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1

Powers, William T. The control of perception. New Brunswick, N.J: Aldine Transaction, 2007.

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2

Behavior: The control of perception. 2nd ed. New Canaan, Conn: Benchmark Publications, 2005.

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3

Marken, Richard. Mind readings: Experimental studies of purpose. Gravel Switch, Ky: Control Systems Group, 1992.

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4

Wankhade, Lalit. Quality uncertainty and perception: Information asymmetry and management of quality uncertainty and quality perception. Berlin: Physica-Verlag, 2010.

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5

Roy, Shelley. A people primer: The nature of living systems. Chapel Hill, N.C: New View Publications, 2008.

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John, Flach, ed. Control theory for humans: Quantitative approaches to modeling performance. Mahwah, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 2003.

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7

Dylla, Frank. An agent control perspective on qualitative spatial reasoning: Towards more intuitive spatial agent development. Heidelberg: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 2008.

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8

Runkel, Philip Julian. People as living things: The psychology of perceptual control. Hayward, CA: Living Control Systems Pub., 2003.

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9

Powers, William T. Living control systems: Selected papers of William T. Powers. Gravel Switch, Ky: Control Systems Group, 1989.

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10

service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles: Theory, Algorithms, and Implementation. London: Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2011.

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11

Ford, Edward E. Discipline for home and school: Teaching children to respect the rights of others through responsible thinking based on perceptual control theory. Phoenix: Brandt Pub., 1994.

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12

Ford, Edward E. Discipline for home and school. 3rd ed. Scottsdale, AZ: Brandt Pub., 2003.

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13

Ford, Edward E. Discipline for home and school. Scottsdale, AZ: Brandt Pub., 1997.

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Discipline for home and school. Scottsdale, AZ: Brandt Pub., 1996.

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15

Carmona, Pedro Latorre. Mathematical Methodologies in Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning: Contributions from the International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods, 2012. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013.

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16

Chan, Catherine. The Macanese Diaspora in British Hong Kong. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729253.

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Diaspora transformed the urban terrain of colonial societies, creating polyglot worlds out of neighborhoods, workplaces, recreational clubs and public spheres. It was within these spaces that communities reimagined and reshaped their public identities vis-à-vis emerging government policies and perceptions from other communities. Through a century of Macanese activities in British Hong Kong, this book explores how mixed-race diasporic communities survived within unequal, racialized and biased systems beyond the colonizer-colonized dichotomy. Originating from Portuguese Macau yet living outside the control of the empire, the Macanese freely associated with more than one identity and pledged allegiance to multiple communal, political and civic affiliations. They drew on colorful imaginations of the Portuguese and British empires in responding to a spectrum of changes encompassing Macau’s woes, Hong Kong’s injustice, Portugal’s political transitions, global developments in print culture and the rise of new nationalisms during the inter-war period.
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17

Powers, William T. Behavior: The Control Of Perception. 2nd ed. Benchmark Publications, Inc., 2005.

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18

Wankhade, Lalit, and Balaji Dabade. Quality Uncertainty and Perception: Information Asymmetry and Management of Quality Uncertainty and Quality Perception. Brand: Physica, 2012.

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19

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans: Quantitative Approaches to Modeling Performance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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20

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans: Quantitative Approaches To Modeling Performance. CRC, 2002.

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21

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans: Quantitative Approaches to Modeling Performance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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22

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans: Quantitative Approaches to Modeling Performance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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23

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans: Quantitative Approaches to Modeling Performance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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24

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans: Quantitative Approaches To Modeling Performance. CRC, 2002.

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25

People as Living Things. Living Control Systems Publishing, 2007.

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26

Ralf, Schwarzer, ed. Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1992.

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27

Cheng, Hong. Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles: Theory, Algorithms, and Implementation. Springer, 2014.

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28

Englund, Steven, and Edward E. Ford. For the Love of Children. Brandt Pub, 1986.

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29

Carmona, Pedro Latorre, J. Salvador Sánchez, and Ana L. N. Fred. Mathematical Methodologies in Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning: Contributions from the International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods, 2012. Springer, 2012.

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30

and, Bruno. Perception for Action. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725022.003.0003.

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Our bodies are not static, and multisensory signals are constantly being processed to produce motor behaviours. This chapter will discuss how multisensory interactions shape three kinds of such behaviours: reaching and grasping objects with the hand, walking, and maintaining one’s posture. Motor control is inherently multisensory, as it involves combining anticipatory sensory signals from vision and proprioception, as well as, in some cases, other sensory channels, to prepare movements before they are actually initiated, and then combining online multisensory feedback to control movements while they are being executed. In addition, multisensory motor processes turn out to be important in understanding how we perceive agency, the awareness that our own minds are the agents that will allow our actions to take place, how we adapt to novel sensory environments, how we understand actions performed by others exploiting ‘mirror’ sensorimotor brain systems, and perhaps even why we can’t tickle ourselves.
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31

King, Daniel. Galen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810513.003.0004.

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Galen develops a robustly aetiological approach to diagnosis and therapy which centres on the differentiation of pain perceptions throughout the body. He develops a specific definition of pain as the perception of overwhelming and contrary-to-nature change which links the perception of pain with his understanding of disease. Throughout On Affected Parts, he argues for pain terminology and descriptions that facilitate the communication of experiences and perceptions between doctor and patient. Galen promotes, in this context, a type of ‘common language’ in which familiar terminology communicates effectively the common experiences of doctor and patient: modern categories of subjective and objective language are not effective tools to help understand this complex approach to pain description. Galen’s control of language in this context is mirrored by his attempts to control his patients’ narration of pain symptoms, which moulds their experiences to fit Galen’s understanding of pain, disease, and the body.
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32

Rogers, Brian. Perception: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198791003.001.0001.

