issues of statistical data analysis, processing the results of experiments, and using statistical methods to analyze various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists in various fields (doctors, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.), University teachers, graduate students and students.
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Wordsworth, Paul. Metabolic disease of skeleton and inherited disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.010001.
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♦ Classic metabolic bone diseases include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget’s disease, and parathyroid bone disease♦ Heritable disorders of the skeleton include numerous osteochrondrodysplasias, Marfan syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome♦ Investigation of short stature is indicated for those below 0.4 percentile, with skeletal disproportion and/or progressive shortness♦ Genetic mutations for most of these conditions have been identified but clinical/radiographic features are usually diagnostic.
Book chapters on the topic "Percentage margin"
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"Retailer's Margin Percentage." In Measuring Marketing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119199205.ch86.
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Esterling, Kevin M., David M. J. Lazer, and Michael A. Neblo. "Measuring and Explaining the Quality of Web Sites in the (Virtual) House of Representatives." In Current Issues and Trends in E-Government Research. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-283-1.ch007.
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To date, research on e-government has devoted relatively little attention to how legislators use the Internet to enhance the representative function. In this chapter, we develop a general method to evaluate the quality of legislative Web sites and apply the method to the Web sites of members of the U.S. House of Representatives. We use a dichotomous latent variable model that combines a measurement model with a structural model to explain the variation in the quality of Web sites. We find the correlates of high quality Web sites include shorter tenure in office and closer electoral margin; the percentage of constituents who are connected to the Internet; and higher socio-economic status of the district. We propose this latent variable measurement approach as a general method for estimating the quality of Web sites for e-government research.
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Esterling, Kevin M., David M. J. Lazer, and Michael A. Neblo. "Measuring and Explaining the Quality of Web Sites in the (Virtual) House of Representatives." In Virtual Technologies. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-955-7.ch056.
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To date, research on e-government has devoted relatively little attention to how legislators use the Internet to enhance the representative function. In this chapter, we develop a general method to evaluate the quality of legislative Web sites and apply the method to the Web sites of members of the U.S. House of Representatives. We use a dichotomous latent variable model that combines a measurement model with a structural model to explain the variation in the quality of Web sites. We find the correlates of high quality Web sites include shorter tenure in office and closer electoral margin; the percentage of constituents who are connected to the Internet; and higher socio-economic status of the district. We propose this latent variable measurement approach as a general method for estimating the quality of Web sites for e-government research.
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Baldwin, Peter. "Religion and Science." In The Narcissism of Minor Differences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391206.003.0014.
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Even On Religion, there is reason to question the usual stereotypes of an absolute polarity between the United States and Europe. Let us leave aside the extent to which secularizing Europe is the outlier in a religious world, not the United States. There are religious contrasts, to be sure, between America and Europe, but they are neither as stark nor undifferentiated as is oft en thought. It is frequently said that Americans are more religious than Europeans. These things are hard to quantify, but there is certainly data pointing in that direction. In 1999, a smaller percentage of Americans (1.4%) described themselves as atheists than did Europeans—by a small margin, with the Irish and the Austrians almost indistinguishably close to the Americans (figure 174). But then again, no European country except France (with 14.2%) has more than 8% avowed atheists. The Americans are closer (less than one standard deviation below) to the European mean than are the French, who are more than three standard deviations above it. A smaller percentage of Americans consider themselves religious than the Portuguese and Italians. Proportionately fewer Americans say they believe in God and always have than the Irish and Portuguese, and only a few more than the Italians. A higher percentage of Americans firmly believes in God than northern Europeans, but the numbers are broadly comparable with the Catholic countries (figure 175). If the qualifier “firm” is removed, the American figures become much the same as the Mediterranean nations and, of course, Ireland (figure 176). Again, the United States is closer to the European mean (1.6 standard deviations above) than is the nonbelieving extreme, Sweden, at 1.9 standard deviations below it. Percentage-wise, more Americans (16.4%) attend church more than once a week than in any European nation (Ireland: 13.3%). But fewer Americans, by far, attend church on a weekly basis than the Irish, and the Portuguese and Italians attend at the same rate. The American figure for weekly church attendance is only about as far above the European mean (1.2 standard deviations) as the Danish result (1.07 standard deviations) is below it (figure 177). Over a quarter of Americans report never attending church, the same as the Finns, compared to only 12% of Italians.
