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1
Narayanan, C., P. H. Chawhaan, and A. K. Mandal. "Inheritance Pattern of Growth and Wood Traits in Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.)." Silvae Genetica 58, no. 1-6 (2009): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2009-0013.
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Abstract Inheritance pattern of wood traits, especially heartwood/ sapwood percentage and specific gravity and interactions of wood traits with other growth traits were investigated in a 27-year-old half-sib progeny trial of teak. Wood traits showed highly significant variation for specific gravity, heartwood and sapwood percentage at family level. There was non-significant family vs. replication variation for these traits. Among the growth traits, there was significant variation for height and girth. Families and individual trees showed varying levels of heritability. Among the growth traits, height showed high heritability (individual tree heritability, h2 (i) = 34.3%; family heritability, h2 (f ) = 34.1%) followed by girth (h2 (i) = 19.4%; h2 (f ) = 31.4%). Among the wood traits, maximum heritability values were obtained for sapwood percentage (h2 (i) = 76.6%; h2 (f ) = 70.7%) and heartwood percentage (h2 (i) = 76.9%; h2 (f ) = 69.7%). Specific gravity exhibited heritability values of 29.1 and 41.8%, at individual tree and family level, respectively. Family heritability was higher than single-tree heritability for specific gravity; single-tree heritability exceeded family heritability for heartwood percentage. Specific gravity exhibited significant positive genotypic correlation with heartwood percentage suggesting that improvement in heartwood percentage would lead to a correlated improvement in specific gravity. Heartwood percentage showed significant positive correlation with growth traits viz., height and girth. Some of the families showed good GCA for growth and wood traits investigated. The good general combiners identified in the present study can be used for establishment of advanced generation seed orchards and breeding arboreta for improvement of teak for specific or combination of above traits.
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Zhang, Ruping, Bingshan Zeng, Tianxiao Chen, and Bing Hu. "Genotype–Environment Interaction and Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Heartwood for Acacia melanoxylon R.Br." Genes 14, no. 6 (2023): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14061299.
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Acacia melanoxylon (blackwood) is a valuable wood with excellent-quality heartwood extensively utilized worldwide. The main aim of this study was to confirm the horizontal and vertical variation and provide estimated values of genetic gains and clonal repeatabilities for improving breeding program of A. melanoxylon. Six blackwood clones at 10 years old were analyzed in Heyuan and Baise cities in China. Stem trunk analysis was conducted for sample trees to explore the differences between heartwood and sapwood. The heartwood radius (HR), heartwood area (HA), and heartwood volume (HV) in heartwood properties decreased as tree height (H) in growth traits increased, and the HV = 1.2502 DBH (diameter at breast height)1.7009 model can accurately estimate the heartwood volume. Furthermore, G × E analysis showed that the heritabilities of the eleven indices, including DBH, DGH (diameter at ground height), H, HR, SW (sapwood width), BT (bark thickness), HA, SA (sapwood area), HV, HRP (heartwood radius percentage), HAP (heartwood area percentage), and HVP (heartwood volume percentage) were between 0.94 and 0.99, and repeatabilities of the eleven indices were between 0.74 and 0.91. Clonal repeatability of DBH (0.91), DGH (0.88), and H (0.90) in growth traits, HR (0.90), HVP (0.90), and HV (0.88) in heartwood properties were slightly higher than for SA (0.74), SW (0.75), HAP (0.75), HRP (0.75), and HVP (0.75). These data also implied that the growth characteristics of heartwood and sapwood of blackwood clones were less affected by the environment and had substantial heritability.
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Vasishth, A., and A. Kaushal. "Effect of Khair tree (Acacia catechu Willd.) age on Katha and Cutch yield and biomass production." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 9, no. 3/4 (2002): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2002-40w266.
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Khair tree of 5-6, 10-11, 15-16 and 20-21 years age classes were felled and diameter and height of the tree were measured. Sapwood percentage, heartwood percentage and katha and cutch yield were determined. Diameter, height and heartwood percentage of khair tree increased with increase in age whereas, sapwood percentage and ratio of sapwood to heartwood decreased with age. No heartwood formation was observed in 5-6 years old trees. Katha content was found maximum (6.31%) in 20-21 years old tree and minimum (2.22%) in 10-11 years old tree. Cutch yield did not vary significantly between 15-16 and 20-21 years age classes of khair trees.
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YAMAMOTO, Koichi. "Comparative decay resistance of plantation-grown and naturally-grown teak wood (Tectona grandis L.f.)." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 358 (December 25, 2023): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2023.358.a37246.
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Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is one of the most popular tropical timber species for its natural durability. The sapwood, the outer, middle, and inner heartwood, and the pith of plantation-grown teak in Indonesia and naturally grown teak in Myanmar were tested for decay resistance (a major component of natural durability), applying an accelerated decay test according to JIS Z 2101 (1994), and using a white rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) and a brown rot fungus (Fomitopsis palustris). Wood blocks 20 × 20 × 10 mm in size were cut from discs across the radius of the stem. The percentage mass loss in each block caused by decay was obtained after 12 weeks of incubation with these fungi. Mean mass losses due to T. versicolor were respectively as follows for plantation-grown, naturally-grown (No. 1), and naturally-grown (No. 2) teak: sapwood 21.4%, 7.1%, “no data”; outer heartwood 0.6%, 3.6%, 6.6%; middle heartwood 2.3%, 6.5%, 5.7%; inner heartwood 10.3%, 9.6%, 6.0%; pith 13.0%, 15.3%, 8.2%. Losses due to F. palustris were, respectively: sapwood 7.5%, 3.0%, 7.5%; outer heartwood 0.0%, 2.5%, 2.7%; middle heartwood 0.0%, 2.2%, 2.3%; inner heartwood 4.9%, 2.0%, 3.4%; pith 13.6%, 8.4%, 8.0%. Durability was classified with reference to Osborne (1970), based on the mean percentage weight loss of heartwood caused by fungal decay. Only the outer and middle heartwood were generally durable in both plantation-grown and naturally grown teak specimens. The inner heartwood was moderately durable, but pith durability was low. No clear differences in decay resistance were found between plantation-grown and naturally-grown teak.
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Woeste, K. E. "Heartwood production in a 35-year-old black walnut progeny test." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 1 (2002): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-177.
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A 35-year-old black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) progeny test was evaluated for growth and production of heartwood. The test trees, which were open-pollinated progeny of select females in seven states, were planted on a good-quality, uniform site in Wabash County, central Indiana, U.S.A. Increment cores were used to estimate the amount of heartwood at 1.3 m above ground level. There were significant differences among open-pollinated families (α = 0.10) for both area of heartwood and percent area of heartwood. Narrow-sense heritability estimates for these traits were moderate (0.40 and 0.27), indicating opportunity for gain from selection. Faster growing trees had more heartwood and a higher percentage of heartwood area in cross section. Genetic correlations indicated that the rate and amount of heartwood formation is closely related to diameter growth.
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Bergström, B., R. Gref, and A. Ericsson. "Effects of pruning on heartwood formation in Scots pine trees." Journal of Forest Science 50, No. 1 (2012): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4595-jfs.
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The object of this study was to investigate the effect of pruning on heartwood formation in mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees. Fifty trees were treated by three different intensive pruning regimes: 42, 60 and 70 percentage of defoliation. After five growing seasons numbers of growth rings were counted and the width and the area of sapwood and heartwood were calculated. The results did not show any proportional increase or decrease in the heartwood area or in the number of growth rings in heartwood associated with the pruning. A statistically significant negative effect of pruning was found on the width of the five most recently formed sapwood growth rings. This decreased growth rate did not influence the ratio of sapwood and heartwood. However, it cannot be excluded that the proportion of heartwood may increase during a longer period. It is concluded that pruning is not a practicable silvicultural method for regulating heartwood formation in mature Scots pine trees.
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Fujii, Tomoyuki, Youki Suzuki, and Naohiro Kuroda. "Bordered Pit Aspiration in the Wood of Cryptomeria Japonica in Relation to Air Permeability." IAWA Journal 18, no. 1 (1997): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001462.
