Academic literature on the topic 'Percentage of loans'
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Journal articles on the topic "Percentage of loans"
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Patel, Pankaj C., and John A. Pearce. "Franchisees and Loan Default on Third-Party Guarantee Loans: Evidence From the United States." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 44, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 861–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042258719853508.
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We test the inefficient risk-bearing hypothesis—that third-party loan guarantors bear a higher risk on loans to franchisees than on loans to independent businesses—by assessing whether franchisees default more than independent businesses on third-party guarantee loans. In a sample of 428,233 SBA 7(a) loans disbursed between 2000 and 2016, franchisee loans, compared to independent business loans, with a higher percentage of the loan guarantee or made 1 to 2 years before a recession have a higher likelihood of default. The findings imply a distinctive loan default risk profile for franchisee loans.
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Lorenčič, Eva, and Mejra Festić. "The Impact of Seven Macroprudential Policy Instruments on Financial Stability in Six Euro Area Economies." Review of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 259–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2021-0012.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate whether macroprudential policy instruments can influence the credit growth rate and hence financial stability. We use a fixed effects panel regression model to test the following hypothesis for six euro area economies (Austria, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands and Spain) during time span 2010 Q3 to 2018 Q4: “Macroprudential policy instruments (degree of maturity mismatch; interbank loans as a percentage of total loans; leverage ratio; non-deposit funding as a percentage of total funding; loan-to-value ratio; loan-to-deposit ratio; solvency ratio) enhance financial stability, as measured by credit growth”. Our empirical results suggest that the degree of maturity mismatch, non-deposit funding as a percentage of total funding, loan-to-value ratio and loan-to-deposit ratio exhibit the predicted impact on the credit growth rate and therefore on financial stability. On the other hand, interbank loans as a percentage of total loans, leverage ratio, and solvency ratio do not exhibit the expected impact on the response variable. Since only four regressors (out of seven) have the signs predicted by our hypothesis, we can only partly confirm it.
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Wachira, Bernard Ndirangu, Humphrey Opiyo Omondi, and Josphat K. Kinyanjui. "Analysis of Third Party Loan Guarantee and Performance of Non-Prime Household Loans in Microfinance Banks in Kenya." Management and Economics Research Journal 03 (2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2017.03.463579.
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Household loans remain the engine to productivity and economic growth globally. Non-prime household loan is essential, because it enables the borrowers with no collateral to access credit from Microfinance Banks. The survival and sustainability of non-prime household loans globally is therefore significant. Credit risk however remains the main deterrent of the soundness of Microfinance Banks. This leads to the poor performance of microfinance institutions in many economies in the world. Several countries globally are making inroad in reducing the credit risks, which lead to the poor performance of Microfinance Banks. It is still unknown why the credit risk affects the performance of non-prime household loans in the Microfinance Banks domiciled in Kenya. The reason for conducting this study is to determine the level at which the third party loan guarantee and the performance of non-prime household loans relate to the Microfinance Banks in Kenya. Particularly, this study is to determine how the amount secured by guarantee, recoveries from guarantors, percentage of loan secured, and percentage recoveries from guarantors relate to the performance of nonprime household loans in the Microfinance Banks in Kenya. The population was 516 senior management employees of the banks. The researcher conducted a multiple regression analysis for determining the relationship between the amount secured by guarantee—recoveries from guarantors, percentage granted, and percentage recoveries—and the performance of non-prime household loans. The R and R2 were used for determining the strength of the relationship and the coefficient of determination at 0.05 level of significance of variables. The result of this study reveals that there exists a strong relationship between the dependent and independent variables, thereby contradicting the null hypothesis, which states that the relationship does not exist. The percentage of the recoveries from the guarantors over the total recoveries did not have a strong relationship and was not significant. This study recommends the enhancement of the loan guarantee processes to reduce high loan default geared toward good performance of this loan so that it can be accessible to many people.
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Wachira, Bernard Ndirangu, Humphrey Opiyo Omondi, and Josphat K. Kinyanjui. "Analysis of Post Loan Disbursement Allocation and Performance of Non-Prime Household Loan in Microfinance Banks in Kenya." Management and Economics Research Journal 03 (2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2017.03.456827.
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The part played by non-prime household loans in improving the lives of many people who cannot afford collateral globally cannot be ignored. Many Microfinance Banks in many economies worldwide have tried to maintain the Grameen Bank Model of granting microloans, mainly non-prime household loans. However, the credit risks associated with this initiative hamper the pace at which the granting of this credit facility is expected to grow. This study intends to explore the relationship between the post loan disbursement allocation and the performance of non-prime household loans in the Microfinance Banks in Kenya. The theory associated to this study is the Credit Risk Theory. This theory, which is regarded as credit structural theory, was developed by Merton in 1972. The descriptive survey research design method was applied, and the sample size was 150 respondents. The data-collection tool used was a questionnaire. A logistic regression analysis was conducted for the purpose of predicting non-prime household performance in the Microfinance Banks using training budget, recoveries budget, percentage of training budget, and percentage of recoveries budget as predictors. The Wald test shows that training budget, recoveries budget, and percentage of training budget were good predictors, making a significant contribution to prediction. The percentage of budget on recoveries was not a significant predictor. The Microfinance Banks should enhance the performance of non-prime household loans through capacity building to the borrowers and educate the borrowers on dangers of enforced loan recoveries. The government, through the Central Bank of Kenya, should have a training policy for the Microfinance Banks so that they can enlighten the borrowers on proper financial management to avoid conflicts with borrowers during loan recoveries.
