Academic literature on the topic 'Percentage purity'
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Journal articles on the topic "Percentage purity"
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M.Gayathri, Devi* M.Savitri P.Uma Devi P.V.Madhavi Latha B. Nagamani G.Anand Rao R.Triveni Y.Krishnaveni. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PERCENTAGE PURITY AND COST OF SOME GENERIC AND BRANDED MARKETED TABLETS OF DIFFERENT CLASSES M.Gayathri Devi*, M.Savitri, P.Uma Devi, P.V.Madhavi Latha, B. Nagamani, G.Anand Rao, R.Triveni, Y.Krishnaveni." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 12 (2017): 4280–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1095549.
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The present work describes about the comparative study of percentage purity and cost of some generic and branded marketed tablets of different categories like Anti-diabetic , Diuretic, Anti-pyretic and Vitamin B formulations. Branded formulations are at high cost, so that the poor can’t afford them. Therapeutic efficacy of Generics is almost identical to that of branded drugs. But one of the major differences is Generics are 80% cheaper on average when compared to branded drugs. In fact FDA estimates that 50% of generic drug production is by brand-name companies. So the consumption of generic and branded medicines depends on this un-popularized fact. Therefore the generic drugs of various pharmaceutical companies are sold at low cost .The present study is about comparison of Percentage purity and cost of the different generics and branded formulations. Our experimental results of generic and branded tablets were compared by statistical analysis which gave an important conclusion that the percentage purity of both generic and branded drugs are similar whereas the cost of branded drugs is more. Key Words: Branded drugs, Generic drugs, Percentage purity, T-value .
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Kasim, Raghad Fareed, and Rouaa Ali Shokorr. "Semi-Batch Reactive Distillation of Consecutive Reaction : The Saponification Reaction of Diethyl Adipate with Sodium Hydroxide Solution." Journal of Engineering 22, no. 3 (2016): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2016.03.04.
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This research presents a new study in reactive distillation by using consecutive reaction: the saponification reaction of diethyl adipate (DA) with sodium hydroxide solution .
 The effect of three parameters were studied through a design of experiments applying 23 factorial design . These parameters were : the mole ratio of DA to NaOH solution (0.1 and 1) , NaOH solution concentration (3 N and 8 N) , and batch time (1.5 hr. and 3.5 hr.) . The conversion of DA to sodium monoethyladipate(SMA)(intermediate product) was the effect of these parameters which was detected . Also , the percentage purity of the intermediate product was recorded . The results showed that increasing mole ratio of DA to NaOHsolution increases the conversion and percentage purity to a maximum value within the range of study . The effect of NaOH solution concentration decreases the conversion and percentage purity to specified value within the range of study . The effect of batch time on conversion and percentage purity , when NaOH solution concentration (3 N) is as follows : the increasing in batch time decreases the conversion and percentage purity to specified value within the range of study . When NaOH solution concentration (8 N) increasing batch time decreases the conversion , while percentage purity increases with increasing batch time to a maximum value within the range of study . The maximum attainable conversion within the studied range of parameters was eighteen fold of the base case , while the maximum percentage purity was (99.40 %) .
 Empirical equation was obtained using statistical analysis of experimental results . The empirical results of relative conversion was drawn . The empirical graphs showed linear variation .
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Li, Li, Ling Liu, Deshuang Zhang, Ping Wu, Fenglan Zhang, and Xiulan Xu. "Hybrid Purity Testing of Brassica rapa Using SSR Marker Technology." HortScience 52, no. 10 (2017): 1342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12023-17.
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Thirteen Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) hybrid cultivars and 26 parental inbred lines were used as experimental materials to screen for primers producing hybrid and parental complementary bands and for primers with high polymorphism information contents and low genotype frequencies. A total of 18 pairs of core primers were designed to identify the purity of Chinese cabbage. There was no significant difference in the purity percentage measured between different loci of the same strain. The fingerprint obtained by the amplification of each locus could be used to identify purity to obtain an authentic purity percentage. Curve mapping and significance analyses were conducted using the purity percentage of eight different seed samples and confirmed a sampling seed number of 96. The results of the purity test were verified by comparison with the grow-out test (GOT) using molecular markers. In conclusion, the simple sequence repeat (SSR) detection system could be used for the rapid identification of the purity of the tested Chinese cabbage hybrids.
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Yadav, Chandradip Kumar, Majoj Kumar Adhikari, Jasana Maharjan, and Ajaya Bhattarai. "An analysis of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) by FESEM, EDX methods, and its applications." Rajarshi Janak University Research Journal 2, no. 1-2 (2024): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3126/rjurj.v2i1-2.72263.
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Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a potential cationic surfactant with cleansing and antimicrobial properties. Apart from its use as an emulsifying and cleansing agent, it is used in cosmetics, industrial processes, pharmaceuticals, food additives, etc. In the present study, the purity of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was determined using FE-SEM and EDX methods. The FE-SEM test showed CPC sizes from 46.35μm to 77.76μm. The result and analysis of EDX depicted the purity of the sample. The percentage of elements present in cetylpyridinium chloride has been explained by EDX data. The percentages of C, N, and Cl were found to be 87.4, 5.4, and 7.2 percent respectively by weight.
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Ebiere Dode, Deghinmotei Alfred-Ugbenbo, Samuel J. Bunu, and Akarhiunu Marcus. "Physicochemical analysis and quality assessment of Lisinopril oral formulations used in the management of hypertension." International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive 5, no. 2 (2023): 043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.2.0036.
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Background: Hypertension (HT) is one of the primary causes of death worldwide, accounting for 13% of all deaths. Most cardiovascular disease (CVD) outbreaks in Africa are driven by hypertension, although global detection, awareness, treatment, and control rates are low. Aim: the study aimed to analyze the physicochemical parameters and quality assessment of different brands of Lisinopril. Method: Five (5) brands of Lisinopril oral tablets (10mg) were purchased and coded LSP1, LSP2, LSP3, LSP4, and LSP5. Different test including weight uniformity, standardizations, extraction, titrimetric (aqueous and non-aqueous) analysis, and quality determination of all the brands was conducted using standard procedures outlined in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). Result: All brands of Lisinopril used in the analysis conformed to the weight uniformity test. LSP1 conformed to the standard purity range in aqueous titrimetric analysis (98.5%), while the other brands had a close percentage but did not fall within the stated standard with a percentage purity of 82.2% (LSP2), 75.5% (LSP3), 87.1% (LSP4), and 75.6% (LSP5), respectively. For the non-aqueous titration, LSP 1 and LSP 2, conform to the standard percentage purity outlined in the USP, with 100.65% (LSP1), and 97.55% (LSP2). The brands had a percentage purity of 72.78% (LSP3), 88.26% (LSP4), and 88.26% (LSP 5), respectively. Conclusion: the method used in this study can be easily employed in the quality assessment and physicochemical analysis of solid dosage formulations commonly utilized by patients because it is rapid, efficient, cost-effective, less technical and reproducible.