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Aspiration of bordered pits in Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) D. Don was studied in relation to the air permeability in sapwood, transition zone wood, and heartwood. The percentage of aspirated pits relative to the total number of bordered pits with observable tori was determined in samples that were epoxy-embedded and thin sectioned. Air permeability of air-dried and freeze-dried wood samples was measured following the method described by Siau (1984). Pit membrane structure of air-dried and freeze-dried samples was investigated by scanning electron microscopy on split radial surfaces. It is proposed that pit aspiration progresses during heartwood formation as already reported, but the pit aspiration was frequently incomplete and the percentage varied between individuals. The pit aspiration percentage was not obviously related to the sample's initial green moisture content or heartwood color. The results from permeability measurement and SEM observation on air- and freeze-dried samples suggest that pit aspiration occurred in sapwood samples (the initial moisture content of which ranged from 200 to 300%) during air-drying and caused a significant decrease in permeability confirming the pit aspiration mechanism proposed by Hart and Thomas (1967). In the heartwood, encrustation of pit membranes prevented aspiration during air-drying.
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Lekha, Chander, and Kulwant Sharma. "Provenance variation in growth characteristics of Acacia catechu Willd. in Himachal Pradesh, India." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 16, no. 4 (2009): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2009-4ee7b6.
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The present study was conducted in the provenance trail of Acacia catechu raised at Regional Horticulture Research Station, Jachh, Himachal Pradesh, India (32o18’N and 75o55’E, 428 m above mean sea level alt., 1000-1250 mm rainfall. Significant variations (P<0.05) were observed for height, diameter (DBH), sapwood, heartwood percentage and above ground biomass among the provenances. Wide ranges in the means were exhibited by height (6.76 m to 9.74 m), DBH (10.20 cm to 15.25 cm), sapwood (41.60-67.72%), heartwood (21.13-47.91%), above ground biomass (20.20 kg to 54.49 kg per tree) of tress. The highly significant and positive correlation (0.6632) was found between diameter and above ground biomass of trees. The highly significant and negative correlation (-0.9752) was recorded between heartwood and sapwood percentage. The heritability estimates (98%) were highest for height and lowest (13.1%) for bark percentage. The genetic gain and genetic advance were the highest (42.81%, 24.31%) for sapwood and least (4.82%, 0.46%) for bark percentage. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 6.19% to 23.89%, and 6.43% to 34.54%, respectively for different parameters. The variations are useful for breeding work on this important multipurpose tree of subtropical regions.
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Igartúa, Dora-Virginia, Karen Moreno, and Silvia-Estela Monteoliva. "Acacia melanoxylon in Argentina: heartwood content and its relationship with site, growth and age of the trees." Forest Systems 26, no. 1 (2017): e007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2017261-10195.
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Aims of study: To characterize the wood of Acacia melanoxylon in relation to its potential use in the construction and furniture industry, here we determined the heartwood and sapwood content and distribution within the stem and analyzed their relationship with the growing site, age and growth rate of the trees. Finally, we predicted heartwood content by two easy-to-measure variables.Area of study: Buenos Aires, Argentina.Methods: 20 trees aged between 9 and 32 years were sampled in four sites. Axial sampling was carried out at four heights of the stem (base, breast height, and 30% and 50% of the total height), and the heartwood content (percentage and volume) and sapwood content (cm) determined.Results: The trees analyzed presented conical-shaped heartwood following the outline of the stem along all its commercial height. Within the stem, the highest volume of heartwood was observed at the basal region (53%) and up to 30% of total height, a feature observed in all the sites studied. The sapwood content was constant along the entire stem (2.18 cm). The age of the trees did not influence the heartwood content, whereas the environmental conditions provided by each site (heartwood/volume and heartwood/diameter growth positive ratios) did affect this feature.Research highlights: The absolute amount of heartwood was driven by growth rate, due to the forest structure of non-uniform age. The heartwood volume can be estimated through fitting linear equations (R2 0.78 - 0.89) with two easily measurable variables such as diameter at breast height and tree height.
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Millers, M. "The proportion of heartwood in conifer (Pinus sylvestris L., Picea abies [L.] H. Karst.) trunks and its influence on trunk wood moisture -." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 8 (2013): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/29/2013-jfs.
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As the tree age increases, the formation of heartwood takes place in the central part of the tree. Since there is a large difference in the moisture content between sapwood and heartwood in conifers, the proportion of heartwood expressed in percentage is one of the most important factors influencing the average moisture of trunk wood. The aim of the research was to find out the changes in parameters of heartwood proportion and the changes in average trunk wood moisture parameters, depending on the age of the tree. To evaluate and compare the heartwood proportion in pine and spruce trunk and its moisture, sample plots were established throughout the territory of Latvia in 2011. These sample plots were established in stands of different ages (37&ndash;143 years). The total number of sample plots was 61&ndash;29 for pines with 246 sample trees and 32 sample plots for spruces with 270 sample trees. With the increase in the tree age from 60 to 140 years, the heartwood proportion increases and the average moisture content of trunk wood decreases. With an increase of the heartwood proportion in pine from 18% to 39%, the average moisture of trunk wood decreases from 108% to 86%, but with an increase of the heartwood proportion in spruce from 30% to 49%, the average moisture content of trunk wood decreases from 107% to 81%. &nbsp;
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Czajka, Magdalena, Beata Fabisiak, and Ewa Fabisiak. "Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from Heartwood and Sapwood of Selected Coniferous Species." Forests 11, no. 1 (2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010092.
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The qualitative and quantitative composition of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted from furnishings from solid wood and all kinds of wood derivative materials depends on many factors, of which the most important is the wood species. The intraspecies and interspecies differences in VOC emission result from the differences in the chemical composition and anatomical structure of heartwood and sapwood of different species. VOC composition analysis was performed separately for heartwood and sapwood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) trees. The studies were conducted in a glass climatic chamber of 0.025 m3, equipped with a system for the monitoring and control of climatic conditions. Samples of air for analyses were collected after 3, 7, 14 and 28 days of exposure. The results provided evidence for interspecies and intraspecies differences in the qualitative and quantitative compositions of VOC. The concentration of total VOC (TVOC) released from heartwood of Scots pine was higher than that released from sapwood. For European larch and Norway spruce, the opposite relations were observed. The VOC emission from Scots pine heartwood was about 17 times higher than the emission from European larch and Norway spruce heartwood. The differences in TVOC emitted from the sapwood of samples from different species were smaller. For each of the species, the highest percentage contribution to TVOC was made by terpenes. The second highest percentage contribution in TVOC was made by compounds containing a carbonyl group, mainly aldehydes, while aromatic compounds made the third highest contribution.
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Damayanti, Ratih, Barbara Ozarska, Jugo Ilic, et al. "Variation of Heartwood Proportion and Wood Colour from Fast Grown 5-Year-Old Teak." Wood Research Journal 11, no. 1 (2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2020.11.1.1-11.
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The heartwood percentage and wood colour of fast plantation grown teak destined for harvest at 5 years of age were characterized using automatic image processing ’ImageJ’ routines and CieLab’s colour system with the following coefficients: L for lightness, a* for redness and b* for yellowness. Analyses were conducted on material from different dry and wet sites. Comparison with 6-year old plantation from a dry site was conducted to study differences arising in older trees. Analyses of variation of those properties between and within different tree diameter classes were also conducted. The results showed that brightness, redness and yellowness values of 5-year old teak trees were 60.7, 10.7 and 23.1, respectively. Tree clone had a more dominant effect on wood colour and heartwood proportion than site, thus if specific colour preferences are needed of plantation trees, clone selection is important. The drier site produced larger proportions of heartwood in trees, as well as a more attractive figure. The trees produced heartwood proportions of 20% and 14% from the dry and wet sites respectively. On average, these 5 year old teak trees already produced 18% heartwood. Faster tree growth (larger diameter) appeared to have produced significantly larger heartwood proportions. Radially, the palest colour (the highest L but the lowest a*b* parameters) occurred in an area between heartwood and sapwood indicating the presence of a transition zone in all the tree samples.
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Searle, S. D., and J. V. Owen. "Variation in basic wood density and percentage heartwood in temperate AustralianAcaciaspecies." Australian Forestry 68, no. 2 (2005): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2005.10674956.
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Sellin, Arne. "Sapwood–heartwood proportion related to tree diameter, age, and growth rate in Piceaabies." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 5 (1994): 1022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-133.