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Petrusevich, D. A., and K. D. Shakhardin. "Analysis of student’s final qualification theses using text loans detection systems." Statistics and Economics 16, no. 2 (May 14, 2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2019-2-57-64.
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In this paper there are results of the bachelor and master theses citing analysis. These students graduated from the Higher mathematics chair of the Russian Technological University in the summer of 2018. In this comparative analysis the dependencies of thesis loan percent on parameters of students, statistical values of their theses are explored. This research is actual because of the progress and development of new informational technologies used in the educational system. Popularity of the text loan detection systems increases. Automatic plagiarism detection systems are intended to make educational process better, the text drawing search easier, to support the copyright laws and academical honesty. The percentage is given by two main Russian plagiarism detection systems: Antiplagiat and Rucontext. Connections between thesis parameters are explored. Advantages of each text loan detection systems are described. In this research there are the results of the pedagogical experiment aimed to analyze statistically the dependencies of the bachelor’s and master’s theses loan percentage which have been got from Antiplagiat and Rucontext systems on the author’s parameters, statistical values describing thesis text. The comparison between statistical results of these systems have been made. The conclusions about their advantages have been presented in the paper. In order to make the comparison methods of the mathematical statistics have been used. Numerical experiment has been provided by means of the packages of the R statistical language. The difference between text loan percentages in the Antiplagiat and Rucontext systems has been analyzed. It has been shown that it grows when length of the text becomes larger. The dependencies of the text loan percentage on the available parameters of the thesis author and text parameters have been presented. The dependencies types are the same for the both systems. Scale of the coefficients in the statistical dependencies is also the same. The difference is in the very set of the parameters: the Rucontext percentage is better described statistically with the sex of the author, the Antiplagiat percentage is described with the type of the higher education (bachelor’s or master’s thesis). Also the dependency of the text loan percentage on the length of the thesis text differs: the Antiplagiat percentage is better described statistically with the number of words but the Rucontext percentage is described with the number of characters. It seems that these differences can be explained with different text search and analyze algorithms. The dependencies between the Rucontext percentage and the Antiplagiat text loan percentage is presented.
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Kuzina, O. E., and N. A. Krupenskiy. "Over-indebtedness of Russians: Myth or reality?" Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-11-85-104.
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The main objective of the study is to assess the level of indebtedness and over-indebtedness of Russians. Despite the fact that according to official statistics, the level of household indebtedness in Russia is one of the lowest in the world, the percentage share of non-performing loans is higher than in the countries with a higher level of household indebtedness. During 2015—2017, every fourth of those who had an outstanding loan in Russia spent more than 30% of his or her income on paying back a loan. The reason is that in Russia, within retail lending consumer loans prevail over mortgages. Consumer loans are taken for a short time and at a high interest rate. As a result, debt service of relatively small loans creates a greater burden on the family budget for Russians than in Europe and the United States. In this context, the increase of retail lending can only be sustainable if banks change their business model and transit from short-term consumer credits to long-term loans secured by real estate or other assets.
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Marx, Benjamin M., and Lesley J. Turner. "Student Loan Nudges: Experimental Evidence on Borrowing and Educational Attainment." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 108–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180279.
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We provide the first experimental evidence on the effect of student loans on educational attainment. Loan amounts listed in financial aid award letters (“offers”) do not alter students’ choice sets but significantly affect borrowing. Students randomly receiving a nonzero offer were 40 percent more likely to borrow than those who received a $0 offer. Per additional borrower, loans increased by $4,000, GPA and completed credits increased by 30 percent, and transfers to four-year public colleges increased by 11 percentage points. Cost-benefit and theoretical analyses suggest nonzero offers enhance welfare, yet over five million students are not currently offered loans. (JEL D14, D91, I22, I23)
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Svobodová, Libuše, and Martina Hedvičáková. "Mortgage Loans and Impacts of the Global Pandemic COVID-19 in the Globalized Society." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 01047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219201047.
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Research background: The paper is focused on the financial product, esp. on mortgage loans that are often used products in the field of long-term financing in the Czech Republic. These products provide commercial banks and other financial institutions on the Czech globalized financial market. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to analyze the situation on the globalized financial market focused on the mortgage loans and loans from building societies in view of the global Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: Firstly a theoretical background with a review of the literature is provided, then research methodology is described, the key part brings results of development of mortgage loans, development of interest rates and the analysis of the current situation on the mortgage loan market with estimation of future development. The last part is focused on the comparison of selected mortgage loans provided by five financial institution. The article is based on primary and secondary sources. A detailed research together with the analysis and critical assessment of accessible materials will enable to identify the main objectives in the field of study. Findings & Value added: Interest rates on mortgage loans have on the Czech market downward trend in the last years. The best conditions scored in 2019 loan from building society Modrá pyramida. The overall situation in 2020 cause lower interest rates in the mortgage loans. Lower annual percentage rate of charge and smaller monthly mortgage loan repayment and the total overpayment also correspond.
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Széles, Z., Z. Zéman, and S. J. Zsarnóczai. "The developing trends of Hungarian agricultural loans in the term of 1995 and 2012." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 7 (July 18, 2014): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/187/2013-agricecon.
