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1

Shriberg, Lawrence D., Diane Austin, Barbara A. Lewis, Jane L. McSweeny, and David L. Wilson. "The Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC) Metric." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 40, no. 4 (1997): 708–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4004.708.

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Research in normal and disordered phonology requires measures of speech production that are biolinguistically appropriate and psychometrically robust. Their conceptual and numeric properties must be well characterized, particularly because speech measures are increasingly appearing in large-scale epidemiologic, genetic, and other descriptive-explanatory database studies. This work provides a rationale for extensions to an articulation competence metric titled the Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC; Shriberg & Kwiatkowski, 1982; Shriberg, Kwiatkowski, Best, Hengst, & Terselic-Weber,
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2

Goldstein, Brian, and Patricia Swasey Washington. "An Initial Investigation of Phonological Patterns in Typically Developing 4-Year-Old Spanish-English Bilingual Children." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 32, no. 3 (2001): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2001/014).

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Purpose: This collaborative study investigated phonological patterns in 12 typically developing 4-year-old bilingual (Spanish-English) children. Method: A single-word phonological assessment with separate versions for English and Spanish was administered to each child. Analyses consisted of a phonetic inventory; percentage of consonants correct; percentage of consonants correct for voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation; and the percentage of occurrence for phonological processes. Results: The results indicated that there were no significant differences between the two lang
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3

Larsson, AnnaKarin, Carmela Miniscalco, Hans Mark, Johnna Sahlsten Schölin, Radi Jönsson, and Christina Persson. "Internationally Adopted Children With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate—Consonant Proficiency and Perceived Velopharyngeal Competence at the Age of 5." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 7 (2020): 849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619897233.

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Objective: To compare consonant proficiency, consonant errors, and the perceived velopharyngeal (VP) competence in internationally adopted (IA) children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and nonadopted (NA) children with the same cleft–palate type at age 5. Design: Case–control study based on phonetic transcriptions of standardized speech recordings of 5-year-olds at a tertiary hospital. Participants: Twenty-five IA children were compared to 20 NA children. All consecutive patients at a cleft lip and palate center participated. Main Outcome Measure(s): Consonant proficiency was measu
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Ceron, Marizete Ilha, Marileda Barichello Gubiani, Camila Rosa de Oliveira, and Márcia Keske-Soares. "Factors Influencing Consonant Acquisition in Brazilian Portuguese–Speaking Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 4 (2017): 759–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-15-0208.

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Purpose We sought to provide valid and reliable data on the acquisition of consonant sounds in speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. Method The sample comprised 733 typically developing monolingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (ages 3;0–8;11 [years;months]). The presence of surface speech error patterns, the revised percentage consonants correct, and the age of sound acquisition were evaluated using phonological assessment software. The normative values for these variables were reported using means and standard deviations. Results Age had a significant impact on phoneme production. Increasing
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Dale, Emily W., Allison M. Plumb, Mary J. Sandage, and Laura W. Plexico. "Speech-Language Pathologists’ Knowledge and Competence Regarding Percentage of Consonants Correct." Communication Disorders Quarterly 41, no. 4 (2019): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525740119853806.

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The aim of this article is to examine speech-language pathologists’ (SLPs) knowledge and competence using Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC). Participants were recruited through posts on social media and message boards for the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Special Interest Groups. In addition, surveys were emailed via the ASHA membership directory to SLPs in selected states who reported working in settings with a primarily pediatric population. The majority of SLPs reported a lack of academic and clinical training in the area of PCC. Participants demonstrated limited
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Flint, Cari B., and Janis Costello Ingham. "Pretreatment Stimulability and Percentage of Consonants Correct as Predictors of Across-Phoneme Generalization." Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders 32, Spring (2005): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/cicsd_32_s_53.

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7

Stoel-Gammon, Carol. "Phonological Skills of 2-Year-Olds." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 18, no. 4 (1987): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.1804.323.

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Conversational speech samples from 33 2-year-olds were analyzed to determine the word and syllable shapes produced, the inventories of initial and final consonantal phones and the percentage of consonants correct. The findings provide a profile of the phonological skills of normally developing 2-year-olds which can be used to assess young children with possible phonological disorders.
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Alighieri, Cassandra, Kim Bettens, Laura Bruneel, Evelien D'haeseleer, Ellen Van Gaever, and Kristiane Van Lierde. "Reliability of Outcome Measures to Assess Consonant Proficiency Following Cleft Palate Speech Intervention: The Percentage of Consonants Correct Metric and the Probe Scoring System." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 6 (2021): 1811–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00628.