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The relationships of sapwood radial width and transverse area to tree diameter, age, and growth rate were investigated in Piceaabies (L.) Karst. A total of 125 trees growing with (suppressed trees) and without (dominant trees) competition for light were sampled. Both sapwood and heartwood amounts showed an increase with diameter at the stem base, with the heartwood portion increasing more rapidly. In young trees sapwood prevails both in terms of diameter and transverse area. After trees have reached a certain age, the width of the sapwood band remains more or less constant (on average 7.8 cm for dominant and 2.0 cm for suppressed trees), and the heartwood amount exceeds that of sapwood. The percentage of heartwood in suppressed trees is substantially greater than in dominant trees of the same age. Sapwood amount is closely correlated with the tree diameter, but not with age. Tree age controls the number of rings in sapwood, while the sapwood width depends on the tree's radial growth rate as well.
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Li, Yuan, Xinhua Zhang, Qingwei Cheng, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, Lin Fang, and Guohua Ma. "Elicitors Modulate Young Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) Growth, Heartwood Formation, and Concrete Oil Synthesis." Plants 10, no. 2 (2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020339.
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Five chemical elicitors––6-benzyladenine (BA), ethephon (ETH), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and calcium chloride (CaCl2)––were used to treat 1- and 5-year-old sandal trees (Santalum album L.) to assess their effects on growth, heartwood formation and concrete oil synthesis. The results showed that some newly formed branches in stems that were induced by BA and ETH displayed leaf senescence and developed new smaller and light-green leaves. The relative percentage of concrete oil from the heartwood of water-treated trees (0.65%) was significantly lower than that from trees treated with 4 mM H2O2 (2.85%) and 4 mM BA (2.75%) within one year. Four mM BA, H2O2 and CaCl2 induced a significantly higher level of sesquiterpenoids than heartwood treated with 2 mM of these elicitors. Four mM MeJA induced significantly less sesquiterpenoids than heartwood treated with 2 mM MeJA. Morphological, physiological, and chromatographic–spectrometric technologies were integrated to trace the potential function of these exogenously applied chemical elicitors. The results may have important applications and provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of heartwood formation and hardening in young sandalwood trees.
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Kyker-Snowman, Thomas D., and Brayton F. Wilson. "Total wood, sapwood, and heartwood in branch bases of three conifers." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 10 (1988): 1332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-205.
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Branches were cut from forest-grown, 15- to 85-year-old Picearubens, Pinusstrobus, and Tsugacanadensis trees. For 1139 branches we measured (i) cross-sectional sapwood, colored heartwood, and total wood areas at the branch base, (ii) dry weight of the needles and wood, and (iii) age. Branch age was a poor predictor of wood areas at the branch base. Regression analysis showed that branch wood dry weight was the best predictor of total wood area. Sapwood area was predicted equally well by needle dry weight or as a percentage of total wood area. The prediction was improved by using needle dry weight plus total wood area as variables. The mean ratio of sapwood area to needle dry weight was 0.72 mm2/g for Picearubens, 1.19 mm2/g for Tsugacanadensis, and 1.62 mm2/g for Pinusstrobus. Colored heartwood formed in the center of all branches older than 8 years. Heartwood area was a greater proportion of total wood area in older branches than in younger branches of any given tree, although absolute heartwood area was as variable as total wood area. The best estimates of heartwood area were obtained by subtracting estimates of sapwood area from total wood area. Heartwood area of the oldest branches (8–46 years) from each tree was 7–96% of total wood area at the branch base.
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Kantavichai, Rapeepan, Eric C. Turnblom, and Eini C. Lowell. "Effects of Density Control and Fertilization on Log Wood Quality from a Douglas-fir Stand in Western Oregon, USA." Forest Science 66, no. 2 (2019): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz069.
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Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of juvenile spacing (precommercial thinning), thinning, and fertilization on Douglas-fir butt log (first 4.9 m) and second log (4.9–10 m) quality attributes: juvenile wood percentage, heartwood percentage, rings per inch, specific gravity, and modulus of elasticity. A 41-year-old, 36.6 m site index Douglas-fir stand in western Oregon, USA was selected as the first stand to explore. Nine common silviculture pathway treatments of juvenile spacing, thinning, and fertilization were applied to independent 0.404-hectare plots. Ninety-nine trees were felled and disks cut at five heights along the stem. Wood properties were measured and calculated from the disks for log quality attributes. There was no effect of silvicultural treatments on log heartwood percentage, but significant effects on other log quality attributes were observed. Juvenile wood percentage and rings per inch declined with stand density control and fertilization treatment. Responses to thinning and fertilization in log specific gravity depend on juvenile spacing. Also, thinning and juvenile spacing were shown to have impacts on log modulus of elasticity.
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Rodriguez-Perez, Dalina, Roger Moya, and Olman Murillo. "Effect of stem height in variation of bark, heartwood, sapwood and physical properties of wood in <i>Dipteryx panamensis</i> Pittier in a provenance/progeny test." Ciência Florestal 32, no. 1 (2022): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509843606.
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Dipteryx panamensis is used in reforestation in Costa Rica and a genetic improvement program has been recently started in the country. The objective of the present study was to study the effect of tree trunk height on the variation of bark, sapwood, heartwood, green density (GD), specific gravity (SG) and green moisture content in green condition (MC-G), in a collection of 8-year-old provenances/progenies planted in the town of Florencia in San Carlos in the northern region of Costa Rica The wood of each of 17 families were studied based on 3 of their progenies, evaluating the properties relative to 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the commercial height. According to the results, tree diameter and bark thickness showed no statistical differences in their values across trunk. Significant differences were found in diameter and percentage of heartwood and sapwood between provenances and families. The thickness and percentage of sapwood, thickness and percentage of bark, diameter, pith percentage and percentage of pith eccentricity, showed no significant differences between families. SG and the MC-G presented significant variation between provenances, while GD registered differences at above 25 % commercial height. The variation of physical properties, especially SG, between families within each provenance, shows selection potential for genetic improvement, focusing particularly on the bottom section of the tree.
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Roshan Kumar Yadav, Subrata Mukhopadhyay, and Jagatpati Tah. "Santalol oil of Sandalwood (White) grown in different edaphic factors in west Bengal, India." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 19, no. 1 (2023): 1404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.1.0838.
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Santalol means oil of white sandalwood (Santalum album L.) which is most valuable and importantfor different medicinal and cosmetic uses. The quality of this santalol is very much dependent on soil factor as well as climatic factor which is called edhapic factors as a whole. The concept of most of the people is sandalwood plant doesn’t grow in any atmospheric conditions and cannot produce quality sandalwood oil. Keeping all these views in mind we have undertaken a venture of producing sandalwood plants in different locations prevailing varied edaphic factors. A uniform agro-measure and techniques were provided for the proper growth and development in for all the plants in all locations. After attaining its heartwood maturity, we collected the heartwood samples from each location and estimated the santalol following standard distillation method. The aims and object of this experiment were to study the growth index i.e., quantitative assessment and determining the percentage of santalol present in the heartwood for its qualitative assessment. All these peculiarities and the recorded data have been put forth in this paper for a clear explanation.
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Roshan, Kumar Yadav, Mukhopadhyay Subrata, and Tah Jagatpati. "Santalol oil of Sandalwood (White) grown in different edaphic factors in west Bengal, India." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 19, no. 1 (2023): 1404–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10318518.
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Santalol means oil of white sandalwood (<i>Santalum album</i> L.) which is most valuable and importantfor different medicinal and cosmetic uses. The quality of this santalol is very much dependent on soil factor as well as climatic factor which is called edhapic factors as a whole. The concept of most of the people is sandalwood plant doesn't grow in any atmospheric conditions and cannot produce quality sandalwood oil.Keeping all these views in mind we have undertaken a venture of producing sandalwood plants in different locations prevailing varied edaphic factors. A uniform agro-measure and techniques were provided for the proper growth and development in for all the plants in all locations. After attaining its heartwood maturity, we collected the heartwood samples from each location and estimated the santalol following standard distillation method.The aims and object of this experiment were to study the growth index i.e., quantitative assessment and determining the percentage of santalol present in the heartwood for its qualitative assessment. All these peculiarities and the recorded data have been put forth in this paper for a clear explanation.
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Emmanuel, Terzungwue TEMBE, Oriabure EKHUEMELO David, and Ene SAMUEL Blessing. "Disparity in water absorption, radial shrinkage, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity (MOE) between the heartwood and sapwood of Afzelia africana SM. and Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) in Makurdi, Nigeria." Agriculture and Forestry Journal 3, no. 1 (2019): 30–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3239263.