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The articleanalyses the agricultural HUF and FX loans and trends between 1995 and 2012. The authors use the linear and exponential analysis in trends of loans for agriculture in Hungary. During the period of 1995–2012, the bank loan for agriculture in percentage of the total bank loan in Hungary was at the highest level, namely 9.76%, when the total loan amount was 192.1 billion HUF in 1998, and this was at the lowest level, namely 3.69%, when the total loan amount was 265.6 billion HUF in 2010. The authors draw a growing linear trend of loans until 2005, namely the loan amount was 358.8 HUF billion, after that little decreasing occurred until 2008, and the loan amount has considerably decreased since 2008, when the economic and financial crisis started; while a decreasing trend of the loan ratio was going on. The average yearly credit increase is 24.486 billion HUF. The Hungarian agricultural sector is in a better position than other sectors of the economy.
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Chaikovskyi, Yaroslav. "The development of bank lending to corporate clients in Ukraine in times of economic cycles." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 4 (86) (December 12, 2017): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2017.04.072.
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The article considers bank lending to corporate clients in Ukraine overcoming the issues related to economic cycles. The dynamics of gross domestic product, total assets, and credit portfolios of Ukraine’s banks over the period between 2012 and 2016 is analyzed. The changes in the composition of bank loans to non-financial corporations are analyzed in terms of scheduled payments, forms of currencies, target allocation and economic activities. Additionally, the dynamics and composition of residents’ deposits mobilized by deposit-taking corporations are considered in terms of scheduled payments over the above period. The major factors that hinder the recovery of bank lending to corporate clients are identified. It is highlighted that the main obstacles to the development of banking lending to corporate clients in Ukraine in times of economic cycles are as follows: high interest rates; a significant percentage of unprofitable enterprises and loan arrears in bank loan portfolios; an increase of non-performing loans (NPL); the fact that banks, having sufficient liquidity for lending to economy-boosting projects, prefer to purchase government securities; corrupt practices of granting loans to affiliated companies (insider loans). The percentage of unprofitable enterprises in Ukraine in 2016 is determined and analyzed by type of economic activity. Based on the analysis performed, some assumptions are made about the trends of the development of bank lending to corporate clients in Ukraine and proposals on further harmonization of bank lending to corporate clients in times of economic cycles are set out.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Percentage of loans"
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Karmarkar, Bharati Mahesh. "Comparison of energy consumption with regard to type and percentage of glazing, location and orientation in classroom spaces." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42858.
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Much of the art of daylighting lies in the judicious placement of windows in relation to the interior, in order to achieve the desired levels of illumination and view. Studies have shown that the glazing size, location and type all impact the internal energy loads.
Schools are incorporating technology in classrooms to transform learning. The expanded presence of technology in the classroom has also affected how classrooms are designed. This study tries to determine a glazing ratio for classroom spaces of the future in regards to energy consumption as a combined function of climatic conditions, orientation, glazing types and window location.
A 35'x32' base classroom is simulated using the E-Quest software. Energy consumption for the base case is compared to models with variable orientation (north and south), type of glazing (double pane, low e and special glazing), glazing percentage of the total wall area (base taken with reference to the required daylight factor) and classroom with and without clerestory windows.Master of Science
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Hesová, Alžběta. "Analýza spotřebitelských úvěrů z hlediska RPSN se zaměřením na mikroúvěry." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-206766.
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The thesis is focused on consumer loans either from a regulatory standpoint including comparison of two legislative resources and from practical view focusing on real-life examples from Czech banking and non-bank providers. The main focus of analysis is to determine the impact of credit parameters on the APRC. Considerable portion of the thesis is dedicated to a specific area of consumer loans, microcredits. Even here the primary aim is the regulation of microcredits, the providers participating in the administration of microcredits and the calculation of the impact of principal, maturity and costs of credit on the APRC.
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Muzikář, Martin. "Analýza ukazatele RPSN u spotřebitelských úvěrů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-136261.
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This thesis deals with the analysis of the annual percentage rate (APR) and other key parameters of the consumer credit with regard to observance of the legal rules by major providers of the consumer credit on the Czech credit market. The first part deals with the economic implications of the consumer credit. It focuses mainly on the analysis of the indebtedness of Czech households on the consumer credit market. The second part deals with the legal implications of consumer credit, mainly legal requirements that are imposed on providers of the consumer credit. The third part provides the analysis of the APR indicator on the consumer credit and on the short-term loans. On the basis of the defined consumer credit models is provided the comparison of the APR for each credit both in terms of its compliance with the current legislation and in terms of the provider of the consumer credit. The final part deals with the specific recommendations for the financial literacy development and for the future legislative development.
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Jones, Sian Baldwin. "Small dollar lending : how triple-digit annual percentage rates became the norm & how institutions can promote more affordable options." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/22675.