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Sakamoto, Y., M. Ueda, S. Toda, and H. Kimura. "20 FACTORS THAT AFFECT PURITY AND YIELD OF BOVINE SEX-SORTED SPERM." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab20.
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The purposes of these studies were to examine the influence on the yield of sex-sorted sperm by the different size of sorting gate and to evaluate factors that affect the purity of sex-sorted sperm. As the sorting gate was expanded, so the yield of bovine sex-sorted sperm using flow cytometry was increased. At the same time, the purity of sex-sorted sperm became low. In addition, though the sorting gates were the same size, the purity of sex-sorted sperm differed among trials. These observations indicated the existence of factors that affect purity besides the size of sorting gate. To examine the yield of sex-sorted sperm, X-bearing sex-sorted sperm from 4 Holstein bulls were produced repeatedly 34 times by 3 flow cytometers. The sizes of sorting gates were fixed at 40–42%, 44%, and 46%. Each yield of sorting gate at 40–42%, at 44% and at 46% was compared. To evaluate factors that affect purity, X- or Y-bearing sex-sorted sperm were produced by one flow cytometer. These trials were repeated 160 times for the sorting of X-bearing sperm and 45 times for the sorting of Y-bearing sperm. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to analyse the relationships between the purity of sex-sorted sperm and the following sorting conditions, the percentage of oriented sperm, the percentage of dead sperm, degree of separation between X-bearing and Y-bearing sperm, the size of sorting gate, event rate, drop drive frequency, drop delay value and drop delay accuracy. The highest yield was acquired by sorting gate at 44%. The number of sex-sorted sperm was increased as sorting gate was expanded, however, the purity became low. The purities of the sperm by some trials using sorting gate at 46% were less than our acceptable lowest purity that was 90%. So that those sperm must be discarded. Therefore the yield of sorting gate at 44% was greater than sorting gate at 46%. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the factors for increasing purity of X-bearing sex-sorted sperm were the percentage of oriented sperm (P < 0.001), the degree of separation between X-bearing sperm and Y-bearing sperm (P < 0.001), the drop delay accuracy (P < 0.001), the event rate and the drop drive frequency, and the factor for decreasing purity of X-bearing sex-sorted sperm was the size of sorting gate (P < 0.001). On the other hand, the factors for increasing purity of Y-bearing sex-sorted sperm were the percentage of oriented sperm (P < 0.01), the degree of separation between X-bearing sperm and Y-bearing sperm (P < 0.01) and the event rate (P < 0.05), and the factor for decreasing purity of Y-bearing sex-sorted sperm was the size of sorting gate (P < 0.01). From these results, it can be concluded that the purity of sex-sorted sperm was not depend on simply by size of sorting gate but was more completely explained by other sorting conditions.
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Alghargan, Nidhal Y. A. "Effect of Levels and Times of Application of Super Micro Plus Nanofertilizer on Sugar Yield and Quality of Sugarcane Juice, Saccharum Officinarum L. Under the Conditions of the Central Region of Iraq." International Journal Papier Advance and Scientific Review 4, no. 1 (2023): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47667/ijpasr.v4i1.204.
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The experiment was carried out according to a completely randomized block design with three replications, and the data were analyzed statistically, and the results showed the following; (1) The use of nanofertilizer at the level of 2 g.l ̄¹ resulted in a significant increase in all the studied characteristics represented in number of milling stems, the percentage of sucrose, the percentage of total dissolved solids, the percentage of juice purity, the stems yield , and the sugar yield, as it reached 54.9 stems.m ̄¹, 15.4%, 17.5%, 88.04%, and 61.5 tons.ha ̄ ¹ and 9.34 tons.ha ̄¹ respectively; (2) The spraying of nanofertilizer at the beginning of the tillering stage resulted in a significant increase in most of the studied characteristics represented in mean number of milling stems, the percentage of sucrose, the percentage of total dissolved solids, the stems yield, and the sugar yield, reaching 57.1 stems.m ̄¹ , 14.1%, 17.2%, and 53.6 tons.ha ̄¹ and 7.63 tons.ha ̄ ¹ respectively .While spraying the nanofertilizer at the beginning of the elongation stage showed a significant increase in juice purity amounted to 84.68%, Compared to the fertilizer application at the beginning of the tillering stage and the beginning of the maturity stage, which recorded 81.85 and 83.51%, respectively; (3) Spraying the plants with nanofertilizer at the level of 2 g.l ̄¹ at the beginning of the tillering stage resulted in achieving the highest increase in each of the number of milling stems, the percentage of sucrose, the percentage of total dissolved solids, the percentage of juice purity, the stems yield, and the sugar yield, as it reached 62 stems.m ̄¹ ,16.3%, 18.0%, 90.50%, and 66.0 tons.ha ̄ ¹ and 10.30 tons.ha ̄ ¹ respectively.
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Mamun, Md Al, S. Shamsi, and MA Bashar. "Estimation of interrelationships among some quality factors of jute seeds." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 25, no. 1 (2016): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v25i1.28485.