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The study investigated the variation in the physical and mechanical properties <em>A. africana </em>and <em>D. oliveri </em>wood. Factorial design of 2×2×4 in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used. Results showed that percentage water absorption of <em>A. africana </em>recorded 187.9% while <em>D. oliveri </em>had 160.1%. <em>D. oliveri </em>recorded a higher radial shrinkage of -72%. <em>A. africana </em>recorded a higher tensile strength of 2.61N/mm<sup>2</sup> while <em>D. oliveri </em>recorded 1.81N/mm<sup>2</sup>. <em>D. oliveri </em>recorded significant difference with heartwood recording a higher value of 180.7% compared to the sapwood with 139.5%. The radial shrinkage of <em>D. oliveri </em>had higher shrinkage of -72% while heartwood was 0%. <em>A. africana </em>had 462N/mm<sup>2</sup><strong> </strong>and 223N/mm<sup>2</sup><strong> </strong>of MOE for heartwood and sapwood while <em>D. oliveri </em>recored 224N/mm<sup>2</sup><strong> </strong>and 218N/mm<sup>2</sup><strong> </strong>respectively. Heartwood of <em>A. africana </em>had a higher (462N/mm<sup>2</sup>) value compared to the sapwood (231.7N/mm<sup>2</sup>). The two-wood species exhibit high tensile strength and are therefore recommended for use in building purposes.
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Wang, Jing, Jian Li, Shujun Li, Camille Freitag, and J. J. Morrell. "Antifungal activities of Cunninghamia lanceolata heartwood extractives." BioResources 6, no. 1 (2011): 606–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.1.606-614.
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Three extractives from China-fir were obtained by a sequential extraction processes with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The components of the three extractives were analyzed: (1) The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that in addition to the presence of cedrol, naphthalenes comprised a relatively large percentage of both the hexane extract (10.39%) and the ethyl acetate extract (9.43%). (2) Total phenolic contents analysis showed that phenols took up 6.66 % of the ethyl acetate extract and 22.8% of the methanol extract. All extracts, even with low concentrations, presented fair antifungal activities against two white-rot fungi, Trametes versicolor and Irpex lacteusand two brown-rot fungi, Postia placenta and Gloeophyllum trabeum. Cedrol and naphthalenes were partly responsible for the bioactivities. The synergistic effect of phenols and antifungal compounds also contributed to the wood decay resistance.
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Washusen, R., P. Ades, R. Evans, J. Ilic, and P. Vinden. "Relationships between Density, Shrinkage, Extractives Content and Microfibril Angle in Tension Wood from Three Provenances of 10-Year-Old Eucalyptus globulus Labill." Holzforschung 55, no. 2 (2001): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.029.
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Summary Density and microfibril angle (MFA) of tension wood and normal wood were assessed in the sapwood and heartwood, from three provenanaces of 10-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Density was measured using a modified saturation method that also enabled the calculation of the extractives lost during saturation. Microdensity and MFA were determined by SilviScan 2, a rapid X-ray densitometry and X-ray diffraction system developed at CSIRO. Significant differences were found in density and extractives between provenances and also density between the sapwood and adjacent heartwood from each provenance. This result may explain some of the drying differences between provenances found in an earlier study (Washusen and Ilic 2000). Sapwood samples with high percentages of tension wood fibres had high density and a significant positive correlation was found between microdensity and tension wood fibre percentage. MFA was found to be very low in normal wood in the sapwood, where most tension wood was found, so tension wood could not be identified by MFA. The positive association between tension wood and wood density suggests that caution should be taken when selecting trees for high wood density in tree improvement programs.
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Ganguly, Sauradipta, Angela Balzano, Marko Petrič, et al. "Effects of Different Energy Intensities of Microwave Treatment on Heartwood and Sapwood Microstructures in Norway Spruce." Forests 12, no. 5 (2021): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050598.
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Microwave modification can increase the permeability of wood by delaminating and rupturing its anatomical microstructures at their weak points. A high degree of intensity of microwave modification can cause significant structural damage to the microstructures of wood, resulting in poorer strength properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in the anatomical structure of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) heartwood and sapwood after microwave modification in order to develop the most effective treatment in terms of applied energy without causing significant structural damage. Analysis with light and scanning electron microscopy were performed to evaluate the effect of microwave treatment for two different energy intensities, moderate and high intensity. The results indicated structural changes in the tracheid cells. Microscopy showed varying degrees of modification within the wood microstructure, with the heartwood samples showing a greater anatomical distortion compared to their sapwood counterparts. Furthermore, the samples were subjected to pycnometric density measurements, which indicated a reduction in skeletal and absolute density after microwave modification, for both high and moderate intensity treatment on sapwood and heartwood samples. With increasing microwave energy, a gradual increase in specific pore volume and porosity percentage of the samples were also detected.
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Rodríguez-Pérez, Dalina, Róger Moya, Olman Murillo, Johana Gaitán-Álvarez, and Yorleny Badilla-Valverde. "Variation and Genetic Control of the Heartwood, Sapwood, Bark, Wood Color Parameter, and Physical and Mechanical Properties of Dipteryx panamensis in Costa Rica." Forests 13, no. 1 (2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13010106.
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The Dipteryx genus has a natural distribution throughout several tropical countries in Latin America. This taxon has several tree species, all recognized for their high-density wood. The objective of this research was to study the variation and genetic control of several wood properties, including bark, sapwood, heartwood, green density (GD), specific gravity (SG), moisture content in green condition (MC-G), and mechanical properties, in a Dipteryx panamensis provenance/progeny test at 8 years old. The results showed that bark varied little among families and provenances, but heartwood (diameter and percentage) showed high genetic variation. SG and MC-G showed significant variation between provenances and families, while GD showed little variation. Among the mechanical properties evaluated, the greatest genetic variation was observed in the MOR in bending and shear stress. Families from the Coope San Juan provenance registered the highest values in all wood properties investigated, and families from Puerto Viejo obtained the lowest. Family heritability and the coefficient of genetic variation exhibited high values in heartwood/sapwood and the MOR in bending (h2 > 0.9 and CV > 20%) and lower values in SG, MC-G, compression stress, and shear stress. D. panamensis wood properties have a high potential to be improved through breeding programs.
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Kim, Seong Hyun, Do Hoon Kim, Jae Ik Jo, et al. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DAHURIAN LARCH AND JAPANESE LARCH GROWN IN KOREA." WOOD RESEARCH 66(3) 2021 66, no. 3 (2021): 415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.3.415426.
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To compare the wood quality of Dahurian larch and Japanese larch growing in Korea, the physical and mechanical properties were examined using the Korean standards. The proportion of heartwood was 82% and 72% in Dahurian and Japanese larch, respectively. The percentage of latewood was 42% in Dahurian larch and 35% in Japanese larch. The growth ring width of Dahurian larch was narrower than that of Japanese larch. Dahurian larch showed about 20% higher green moisture content compare to Japanese larch wood. Density and shrinkage of Dahurian larch were higher than Japanese larch. Axial compression strength, young`s modulus in compression, and shearing strength in heartwood of Dahurian larch were 11 MPa, 686 MPa, and 2.3 MPa, respectively, showing higher value than Japanese larch. The hardness was in the range of 13.8–38.7 MPa in Dahurian larch and 17.7–48.4 MPa in Japanese larch. The compression strength parallel to the grain and shearing strength in both species were significantly correlated with oven-dried density. Besides, the hardness in Dahurian larch was significantly correlated with latewood percentage and oven-dried density. In conclusion, the differences in the properties of both species were revealed and the results can be used for quality indices of both wood species.
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Popovic, Zdravko, and Nebojsa Todorovic. "Macroscopic characteristics of sessile oak trunk in coppice forests of NP "Djerdap"." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 93 (2006): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0693155p.
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The study of the macroscopic characteristics of wood contributes to the better yield and implementation in the processes of wood processing. Based on the analysis of the significance of coppice forests, this paper presents a part of the study which deals with some parameters of macroscopic characteristics of sessile oak in coppice forests of the National Park "Djerdap". The research was performed on 3 representative trees. The following macroscopic characteristics of oak wood were researched: percentage of stemwood, growth ring width, thickness and percentage of bark, site and percentage of sapwood and heartwood, as well as their variation per tree height. Also, wood moisture was determined at the time of tree felling, as well as its variation per tree height.
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de Souza, Leandro Vinicius Carbonato, Jackeline Eliada Cichoski da Silva, Tielis Lucas Bianchini Azevedo, et al. "Wood Quality of Young Tectona grandis L. f. Trees and Its Relationship with Genetic Material and Planting Site in Mato Grosso, Brazil." Forests 15, no. 5 (2024): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15050860.