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Census data show that about 60 million, mostly low-income and minority, American adults either do not have a bank account or have an account but also rely on non-bank financial products to make ends meet. These products, such as payday loans, often have high costs per dollar lent and have historically fallen into gaps in both state and federal regulation. Texas, home of the largest payday lending companies in the country and over 2,500 payday lenders, provides an instructive case study of how small-dollar loan regulation has developed over the years, how non-bank financial institutions navigate the law, and how some organizations with non-profit missions have sought to offer affordable loan alternatives. This paper places current lending regulation in historical context, surveys federal and Texas law related to small-dollar loans prior to and following the financial crisis in 2008, and provides highlights from a federal pilot program designed to encourage banks to offer affordable small-dollar loan products. It also examines the experience of a community development financial institution (CDFI) in Brownsville, Texas that launched a small-dollar loan program in 2012. The federal pilot and Brownsville cases provide insights regarding the viability of affordable small-dollar products, as well as the challenges facing non-profit-maximizing institutions such as CDFIs when trying to develop loan programs under the current regulatory regime. Ultimately this paper concludes that, while there may always be a market for high-cost non-bank financial services, a combination of federal efforts to promote affordable options at banks and efforts by community-oriented CDFIs can go a long way towards providing lower-cost alternatives for people who currently rely on high-cost, non-bank products.text
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Ma, Li-yuan, and 馬立原. "Research on Operating Performance and the Percentage of Nonperforming Loans of Domestic Banks-----An Application of the DEA." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84168018167470390272.
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碩士國立中山大學
經濟學研究所
92
Banking industry has been playing a significant role in the process of economic development of Taiwan. There exists an inseparable relationship between its operation quality and the steady growth of national economy. Nevertheless, the drastically increasing numbers of bank in the recent years have caused a vicious competition in this industry. Meanwhile, the global economic recession also leads to the continuous rise of the percentage of nonperforming loans, ever-reducing profit earning as well as the financial chaos and crisis in the banking industry. This study adopts a more reliable efficiency evaluation method------ Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) to judge the operation performance of banks. Besides, the CCR model and BCC model in DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) are employed to explore whether the source of low efficiency comes from pure technical efficiency or from scale efficiency. Through slack variable analysis, this study suggests some room of improvement for the input and output of the low-efficiency banks. In view that the percentage of nonperforming loans is one of the essential factors for evaluating the operation performance of banks, this study puts it in the output variable of DEA so as to overcome the paradoxical isotonicity being caused. After verification is made by the study, the results show that it is really workable.
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Chou, Shao Hsuan, and 周紹軒. "The effects of income elasticity, price elasticity, and the percentage of loans to mainland China's real estate market." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12062976323608872110.
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碩士國立政治大學
經濟學系
99
The research constructed the demand and supply function for the market of China's real estate, and used the provincial data in China from 2001 to 2009 to analysis. Based on the information, we discussed the income elasticity and the price elasticity, and furthermore the impacts of the percentage of loans on the China's real estate market. According to the empirical estimate, the range of income elasticity was from 1.77 to 3.00, and for the price elasticity, it was from 0.08 to -0.80. Compare with those previous studies, the higher level of elasticity represented that although the real estate price continued soaring in China, people were still willing to purchase. Moreover, the soaring price had a limited influence in the demand of real estate market, and the main reason was that people were all optimistic about the future. To the percentage of loans, in this environment of the sharp increase in money lending, we found that it affect the demand and the supply market of real estate significantly, and with the relaxation of credit control, it led the demand and the supply of real estate to increase.
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PTÁČKOVÁ, Kristýna. "Analýza spotřebitelských úvěrů." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-174189.
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The purpose of this thesis is to provide advice to potential applicants for consumer credit on how to navigate in a wide range of loans on the financial market. A potential candidate for a loan was identified as well as an appropriate methodology to be used for comparison of non-purpose loans and then I analyzed the offers of five selected institutions (3 banking and 2 non-banking). The next purpose of this thesis was to design qualifying questionnaire survey focused on consumer loans and confirm the hypothesis that there is no difference between the candidates with lower or higher income with which institutions they apply for a credit.
Books on the topic "Percentage of loans"
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Kentucky Commission on Human Rights., ed. Black and desegregated census tracts of Fayette County receive low percentage of home mortgage loans, 1987-1988. Frankfort, Ky: The Commission, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Percentage of loans"
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Hall, J., K. Bull, M. Brown, H. Dyke, J. Ullyett, and M. Hornung. "The Effects of Scale and Resolution in Developing Percentile Maps of Critical Loads for the UK." In Acid Reign ’95?, 2521–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0864-8_107.
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Mach, Traci L., Courtney M. Carter, and Cailin R. Slattery. "To Lend or Not to Lend." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 56–77. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9604-4.ch003.
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The current paper examines loan-level data from Lending Club to look at peer-to-peer borrowing by small businesses. We begin by looking at characteristics of loan applications that were and were not funded and then take a more in-depth look at funded applications. Summary statistics show an increasing number of small business loan applications over time. Beginning in 2010—when consistent measures of loan purpose were recorded for all applications—loan applications for small businesses were on average less likely than loans for other purposes to have been funded. However, logistic regression results that control for the quality of the application show that, holding all else constant, applications for a loan for a small business were almost twice as likely to have been funded as loans for other purposes. Focusing on funded applications, we note that funded business loans were slightly larger on average than loans funded for other purposes but paid similar interest rates. However, relative to small business loans from traditional sources, peer-to-peer small business borrowers paid an interest rate that was about two times higher. Regression results that control for application quality show that peer-to-peer loans for small businesses were charged almost a percentage point interest rate premium over non-business loans. Logistic regression results that look at loan performance indicate that loans for small businesses were much more likely to be delinquent or charged off.
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Mach, Traci L., Courtney M. Carter, and Cailin R. Slattery. "To Lend or Not to Lend." In Start-Ups and SMEs, 1–22. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1760-4.ch001.