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Purpose This study compared the inter- and intrarater reliability of the percentage of consonants correct (PCC) metrics and the probe scoring system between an experienced and a less experienced rater and between two experienced raters. In addition, these outcome measures' ability to reflect changes following speech intervention was measured. Method During Phase 1, two raters (Rater 1 with 5 years of experience in cleft-related speech disorders and Rater 2 with limited experience in cleft-related speech disorders) independently assessed 134 speech samples at the word and sentence levels, which
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9

Másdóttir, Thora, Sharynne McLeod, and Kathryn Crowe. "Icelandic Children's Acquisition of Consonants and Consonant Clusters." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 5 (2021): 1490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00463.

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Purpose This study investigated Icelandic-speaking children's acquisition of singleton consonants and consonant clusters. Method Participants were 437 typically developing children aged 2;6–7;11 (years;months) acquiring Icelandic as their first language. Single-word speech samples of the 47 single consonants and 45 consonant clusters were collected using Málhljóðapróf ÞM (ÞM's Test of Speech Sound Disorders). Results Percentage of consonants correct for children aged 2;6–2;11 was 73.12 ( SD = 13.33) and increased to 98.55 ( SD = 3.24) for children aged 7;0–7;11. Overall, singleton consonants w
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Viterbori, Paola, Mirella Zanobini, and Francesca Cozzani. "Phonological development in children with different lexical skills." First Language 38, no. 5 (2018): 538–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723718784369.

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This study aims to evaluate phonological competences and their correlations with lexical abilities in 2-year-old Italian-speaking children. Eighty-eight children (46 females) aged 25–32 months participated in the study. From the total sample, three subgroups of children with different lexical skills were extracted to identify phonological characteristics of low, typical and precocious talkers. The results provide a description of the children’s production in terms of consonant and correct consonant inventories; simplified and unintelligible words; and simplification processes. The percentage o
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Campbell, Thomas F., Christine Dollaghan, Janine E. Janosky, and P. David Adelson. "A Performance Curve for Assessing Change in Percentage of Consonants Correct–Revised (PCC-R)." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 50, no. 4 (2007): 1110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/077).

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Jesus, Luis M. T., Joana Martinez, Joaquim Santos, Andreia Hall, and Victoria Joffe. "Comparing Traditional and Tablet-Based Intervention for Children With Speech Sound Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 11 (2019): 4045–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-18-0301.

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Purpose This article reports on the effectiveness of a novel tablet-based approach to phonological intervention and compares it to a traditional tabletop approach, targeting children with phonologically based speech sound disorders (SSD). Method Twenty-two Portuguese children with phonologically based SSD were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 interventions, tabletop or tablet (11 children in each group), and received intervention based on the same activities, with the only difference being the delivery. All children were treated by the same speech-language pathologist over 2 blocks of 6 weekly sess
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Goldstein, Brian A., and Aquiles Iglesias. "The Effect of Dialect on Phonological Analysis." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 10, no. 4 (2001): 394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2001/034).

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This study examines the effect of dialect on phonological analyses in Spanish-speaking children. Phonological analyses were completed for fifty-four 3- and 4-year-old typically developing Spanish speakers and fifty-four 3-and 4-year-old Spanish speakers with phonological disorders. Analyses were made in reference to both the General Spanish dialect and the Puerto Rican dialect of Spanish to demonstrate the effect of dialect on the results. The results indicated that the number of consonant errors, percentage of consonants correct, number of errors within individual sound classes, and percentag
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Ha, Seunghee, Minjung Kim, and Minkyeong Pi. "Percentage of Consonants Correct and Age of Acquisition of Consonants in Korean-Speaking Children in One-Syllable Word Contexts." Communication Sciences & Disorders 24, no. 2 (2019): 460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.19609.

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Salillari, Denisa, and Luela Prifti. "A multinomial logistic regression model for text in Albanian language." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MATHEMATICS 12, no. 7 (2016): 6407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jam.v12i7.5486.