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Tectona grandis L. f. (teak) is highly valued in the international market, but its volume and properties vary depending on its genetic material and planting site. Evaluating these factors is crucial for promoting new plantations. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of genetic material (clones TG1 and TG3 and seminal material) and planting site (Nova Maringá and Água Boa, Mato Grosso, Brazil) on morphological parameters (heartwood, sapwood, bark, pith proportions, and pith eccentricity), physical properties (shrinkage and air-dry density), and mechanical properties (static bending strength—fm, compressive strength—fc0, Janka hardness—fH90, and shear strength—fv0). For this purpose, we sampled five trees aged 13 years per genetic material from commercial plantations. In Nova Maringá, trees exhibited, on average, 56.07% heartwood, while in Água Boa, this value was less than 50%. Seminal material showed the lowest percentage of heartwood (49.2%). The pith percentage was significantly greater in Água Boa than in Nova Maringá, regardless of the genetic material. We observed the highest standard deviation (5.61) in pith eccentricity for the seminal material. Both the planting site and genetic material influenced the air-dry density (~12% moisture content), which ranged from 0.535 to 0.618 g·cm−3. Trees grown in Nova Maringá produced wood with higher dimensional stability than those from Água Boa, exhibiting a 14% lower radial shrinkage and a 6% lower volumetric variation. In Nova Maringá, the wood from the seminal material exhibited greater resistance. On the other hand, in Água Boa, that material showed lower resistance (fv0, fm, and fc0), or there was no significant difference (fH90) compared to the clonal materials. When comparing the clonal materials (TG1 and TG3) at each planting site, they demonstrated similar mechanical properties. The variability in physical and mechanical properties among different genetic materials and planting locations highlights the need to select appropriate teak genetic materials for each region. We concluded that more productive teak clones can be selected without compromising the physical and mechanical properties of the wood.
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Smiley, E. Thomas, Brian Kane, Wesley Autio, and Liza Holmes. "Sapwood Cuts and Their Impact on Tree Stability." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38, no. 6 (2012): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2012.038.
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Sapwood may be lost due to wood decay fungi or mechanical damage. Assessing the impact of sapwood loss on the likelihood of tree failure has not been empirically tested. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the loss of sapwood on the flexural stiffness of tree trunks for different species and trunk sizes. Three tree species (Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Quercus acutissima) were tested at two sites using pull testing techniques. A portion of the stem was mechanically removed and the trees were again pull tested. As the percent reduction in cross-sectional area increased, the percent reduction in stress to deflect trunks decreased linearly, regardless of species. Stress from sapwood loss was compared to an equivalent calculated loss in heartwood with the same cross-sectional area. The calculated loss of heartwood to cause an equivalent magnitude of stress was almost twice as large as cut area of sapwood. Trees were also tested by pulling in opposite directions with respect to sapwood loss. The percentage reduction in stress was greater for trees tested in compression.
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Miranda, Dirceu Lucio Carneiro, Viviane Miyamura Loch, Fernando Silva, et al. "PORCENTAGEM DE CERNE, ALBURNO E CASCA DE CINCO ESPÉCIES MADEIREIRAS DA AMAZÔNIA." Nativa 5 (January 23, 2018): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v5i7.4788.
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Uma das questões mais antigas e deficitárias de estudos técnicos no setor florestal diz respeito ao coeficiente de rendimento volumétrico (CRV) de espécies florestais tropicais, no processo de desdobro da madeira em tora. Este coeficiente é influenciado pela proporção de cerne, alburno e casca presentes na madeira. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a porcentagem destas variáveis para cinco espécies madeireiras e analisar a variação percentual ao longo do fuste. Foram selecionadas aleatoriamente um mínimo de 30 indivíduos por espécie, dos quais foram mensurados o comprimento, diâmetro com casca, diâmetro do cerne e espessura de casca. Não houve diferença significativa para a porcentagem de alburno entre as espécies. As espécies A. leiocarpa, D. odoratae M. itaubaapresentaram as menores porcentagens de alburno. Apenas Peltogynelecointei e H. courbarilapresentaram variação significativa aos diferentes comprimentos da tora. D. odorata, A. leiocarpa e M. itauba apresentaram porcentagem de cerne superior às demais e somente H. courbarilapresentou diferença significativa no percentual de casca. Os resultados apresentados podem subsidiar adaptações nos critérios técnicos e normas relacionadas ao CRV destas espécies no estado do Mato Grosso, permitindo uma relação comercial mais justa entre os stakeholders do mercado madeireiro.Palavra-chave: manejo florestal, rendimento volumétrico, variáveis dendrométricas. HEARTWOOD PERCENTAGE, SAPWOOD AND BARK FIVE TIMBER SPECIES OF THE AMAZON ABSTRACT:One of the oldest issues and loss of technical studies in the forestry sector in Brazil relates to the volumetric efficiency coefficient (VEC) of tropical forest species, the wood sawing process in logs. This coefficient is influenced by the proportion of heartwood, sapwood and bark present in the wood. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of these variables for five timber species and analyze the percentage change along the stem. They were randomly selected n ≥ 30 individuals per species felled and sectioned, which were measured the length, diameter in shell diameter core and shell thickness. There was no significant difference in the percentage of sapwood between species. The species A. leiocarpa, D. odorata and M. Itauba had the lowest percentages of sapwood. Only Peltogyne lecointei and H. courbaril showed significant variation to the different lengths of the log. D. odorata, A. leiocarpa and M. Itauba showed higher percentage of heart to the other and only H. courbaril significant difference in the percentage of bark. The results can subsidize adaptations to technical criteria and standards related to the VEC these species in the state of Mato Grosso, allowing a fairer trade relationship between the stakeholders in the timber market.Keywords: forest management, coefficient of volumetric efficiency, dendrometric variables. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/2318-7670.v05nespa24
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Birbilis, Dimitris, Kostantinos V. Kakavas, and M. Chavenetidou. "Pinus brutia extractives analysis for sustainability." E3S Web of Conferences 436 (2023): 08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343608005.
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The aim of this study was to determine all the extractives from different samples were collected from heartwood, sapwood, bark and needles and branches of Pinus brutia. A Soxlet device with two solvents (water and ethanol) were used to collect the extracts. Analytical chemical analyses were conducted with Gas C1hromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Agilent 5975C). The greater percentage of the extracts in water and ethanol showed that the greater percentage of them is found in the branches and needles of the trees. Especially the results showed significant amounts of the chemical compounds, such as Borneol, Tetradecane, 6,6-Biquinoline, Butyl citrate, Isopropyl palmitate and Isopropyl myristate, which can be used for sustainability, environmental integration at the aspect of more effective use of natural resources and have many uses in novel – functional food, green chemistry and pharmaceutical industries. Finally, the greater percentage of the extracts in water and ethanol showed that the greater percentage of them is found in the branches and needles of the trees.
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Kim, Seong-Hyun, Byantara Darsan Purusatama, Jong-Ho Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, and Nam-Hun Kim. "A Comparative Study of the Bending Properties of Dahurian Larch and Japanese Larch Grown in Korea." Forests 13, no. 7 (2022): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071074.
Full textAbstract:
The bending properties of Dahurian and Japanese larch grown in Korea were comparatively studied to facilitate the effective utilization of both species. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of the heartwood and sapwood of both species were observed in the tangential and radial directions using Korean standards. Overall, Dahurain larch showed better bending properties than Japanese larch. In the tangential direction, Dahurian larch had better properties than Japanese larch, but there was no difference in the radial direction between the species. In both species, the bending properties of the heartwood were better than those of the sapwood. In Dahurian larch, the bending properties in the tangential direction were greater than those in the radial direction, but there was no difference in either direction with Japanese larch. The bending properties of both species in both directions were positively correlated with latewood percentage and air-dry density. Bending properties in the radial direction had a negative correlation with the growth ring width, but there was no correlation between the growth ring width and bending properties in the tangential direction for both species. Finally, the MOE of both species was significantly correlated with the MOR.
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Silva, Gabriel Afonso de Oliveira, Kezia Rage Curvo, Aylson Costa Oliveira, et al. "Effect of age on heartwood proportion, color, chemical composition, and biological resistance of teakwood." BioResources 18, no. 2 (2023): 4116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.2.4116-4131.