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The storage mycoflora associated with seeds of 21 accessions of Corchorus capsularis L. were isolated and identified. Blotter, Paper towel and Agar plate methods were used to isolate the fungi associated with seeds. A total of ten species of fungi viz. Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, Curvularia lunata, Colletotrichum corchori, Fusarium oxysporum, Eurotium sp., Penicillium sp. and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated from the selected jute seeds. Aspergillus spp. and Colletotrichum corchori were predominant in most of the jute accessions. Accession No. A-3047 showed the highest fungal incidence and Accession Nos. A-3361, A-2734 and A-877 showed the lowest. Accession No. A-3361 showed the highest seed germination while Accession No. A-3309 showed the lowest. Mortality of seedling showed the highest in Accession No. A-3309 and the lowest in Accession No. A-3361. Physical purity of seed recorded the highest in Accession No. A- 3361 and the lowest in Accession No. A-3309. There were negative correlation between percentage of fungi and percentage of germination and between percentage of fungi and physical purity of seeds. Positive correlation was observed between percentage of fungi and seedling mortality and between purity of seed and germination of seed.Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 25(1): 9-17, 2016
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Ashnagar, A., and N. Gharib Naseri. "Analysis of Three Penicillin Antibiotics (Ampicillin, Amoxicillin and Cloxacillin) of Several Iranian Pharmaceutical Companies by HPLC." E-Journal of Chemistry 4, no. 4 (2007): 536–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/480907.
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Penicillin has been the most widely used antibiotic for many gram-positive bacterial infections. In this research the purity of the standard active ingredients of the various dosage forms of three penicillins (Amoxicillin, Cloxacillin and Ampicillin) imported and the purity percentage of the active ingredients in each of the various dosage forms of these drugs manufactured by several pharmaceutical companies of Iran (Kosar, Farabi and Jaber Ibn Hayan) were investigated and determined by HPLC technique. The analyses were made by using a Knauer (Germany) Spherimage-80, ODS, 2-5 μm C18column with 30 cm length, and i.d. 4.5 mm. A 20 μL solution from each individual sample and the standard solution were injected separately onto the column of an HPLC instrument which was equipped with ECW 2000 software of Knauer, Germany. The results obtained in this research have shown that the purity percentage of the active ingredients of the standard powder and the various dosage forms of all the drugs used, were 100%.
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Roseliana, Anna, Witarti Witarti, Enny Lestari, Maula Eka Sriyani, and Widyastuti Widjaksana. "Determination Stability of 99mTc-Etambutol Radiopharmaceuticals for Tuberculosis Detected." JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) 4, no. 1 (2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v4i1.22364.
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<p><sup>99m</sup>Tc-ethambutol radiopharmaceutical is a diagnostic kit based on the anti-tuberculosis drug, ethambutol, labeled with radioactive tracer <sup>99m</sup>Tc. This radiopharmaceutical is a result of research development in Centre for Radioisotope and Radiopharmaceutical Technology, BATAN. <sup>99m</sup>Tc-ethambutol radiopharmaceutical in the hospital used as a diagnostic agent for tuberculosis detected, particularly tuberculosis in extra pulmonary organs that is not easily detected by existing conventional methods. The aim of study to find out how stable ethambutol kit when stored at certain temperature and how stable ethambutol stability after labelled with <sup>99m</sup>Tc. These stability data are required by hospitals which used <sup>99m</sup>Tc-ethambutol . The stability test performed by measuring the radiochemical purity of ethambutol kits which were stored at certain time period and labelled with <sup>99m</sup>Tc using thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. Radiochemical purity tests were also performed on <sup>99m</sup>Tc-ethambutol at certain time period after its labeling process. Based on experiment results, it was obtained that ethambutol kit was still stable for up to 9 months when stored at refrigerator temperature 8 <sup>o</sup>C with percentage of radiochemical purity average &gt; 85% and up to 11 months when stored in deep freezer temperature -80 <sup>o</sup>C with percentage of radiochemical purity average 90%. While <sup>99m</sup>Tc-ethambutol was still stable for up to 4 hours after labeling with percentage of radiochemical purity more than &gt; 85%.</p>
Book chapters on the topic "Percentage purity"
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Samuel, Ehab, Agnes M. Samuel, Victor Songmene, and Fawzy H. Samuel. "Effect of Casting Processes, Rare Earth Metals, and Sr Addition on Porosity Formation in Al-Si Cast Alloys." In Recent Advancements in Aluminum Alloys [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112985.
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The present work was carried out on A413.1cast alloy that was characterized by short freezing temperature range. Measured amounts of high purity (99.99%) rare earth metals (Ce, La, La + Ce) were added to the non-modified and Sr-modified molten metal. Three casting molds were used viz., graphite mold heated at 600°C for the purpose of obtaining solidification curves, metallic mold with three variable opening angles heated at 350°C, and a step-like metallic mold heated at 200 and 400°C. The main results are earth metals (RE) would lead to porosity formation in all molds with increase in its percentage in Sr-modified alloys. Since the maximum α-Al network formation temperature is in the range of 575–580°C, some of the RE may precipitate in the liquid state leading to blocking the flow of the liquid metal. However, considering the metal was degassed using high purity argon gas, most of the observed porosities are of shrinkage type. In addition, increasing the amount of used RE, and hence percentage of unsoluble intermetallics results in marked decrease in the alloy strength. The only observed advantage is the effectiveness of La is reducing the alloy grain size due to its low affinity to react with Ti.
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Gamal Mahmoud, Mohamed, Yasser Zedan, Agnes-Marie Samuel, Victor Songmene, Herebert W. Doty, and Fawzy H. Samuel. "Applications of Rare Earth Metals in Al-Si Cast Alloys." In Advances in High-Entropy Alloys - Materials Research, Exotic Properties and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96011.
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The present article reviews a large number of research publications on the effect of mischmetal (MM), rare earth metals (RE), La or Ce, and combinations of La + Ce on the performance of Al-Si cast alloys mainly 319, 356, 380, 413, and 390 alloys. Most of these articles focused on the use of rare earth metals as a substitute for strontium (Sr) as a eutectic silicon (Si) modifier if added in low percentage (< 1 wt.%) to avoid precipitation of a significant amount of insoluble intermetallics and hence poor mechanical properties. Other points that were considered were the affinity of RE to react with Sr., reducing its effectiveness as modifier, as well as the grain refining efficiency of the added RE in any form. None of these articles mentioned the exact composition of the RE used and percentage of tramp elements inherited from the parent ore. Using high purity La or Ce proved to have no effect on the Si shape, size or distribution, in particular at low solidification rates (thick sections). However, regardless the source of the RE, its addition to Sr-modified alloys reduced the modification effect. As for grain refining, apparently a high percentage of RE (> 1 wt.%) is required to achieve a noticeable reduction in grain size, however at the cost of alloy brittleness.