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In this paper we present a multinomial logistic regression model for authorship identification in the Albanian language texts. In the model fitted the dependent variable is categorical which takes different values from 1 to 10 for each of the author and the independent variables are number of words, number of letters, number of vowels, number of consonants, number of punctuations and number of sentences for each text. The model was applied with success in the set of ten authors, each of them being represented by a set of one hundred texts they authored. As results first, second and the third a
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Abraham, Suzanne. "Using a Phonological Framework to Describe Speech Errors of Orally Trained, Hearing-Impaired School-Agers." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 54, no. 4 (1989): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5404.600.

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A phonological framework was used to analyze and describe the meaningful speech and speech errors of 13 orally trained, hearing-impaired children ages 5:11 to 15:11 enrolled in public school programs. Using speech samples elicited from the subjects, consonant inventories and percentage scores for correct production of consonants and for frequency of occurrence of phonological processes were derived and analyzed. Results of data analyses indicated initial consonant inventories were significantly larger and more complete than final inventories, although both were incomplete. Production accuracy
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17

Pereira, Valerie, Debbie Sell, Alan Ponniah, Rob Evans, and David Dunaway. "Midface Osteotomy versus Distraction: The Effect on Speech, Nasality, and Velopharyngeal Function in Craniofacial Dysostosis." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 45, no. 4 (2008): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/07-042.1.

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Objective: To assess speech outcomes following midface advancement and to explore whether the type of advancement surgery affects speech differently in patients with craniofacial dysostosis. Design: Prospective, before-after group design. Subjects: Fifteen consecutive patients were included in the study. Eight underwent advancement by osteotomy and seven by distraction. All patients were seen preoperatively and at least once postoperatively. Main Outcome Measures: Percentage of consonants correct, nature and type of articulation errors, nasalance score, severity ratings of resonance and of vel
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18

Babatsouli, Elena. "Correlation between the measure for cluster proximity (MCP) and the percentage of consonants correct (PCC)." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 35, no. 1 (2020): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2020.1744189.

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박은숙, 이은주, and Ran Lee. "Accuracy of Final Consonants at Word-Medial Position According to Percentage of Correct Consonants in Children With Speech Sound Disorders." Journal of speech-language & hearing disorders 26, no. 1 (2017): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15724/jslhd.2017.26.1.008.

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Fabiano-Smith, Leah, and Katherine Hoffman. "Diagnostic Accuracy of Traditional Measures of Phonological Ability for Bilingual Preschoolers and Kindergarteners." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 49, no. 1 (2018): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_lshss-17-0043.

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Purpose Bilingual children whose phonological skills are evaluated using measures designed for monolingual English speakers are at risk for misdiagnosis of speech sound disorders (De Lamo White & Jin, 2011). Method Forty-four children participated in this study: 15 typically developing monolingual English speakers, 7 monolingual English speakers with phonological disorders, 14 typically developing bilingual Spanish–English speakers, and 8 bilingual children with phonological disorders. Children's single-word speech productions were examined on Percentage Consonants Correct–Revised (Shriber
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Park, See-Gyoon, and Ji-Eun Choi. "A study on Korean perception of Vietnamese production of Korean stop consonants." Research Society for the Korean Language Education 20 (December 31, 2023): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25022/jkler.2023.20.023.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the perception patterns of Koreans regarding the production of Korean stop consonants by Vietnamese Korean language learners. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted on Koreans' perception of Vietnamese learners’ production of Korean stop consonants.
 The results of the experiment show that when the presentation sound is located at the beginning of the word, the correct answer rate was ‘/ㅌ/ 89%) > /ㅋ/(88%) > /ㅍ/=/ㅂ/(84%) > /ㄱ/=/ㄸ/(74%) ) > /ㄷ/(72%) > /ㅃ/(65%) > /ㄲ/(61%)', and in the case of word-medial onset consonants, ’
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Malmborn, Jan-Olof, Magnus Becker, and Kristina Klintö. "Problems With Reliability of Speech Variables for Use in Quality Registries for Cleft Lip and Palate—Experiences From the Swedish Cleft Lip and Palate Registry." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 55, no. 8 (2018): 1051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665618765777.

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Objective: To test the reliability of the speech data in the Swedish quality registry for cleft lip and palate. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Primary care university hospital. Participants: Ninety-four children born with cleft palate with or without cleft lip between 2005 and 2009 who had been assessed and registered in the quality registry at the age of 5 years. Main Outcome Measures: Data in the registry on percent oral consonants correct, percent oral errors, percent nonoral errors, perceived velopharyngeal function (PVPF), and intelligibility were compared with results based on rea
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Pham Thi, Van, Ben Pham Thi, Sharynne McLeod, and Trung Vo Nguyen. "Review of diagnostic criteria for speech sound disorders in children." Journal of Science Educational Science 66, no. 4AB (2021): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1075.2021-0063.