Full textAbstract:
Teakwood from fast-growth plantations is commercialized at increasingly younger ages for economic reasons. However, wood features are influenced by the age of the tree. This study examined how age affects heartwood proportion, color parameters, chemical composition, and natural teakwood durability. Trees with 5, 10, 15, and 20 years of fast-growth at commercial plantations located in Mato Grosso, Brazil were evaluated. The base diameter of the trees ranged from 13.1 (5 years) to 28.3 cm (20 years), and the heartwood percentage increased from 16.3 to 60.0%, respectively. The color parameters in the CIELab system indicated that wood became darker and more saturated, and the predominance of yellow color decreased compared with red as age advanced. The total extractive content ranged between 7.4 (5 years) and 9.6% (15 years), without a clear trend of age affecting the extractive content. The extractives from five-year-old wood were mainly composed of tectoquinone (43.3%), phthalic acid (19.1%), and 1,3-indandione (9.2%), while those from 20-year-old wood were mainly composed of tectoquinone (60.7%), lapachol (13.8%), and phthalic acid (9.7%). Teakwood can be classified as resistant (5 years) to very resistant (20 years) after being submitted to an accelerated decay test.
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Abdullah, Anfal Awad, and Anwar Nouri Muhammad. "Effect of the Fungus Neoscylitiadium dimidiatum Penz. Reduction of Dry Weight and Specific Weight of Sapwood and Heartwood of the Trunks of Populus and Eucalyptus Trees." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1214, no. 1 (2023): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1214/1/012019.
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Abstract The study was carried out in the Forest Diseases Laboratory, Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Al Mosul. During the academic year 2021-2022, the Sakla wood is available in the wood stores in the city of Mosul. The study aimed at the effect of decay fungi on some local commercial woods, including populus and Eucalyptus The results of the field survey of wood stores in the city of Mosul showed that most of the wood was infected with brown rot fungus. As the severity of the infection varied in different proportions, the percentage of infection of populus wood columns was 75%, and the percentage of infection of Eucalyptus wood columns was 40%. The fungus Neoscylitiadium dimidiatum penz. caused a decrease in the dry weight of populus wood and Eucalyptus columns from the first month of incubation and continued gradually until the fifth month As the percentage of loss in the fifth month was 4.41% for the populus poles, and the percentage of loss was 3.33% for the Eucalyptus poles. The increase in the losses in the weight of the sap wood continued during the incubation stages and to a greater degree than the increase in the loss percentages in the heart wood.
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Torelli, N., K. Čufar, and D. Robič. "Some Wood Anatomical, Physiological, and Silvicultural Aspects of Silver Fir Dieback in Slovenia (NW Yugoslavia)." IAWA Journal 7, no. 4 (1986): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001004.
Full textAbstract:
Silver fir dieback in Slovenia (NW Yugoslavia) was evaluated, and growth suppression and some physiological and anatomical aspects of growth ring formation were studied. The drastic growth suppression after 1950 was reflected in poor basal area increment, and by discontinuous as weil as missing rings. Only in the most diseased trees the height increment was affected. Generally latewood percentage and tracheid dimensions remained unchanged. The physiological mechanism of wetwood formation in sapwood of fir is discussed and compared with red heart formation in beech. On the basis of preliminary experiments, osmotic transport is suggcsted from sapwood to heartwood through the intermediate dry zone.
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Sugiyanto, Krisdianto, and Sudika A. "METAL CORROSION IN WATERBORNE PRESERVATIVE- TREATED WOOD." JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH 7, no. 2 (2010): 91–99. https://doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2010.7.2.91-99.
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Th e rigidity and firmness of wooden construction and furniture those are joined by metal screws depend on corrosion rate of these metals. This paper examines the weight-loss percentage of metal screws used in wood samples that have been treated with water-borne preser vative (i.e.3% borax boric acid and 3% diffusol CB) and concurrently investigates the effect of brake fluid on preventing metal corrosion. Wood samples tested included three acacia and one eucalypts wood species which were grouped into sapwood and heartwood containing samples. Wood samples fastened with metal screws were freely suspended in glass jars that contained 25 ml of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to keep the humidity rate above 90%. After 12 months, the metal screws lost their weight due to the corrosion brought about by the related factors either in separate individual or in combination, which comprised brake and fluid-dipping , wood species, wood portion (sapwood and heartwood), kinds of preser vatives used. Corrosion rates of metal screws fastened in eucalypts wood sample as indicated by the screw-weight loss (i.e. 5.8%) was more severe than that fastened in acacia wood. Furthermore, corrosion rate of metal screws as fixed firmly in sapwood sample proceeded faster than that in heartwood. This might be caused by the higher moisture content in sapwood. On the other hand, corrosion rate of the screws as fastened in waterborne-preser vative-treated wood samples was greater than that in non-preser ved wood due to electrokinetic characteristics and ionic potential exhibited by the preser vative thereby intensif ying the screw-corrosion process. Meanwhile, less severe corrosion was obser ved and recorded on the screws pre-dipped in brake fluid compared to those on the non-dipped screws
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Kishore Bandarapalle, Prasanna Raju Yalavarthi, and Chandra Sekhar Kothapalli Bannoth. "Antiurolithiatic activity of Berberis asiatica by In vitro calcium oxalate crystallization methods." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (2020): 6233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3303.
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The primary objective of this research was to investigate the antiurolithiatic effect of the aqueous Heartwood extract of Berberis asiatica (AEBA) on in vitro crystallization methods. The antiurolithiatic behaviour was carried out in the presence and absence of AEBA at the concentration range of 100-1000 μg/ml by employing crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation, and crystal growth assay methods. Standard drug Cystone was made use of positive control in the concentration range of 100-1000 μg/ml. Inhibition efficiency of AEBA on crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation and crystal growth was spectrophotometrically validated. The percentage inhibition rate of crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation and crystal growth by AEBA and standard drug cystone was endorsed to be dose-dependent in nature. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of standard drug cystone on crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation and crystal growth were estimated to be 415.30±21.35, 573.7±65.53 and 566.20±62.06 μg/ml, respectively, while the AEBA, IC50 values were reckoned to be 839±69.13, 927.10±69.98 and 851±86.60 μg/ml, respectively. The findings of in vitro crystallization study disclosed that an aqueous Heartwood extract of Berberis asiatica possesses calcium oxalate crystal inhibition activity on crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation, and crystal growth recommended it as a potent and promising antiurolithiatic activity.
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Pollet, Caroline, Benoit Jourez, and Jacques Hébert. "Natural durability of black locust (Robinia pseudoacaciaL.) wood grown in Wallonia, Belgium." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 6 (2008): 1366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-244.
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The decay resistance of black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.) heartwood was evaluated on standardized test specimens taken from mature and juvenile wood in 25 trees distributed over five sites in Wallonia, Belgium. The percentage mass losses caused by the wood-destroying fungi Coriolus versicolor CTB 863 A and Coniophora puteana BAM Ebw.15 were evaluated according to Cen/ts 15083-1 (Cen/ts 15083-1. 2005. Durability of wood and wood-based products — determination of the natural durability of solid wood against wood-destroying fungi, test methods — Part 1: Basidiomycetes. European Comm. for Standardization, Brussels). Black locust is classified as a “very durable” wood (class 1), while the juvenile heartwood (located near the pith) is classified in classes 1 to 2. The statistical analysis does not reveal any significant differences among the sites, suggesting that the growth environment of the trees has no effect on their natural durability. However, statistical analysis shows very highly significant differences among trees and between the two radial positions in the tree, with mature wood being more resistant than juvenile wood. Using such a naturally very durable species could reduce reliance on preservative treatment and the use of tropical species generally recommended for outdoor woodwork.
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Coldebella, Rodrigo, Marina Gentil, Camila Berger, et al. "Nanofibrillated Cellulose-Based Aerogels Functionalized with Tajuva (Maclura tinctoria) Heartwood Extract." Polymers 13, no. 6 (2021): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060908.