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Fraser, Gary E. "Coronary Heart Disease Mortality among British, German, and Indian Vegetarians." In Diet, Life Expectancy, and Chronic Disease. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113242.003.0010.
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Abstract Researchers have reported the results of three prospective studies and one retrospective study of non-Adventist vegetarians’ dietary habits and the risk of CHD. The studies are smaller than the California Adventist studies, and the prospective studies included only cases of CHD that resulted in death. Nevertheless, they add substantially to the total amount of information that is available. These studies bring a greater diversity of experience to bear on the research questions, in part because they were done in other countries: the United Kingdom, Germany, and India. Also, while Adventists are vegetarians for reasons of health and, in some cases, for “moral purity,” the non-Adventist vegetarians are much more likely to be motivated by concerns about animal rights or the environment. This is not to deny that many non-Adventists expect some health benefits or that many Adventists feel satisfied that their choices spare animal lives and reduce the exploitation of scarce environmental resources (Gussow, 1994; Lewis, 1994). Another difference is that although most of the non-Adventist subjects are lacto ovo vegetarians, as were the Adventists, there is a higher percentage of vegans among the non-Adventist vegetarians.
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Dadi, Murali, and Mohd Yasir. "Spectroscopy and Spectrophotometry: Principles and Applications for Colorimetric and Related Other Analysis." In Colorimetry. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101106.
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Spectrophotometry and different types of spectroscopy are the technique that involved in identifying and quantifying the amount of a known substance in an unknown medium. Spectroscopy is the most convenient method for analysis of unknown samples both qualitatively and quantitatively with a good percentage of accuracy. Different types of spectroscopic and spectrophotometric techniques are very helpful in analyzing the samples even at sub-ppm level particularly in the field of scientific research. These techniques based on the simple principle that the amount of specific radiation i.e. ray or light (photon) absorbed or reflected by the sample relative to the intensity of the incident ray/light at a particular wavelength. These techniques are using, for analyzing purity, % content in mixture, type of reactions/chemical interactions occur/absorption or reflectance of color for a colored substances/solutions are detectable and quantitatively determinable quantitative determination. Most of the scientists have been using different spectroscopic and spectrophotometric techniques like Infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence and UV VIS spectrophotometry etc., which are playing an important role in the identification and characterization of substances, apart from this the atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy are also being used for quantitative measurement of different substances or elements.
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"Characteristics of Nordic Music (1933)." In Grainger on Music, edited by Malcolm Gillies, Bruce Clunies Ross, Bronwen Arthur, and David Pear. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198166658.003.0032.
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Abstract In talking to you of the characteristics of Nordic Music I am not using the term ‘Nordic’ scientifically, but merely in the loose sense that we speak of Latin or Germanic or Slavonic characteristics or tendencies in art. I am not concerned with the correct definition of exactly what a Nordic is; I am not concerned with the purity or impurity of the Nordic race anywhere, or even with the percentage of Nordicness in the Nordic countries. By ‘Nordic countries’ I mean those countries where we see lots of people with blue eyes, fair hair, narrow heads and faces, and tall or tallish, slight body-build. The Nordic countries are, of course, Scandinavia, Holland, Great Britain, Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, and several other countries. Long before I had heard or read the sacred term ‘Nordic’ I had discovered for myself that these countries had certain striking musical characteristics in common, and to these characteristics I am now applying the term ‘Nordic’ as a convenient label. In some of these partially-Nordic countries the Nordicness of the composers seems to be higher than that of the population at large. In England probably only about half of the total population is blond, the other half being more or less brunette. On British ships we often see that most of the stewards are dark or fairly dark while the actual sailors and the officers are almost invariably blond. Likewise in music-the spiritual leaders are blonder than the rank and file. English orchestras seem full of brunette types, and at least two of England’s most famous conductors (Sir Henry Wood and Sir Thomas Beecham) are extremely dark. But I have never yet met an outstanding English composer who was not a pronounced Nordic. This is true of the following English composers: Elgar, Delius, Cyril Scott, Balfour Gardiner, Roger Quilter, Holst, Granville Bantock, Bax, Vaughan Williams, Peter Warlock.
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Abderrahim, Kali, Loulidi Ilyasse, Amar Abdelouahed, et al. "Exploitation of Bentonite for Wastewater Treatment." In Montmorillonite Clay. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100013.
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Bentonite is a clay with interesting surface properties (affinity for water, adsorption capacity for electro-positive compounds….). The characteristics and clarifying properties of bentonite from various companies are the subject of numerous studies. The present work focuses on the study of the efficiency of bentonite and modified bentonite to purify aqueous solutions containing organic pollutants such as phenol. First, before starting the adsorption study, a physical–chemical characterization of the clay by FTIR, BET and XRD techniques was undertaken. The specific surface of the bentonite is calculated by BET. Then, the study of isotherms and kinetics of phenol adsorption on commercial BTC showed that this pollutant can be removed from liquid effluents with a significant percentage. Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied. Finally, the kinetic study performed by UV–Visible was reproduced by FTIR spectroscopy.
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Gajjar, Daxa, Avinash Shrikrishna Raut, Chetana Chaturvedi, and Falguni Kaila. "TIME MANAGEMENT THROUGH 'A³ ' BY RAJYOGA." In Futuristic Trends in Management Volume 3 Book 23. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bhma23p1ch4.