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Speech sound disorders (SSD) is a common communication disorder with long-term consequences in children. Diagnosis and assessment play an important role in the identification of SSD and its severity, to assist goal setting and intervention planning and to measure progression. In order to define and describe diagnostic criteria regarding SSD in children, this review paper uses content analysis of 14 studies reporting on children with SSD. Results reveal that diagnostic criteria for SSD in children include: 1) Mean scores of percentage phonemes correct (e.g., percentage of consonants correct, PC
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Ha, Ji-Wan, Soo-Jin Kim, Young Tae Kim, and Moonja Shin. "Developmental Analysis in Korean Children’s Speech Production Using Percentage of Consonants Correct and Whole-Word Measurements." Communication Sciences & Disorders 24, no. 2 (2019): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.19622.

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Bernstein, Lynne E., Edward T. Auer, and Silvio P. Eberhardt. "During Lipreading Training With Sentence Stimuli, Feedback Controls Learning and Generalization to Audiovisual Speech in Noise." American Journal of Audiology 31, no. 1 (2022): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_aja-21-00034.

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Purpose: This study investigated the effects of external feedback on perceptual learning of visual speech during lipreading training with sentence stimuli. The goal was to improve visual-only (VO) speech recognition and increase accuracy of audiovisual (AV) speech recognition in noise. The rationale was that spoken word recognition depends on the accuracy of sublexical (phonemic/phonetic) speech perception; effective feedback during training must support sublexical perceptual learning. Method: Normal-hearing (NH) adults were assigned to one of three types of feedback: Sentence feedback was the
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Dyson, Alice T. "Development of Velar Consonants among Normal Two-Year-Olds." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 29, no. 4 (1986): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2904.493.

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This study examined the frequency of occurrence of velar deviations in spontaneous single-word utterances over a 6-month period for 40 children who ranged in age from 1:11 (years:months) to 3:1 at the first observation. The productions of a subset of 14 children whose percentage of occurrence of velar deviations was greater than the mean of the total group were examined further to describe the types of velar deviations and the effects of word position and phonetic context. Results indicated that velars presented difficulty for less than half of the children. In the subgroup the type of deviati
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Jang, Seon Jeong, and Hyun Joo Choi. "Effect of Percentage of Correct Consonants and Nasalance Score on the Speech Intelligibility and Acceptability in Adults with Dysarthria." Korean Society for Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities 20, no. 3 (2016): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.16884/jrr.2016.20.3.67.

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28

Hardin-Jones, Mary, and Kathy L. Chapman. "Early Lexical Characteristics of Toddlers with Cleft Lip and Palate." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 51, no. 6 (2014): 622–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/13-076.

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Objective To examine development of early expressive lexicons in toddlers with cleft palate to determine whether they differ from those of noncleft toddlers in terms of size and lexical selectivity. Design Retrospective. Patients A total of 37 toddlers with cleft palate and 22 noncleft toddlers. Main Outcome Measures The groups were compared for size of expressive lexicon reported on the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory and the percentage of words beginning with obstruents and sonorants produced in a language sample. Differences between groups in the percentage of word initial con
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Taruna, Rexsy, Jumiarti Jumiarti, Hikmatun Sadiah, and Stella Rosalina Phandinata. "Construct-related Validity of the Preschool Sound Production Test in Indonesian-Speaking." Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini 9, no. 4 (2025): 1036–41. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v9i4.6957.

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The availability of a speech intelligibility test that is in accordance with Indonesian with good psychometric evidence is needed for clinical practice needs. This study aims to evaluation whether the Tes Produksi Bunyi Prasekolah (Preschool Sound Production Test) has evidence of construct validity. Seventy-eight preschool children were divided into three groups. Typical Groups I and II were children without speech sound disorder who lived in Jakarta and Padang. Group III was children with speech sound disorder. Participants in each group consisted of 26 children. Ten participants were 4 years
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Nila, Tasmia Azim, Sonia Islam Nisha, and Mst Meherunnessa Mim. "Comparing Speech Production Errors of 3 to 5 Year Old Bengali Children with Cleft Lip and/or Palate in Two Contexts: Word Naming And Sentence Repetition." Social Science Review 40, no. 2 (2024): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ssr.v40i2.72206.