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Aerogels are 3-D nanostructures of non-fluid colloidal interconnected porous networks consisting of loosely packed bonded particles that are expanded throughout their volume by gas and exhibit ultra-low density and high specific surface area. Cellulose-based aerogels can be obtained from hydrogels through a drying process, replacing the solvent (water) with air and keeping the pristine three-dimensional arrangement. In this work, hybrid cellulose-based aerogels were produced and their potential for use as dressings was assessed. Nanofibrilated cellulose (NFC) hydrogels were produced by a co-grinding process in a stone micronizer using a kraft cellulosic pulp and a phenolic extract from Maclura tinctoria (Tajuva) heartwood. NFC-based aerogels were produced by freeze followed by lyophilization, in a way that the Tajuva extract acted as a functionalizing agent. The obtained aerogels showed high porosity (ranging from 97% to 99%) and low density (ranging from 0.025 to 0.040 g·cm−3), as well a typical network and sheet-like structure with 100 to 300 μm pores, which yielded compressive strengths ranging from 60 to 340 kPa. The reached antibacterial and antioxidant activities, percentage of inhibitions and water uptakes suggest that the aerogels can be used as fluid absorbers. Additionally, the immobilization of the Tajuva extract indicates the potential for dentistry applications.
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Tampori, Enoch Gbapenuo, Francis Kofi Bih, Kwaku Antwi, and Issah Chakurah. "Fizikalne in mehanske lastnosti lesa vrste <i>Albizia lebbeck</i> s plantaž v Gani." Les/Wood 73, no. 1 (2024): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26614/les-wood.2024.v73n01a05.
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The increasing scarcity of major commercial tropical hardwood species has necessitated the utilization of plantation grown exotic timber species as a potential means of maintaining Ghana's foundation of timber resources. To better consider Albizia lebbeck as a substitute for wood species which are being seriously over-exploited to the point of commercial extinction, its wood properties were characterized to expatiate its utilization potentials. Three mature plantation grown Albizia lebbeck trees with diameters 45-50 cm at breast height were purposively selected and sampled at four stem height levels of tree height. The samples were sawn into the required sizes in accordance with the British standard, BS 373 (1957) for testing. The heartwood and sapwood proportions were evaluated and the samples were examined for hardness, bending strength (MOE and MOR), compression strength parallel to grain, shear strength parallel to grain, and air-dry density. All trees had a significantly higher heartwood than sapwood percentage. The air-dry density values at 12% MC were 868 kg/m3, 806 kg/m3, 695 kg/m3 and 564 kg/m3 for four sections of the stem (heights 0-25%, 26-50%, 51-75% and 76-100%). In general, the plantation grown Albizia lebbeck exhibited favourable strength values, suggesting that it is endowed with adequate properties for being an alternative species to supply the wood industry.
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Ahmed, Osamah Ibrahim, Mohammed M. Ibrahim, Iman Hussain Zainulabdeen, and Rusul Muhammad Ahmed. "The Anatomical and Chemical Characteristics of Poloena Tomontosa Wood and the Extent of its Suitability in the Production of Pulp and Paper." Natural and Engineering Sciences 10, no. 1 (2025): 374–84. https://doi.org/10.28978/nesciences.1651141.
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Paulowin tomentosa is one of the newly introduced species to Iraq. It is among the fastest growing species in the world and the production of wood material; to provide data on the anatomical and chemical characteristics of the wood and to determine its suitability for the manufacture of pulp and paper, several 7-year-old trees were selected from paulownia farms in the Erbil Governorate in northern Iraq. Some of the phenotypic, and anatomical characteristics of the fibres and estimated the proportions of the chemical components of the wood of the main stem and the lower branches and of the two types—sapwood and sapwood for them. The fibre length was 0.917mm, and the fibre diameter, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were (27.31, 16.65, and 4.95) µm, respectively. Ratios of Runkel, slenderness and flexibility of the fibres were (0.613, 30.78, and 66.75%) respectively. There is a possibility of making paper with acceptable properties. The chemical analysis of wood was also discussed, the percentage of dissolved extracts in the mixture of ethanol-benzene and hot water were (5.7801, and 6.3408) % respectively, and the percentage of lignin, ash and holocellulose were (22.7240, 0.2505 and 64.9044) % respectively. These percentages give the possibility of producing good pulp, except that the percentage of extracts in it is high, which causes some problems in bleaching process. The study indicated the possibility of using branches wood in the manufacture of pulp and paper, also no noticeable differences appeared between the two types of sapwood and heartwood of the tree’s stem and branches.
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Son, Ninh The, Masataka Oda, Naoki Hayashi, et al. "Antimicrobial Activity of the Constituents of Dalbergia tonkinensis and Structural-Bioactive Highlights." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 2 (2018): 1934578X1801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801300212.
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The vulnerable plant Dalbergia tonkinensis Prain, is a rare species, native to Vietnam. Phytochemical investigations and biological evaluations of this species are quite limited. Antimicrobial screening has suggested that, at the low dose of 1.0 mg/mL, the methanol extracts of the leaf, stem bark, and root, as well as chloroform fraction of heartwood can serve as useful sources against seven gram-positive skin microbacteria, Bacillus cereus (ATCC27522), Escherichia coli (JM109), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC14990), Streptococcus pneumonia (ATCC49619), Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC12344), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (RIMD2210010), and four oral gram-positive microbacteria Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Streptococcus mitis (ATCC903), Streptococcus sobrinus (ATCC 33478), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC33277), with an inhibitory percentage of 60-80% growth for several strains Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pneumonia. We further assessed antimicrobial activities of the enriched diverse flavonoids from chloroform fraction of its heartwood. Extensive structural activity relationship studies showed structure function closely related to the antimicrobial activity, in which methoxylation at C-2’, and 4’ in isoflavanones, hydroxylation at C-3’ in flavones, substitution at C-5 in isoflavones, and lactone opened ring in neoflavonoids were found to increase the effective inhibitions. In the second antimicrobial assessment, the isolated flavonoid liquiritigenin showed the MIC values of 50, and 100 μg/mL against the microbacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 11632), and Aspergillus niger (439), respectively, whereas the MIC value of 100 μg/mL was assignable to biochanin A against microbacterium Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus.
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Dutt, Som, and K. Verma. "Effect of collection time, pre-sowing treatments and sowing time on the germinability of Sandal (Santalum Album L.) seeds under nursery conditions." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 12, no. 4 (2005): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2005-wr4a80.
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Sandal (Santalum album L.) is valuable for its fragrant heartwood and is one of the commercial tree species of India. It flowers and fruits twice in a year during March-April and September-October. Fruits are single seeded. Studies pertaining to the effect of collection time, pre-sowing treatments and sowing time on the germinability of its seeds revealed that September-October collected seeds performed better than March-April collected seeds. Maximum germination percentage (48.50%) and germination energy (35.00%) was registered under T4 (depleting of mesocarp) treatment for September-October collected seeds sown in April. Whereas minimum germination percentage (6.00%) and germination energy (4.00%) was recorded under T6 (control) treatment for March-April collected seeds when sown in the month of June. Minimum time taken for germination (23.75 days) was recorded under T4 (depleting of mesocarp) treatment for September-October collected seeds when sown in April and maximum time taken for germination (60 days) was registered under T6 (control) treatment for March -April collected seeds when sown in the month of June.
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Longui, Eduardo Luiz, Takashi Yojo, Daniel Romeu Lombardi, and Edenise Segala Alves. "The Potential of Ipê (Handroanthus SPP.) and Maçaranduba (Manilkara SPP.) Woods in the manufacture of bows for string instruments." IAWA Journal 31, no. 2 (2010): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000012.
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While the wood Caesalpinia echinata (pernambuco wood) is traditionally used in the manufacture of bows for string instruments, wood of other genera such as Handroanthus (syn. Tabebuia) and Manilkara are also used in bow making, but still on a very small scale. This study aims to evaluate the anatomical, chemical, physical, mechanical, and acoustic characteristics of these two latter woods, establishing their potential for bow making. Length, frequency of vessel elements and rays, and the higher percentage of fibers influence the density, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and the speed of sound propagation, whereas the content of lignin influence the sticks’ stiffness. It appears that Handroanthus bows can provide quality equivalent to that of pernambuco wood. Despite its appropriate heartwood color and texture, Manilkara provides bows of inferior quality.