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The record in sequence with months, days and date called as Calendar while article to record the flow of months, days and date is called a Clock. The measurement unit of Clock is the hours, minutes & seconds while for months, days and date, it’s the climate, weather & refraction. As a result of the phenomena of movement of earth and atmospheric refraction, effect of bending of light rays entering into the earth at a particular angle creates the eternal moment. This shallow angle created till two hours before sunrise from the last two hours of dusk, which is the time from 3:00 am to 5:00 am being considered as a very special and important time when soul rejoins with its original nature of eternal peace & silence, when nature is also in its original eternal form giving out cool & soothing breeze, the waves with mystical sounds making the surrounding divine. This time is the basis to concrete transcendentalism. This transition period of atmospheric refraction is ornated with different names in religious literatures. In Hinduism, it is Brahma mahurat, in Sikhism it is Amrut-vela, in Islam, it is Fajr, in Christianity, it is Dawn. In the Vedas’, it is described as a time when one can in “Amrut-vela be in his own self - respect and feel the atmosphere with purity and goodness”. In the theory of Ayurveda, “Sanjeevni Shakti is transmitted in the body at a rapid speed which is like nectar”. In the scientific research, it is proved, “in bhram muhurat the atmosphere is pollution free and environment is generating a positive energy, trees breathing out high percentage of pure oxygen, which fills the mind and brain with cleanliness”. People who wake up at such a pious time are reported to be wiser and more enthusiastic, healthy and successful and energetic and glorious. Amrut-vela has mythological significance. There is natural importance and there is also spirituals importance. the third eye of inside knowledge is to attain one’s spiritual progress and the external life style becomes complimentary and helpful. The main goal of this research is to find the secret of managing time most efficiently and effectively with a return gift of eternal energy of happiness & strength with stress free, tension free, confinement free and disease-free life. The research revealed, for a healthy and always successful life is attained only with a long-time practice of bringing back the spiritual treasures of the soul, mind & body along with coming close to nature. The experiments revealed better understanding of Mind Management, Time Management & Responsibilities (Karma) Management. Hence, the acroynm 'A³ ' is coined and kept open for further researchers. 'A³ ' stand for 1. Amrit-vela (Time), 2. A stands for Atma (Mind), 3. A stands for Avinashi (Karma). The methodology used is simple practical questionnaire method recorded during the regular daily habits and its effects like wake-up pattern, sleep pattern, food intake pattern, seating & walking pattern, etc. The results showed there was a drastic change in one’s self management who were regularly doing Rajyoga leading to a happier, heathier and contented life. It’s a lottery to become a Rajyogi practitioner for deepening of self’s true identity and consciousness.
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Sandefur, James T. "Introduction to dynamic modelling." In Discrete Dynamical Modeling. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195084382.003.0001.
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Abstract Dynamics is the study of how quantities change over time. Dynamic modeling is the process of developing a mathematical relationship that in some sense describes how a real world quantity changes over time. We do not claim that the mathematics gives an exact description of reality. But we do hope the analysis will give us some insight into the phenomenon being studied. Let’s begin by developing a simple model of how medicine is eliminated from the body. An empty container will represent the body. Add 4 cups of water to the container to model the blood in the body. Suppose we are going to take some medicine internally. Let’s assume that the proper dose of this medicine, say cough syrup, is 16 ml. To model this, add 16 ml of food coloring to the container. See figure 1.1. (To be precise, the 16 ml of food coloring should be added first, with enough water added to make a total of 4 cups of liquid.) How do the kidneys remove impurities from the blood? Loosely speaking, during any 4-hour period, the kidneys take in a fixed percentage of the blood and remove the medicine from that blood. Let’s assume the kidneys purify one-fourth of the blood during any 4-hour period.
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Solanki, Kamna, and Sandeep Dalal. "Technological Trends and Recent Statistics of Dark Web." In Perspectives on Ethical Hacking and Penetration Testing. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8218-6.ch014.
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The depth of the Internet extends well beyond the surface information that many people may quickly access in their routine searches. Some people may think of the web as only being made up of webpages that can be found using conventional search engines like Google. This information, referred to as the “Surface web,” represents a very small percentage of the entire internet. The part of the internet that search engines and web crawlers do not index is known as the deep web. On the other hand, a subset of the deep web known as the “dark web” is only accessible using specialized software like Tor (The Onion Router). The surface web is primarily used for acceptable daily online activity, while the dark web is purely anonymous and is known for carrying out illicit transactions. The dark web is a small part of the deep web which can be accessed through the Tor browser. This chapter aims to examine current technology developments and some intriguing recent dark web statistics to evaluate the dark web's present state, technologies, usage, and current trends and data breaches.
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Disfani M.M., Arulrajah A., Suthagaran V., and Bo M.W. "Geotechnical characteristics of recycled glass-biosolid mixtures." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-031-5-201.
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The sustainable reuse of waste materials such as recycled glass (RG) and biosolids (Bio) in geotechnical applications would greatly reduce the demand for landfill sites and for virgin materials. The most important obstacle in the sustainable use of recycled glass and biosolids mixtures in geotechnical applications is the lack of knowledge about their engineering characteristics particularly when they are blended together. The use of such mixtures is a cost effective and innovative way of reusing both waste materials and overcoming the deficiencies that they would possess if they were used on their own. Preliminary tests were conducted on samples made of purely recycled glass and biosolids and also on blended RG-Bio samples to determine their geotechnical parameters. Particle size distribution, compaction tests and Direct Shear Tests (DST) were undertaken on both pure and blended materials. The shear strength characteristic of the mixture and its relation to the percentage of each component were analysed. It was concluded that the mixture takes advantage of the friction resistance of coarser recycled glass particles and the cohesion strength of finer particles which are mostly from biosolid grains. The results indicated that the RG-Bio mixtures have satisfactory shear strength characteristics which enable these mixtures to have an excellent potential to be used as an embankment fill material in roads.
Conference papers on the topic "Percentage purity"
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Pedrozo, Hector A., Cheick Dosso, Lingxiang Zhu, et al. "Membrane-based carbon capture process optimization using CFD modeling." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design. PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.134891.
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Carbon capture is a promising option to mitigate CO2 emissions from existing coal-fired power plants, cement and steel industries, and petrochemical complexes. Among the available technologies, membrane-based carbon capture presents the lowest energy consumption, operating costs, and carbon footprint. In addition, membrane processes have important operational flexibility and response times. On the other hand, the major challenges to widespread application of this technology are related to reducing capital costs and improving membrane stability and durability. To upscale the technology into stacked flat sheet configurations, high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) that describes the separation process accurately are required. High-fidelity simulations are effective in studying the complex transport phenomena in membrane systems. In addition, obtaining high CO2 recovery percentages and product purity requires a multi-stage membrane process, where the optimal network configuration of the membrane modules must be studied in a systematic way. In order to address the design problem at process scale, we formulate a superstructure for the membrane-based carbon capture, including up to three separation stages. In the formulation of the optimization problem, we include reduced models, based on rigorous CFD simulations of the membrane modules. Numerical results indicate that the optimal design includes three membrane stages, and the capture cost is 45.4 $/t-CO2.
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Drum, Bruce, and Charles E. Sternheim. "Saturation of chromatic increments on intense achromatic backgrounds." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.ths2.