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Rowlands, Mark. "The Great Dying." In World on Fire. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197541890.003.0008.
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The benefits of no longer eating animals extend beyond climate mitigation. It will also mitigate current species extinction trajectories. This chapter looks at the history of human-caused extinctions. A great extinction occurs when a percentage of a species dies out (e.g., 75%). A mass extinction occurs when the actual rate of extinction exceeds the normal background rate by a certain margin (e.g., 1000×). There are good reasons for thinking that a mass extinction of species is currently occurring. Humans are the cause of this, as they have been the cause of all major extinction pulses since the Quaternary period. This chapter examines one of the Quaternary extinction pulses of 8000–11,500 years ago and defends the hominin paleobiogeography hypothesis, that is, that humans were substantially responsible for this pulse of extinctions. An undue focus on extinction, however, can mask the harm we are currently doing to species.
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"Advances in Fish Tagging and Marking Technology." In Advances in Fish Tagging and Marking Technology, edited by Ole Thomas Albert, Yvan Lambert, Tone Vollen, Carla Freitas, and Lise Heggebakken. American Fisheries Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874271.ch34.
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<i>Abstract</i>.—Based on previous investigations of flatfish swimming performance, three hypotheses regarding frequency distribution of body angles (pitch and roll) during periods of pelagic excursions and periods when the fish swim along the bottom were formulated and evaluated. A tagging experiment on Greenland halibut <i>Reinhardtius hippoglossoides </i>was made with archival tags (DST) recording body angles each 15 min together with ambient depth. A total of 19 tags were recovered, representing 80,000 h of recording. The paper shows that for periods when pelagic or demersal swimming behavior can be deduced from the depth trajectories alone, the angular spectra were consistent with the hypothesized patterns for pelagic and demersal phases, respectively. Based on this distinction, the percentage of pelagic occupancy was estimated for each month of the year. With almost no occurrences of vertical swimming positions, the common perception that Greenland halibut adopts such position during pelagic phases was rejected.
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Bivar, Venus. "Conclusion." In Organic Resistance. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469641188.003.0007.
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By the 1980s the French agricultural sector had become one of the most powerful players in the global food system. It was the second largest exporter in the world and its foreign-market earnings led many to refer to the farm sector as the "green petroleum" of France. Others, however, preferred to believe that French agriculture was grounded in terroir-based artisanal production, a wilful misrecognition that the state used to its advantage, marketing French foodstuffs as quality products. While quality production certainly did increase, buttressed by the introduction of such labels as the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC), non-industrial production only ever accounted for a marginal percentage of total output. Caught between the reality of industrial production and a public reputation for quality output, French farmers continued to navigate the war of attrition brought on by industrialization and to resist their own obsolescence.
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Faraldo-Cabana, Patricia. "Where Are the Male Victims of Human Trafficking?" In Invisible Victims and the Pursuit of Justice. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7348-8.ch010.
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Although male trafficking constitutes a considerable part of the human trafficking flow, men are rarely identified as victims. Victims of labor-related trafficking, mainly men, are being overlooked. The same happens with the marginal but not negligible percentage of male victims of sexual exploitation. Identification is crucial to promptly assist, support, and protect victims of trafficking. The overall objective of this chapter is to identify the causes and consequences of the invisibility of male victims of human trafficking. It aims to show the association of human trafficking with female non-citizens being trafficked for prostitution, combined with a securitarian approach to migration control, interferes with efforts to identify and protect all victims of human trafficking. As a result, male victims of human trafficking are prevented from accessing justice, thus rendering the transposition and implementation of the Palermo Protocol and the Anti-Trafficking Directive contradictory and ineffective.