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Artanti, Anif Nur, Fea Prihapsara, Nugraha Mas'ud, and Dian Eka Ermawati. "Optimization of the Proportion of Surfactant, Co-Surfactant, and Candlenut Oil for Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of Secang Heartwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Methanolic Extract." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 17, no. 1 (2021): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.17.1.39054.124-131.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">This study aimed to determine the optimum proportion of hazelnut oil, surfactants, and cosurfactants for SNEDDS of Secang Heartwood using the simplex lattice design (SLD) method using the Design-Expert software. The SNEDDS formula was prepared using Tween 80 and Croduret 50 ss as surfactants, propylene glycol as cosurfactant, and candlenut oil based on physical stability parameters: formula transmittance (%), separation phase, and emulsification time. The optimum SNEDDS formula was compared with the predictive value [p&gt; 0.05] provided by the SLD; then extract the loading dose, accelerated stability test, analysis of particle size, and zeta potential. The optimum proportion of Tween 80-Croduret 50 ss, propylene glycol, and hazelnut oil, based on the SLD, was 62.43%; 22.57%; and 15.0%. The results showed that the transmittance was 93.2%; emulsification time was 74.67 seconds, and; separation phase was 0.89. The SLD's predictive values of the transmittance percentage, emulsification time, and separation phase were 94.98%, 78.97 seconds, 0.84, respectively. The results of the one-sample <em>t</em>-test statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the observative and predictive results. SNEDDS was found capable of loading 25.0 mg of secang heartwood methanolic extract in each system, with a particle size of 23.2 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.142, and zeta potential of +20.8 mV.</p>
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Putera, Hanan Purana, and Tomy Listyanto. "Hubungan Letak Aksial dan Variasi Ketebalan Papan terhadap Penyusunan Skedul Pengeringan Kayu Cemara Gunung (Casuarina Junghuhniana Miq.) (Relationship Between Axial Location and Board Thickness Variation on the Development of Drying Schedule of Cemara Gunung (Casuarina Junghuhniana Miq.))." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9, no. 1 (2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl19121-137.
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The research aimed to determine drying characteristics, developing drying schedule, and its relationship to the axial position of the sample on the stem, board thickness, specific gravity, and percentage of heartwood.This research used cemara gunung (Casuarina junghuhniana Miq.) as samples with 6 replications and 2 factors that are the axial location (bottom, middle, and top) and board thickness (2 cm, 3 cm, and 4 cm). The drying schedule development followed the Terazawa Method, in which the samples were dried within a temperature of 100°C for 72 h. The proper schedule was then applied and evaluated. The research obtained 11 variations of the drying schedule.The chi-square analysis results indicated that the board thickness and percentage of heartwood were significantly correlated with the development of the drying schedule. The drying schedule using board thickness of 2 cm, 3 cm, and 4 cm can be dried with an initial temperature of 60°C, 50°C, and 47°C, respectively. The wet-bulb depression was 4°C, 2°C, and 2°C, respectively, and the final temperature was 90°C, 80°C,and 65°C, respectively. Keywords: axial, board-thickness, Casuarina junghuhniana, drying-schedule, Terazawa method
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Laksmiani, Ni Putu Linda, Ratna Asmah Susidarti, and Edy Meiyanto. "Brazilein Increased Cytotoxic Activity of Doxorubicin on MCF-7/DOX Cells." Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention 6, no. 2 (2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev6iss2pp58-63.
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Brazilein is a compound obtained in a large amount from the dried heartwood of Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.). Brazilein has strong cytotoxic effect in several cancer cell lines. This research was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of brazilein and its combination with a chemotherapy agent, doxorubicin on MCF-7/DOX breast cancer cells. In the cytotoxicity assay, MCF-7/DOX cells were cultured in the presence of brazilein solely and in combination with doxorubicin for 24 hours and cell viability was evaluated by using MTT assay. MTT assay showed a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation with IC50 value of 37 µM. Brazilein increased doxorubicin’s cytotoxic activity on MCF-7/DOX cells. Both of single treatment with different concentration of brazilein 12.5 and 25 mM or doxorubicin 0.8 and 1 mM gave cell viability percentage above 80%, but combination of them led to decrease the cell viability percentage significantly. Based on this research, it can be concluded that brazilein is potential to be developed as a co-chemotherapy agent on breast cancer cell that have been resistant to doxorubicin. Futher study must be held to evaluate its molecular mechanism.Keywords : brazilein, doxorubicin, MCF-7/DOX, cytotoxic.
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Tarbeeva, Darya V., Evgeny A. Pislyagin, Ekaterina S. Menchinskaya, et al. "Polyphenols from Maackia amurensis Heartwood Protect Neuronal Cells from Oxidative Stress and Prevent Herpetic Infection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 8 (2024): 4142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084142.
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Here, we continued the investigation of anti-HSV-1 activity and neuroprotective potential of 14 polyphenolic compounds isolated from Maackia amurensis heartwood. We determined the absolute configurations of asymmetric centers in scirpusin A (13) and maackiazin (10) as 7R,8R and 1″S,2″S, respectively. We showed that dimeric stilbens maackin (9) and scirpusin A (13) possessed the highest anti-HSV-1 activity among polyphenols 1–14. We also studied the effect of polyphenols 9 and 13 on the early stages of HSV-1 infection. Direct interaction with the virus (virucidal activity) was the main mechanism of the antiviral activity of these compounds. The neuroprotective potential of polyphenolic compounds from M. amurensis was studied using models of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-and paraquat (PQ)-induced neurotoxicity. A dimeric stilbene scirpusin A (13) and a flavonoid liquiritigenin (6) were shown to be the most active compounds among the tested polyphenols. These compounds significantly increased the viability of 6-OHDA-and PQ-treated Neuro-2a cells, elevated mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced the intracellular ROS level. We also found that scirpusin A (13), liquiritigenin (6) and retusin (3) considerably increased the percentage of live Neuro-2a cells and decreased the number of early apoptotic cells. Scirpusin A (13) was the most promising compound possessing both anti-HSV-1 activity and neuroprotective potential.
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Petchsomrit, Arpa, and Boonyadist Vongsak. "High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Quantitative Determination of Oxyresveratrol and Morin Contained in <i>Maclura cochinchinensis</i> Extract and Gel Formulation." Key Engineering Materials 901 (October 8, 2021): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.901.79.
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Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner., of the Moraceae family, is a medical shrub commonly found in Thailand, and for which a wide variety of pharmacological activities have been reported, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The main bioactive compounds, oxyresveratrol and morin, are known to be found in M. cochinchinensis heartwood. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the levels of these two active substances in M. cochinchinensis extracted with various solvents, including in various cosmetic formulations and herbs sourced from various parts of Thailand. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed on a C18 column with an isocratic elution using 1.5% formic acid and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, and detected at 352 nm. This method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, limits of detection, and quantification. The average percent recovery for oxyresveratrol and morin in the extracts was 100.01 ± 0.62% and 99.31 ± 2.56%, and in gel formulation was 99.65 ± 3.54% and 118.41 ± 4.70%, respectively. The relative standard deviation of intra- and inter-day precision was less than 2.0% and 2.8%, respectively. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.06 and 0.2 μg/ml, respectively. The amounts of oxyresveratrol and morin extracted from different solvents, such as acetone, 80% ethanol, 50% ethanol, methanol, and distilled water were in the range of 37.75–68.16 and 54.63–144.83 mg/g, respectively, while five samples of M. cochinchinensis heartwood collected from different regions of traditional drug stores contained in the range of 26.85–60.37 and 110.26–157.44 mg/g, respectively. Additionally, the percentage label amounts of oxyresveratrol and morin were analyzed in gel preparations, and found at 82.88% and 120.99%, respectively. This technique is convenient, simple, and reliable to effectively analyze the content of these active compounds in extracts and cosmetic products.
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SÁNCHEZ-MACHADO, JOSÉ DAVID, and ROGER MOYA. "CHARACTERIZATION OF PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA STEUD TREES GROWN IN A 5-YEAR-OLD PLANTATION IN COSTA RICA." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 55, no. 7-8 (2021): 743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2021.55.62.
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Paulownia tomentosa is utilized in Costa Rica and other countries for wood production and as feedstock for biomass, though the variation of wood properties for this species is scarcely known. In this work, the specific wood properties of a 5-year-old plantation in Costa Rica were studied. The results showed that bark and pith percentage and wood specific gravity (SG) increased with tree trunk height, while the proportion of heartwood, green wood density and green wood moisture content decreased. The average wood SG was 0.26 and tended to increase from pith to bark. Low wood SG values are related to low mechanical properties, with the advantage that wood shrinkage is low as well, which gives this wood species the potential to be utilized for reforestation purposes in Costa Rica. The gross calorific value of this species was 17809 kJ/kg, which, together with its cellulose and extractives contents, recommend P. tomentosa as a biomass source for energy production.