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Research suggests various standardized assessment tools to collect and analyze the speech of the individual with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP). Despite the importance of developing an assessment framework for the growing CLP population, documentation on Bengali cleft speech is limited. This study aims to investigate the phonetic differences that happen in the speech sound production of 3 to 5-year-old Bengali-speaking CLP children in two different contexts: single word and sentence repetition. It also aims to evaluate the effects of these two speech assessment tools in those children’s phonolo
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Keffala, Bethany, Shelley Scarpino, Carol Scheffner Hammer, Barbara Rodriguez, Lisa Lopez, and Brian Goldstein. "Vocabulary and Phonological Abilities Affect Dual Language Learners' Consonant Production Accuracy Within and Across Languages: A Large-Scale Study of 3- to 6-Year-Old Spanish–English Dual Language Learners." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 3 (2020): 1196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00145.

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Purpose This study examined factors of language ability that predict consonant production accuracy in young Spanish–English dual language learners (DLLs). Method Participants were 695 Latino DLLs, ages 3;0–6;5 (years;months). Single-word productions were elicited using the Bilingual Phonological Assessment (Miccio & Hammer, 2006). Children's consonant productions were assessed using Percentage of Consonants Correct–Revised (PCC-R; Shriberg et al., 1997a). Vocabulary abilities were assessed using the Woodcock–Muñoz Language Survey–Revised (Woodcock et al., 2005). Multiple linear regression
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Choi, Yoejin, and Hyunsub Sim. "Relationship between the Maximal Tongue and Lip Strength and Percentage of Correct Consonants and Speech Intelligibility in Dysarthric Adults with Cerebral Palsy." Phonetics and Speech Sciences 5, no. 2 (2013): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13064/ksss.2013.5.2.011.

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Hammarström, Inger Lundeborg, Jill Nyberg, Suvi Alaluusua, et al. "Scandcleft Project Trial 2—Comparison of Speech Outcome in 1- and 2-Stage Palatal Closure in 5-Year-Olds With UCLP." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 4 (2019): 458–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619888316.

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Objective: To investigate in-depth speech results in the Scandcleft Trial 2 with comparisons between surgical protocols and centers and with benchmarks from peers without cleft palate. Design: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Setting: Two Swedish and one Finnish Cleft Palate center. Participants: One hundred twelve participants were 5-years-old born with unilateral cleft lip and palate randomized to either lip repair and soft palate closure at 4 months and hard palate closure at 12 months or lip repair at 3 to 4 months (Arm A), or a closure of both the soft and hard palate at 12 months
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Chanachai, Sasalaksamon, and Benjamas Prathanee. "Speech therapy for children with cleft lip and palate: Telepractice combined with face-to-face via Application for Articulation Therapy-Thai (AAT-T) in the pandemic of Covid-19." Journal of Associated Medical Sciences 58, no. 3 (2025): 85–91. https://doi.org/10.12982/jams.2025.076.

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Background: In developing countries, access to speech therapy is restricted due to limited resources, lack of trained professionals, and geographical barriers. The COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated these issues, making in-person therapy sessions difficult or impossible for many patients. In response, combining telepractice and mobile applications can help bridge this gap in accessibility to speech therapy services for children with cleft lip and palate. Objective: To compare the percentage of correct consonants (PCC) before and after implementing telepractice combined with face-to-face spe
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Shetty, Amarshree, Kavita Rai, Amitha M. Hegde, and T. Dattatreya. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENTAL ARCH DIMENSIONS & INCISAL ABNORMALITIES TO THE MISARTICULATION OF CONSONANTS IN CHILDREN WITH ORAL CLEFTS." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 02, no. 04 (2012): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703608.

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AbstractThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between the dental arch dimensions and the incisal abnormalities or anomalies, to the consonant mis-articulations in children with unilateral cleft palate with the involvement of lip, before and after surgical correction.50 Non-syndromic children with unilateral cleft palate belonging to various experimental groups and 25 non-cleft children (control group) between the age group of 7-9 years were selected for the study. Dental arch dimensions were measured on the dental casts & the selected consonants were evaluated
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Shriberg, Lawrence D. "Four New Speech and Prosody-Voice Measures for Genetics Research and Other Studies in Developmental Phonological Disorders." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 1 (1993): 105–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3601.105.