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"Conservation, Ecology, and Management of Catfish: The Second International Symposium." In Conservation, Ecology, and Management of Catfish: The Second International Symposium, edited by JOSEPH N. STOECKEL and RICHARD J. NEVES. American Fisheries Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874257.ch22.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—Captive spawning is a strategy to bolster populations of rare madtoms <em>Noturus</em> spp., but very little is known regarding their reproductive development in captivity. The primary goal of this research was to develop methods to stimulate gonadal maturation of captive madtoms. We used the nonimperiled margined madtom <em>N. insignis</em> as a model species to investigate the effects of photothermal regimes on gonadal development and reproductive hormones. We also evaluated testicular development of madtoms injected with common carp <em>Cyprinus carpio</em> pituitary extract (CPE). Changing photoperiod, but not temperature, was required to induce oocyte maturation in a high percentage of captive female margined madtoms. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) values of captive females were similar to those of gravid wild fish collected during or just prior to the spawning season with the time to maturation of oocytes shortened by as much as 3 months. Many of the captive males developed large, square-shaped heads with swollen cephalic epaxial muscles as spawning conditions approached, but their GSI values were not different from those of fish sampled at other times of the year. Injections of CPE increased the GSI value and vascularization of testes but not the number of spermatozoa. In general, sperm production in mature male madtoms was enigmatic in captive and wild fish, inasmuch as motile sperm were observed only once. The heads of margined madtom spermatozoa are slightly ovate (4.3 0.2 μm long and 3.6 0.2 μm wide). The tails are centrally attached to the head and are more than 112.5 μm long. A pronounced, collar-like midpiece encircles the posterior portion of the head and anterior portion of the tail. Plasma testosterone concentrations in males peaked just prior to the spawning season at 6.5 ng/mL, but levels were not correlated with male GSI values. Plasma 17β-estradiol levels in females peaked just prior to the spawning season at 15 ng/mL and were correlated with gonadosomatic values.
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Guo, J., and M. B. Underwood. "Data report: refined method for calculating percentages of kaolinite and chlorite from X-ray diffraction data, with application to the Nankai margin of southwest Japan." In Proceedings of the IODP. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.314315316.201.2011.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Percentage margin"
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Viana, Felipe A. C., Victor Picheny, and Raphael T. Haftka. "Conservative Prediction via Safety Margin: Design Through Cross-Validation and Benefits of Multiple Surrogates." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87053.
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The use of surrogates for facilitating optimization and statistical analysis of computationally expensive simulations has become commonplace. Usually, surrogate models are fit to be unbiased (i.e., the error expectation is zero). However, in certain applications, it might be interesting to safely estimate the response (e.g., in structural analysis, the maximum stress must not be underestimated in order to avoid failure). In this work we use safety margins to conservatively compensate for fitting errors associated with surrogates. We propose the use of cross-validation for estimating the required safety margin for a given desired level of conservativeness (percentage of safe predictions). We also check how well we can minimize the losses in accuracy associated with conservative predictor by selecting between alternate surrogates. The approach was tested on two algebraic examples for ten basic surrogates including different instances of kriging, polynomial response surface, radial basis neural networks and support vector regression surrogates. For these examples we found that cross-validation (i) is effective for selecting the safety margin; and (ii) allows us to select a surrogate with the best compromise between conservativeness and loss of accuracy. We then applied the approach to the probabilistic design optimization of a cryogenic tank. This design under uncertainty example showed that the approach can be successfully used in real world applications.
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Bonilla, C., J. Webb, C. Clum, B. Casaday, E. Brewer, and J. P. Bons. "The Effect of Particle Size and Film Cooling on Nozzle Guide Vane Deposition." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69084.