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The current paper examines loan-level data from Lending Club to look at peer-to-peer borrowing by small businesses. We begin by looking at characteristics of loan applications that were and were not funded and then take a more in-depth look at funded applications. Summary statistics show an increasing number of small business loan applications over time. Beginning in 2010—when consistent measures of loan purpose were recorded for all applications—loan applications for small businesses were on average less likely than loans for other purposes to have been funded. However, logistic regression results that control for the quality of the application show that, holding all else constant, applications for a loan for a small business were almost twice as likely to have been funded as loans for other purposes. Focusing on funded applications, we note that funded business loans were slightly larger on average than loans funded for other purposes but paid similar interest rates. However, relative to small business loans from traditional sources, peer-to-peer small business borrowers paid an interest rate that was about two times higher. Regression results that control for application quality show that peer-to-peer loans for small businesses were charged almost a percentage point interest rate premium over non-business loans. Logistic regression results that look at loan performance indicate that loans for small businesses were much more likely to be delinquent or charged off.
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Gaitan, Mayra Irasema. "The Variation in the Weighted Average Interest Rate and Its Influence on the Credit Portfolio of the Guatemalan Financial System." In Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics, 138–54. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4981-9.ch009.
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Due to the fact that the active weighted average interest rate that the banks of the national financial system have applied to the loan portfolio has been stable in recent years, it was considered important to calculate the impact of this measure on the performance of the balance of the loan portfolio by economic activity in Guatemala from 2008 to 2016; it was considered this time frame since the consulted web portals shows more information as of 2008. With the above information, it will be possible to observe the important variations and what events could propitiate it, the percentage of growth and which economic sectors have most financed their operations. The increase in the loan portfolio, in addition to being considered a strategic objective of any financial institution to increase its market share and income, is also a sign of confidence among corporate users, family members, and other entities involved in maintaining the national economic stability.
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"Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas." In Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas, edited by Terry R. Maret and Christopher A. Mebane. American Fisheries Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569728.ch4.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—The Snake River is the tenth longest river in the United States, extending 1,667 km from its origin in Yellowstone National Park in western Wyoming to its union with the Columbia River at Pasco, Washington. Historically, the main-stem Snake River upstream from the Hells Canyon Complex supported at least 26 native fish species, including anadromous stocks of Chinook salmon <em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em>, steelhead <em>O. mykiss</em>, Pacific lamprey <em>Lampetra tridentata</em>, and white sturgeon <em>Acipenser transmontanus</em>. Of these anadromous species, only the white sturgeon remains in the Snake River between the Hells Canyon Complex and Shoshone Falls. Today, much of the Snake River has been transformed into a river with numerous impoundments and flow diversions, increased pollutant loads, and elevated water temperatures. Current (1993–2002) fish assemblage collections from 15 sites along the Snake River and Henrys Fork contained 35 fish species, including 16 alien species. Many of these alien species such as catfish (Ictaluridae), carp (Cyprinidae), and sunfish (Centrarchidae) are adapted for warmwater impounded habitats. Currently, the Snake River supports 19 native species. An index of biotic integrity (IBI), developed to evaluate large rivers in the Northwest, was used to evaluate recent (1993– 2002) fish collections from the Snake River and Henrys Fork in southern Idaho and western Wyoming. Index of biotic integrity site scores and component metrics revealed a decline in biotic integrity from upstream to downstream in both the Snake River and Henrys Fork. Two distinct groups of sites were evident that correspond to a range of IBI scores—an upper Snake River and Henrys Fork group with relatively high biotic integrity (mean IBI scores of 46–84) and a lower Snake River group with low biotic integrity (mean IBI scores of 10–29). Sites located in the lower Snake River exhibited fish assemblages that reflect poor-quality habitat where coldwater and sensitive species are rare or absent, and where tolerant, less desirable species predominate. Increases in percentages of agricultural land, total number of diversions, and number of constructed channels were strongly associated with these decreasing IBI scores.
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"Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas." In Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas, edited by Terry R. Maret and Christopher A. Mebane. American Fisheries Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569728.ch4.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—The Snake River is the tenth longest river in the United States, extending 1,667 km from its origin in Yellowstone National Park in western Wyoming to its union with the Columbia River at Pasco, Washington. Historically, the main-stem Snake River upstream from the Hells Canyon Complex supported at least 26 native fish species, including anadromous stocks of Chinook salmon <em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em>, steelhead <em>O. mykiss</em>, Pacific lamprey <em>Lampetra tridentata</em>, and white sturgeon <em>Acipenser transmontanus</em>. Of these anadromous species, only the white sturgeon remains in the Snake River between the Hells Canyon Complex and Shoshone Falls. Today, much of the Snake River has been transformed into a river with numerous impoundments and flow diversions, increased pollutant loads, and elevated water temperatures. Current (1993–2002) fish assemblage collections from 15 sites along the Snake River and Henrys Fork contained 35 fish species, including 16 alien species. Many of these alien species such as catfish (Ictaluridae), carp (Cyprinidae), and sunfish (Centrarchidae) are adapted for warmwater impounded habitats. Currently, the Snake River supports 19 native species. An index of biotic integrity (IBI), developed to evaluate large rivers in the Northwest, was used to evaluate recent (1993– 2002) fish collections from the Snake River and Henrys Fork in southern Idaho and western Wyoming. Index of biotic integrity site scores and component metrics revealed a decline in biotic integrity from upstream to downstream in both the Snake River and Henrys Fork. Two distinct groups of sites were evident that correspond to a range of IBI scores—an upper Snake River and Henrys Fork group with relatively high biotic integrity (mean IBI scores of 46–84) and a lower Snake River group with low biotic integrity (mean IBI scores of 10–29). Sites located in the lower Snake River exhibited fish assemblages that reflect poor-quality habitat where coldwater and sensitive species are rare or absent, and where tolerant, less desirable species predominate. Increases in percentages of agricultural land, total number of diversions, and number of constructed channels were strongly associated with these decreasing IBI scores.