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Research in developmental phonological disorders, particularly emerging subgroup studies using behavioral and molecular genetics, requires qualitative and continuous measurement systems that meet a variety of substantive and psychometric assumptions. This paper reviews relevant issues underlying such needs and presents four measurement proposals developed expressly for causal-correlates research. The primary qualitative system is the Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS), a 10-category nosology for dichoto mous and hierarchical-polychoto mous classification of speech disorders from 2 y
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Praveena, Jayakumar, and Vincent Churchill Soundaraj Priya. "Evaluating the Benefit of Hearing Aid Using Paired Words in Tamil." Audiology and Speech Research 19, no. 3 (2023): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21848/asr.230089.

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Purpose: Subjective measurements, such as speech audiometry, are essential to determine the perception of speech as it provides insight regarding perceptual abilities. The present study aimed to develop paired word test stimuli in Tamil and evaluate their utility for assessing the benefits of a hearing aid. Methods: The stimuli were 30 paired words which were paired to rhythm containing almost all vowels and consonants of the Tamil language differing in one or more distinctive features, such as place, manner, voicing features of consonants, and height, duration, and rounding features of vowels
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Johnson, Carol A., Audrey D. Weston, and Barbara A. Bain. "An Objective and Time-Efficient Method for Determining Severity of Childhood Speech Delay." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 13, no. 1 (2004): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2004/007).

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To address the need for an efficient and valid approach to determining the severity of a child’s speech delay, this study compared 2 types of sampling procedures to derive a measure of percentage of consonants correct (PCC; L. D. Shriberg & J. Kwiatkowski, 1982). PCC scores of twenty-one 4- to 6-year-old children with speech delay derived from both an imitative sentence task and a conversational task were compared. Scores did not differ significantly and corresponded favorably with a reference criterion (S. M. Benner, 1992) for determining clinical equivalence. The imitative approach requi
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Smit, Ann Bosma, Klaire Mann Brumbaugh, Barbara Weltsch, and Melanie Hilgers. "Treatment of Phonological Disorder: A Feasibility Study With Focus on Outcome Measures." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 2 (2018): 536–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0225.

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Purpose In a feasibility study for a randomized controlled trial of treatments for phonological disorders conducted over a period of 8 months, we examined 6 clinically relevant outcome measures. We took steps to reduce error variance and to maximize systematic variance. Method Six children received traditional treatment (Van Riper, 1939), and 7 received expansion points (Smit, 2000), a treatment program with both phonological and traditional elements. Outcome measures, which were applied to both word list and conversational samples, included percentage of consonants correct (PCC; Shriberg &amp
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Nelson, Lauren K., and Harold R. Bauer. "Speech and Language Production at Age 2." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, no. 4 (1991): 879–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3404.879.

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The purpose of this study was to explore how 2-year-old children manage the relationship between phonetic production and production of word combinations in their spontaneous speech. The subjects were 5 normally developing 2-year-olds who were participants in an ongoing longitudinal study of speech and language acquisition. Three measures were used to estimate phonetic production skills in the children’s spontaneous speech samples. These included a measure of the accuracy of consonant production (Percentage of Consonants Correct), and two estimators of phonetic complexity (phonetic products for
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Lee, Sue Ann S., and Sherry Sancibrian. "Effectiveness of Two Different Approaches to Accent Modification Services for Non-Native English Speakers of Korean Background." Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Populations 20, no. 3 (2013): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/cds20.3.127.

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This study evaluated effectiveness of two different approaches to accent modification for non-native English speakers. Eight native Korean speakers of English participated. English labio-dental fricatives, liquids, and front vowels were targeted. Half of the participants received accent modification services with a focus on individual sound drills (segmental approach) while the other half received services using minimal pairs (contrastive approach). The percentage of correct pronunciation was measured for each consonant and vowel category during each session. The results of this study revealed
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Turki, Deema F., and Ahmad F. Turki. "Machine Learning-Based Identification of Phonological Biomarkers for Speech Sound Disorders in Saudi Arabic-Speaking Children." Diagnostics 15, no. 11 (2025): 1401. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15111401.