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An accelerated deposition test facility is used to study the effect of particle size and film cooling on deposit roughness, spatial distribution and thickness. Tests were run at gas turbine representative inlet Mach numbers (0.08) and temperatures (1080°C). Deposits were created from a sub-bituminous coal fly ash with mass median diameters from 4 to 16 microns (Stokes numbers ranging from 0.1 to 1.9. Two CFM56-5B nozzle guide vane doublets comprising three full passages and two half passages of flow were utilized as the test articles. Tests were run with three levels of film cooling. The addition of film cooling to the vanes was shown to decrease deposit capture efficiency by as much as a factor of 3 and shift the primary location of deposit buildup to the leading edge coincident with an increased region of positive cooling backflow margin. Video taken during tests noted that film cooling holes with negative backflow margin were primary areas of deposit formation regardless of film cooling percentage. Stokes number was shown to have a marked effect on vane capture efficiency, with the largest Stokes number ash (St = 1.9) approximately 3 times as likely to stick to the vane as the smallest Stokes number ash (St = 0.1). Post test observations on deposit thickness were made using a coordinate measurement machine. Deposit thickness was noted to be reduced with decreasing Stokes number and increased film cooling percentage. Deposit surface roughness falls with particle size but is only weakly dependent on cooling level.
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DiCampli, James, and William Schulke. "Grid Stability: Gas Turbines for Primary Reserve." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94466.
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Power grids are continually subjected to variations in load demand, leading to imbalances between generation and consumption. Such imbalances have an impact on the frequency level, requiring ongoing frequency control. Timely response of sufficient magnitude is critical to ensure grid stability. Without appropriate controls, variation in frequency levels can compound, leading to trips or even blackouts. Primary Frequency Control (PFC) and Regulation Margin Control (RMC) have recently become a requirement for gas turbine generators (GTG) by many transmission grid authorities. PFC provides grid stability by allowing the gas turbine to automatically increase (or decrease) load when a grid frequency deviation occurs outside of a frequency band, and maintains this increased (or decreased) load while the deviations persist. RMC is used to ensure that a percentage of the GTG generating capability is reserved for use when grid frequency excursions occur. There are different grid control regulations for different countries and regions. For example, the European Grid Code requires enough Primary Reserve set aside to support a +/−200 mHz grid frequency deviation with associated response times. The GTG must keep a percentage of the unit’s power capacity, or Primary Reserve, available for this purpose. The size of Primary Reserve power contributed by the grid frequency deviation is determined by the RMC Margin and PFC Droop settings, and must be managed under a wide range of operating and ambient conditions. This paper reviews field test results and lessons learned in developing an approach to meeting the grid requirements. This includes the PFC reserve power response to frequency deviations, associated tolerances, and additional controls required to optimize the spray-intercooling power augmentation system.
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Zhao, Bin, Shaobin Li, Qiushi Li, and Sheng Zhou. "Unsteady Numerical Research Into the Impact of Bleeding on Axial Compressor Performance." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30228.
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The cooling gas of turbine components in aero-engine is extracted from the compressor. Its flow rate is related to the temperature before turbine. The percentage is usually about 3–5% and sometimes up to 25% of the main flow. Very few of the current studies in this field touched on the influence of air bleeding on compressor performance. This paper takes the single stage and low speed axial compressor as the research object, develops a time-accurate numerical method on the compressor overall performance by using the moving mesh to simulate the function of compressor throttle plug. Combined with experimental results, compressor flow field with and without air bleeding are compared and analyzed to study the impact of bleeding on compressor performance. The results show that if a bleeding design can ease the blockage generated by the tip leakage flow and the backflow near the trailing edge, the stall will be effectively postponed and the compressor stability margin will be expanded.
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Pham, Linda D., and Boris Rubinsky. "Breast Tissue Cryosurgery With Antifreeze Proteins." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0814.