Conference papers on the topic "Percentage of loans"
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Gupta, Akash, Jeffrey Gates, Michelle H. McGarry, James E. Tibone, and Thay Q. Lee. "Biomechanical Analysis of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit in a Cadaveric Model." In ASME 2010 5th Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2010-32052.
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Overhead throwing athletes have been shown to develop adaptive changes in humeral rotation to allow for higher throwing velocities. This manifests as an increase in humeral external rotation and a decrease in internal rotation, which is called glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD). The percentage of GIRD that significantly affects glenohumeral joint kinematics is not known. The objective of the study was to create a throwers shoulder model with fixed percentages of GIRD to determine at which point kinematic changes start occurring. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in posterior translation starting at 10% GIRD. With inferior translational loads, significantly less inferior translation starts occurring at 20% GIRD. The humeral head apex position at maximum external rotation moves superiorly, posteriorly and laterally, with significant changes in the superior direction occurring with 10% GIRD onwards. Overall, significant kinematic changes begin at 10% GIRD and this should be taken into account for clinical decision-making as to when intervention is necessary.
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Darji, P. H., and D. P. Vakharia. "Determination of Optimum Hollowness for Hollow Cylindrical Rolling Element Bearing." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67294.
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Hollow-cylindrical-roller bearings are intended for light load applications, including all types of grinding, machining, and milling spindles. They use hollow cylindrical rollers instead of solid rollers. These provide significant advantages over standard bearings, such as reduced vibration, low-radial runout, better radial stiffness, higher operating speeds, and lower operating temperatures. Investigators have proposed that under large normal loads a hollow element with a sufficiently thin wall thickness will deflect appreciably more than a solid element of the same size. An improvement in load distribution and thus load capacity may be realized, as well as contact stress is also reduced considerably by using a bearing with hollow rolling elements. Since for hollow rolling element no method is available for the calculation of contact stresses and deformation. The contact stresses in hollow members are often calculated by using the same equations and procedures as for solid specimens. This approach seems to be incorrect. Recently, the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been successfully used to evaluate contact problems for the roller bearings. Investigations have been made for hollow rollers in pure normal loading. Different hollowness percentages ranging from 0% and 30% to 80% have been analysed in FEA software to find the optimum percentage hollowness which gives minimum stress and finally longest fatigue life.
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Darji, P. H., and D. P. Vakharia. "Stiffness Optimization of Hollow Cylindrical Rolling Element Bearing." In STLE/ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2008-71009.
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Since being originally introduced, cylindrical rolling element bearings have been significantly improved, in terms of their performance and working life. A major objective has been to decrease the Hertz contact stresses at the roller–raceway interfaces, because these are the most heavily stressed areas in a bearing. It has been shown that bearing life is inversely proportional to the stress raised to the ninth power (even higher). Investigators have proposed that under large normal loads a hollow element with a sufficiently thin wall thickness will deflect appreciably more than a solid element of the same size. An improvement in load distribution and thus load capacity may be realized, as well as contact stress is also reduced considerably by using a bearing with hollow rolling elements. Since for hollow rolling element no method is available for the calculation of contact stresses and deformation. The contact stresses in hollow members are often calculated by using the same equations and procedures as for solid specimens. This approach seems to be incorrect. Recently, the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been successfully used to evaluate contact problems for the roller bearings. Investigations have been made for hollow rollers in pure normal loading. Different hollowness percentages ranging from 0% to 90% have been analysed in FEA software to find the optimum percentage hollowness which gives minimum stress and finally longest fatigue life.
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Wolfe, Daniel M., and Keith Goossen. "Active Modulated Reflectance Roofing System to Tailor Building Solar Loads for Increased HVAC Efficiency." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6386.
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Space heating and cooling contributes a significant percentage of a building’s overall energy usage profile. The construction of a building’s envelope is an essential component that impacts the overall heating and cooling load. For many years, flat roofs were covered with low albedo materials such as asphalt or modified bitumen, which can reach temperatures of 150°F to 180°F during summer months. More recently, alternative technologies, such as “white roofs”, have been put forth to mitigate the problem of unwanted thermal gain. However, these traditional roofing materials and recent innovations are passive structures and only promote seasonal benefits. This paper proposes and demonstrates the concept of an active variable reflectance roofing system that can tailor solar loads to desired heating or cooling, significantly reducing overall space heating and cooling energy requirements and costs.
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Sinha, Satyaranjan, and D. G. Sarangdhar. "FE Analysis of Ship Structures Under Blast Loads." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57294.