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Drum1 measured threshold-versus-adapting-intensity (TVI) functions for chromatic increments on achromatic backgrounds. The TVI slopes became greater than unity at background levels above 4 log trolands (log td) for stimulus wavelengths across the visible spectrum. Because only one background level above 4 log td was tested, however, the detailed shapes of the curves and the full extent of the steepening could not be resolved. We now report more detailed TVI measurements at four test wavelengths (430, 490, 575, and 660 nm) and background illuminances at 0.2 log-unit intervals from 4.0 log td to 5.6 log td. Foveal, 2° diameter test stimuli were presented for 1 s on a concentric, perceptually white (5128 K color temperature), 7° diameter, steady background. Thresholds were obtained by the method of adjustment, after which the test stimulus illuminances were increased 0.6 log-unit and the subject estimated the percentages of red, yellow, green, blue, and white. Average TVI slopes for two subjects were 2.75 for 430 nm, 1.55 for 490 nm, 1.15 for 575 nm, and 1.4 for 660 nm, which is in qualitative agreement with published estimates of the ratio of chromatic to achromatic sensitivity. Also, the percentage of white apparent in the suprathreshold increments generally increased with increasing background illuminance despite substantial increases in excitation purity. These findings imply that steady, intense achromatic backgrounds can produce response saturation in color-oppo-nent mechanisms.
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Galan, Berta. "Green Ammonia Small-Scale Production Plant: Simulation on the Base of Energetic Aspects." In 8th World Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and 8th World Conference on Advanced Materials, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Eurasia Conferences, 2025. https://doi.org/10.62422/978-81-981865-7-7-015.
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Generally speaking, the Haber-Bosch (HB) process for ammonia (NH3) production requires large-scale industrial equipment; however, a smaller and more cost-effective setup could improve accessibility to ammonia production. The transition to an electrically driven HB ammonia process will depend on the development of agile systems that align with geographically isolated and intermittent renewable energy sources. Such a flexible system could utilize renewable energy to produce ammonia for fertilizer and fuel applications, meet local electricity demands and generate hydrogen for energy storage. Motivated by these advancements, this work focuses on small-scale NH3 production plants. The proposed green ammonia system integrates a nitrogen membrane generator, a water alkaline electrolyzer stack, and an HB ammonia synthesis unit, designed for three different capacities: 1 MW, 5 MW, and 10 MW electrolyzers. The plants are analyzed through Aspen Plus simulations, being energetic aspects the main criteria for selecting the working conditions. The study examines the effects of pressure and temperature on electrolysis, nitrogen production, and ammonia synthesis, providing insights into energy efficiency, product purity and flow rates. Additionally, the results asses the impact of reactor number, providing valuable information for designing efficient small-scale green ammonia production systems. Figure 1 show the percentage of energy consumption as a function of reactor number and electrolyzer power in the HB process.
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Song, Yuxin, and Shawn Duan. "Design Improvement and Field Testing for Biogas Power Generation System." In ASME 2023 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2023-111642.
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Abstract This paper details the process of obtaining high-purity methane from biogas by using specific filtering and drying devices and utilizing it as fuel to drive generators for electricity generation. The system is designed to filter out most impurities from the biogas produced from the fermentation of biological waste (cow manure), using a purification device to extract methane. The conversion kit uses methane to run the generator to produce electrical energy. Field tests were carried out to ensure the proper functioning of the experimental setup, considering interference factors such as temperature changes, weather factors, and natural fermentation effects. The design flaws were identified during the testing, such as airtightness problems that led to system failure and inaccurate data. Control variable method was used to resolve these issues, and some parts were replaced through redesign and testing to ensure the proper functioning of all components. Finally, it was found that adding a certain amount of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to the water tank significantly improved the impurity removal effect, achieving the expected result. The testing results showed that percentage of methane reached 89.57%, while carbon dioxide dropped from 48.17% to 5.02%, and Hydrogen sulfide was removed completely. The generator with a conversion kit was able to produce 0.0705 kw · h of electricity by running on 8-Psi purified biogas for three minutes. Redesign and testing have validated design idea and achieved goal of the project.
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Soudarev, A. V., A. A. Souryaninov, V. G. Konakov, and A. S. Molchanov. "Independent Hybrid Power Plant “PEMFC+MEMS” With Use of Molecular Ceramic Membranes to Separate CO and H2." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72243.
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As analysis of thermal-technical parameters of the existing polymer exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) indicated, their electrical efficiency is not above 32–37% which is due to relatively high (10–15%) electric power consumption to cover own needs. Its major percentage falls on pump and compressor drive (air, fuel, water supply) using the AC electric engines connected via converter to FC. A real alternative allowing the efficiency increase up to 45% and higher is to apply hybrid plants when an AC turboelectric generator (TEG) is built into the thermodynamic cycle, the latter operating at the expense of utilization of the FC reagent stream power. TEG is a micro turbocompressor with incorporated turbo generator manufactured on the basis of the micro electric-mechanical system (MEMS) technology. The numerical study over the hybrid cycle effectiveness revealed that the optimum efficiency is ensured provided the TEG power does not exceed 12–15% of the total hybrid power plant power. Considering a value of the PEMFC mean power of around 8, a need arises in TEG of 500 to 1500W power to operate as a part of hybrid engine. Among various auxiliaries involved into the PEMFC, there should be devices that ensure getting target values in terms of hydrogen purity, a dominant synthetic gas fraction, at the FC inlet. A need to get and maintain hydrogen purity on the level of 99.99% is related with that if CO content in mixture is higher 0.01%, then a normal operation of FC fails due to “poisoning” effect of the platinum-containing catalysts of the FC electrodes. To forestall this, the palladium molecular membranes are now typically applied which causes the filtered flow temperature limitations within values not exceeding 500–550°C. At the same time, PEMFC in most cases must operate on air and syngas produced by reforming, with their temperature amounting to 800–900°C. To provide this, we need to have ceramic molecular membranes (CMM) made of a ceramic support in which macropores nano pores are formed (characteristic size of less 0.3nm), the latter achieved through application of a complex of various chemical and physical processes. In the paper presented, findings of numerical studies over a hybrid engine plant are provided, this hybrid plant (PEMFC + MEMS) as compared with alternatives to existing and offered schemes, and, also, test data on the zeolite-based support CMM are demonstrated.