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Abstract Antifreeze proteins (AFP) are chemical compounds which can modify ice crystal structure to a needle-like form. They have been shown to enhance destruction of frozen cells. The goal of this study was to determine if these antifreeze proteins can destroy cells in frozen breast tissue and thereby serve as chemical adjuvants to breast cryosurgery. Fresh, normal human breast tissue was injected with solutions of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or PBS with 10 mg/ml antifreeze protein of type I (AFP-I) then frozen with a cooling rate of 5 °C/min to various subzero temperatures, on a special cryosurgery apparatus. Cell viability was examined with a two stain fluorescent dye test. The results show that a significant percentage of breast cells survive freezing to high subzero temperatures, typical of the temperature on the margin of a frozen cryolesion. The results also show that AFP have the ability to significantly increase cellular destruction in the high subzero temperature range.
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Mohammad, Bassam S., Brian Volk, and Keith McManus. "Impact of Secondary Air Flow on Combustor Emissions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15304.
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Abstract It is a common practice to relate emissions performance of Dry Low Emissions (DLE) combustion systems to the flame temperature that is estimated from the mass flows of air and fuel flowing through the premixer. In many combustion systems, the exit temperature (or turbine nozzle inlet temperature) is quite low and is not a good parameter for estimating combustion emissions. The difference between the combustion flame temperature and exit temperature is mainly due to secondary air dilution. To our knowledge there are no detailed published data that quantify the impact of this temperature difference on combustion emissions. The target of this study is to quantify the impact of secondary air variation on emissions, both globally and locally. High pressure experiments are conducted at H class gas turbine operating conditions using a DLE combustion system. In the context of this DLE system, secondary air refers to cooling and leakage flows because direct air dilution of the combustion gasses is not necessary. This is because the flame stabilized downstream of the premixer is well mixed and fuel-lean. With NOx requirements moving toward single digit (ppm) levels, it becomes essential to accurately quantify the impact of reducing the secondary air percentage on emissions performance. In addition to the need to carefully study the impact of local interaction of the secondary air with the flame. The combustion system is configured with two independently controlled mixers along with a variable secondary air circuit that can change the secondary air fraction from 14 to 8%. Multiple emissions rakes are used at the combustor exit to delineate the interaction and relate it to the flame structure. The system is configured to enable sampling from individual rakes to study local emissions and the rakes can be ganged together to measure the bulk-averaged combustion emissions. This research provides a quantification of the improvement of the NOx margin with a decrease in the secondary air percentage. The study shows that the increase in margin is not a simple re-estimate of the combustor emissions using the NOx design curve due to flame quenching effects. The results also show that the secondary air can be used to improve the NOx emissions via controlling the interaction with the primary flame. The impact is quantified in terms of emissions, acoustics and metal temperatures.
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Wang, Wei, Wuli Chu, Haoguang Zhang, and Yanhui Wu. "Numerical Investigation on the Effects of Circumferential Coverage of Injection in a Transonic Compressor With Discrete Tip Injection." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25420.
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Discrete tip injection upstream of the rotor tip is an effective technique to extend stability margin for a compressor system in an aeroengine. The current study investigates the effects of injectors’ circumferential coverage on compressor performance and stability using time-accurate three-dimensional numerical simulations for multi passages in a transonic compressor. The percentage of circumferential coverage for all the six injectors ranges from 6% to 87% for the five investigated configurations. Results indicate that circumferential coverage of tip injection can greatly affect compressor stability and total pressure ratio, but has little influence on adiabatic efficiency. The improvement of compressor total pressure ratio is linearly related with the increasing circumferential coverage. The unsteady flow fields show that there exists a non-ignorable time lag of the injection effects between the passage inlet and outlet, and blade tip loading will not decline until the injected flow reaches the passage outlet. Stability improves sharply with the increasing circumferential coverage when the coverage is less than 27%, but increases flatly for the rest. It is proven that the injection efficiency which is a measurement of averaged blockage decrement in the injected region is an effective guideline to predict the stability improvement.
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Holden, Todd, G. Tremberger Jr., E. Cheung, et al. "Marfan Syndrome Exon CpG Percentage and Fractal Dimension." In 2008 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2008.117.
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Biollo, Roberto, and Ernesto Benini. "Aerodynamic Behaviour of a Novel Three-Dimensional Shaped Transonic Compressor Rotor Blade." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51397.