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Naval vessels and Submarines structures in their fighting role are susceptible to Underwater shock generated due to explosion of torpedoes, mines, depth charges etc. The damage inflicted by Non-Contact Underwater explosion consists of direct shock wave damage of hull, whipping damage of keel and mechanical damage to onboard equipment and associated systems. Hence in order to design a shock resistant structure or to know the shock withstandibility of the same, it is important to simulate these structures and loads and then subsequently analyze the same to predict the response (as performing experiments would be expensive). The Underwater explosion analysis of large structures like ships could be considered as one of the most complicated numerical analysis. The most important steps of these analyses are, the accurate load calculation and then the solution process. Loads can be calculated using published empirical formulas, which are complicated if calculated for a large structure. Also the application of load time history for large structure is a tedious job. To solve the complications related to load calculation and application, an in-house software named IRUNDEX, was developed, which, not only calculates the complex loading at all panels comprising the ship structure, but could also apply the loads (using ANSYS Macro) within minutes, thus saving considerable percentage of time taken for the analysis. It could be recognized that underwater shock simulation and analysis should form an important criterion to verify the design of any Naval Vessel or structure susceptible to explosions. This present work illustrates the use of the FE Software ANSYS, backed up with the in-house developed software, for Underwater Explosion analysis of structures.
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Mkandawire, Chimba, Stacy Imler, and James Smith. "Obese Forklift Operator Neck Loads and Back Loads on a Sit Down Lift Truck During a Sudden Drop." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65169.
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Neck and back loads of sit down forklift operators have not been fully evaluated in the scientific literature. In this study, we evaluate the neck and back loads of an obese forklift operator who experiences a sudden vertical drop while operating a sit down lift truck. A ballasted 50th percentile male anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was used to measure loads available to a sit down forklift operator. Telemetry was used to remotely operate the sit down lift truck with the ATD properly belted. The belted ATD and lift truck were traveling, forks-leading along a stationary flatbed trailer when the right front forklift tire dropped into a defect in the floor. Several runs were performed at forklift travel speeds less than 5 miles per hour (2.2 meters per second). Back loads of the ATD were compared to activities of daily living (ADLs); and neck and back loads of the ATD were compared to published human tolerance levels and Injury Assessment Reference Values (IARVs) used in compliance testing. Review of ADLs, IARVs, and tolerance data show little correlation between the potential for spinal injury and experiencing a sudden drop while operating a sit down lift truck.
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Chan, Korey, and Saeid Bashash. "Modeling and Energy Cost Optimization of Air Conditioning Loads in Smart Grid Environments." In ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5284.
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Electricity for heating, ventilation, and air condition (HVAC) machines takes up a large percentage of energy consumption in the buildings and thus in turn, a large portion of the energy monetary cost. Optimization of air conditioners use throughout the day will reduce energy consumption and expenditure. This study introduces a second-order differential equation model to capture the indoor temperature dynamics of a building. An experimental test bed is developed to collect a set of indoor/outdoor temperature and sunlight data. Using a least-squares-based system identification process, the model parameters are identified and checked through simulation. Optimization of the room temperature is then determined by solving a mixed-integer quadratic programming problem in relation to the hourly-updated energy prices. Mixed-integer quadratic programming solution is compared to a two-point thermostatic control system. A hybrid solution compromising the quadratic programming algorithm and the conventional thermostatic control scheme is proposed as a tractable approach for the near-optimal energy management of the system.
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Tibbits, Patrick A. "Percentiles of von Mises Stress From Combined Random Vibration and Static Loading by Approximate Noncentral Chi Square Distribution." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62286.
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Firstly, a calculation for percentiles of von Mises stress in linear structures subjected to Gaussian random loads is extended to the case of Gaussian random loads having nonzero mean values, i.e., the inclusion of static loads. The development is restricted to the case of plane stress. The method includes calculation of a given percentile of von Mises stress to any desired accuracy, a rapid estimate of the percentile, and upper and lower bounds on the von Mises stress. The calculation expands the cumulative distribution function of the von Mises stress as a series of noncentral chi square distributions. Summation of a sufficient number of terms of the series calculates the percentile to the desired accuracy. The rapid estimate of the percentile interpolates the distribution of the von Mises stress in a small number of inverse noncentral chi-square distribution functions. The upper and lower bounds on the percentiles take advantage of the noncentral chi-square distribution of summations of normally distributed stress components. Second and third calculation methods arise from approximations of the distribution of quadratic forms of noncentral normal variables, or equivalently, linear combinations of noncentral chi square variables. These methods provide rapid estimates of percentiles of von Mises stress in linear structures under random loads having nonzero mean values. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the methods are reviewed and compared. The methods are expected to have wide application in design of and prognostics for components subjected to constant structural loads coupled with random loading arising from vibrations caused by wind, waves, seismic events, engines, turbulence, acoustic noise, etc.
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Bhonge, Prasannakumar S., Rasoul Moradi, and Hamid M. Lankarani. "Evaluation of Dynamic Performance of Aircraft Seats for Larger Passenger Population Using Finite Element Analysis." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89024.