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McVay, Derek, Li Zhao, Jack Brouwer, Fred Jahnke, and Matt Lambrech. "A Spatially Resolved Physical Model for Dynamic Modeling of a Novel Hybrid Reformer-Electrolyzer-Purifier (REP) for Production of Hydrogen." In ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2017-3192.
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A molten carbonate electrolysis cell (MCEC) is capable of separating carbon dioxide from methane reformate while simultaneously electrolyzing water. Methane reformate, for this study, primarily consists of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, and a high percentage of water. Carbon dioxide is required for the operation of a MCEC since a carbonate ion is formed and travels from the reformate channel to the sweep gas channel. In this study, a spatially resolved physical model was developed to simulate an MCEC in a novel hybrid reformer electrolyzer purifier (REP) configuration for high purity hydrogen production from methane and water. REP effectively acts as an electrochemical CO2 purifier of hydrogen. In order to evaluate the performance of REP, a dynamic MCEC stack model was developed based upon previous high temperature molten carbonate fuel cell modeling studies carried out at the National Fuel Cell Research Center at the University of California, Irvine. The current model is capable of capturing both steady state performance and transient behavior of an MCEC stack using established physical models originating from first principals. The model was first verified with REP experimental data at steady state which included spatial temperature profiles. Preliminary results show good agreement with experimental data in terms of spatial distribution of temperature, current density, voltage, and power. The combined effect of steam methane reformation (SMR) and water electrolysis with electrochemical CO2 removal results in 96% dry-basis hydrogen at the cathode outlet of the MCEC. Experimental measurements reported 98% dry-basis hydrogen at the cathode outlet.
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Kar, M. K., and J. Safarian. "Smelting of different hydrogen-reduced bauxite residue-calcite pellets for iron and alumina recovery." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/nhuu7429.
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Bauxite residue is one of the most important by-products from the alumina industry with no commercial use till now. The utilisation of bauxite residue through pelletising with different lime additions, hydrogen reduction, and smelting has been studied in this work. Three different types of green pellets were made with varying calcite-to-bauxite residue ratio and subsequently sintered at elevated temperatures. The sintered pellets were isothermally reduced at 1000°C under hydrogen gas followed by smelting of the reduced pellets in argon at 1500°C. Smelting of the reduced pellets leads to the recovery of metallic iron and the formation of a leachable calcium aluminate slag. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterise the phases and microstructural analysis. The iron produced in the smelting process has a high purity, above 99.5 wt per cent. While the iron content of the slags is quite low, and the slags shows variations of krotite (CaAl2O4), gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7), and perovskite (CaTiO3) phases based on the variation of calcite addition. It was found that the more calcite addition in pelletising yields higher percentage of krotite phase as compared to lower calcite-containing pellets. Employing quantitative XRD analysis, the krotite phase fraction was found approximately 85 wt per cent for higher calcite-added pellet, and around 74 wt per cent for lower calcite-added pellet. FactSage™, ver 8.1 (Thermfact and GGT- Technologies) thermodynamic software was used to evaluate the obtained experimental data, they both revealed that the components of the bauxite residue are mostly distributed into the calcium aluminate slag phase.
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Tissera, Chamila A., Matt M. Swartz, Emre Tatli, et al. "Selective NOx Recirculation for Stationary Lean-Burn Natural Gas Engines." In ASME 2004 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2004-0839.
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NOx control in a lean burn natural gas engine is typically achieved with appropriate management of air/fuel ratio and ignition timing. A novel approach for further reduction involves the capture of NOx by first adsorbing the NOx from the exhaust stream, followed by the periodic desorption of NOx from an aftertreatment medium. Then, by passing the desorbed NOx gas into the intake air stream and back through the engine, a percentage of the NOx will be converted to harmless gases during the combustion process. The objective of this paper is to report the NOx conversion phenomenon during a lean combustion process. The results of this testing will be used to develop an optimal system for the conversion of NOx with a NOx adsorber. A 1993 Cummins L10-G spark ignited natural gas engine was used to conduct the experiments. Commercially available nitric oxide (NO, 98.8% purity) was injected into the engine intake to mimic the NOx stream from the desorption process to obtain NO conversion rates at various steady-state engine operating points. The NO injection system was capable of injecting NO at varying flow rates and time intervals. NO was injected into the intake manifold for ten and twenty second periods, and the conversion rates were calculated. When the injected NO amount increased from 0.22 g/s to 1.2 g/s and engine loads varied from 200ft-lb to 400ft-lb at 800 RPM, the NO conversion rates increased from 5% to 47%. It was observed that the air/fuel ratio, injected NO quantity and the engine load greatly effected the NO conversion rates. It was also noted that engine speed had a negligible affect when the intake NO concentration was held constant.
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Zubair, Muhammad, Aman Ullah, and Jianping Wu. "Spent hen proteins: An untapped bioresource for food packaging applications." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/wasw9203.
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Spent hens, a poultry by-product, have little economic value for processing due to poor meat quality and low yield. In North America alone, 150 million spent hens are produced every year which are either end up in landfill or burnt. However, there are concerns over disposal of spent hens; therefore, it is pertinent to find out alternative uses that are environmentally friendly. On the other hand, single-use plastic packaging is leading to a global environmental crisis. The development of hybrid bionanocomposite films from spent hen proteins using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is a viable option for food packaging applications. In this study, proteins were harvested from spent hen using alkali aided extraction method. To develop protein derived bionanocomposite films, glycerol was used as a plasticizer and chitosan as a cross-linker agent. Furthermore, cellulose nanocrystals (1,3,5%) were incorporated into the proteins/glycerol/chitosan mixture and sonicated it for an hour. Finally, mixture was transformed into food packaging films using compression molding and characterized using FTIR, XRD, TEM, DMA, DSC and TGA.The results indicated that alkali aided method provided excellent proteins recovery yield (74%) and percentage purity (96%) from spent hen. The physicochemical analysis showed an improvement in the thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of the prepared bionanocomposite films. A greater enhancement in mechanical strength (2.65± 0.50 to 8.48±0.98 MPa) of CNCs derived films was observed as compared to films without nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the dispersion of CNCs into the protein polymeric chains which resulted in good exfoliation/intercalation of CNCs and improved the overall properties of the films.The above results suggested that spent hen proteins have great future potential to develop protein/CNCs hybrid bionanocomposite films with improved functional properties for food packaging applications. The petro-based plastic environmental impacts can be reduced with the development of these environmentally benign bionanocomposite films.