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This paper compares the aerodynamic behaviour of baseline and redesigned versions of the well-known NASA Rotor 37. The aerodynamic behaviour of the two rotors was evaluated using an accurate and validated 3-D CFD RANS model. The redesigned version showed both higher efficiency and wider stall margin. The new rotor was modeled by giving to the radial stacking line of baseline blade a three-dimensional shape. The blade was curved mainly toward the direction of rotor rotation. The applied blade curvature comes from previous personal investigations on the effects of stacking line shape in transonic bladings. Steady-state simulations were carried out to calculate the flow field inside the two rotors. The numerical model was developed using a commercial CFD code. The code was validated by simulating the Rotor 37 and comparing the computed results to the experimental data available in the open literature. The validation process gave a satisfactory agreement between predictions and measurements, showing that the overall features of the three-dimensional shock structure, shock-boundary layer interaction and tip clearance flows are calculated well in the numerical solution. With respect to the baseline rotor, the redesigned version gave a higher efficiency in a large part of the operating range, with a maximum increment of about 1.2 percentage points around the peak efficiency condition. The improvements in efficiency can be associated with a less detrimental shock-blade boundary layer interaction at the outer span, probably due to the different three-dimensional shock structure developed. At the outer span, in fact, the new blade showed a blade-to-blade shock front more oblique than in the baseline rotor. Further, the new blade positively impacted the flow field near the casing at low flow operating conditions. A less detrimental shock-tip clearance vortex-boundary layer interaction, along with a considerable reduction of the low momentum fluid region after the shock, was observed. CFD flow visualizations showed clearly a higher stall margin. The last stable operating point provided by the numerical model implemented gave a normalized mass flow of about 92% in the case of Rotor 37 (in accordance with experimental data) and about 90% in the case of redesigned version. The two rotors showed a similar choking mass flow rate.
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Jarrett, Jerome P., Theo A. Bell, and P. John Clarkson. "Towards Orthogonal Turbomachinery Design." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90381.
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The aviation industry is under significant commercial and environmental pressure to produce a revolution in design. However, despite the significant advances in automatic design optimization made over the last 30 years, the industry is still largely conducting design by evolution. The complexity of a modern aeroengine encourages the separation of its conceptual from its detailed design: this limits the utility of powerful design optimization tools solving the “classical” optimization problem (of design space search for the global optimum) to the detailed designer who is more usually tasked with reaching a specification. One of the principal difficulties of modifying the design to reach a particular specified goal is that, though the desired improvement might be achieved, it often comes at unacceptable detriment to other performance indicators. We present results of our orthogonal design technique (that assists the designer in producing improvements in specific attributes of the design without penalty in other aspects) applied to the redesign of a generic core engine compressor for two “real-world” design problems: reducing the part count without aerodynamic penalty and increasing the efficiency without reduction in surge margin, pressure rise or mass flow. The two resulting designs, while meeting their constraints, exhibit a reduction in blading equivalent to two rotor rows and an increase in adiabatic efficiency of 1.0 percentage point respectively. The design changes which produce these improvements, together with how these compare with design rationale, are discussed.
Reports on the topic "Percentage margin"
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Leaver, Clare, Owen Ozier, Pieter Serneels, and Andrew Zeitlin. Recruitment, Effort, and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants: Experimental Evidence from Rwandan Primary Schools. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/048.
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This paper reports on a two-tiered experiment designed to separately identify the selection and effort margins of pay-for-performance (P4P). At the recruitment stage, teacher labor markets were randomly assigned to a pay-for-percentile or fixed-wage contract. Once recruits were placed, an unexpected, incentive-compatible, school-level re-randomization was performed, so that some teachers who applied for a fixed-wage contract ended up being paid by P4P, and vice versa. By the second year of the study, the within-year effort effect of P4P was 0.16 standard deviations of pupil learning, with the total effect rising to 0.20 standard deviations after allowing for selection.