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Dynamic aircraft seat regulations are identified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 14 CFR Parts § XX.562 for crashworthy evaluation of a seat in dynamic crash environment. The regulations specify full-scale dynamic testing on production seats. The dynamic tests are designed to demonstrate the structural integrity of the seat to withstand an emergency landing event and occupant safety. These tests are carried out on a 50th percentile Hybrid II Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) representing average 50 percent of human population. In this study, the dynamic performance of seats are evaluated for larger passenger population for both transport and general aviation seats. For this, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of an aircraft seat model is analyzed by utilizing a 50th percentile e-ATD and validated with a 50th percentile ATD sled test results. Then the effect of a 95th percentile standard ATD in an aircraft passenger seat is investigated using FEA. Comparison of the 50th percentile and the 95th percentile electronic ATD models (e-ATDs) is carried out on the test parameters. This includes the restraint loads, the floor reactions and the head paths. Based on the comparison it is concluded that the seat loads go up in the range of 20 to 30% if designed for larger passenger population.
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Moriarty, Patrick J., William E. Holley, and Sandy Butterfield. "Probabilistic Methods for Predicting Wind Turbine Design Loads." In ASME 2003 Wind Energy Symposium. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wind2003-864.
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Further study of probabilistic methods for predicting extreme wind turbine loading was performed on two large-scale wind turbine models with stall and pitch regulation. Long-term exceedance probability distributions were calculated using maxima extracted from time series simulations of in-plane and out-of-plane blade loads. It was discovered that using a threshold on the selection of maxima increased the accuracy of the fitted distribution in following the trends of the largest extreme values for a given wind condition. The optimal threshold value for in-plane and out-of-plane blade loads was found to be the mean value plus 1.4 times the standard deviation of the original time series for the quantity of interest. When fitting a distribution to a given data set, the higher-order moments were found to have the greatest amount of uncertainty and also the largest influence on the extrapolated long-term load’s. This uncertainty was reduced by using large data sets, smoothing of the moments between wind conditions and parametrically modeling moments of the distribution. A deterministic turbulence model using the 90th percentile level of the conditional turbulence distribution given mean wind speed was used to greatly simplify the calculation of the long-term probability distribution. Predicted extreme loads using this simplified distribution were equal to or more conservative than the loads predicted by the full integration method.
Reports on the topic "Percentage of loans"
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Frisancho, Verónica, and Martín Valdivia. Savings Groups Reduce Vulnerability, but Have Mixed Effects on Financial Inclusion. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002910.
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This paper evaluates the impact of the introduction of savings groups on poverty, vulnerability, and financial inclusion outcomes in rural Peru. Using a cluster randomized control trial and relying on both survey and administrative records, we investigate the impact of savings groups after more than two years of exposure. We find t hat savings groups channel expensive investments such as housing improvements and reduce households' vulnerability to idiosyncratic shocks, particularly among households in poorer districts. The treatment also induces changes in households labor allocation choices: access to savings groups increases female labor market participation and, in poorer areas, it fosters greater specialization in agricultural activities. Access to savings groups also leads to a four-percentage point increase in access to credit among women, mainly driven by access to the groups loans. However, the introduction of savings groups has no impact on the likelihood of using formal financial services.On the contrary, it discourages access to loans from formal financial institutions and microfinance lenders among the unbanked.
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Percentage entrainment of constituent loads in urban runoff, south Florida. US Geological Survey, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri844329.
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Some complex approaches to training micro-cycles formation among cadetsweightlifters taking into account biotypes. Ilyas N. Ibragimov, Zinaida M. Kuznetsova, Ilsiyar Sh. Mutaeva, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-1-39-46.
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Training cadets-weightlifters at all stages has a multipurpose orientation, that is why it is important to define and plan a rational combination of the training means use. Distribution of such micro structures in the cycle of training, as the days, months of training, provides effective volume, intensity and other values of physical load distribution. The structure of training cadets-weightlifters is based on taking into account the regularities and principles of sports training as the condition for physical readiness and working capacity increase. Any power oriented sports demands components characteristics in the structure of micro cycles. We consider the methodology of the training lessons organization by the example of the micro cycle of training taking into account bioenergetic profile of cadets-weightlifters. We revealed the necessity to distribute the macro cycle to structural components as the condition for the effectiveness of different variants of the training effects distribution. Materials and methods. We analyzed the range of training lessons among cadets-weightlifters in order to create the variants of gradual training problems solution according to the kinds of training. We analyzed training programs of cadets taking into consideration the level of readiness and their bioenergetic profiles. We created the content of the training work in the micro cycle of the preparatory period for cadets-weightlifters with different bioenergetic profiles. The main material of the research includes the ratio of the training effects volume in one micro cycle taking into account cadets’ bioenergetic profile. Cadets-weightlifters from Tyumen Higher Military-Engineering Command College (military Institute) took part in the research (Tyumen, Russia). Results. We created the content of the training work by the example of one micro cycle for cadets-weightlifters taking into account bioenergetic profile. The created variant of the training loads structure includes the main means of training taking into account the kind of training. Realization orientation in five regimens of work fulfillment with the effectiveness estimation of a total load within one lesson and a week in general is estimated according to a point system. Conclusion. The created variant of a micro cycle considers kinds of training realization taking into account the percentage of the ratio. Taking into account bioenergetic profiles helps to discuss strong and weak sides of muscle activity energy supply mechanisms. We consider the ability to fulfill a long-term aerobic load among the representatives of the 1st and the 2nd bioenergetic profiles. The representatives of the 3rd and the 4th biotype are inclined to fulfill the mixed load. The representatives of the 5th biotype are characterized by higher degree of anaerobic abilities demonstration. The technology of planning the means taking into account the regimens of work realization with point system helps to increase physical working capacity and rehabilitation processes in cadets’ organisms.