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Rud, Alexander, Inna Kirian, Andrey Lakhnik, et al. "Synthesis of the Ti3SiC2 MAX-phase by pressureless technique." In IXth INTERNATIONAL SAMSONOV CONFERENCE “MATERIALS SCIENCE OF REFRACTORY COMPOUNDS”. Frantsevich Ukrainian Materials Research Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62564/m4-ar1353.
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Recently, the practical interest of researchers has attracted the MAX phase of Ti3SiC2. This phase is characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivities, low density, high Young’s modulus and fracture toughness. The main disadvantage of existing methods for the synthesis of this MAX phase is the presence of impurity phases such as TiC, SiC, Ti5Si3 or TiSi2. The current investigation represents the results of Ti3SiC2 MAX phase synthesis by pressureless sintering. The Ti, Si, and spectrally pure graphite were used to prepare the powder blend. The homogenization of the mixture was carried out at room temperature for duration of 1 hour using a high-energy laboratory planetary mill (Fritsch Pulverisette P-6). Homogenized powder blends were compacted as cylindrical pellets which was sintered at different temperatures in an argon atmosphere for 3 h. The processes of phase formation during synthesis and the structural parameters of individual phases have been studied by SEM, XRD and NMR spectroscopy. The sample sintered at 1300 ºC from Ti3:Si1.1:C2 mixture contained several phase: Ti3SiC2, TiC, SiC and graphite. The percentage of the Ti3SiC2 estimated by full-profile analysis is only about ~ 33 wt.%. An increase in temperature leads to a growth in the content of the phase Ti3SiC2 in the sample. The highest maximum yield of the phase Ti3SiC2 ~ 81 wt.% was achieved for the Ti3:Si1.1:C2 mixture at a temperature of 1385 ºC. In addition, about 19 wt% TiC was also observed in this sample. During the heating of the powder mixture to the synthesis temperature of the MAX phase, partial evaporation of silicon occurs. It results in a significant stoichiometric ratio violation of the elements, which leads to a decrease in the content of the Ti3SiC2 phase in the sample. Increasing the silicon content in the initial mixture to ~ 2 wt.% contributed to the production of the MAX phase with a purity of ~ 95 wt.%.
Reports on the topic "Percentage purity"
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McGarvey, David J., and William R. Creasy. NIST-Traceable NMR Method to Determine Quantitative Weight Percentage Purity of Nitrogen Mustard HN-1 Feedstock Samples. Defense Technical Information Center, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada602393.
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Nolan, Brian, Brenda Gannon, Richard Layte, Dorothy Watson, Christopher T. Whelan, and James Williams. Monitoring Poverty Trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. ESRI, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/prs45.
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This study is the latest in a series monitoring the evolution of poverty, based on data gathered by The ESRI in the Living in Ireland Surveys since 1994. These have allowed progress towards achieving the targets set out in the National Anti Poverty Strategy since 1997 to be assessed. The present study provides an updated picture using results from the 2000 round of the Living in Ireland survey. The numbers interviewed in the 2000 Living in Ireland survey were enhanced substantially, to compensate for attrition in the panel survey since it commenced in 1994. Individual interviews were conducted with 8,056 respondents. Relative income poverty lines do not on their own provide a satisfactory measure of exclusion due to lack of resources, but do nonetheless produce important key indicators of medium to long-term background trends. The numbers falling below relative income poverty lines were most often higher in 2000 than in 1997 or 1994. The income gap for those falling below these thresholds also increased. By contrast, the percentage of persons falling below income lines indexed only to prices (rather than average income) since 1994 or 1997 fell sharply, reflecting the pronounced real income growth throughout the distribution between then and 2000. This contrast points to the fundamental factors at work over this highly unusual period: unemployment fell very sharply and substantial real income growth was seen throughout the distribution, including social welfare payments, but these lagged behind income from work and property so social welfare recipients were more likely to fall below thresholds linked to average income. The study shows an increasing probability of falling below key relative income thresholds for single person households, those affected by illness or disability, and for those who are aged 65 or over - many of whom rely on social welfare support. Those in households where the reference person is unemployed still face a relatively high risk of falling below the income thresholds but continue to decline as a proportion of all those below the lines. Women face a higher risk of falling below those lines than men, but this gap was marked among the elderly. The study shows a marked decline in deprivation levels across different household types. As a result consistent poverty, that is the numbers both below relative income poverty lines and experiencing basic deprivation, also declined sharply. Those living in households comprising one adult with children continue to face a particularly high risk of consistent poverty, followed by those in families with two adults and four or more children. The percentage of adults in households below 70 per cent of median income and experiencing basic deprivation was seen to have fallen from 9 per cent in 1997 to about 4 per cent, while the percentage of children in such households fell from 15 per cent to 8 per cent. Women aged 65 or over faced a significantly higher risk of consistent poverty than men of that age. Up to 2000, the set of eight basic deprivation items included in the measure of consistent poverty were unchanged, so it was important to assess whether they were still capturing what would be widely seen as generalised deprivation. Factor analysis suggested that the structuring of deprivation items into the different dimensions has remained remarkably stable over time. Combining low income with the original set of basic deprivation indicators did still appear to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation as a result of prolonged constraints in terms of command over resources, and distinguished from those experiencing other types of deprivation. However, on its own this does not tell the whole story - like purely relative income measures - nor does it necessarily remain the most appropriate set of indicators looking forward. Finally, it is argued that it would now be appropriate to expand the range of monitoring tools to include alternative poverty measures incorporating income and deprivation. Levels of deprivation for some of the items included in the original basic set were so low by 2000 that further progress will be difficult to capture empirically. This represents a remarkable achievement in a short space of time, but poverty is invariably reconstituted in terms of new and emerging social needs in a context of higher societal living standards and expectations. An alternative set of basic deprivation indicators and measure of consistent poverty is presented, which would be more likely to capture key trends over the next number of years. This has implications for the approach adopted in monitoring the National Anti-Poverty Strategy. Monitoring over the period to 2007 should take a broader focus than the consistent poverty measure as constructed to date, with attention also paid to both relative income and to consistent poverty with the amended set of indicators identified here.