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Background/Objectives: This study investigates the application of machine learning (ML) techniques in diagnosing speech sound disorders (SSDs) in Saudi Arabic-speaking children, with a specific focus on phonological biomarkers, particularly Infrequent Variance (InfrVar), to improve diagnostic accuracy. SSDs are a significant concern in pediatric speech pathology, affecting an estimated 10–15% of preschool-aged children worldwide. However, accurate diagnosis remains challenging, especially in linguistically diverse populations. Traditional diagnostic tools, such as the Percentage of Consonants
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La, Eun Young, and Hyun Sub Sim. "Repetition Practice and Speech-Rate Control Training’s Effect on the Percentage of Correct Consonants and Ratio of Delayed Words in Apraxia of Speech Patients with Aphasia." Communication Sciences & Disorders 19, no. 3 (2014): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.14124.

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Song, HanNae, Youngmee Lee, HyunSub Sim, and JeeEun Sung. "Effects of Phonetic Complexity and Articulatory Severity on Percentage of Correct Consonant and Speech Intelligibility in Adults with Dysarthria." Phonetics and Speech Sciences 5, no. 1 (2013): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13064/ksss.2013.5.1.039.

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Brunnegård, Karin, Emilie Hagberg, Christina Havstam, Åsa Okhiria, and Kristina Klintö. "Reliability of Speech Variables and Speech-Related Quality Indicators in the Swedish Cleft Lip and Palate Registry." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 6 (2020): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619894497.

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Objective: To assess the reliability of speech variables and speech-related quality indicators in the Swedish quality registry for cleft lip and palate (CLP). Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Primary care university hospitals. Participants: Fifty-two 5-year-old children with unilateral CLP and 41 with bilateral CLP. Main Outcome Measures: Registry data for “percent nonoral errors” and “perceived velopharyngeal competence” (VPC) were compared to reassessments by 4 independent judges based on audio recordings. Interjudge agreement for “percent consonants correct” (PCC) and the reliability o
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Willadsen, Elisabeth, Anette Lohmander, Christina Persson, et al. "Scandcleft Project, Trial 1: Comparison of Speech Outcome in Relation to Timing of Hard Palate Closure in 5-Year-Olds With UCLP." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 56, no. 10 (2019): 1276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619854632.

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Objective: To compare in-depth speech results in Scandcleft Trial 1 as well as reference data from peers without cleft palate (CP). Design: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Setting: A Danish and a Swedish CP center. Participants: 143 of 148 randomized 5-year-olds with unilateral cleft lip and palate. All received lip and velum closure at 4 months, and hard palate closure at 12 months (arm A) or 36 months (arm B). Main Outcome Measures: A composite measure based on velopharyngeal competence (VPC) or velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI), an overall assessment of VPC from connected speech (V
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Lee, Hyo Joo, Eun Hae Shin, and Chang Won Seo. "A study on Articulatory intervention program using visual phonics on the percentage of correct consonant in children with hearing impairment." Korean Journal of Early Childhood Special Education 18, no. 2 (2018): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21214/kecse.2018.18.2.55.

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Malmenholt, Ann, Anita McAllister, and Anette Lohmander. "Orofacial Function, Articulation Proficiency, and Intelligibility in 5-Year-Old Children Born With Cleft Lip and Palate." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 56, no. 3 (2018): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665618783154.

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Objective: To explore and describe orofacial function in 5-year-old children born with clefts affecting the palate and to investigate potential relationship with articulation proficiency and intelligibility. Design: A prospective cohort study of 88 consecutive patients born with cleft lip and palate (CLP) between July 2009 and June 2011. Participants: Excluding internationally adopted children and children with no speech production resulted in 52 children with different cleft types and additional malformations, examined at age 5. Data on orofacial function were available for 43 children. Outco
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Moncrieff, Deborah W., and Frank E. Musiek. "Interaural Asymmetries Revealed by Dichotic Listening Tests in Normal and Dyslexic Children." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 13, no. 08 (2002): 428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716006.

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Normal and dyslexic right-handed children were assessed with three dichotic listening tests, the Dichotic Digits test, the Competing Words subtest of the SCAN, and the Dichotic Consonant-Vowel test. Performance was measured as both number and percentage of correct responses in the right and left ears. Laterality was defined as a simple difference in percentage between the two ears. Differences across the tests were revealed for all children, with the greatest differences occurring for left-ear responses. Only one dichotic listening test, Competing Words from the SCAN, produced a consistent rig
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Seo, Saehee, Pilyeon Jeong, and Hyunsub Sim. "The effects of repeated speech training using speech cues on the percentage of correct consonants and speech intelligibility in children with cerebral palsy: A single-subject design research." Phonetics and Speech Sciences 13, no. 3 (2021): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13064/ksss.2021.13.3.079.

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