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Perception is concerned with how we use the information reaching our senses to guide and control our behaviour and create our particular, subjective experiences of the world. Perception: A Very Short Introduction discusses the philosophical question of what it means to perceive, and describes how we are able to perceive the particular characteristics of objects and scenes such as their lightness, colour, form, depth, and motion. The study of illusions can be useful in telling us something about the nature and limitations of our perceptual processes. This VSI explores perception from an evolutionary perspective, explaining how evolutionary pressures have shaped the perceptual systems of humans and other animals.
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33

Guillery, Ray. Thalamic higher-order driver inputs as sensorimotor links. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0009.

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This chapter provides a closer look at the branching patterns of driver inputs to higher-order thalamic nuclei, and introduces their functional significance for discussion in later chapters. Their thalamic branches bring information for relay to higher cortical levels, including a copy of the information carried in the motor branches about anticipated cortical contributions to the control of actions and consequent changes in perceptions. In this way, the cortex can add to the control of an action when there is a mismatch between action and perception. Most of these branched axons that have so far been described come from early sensory areas and only a few from other, higher areas have been studied. These branching inputs are a part of the hierarchy of cortical areas that provide an opportunity for higher areas to monitor lower areas and, when needed, contribute to the motor control of the phylogenetically older brainstem and spinal centres. A far more extensive review of the branched thalamic driver inputs and their contributions to the control of actions than we have at present will be crucial for understanding the full complexity of the thalamic relay.
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34

Mason, Peggy. Gaze Control. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0019.

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In addition to serving perception, gaze acts as a powerful social signal and mode of communication. Gaze is altered in several psychiatric diseases and impaired by a variety of central and peripheral lesions. Eye movements that serve to stabilize gaze include the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) and fixation, whereas eye movements that shift gaze include saccades, cancellation of the VOR, and smooth pursuit. The pontine horizontal gaze center and midbrain vertical gaze center connect to extraocular motoneurons and mediate all eye movements. Neural circuits involved in generating the VOR, horizontal saccades and saccade modulation are described in detail. Nystagmus consequent to unilateral labyrinthine damage is explained. Other forms of nystagmus including the optokinetic response are introduced. The role of internuclear interneurons in coordinating horizontal saccades and their failure in internuclear ophthalmalplegia are detailed. Finally, the mechanisms involved in fixation and smooth pursuit are briefly presented.
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35

McQuay, Henry. Pain and its control. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.0007.

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♦ The origin, transmission, and reception of chronic pain is not easy to understand♦ The perception of pain is altered by mood and itself alters mood. There is, therefore, a close link between chronic pain and depression♦ Although pain is subjective, pain scales and diaries can be used to provide reproducible measures of pain♦ The choice of method of pain control is not simply a ladder. New stronger agents need to be added in, not substituted for weaker ones♦ Neuropathic pain will require unconventional analgesics in combination.
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36

Di Paolo, Ezequiel A., Thomas Buhrmann, and Xabier E. Barandiaran. The sense of agency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198786849.003.0007.

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It has been recognized that the sensorimotor approach needs to be extended to account for not only the pragmatic aspects of perception but also the subjective phenomenology that characterizes experiences of the world and the self. In this chapter, the notion is proposed that sensorimotor agency can serve as the basis for a non-representational, world-involving theory of how agents perceive themselves as being the authors and in control of their actions. Both intentional and movement-related aspects in the phenomenology of agency experience are linked to processes of sensorimotor scheme selection and enactment in a self-sustaining network of interdependent sensorimotor schemes. The proposal is contrasted with traditional computational models in the context of various cases of pathological agency experience, and the ontological status of the sense of agency it implies is clarified in comparison with philosophical alternatives that deny its distinct experiential character.
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37

Palmer, Stephen. The global challenge of zoonoses control. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0001.

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Zoonotic diseases are now recognized as a major global threat to human health and sustainable development and a major concern for national and international agencies (Marano et al. 2006). There was a period in the 1960s and 70s when it was widely expected that the antibiotic and vaccine era would relegate infectious diseases to footnotes of history, and in many countries communicable control systems were neglected (Keusch et al. 2009) but the frequent and often dramatic appearance of new infectious agents or the reappearance of well recognized zoonoses has changed perceptions. ‘A wide variety of animal species, domesticated, peri-domesticated and wild, can act as reservoirs for these pathogens, which may be viruses, bacteria, parasites or prions. Considering the wide variety of animal species involved and the often complex natural history of the pathogens concerned, effective surveillance, prevention and control of zoonotic diseases pose a real challenge to public health’ (WHO 2004). No country has been able to anticipate the sudden and sometimes devastating impact of novel agents, and international trade and transport of people, animals and goods have ensured that wherever zoonoses emerge they have to be considered as global issues. The cost of zoonoses can be enormous. The H1N1v pandemic which began in pig herds on the Mexico-US border resulted in major losses to the pork industry amounting to US$25 million per week; fear that transmission could occur from meat led to the banning of importation of pigs and pork products by at least 15 countries (Keusch et al. 2009). And in addition to these ‘natural’ threats, several zoonoses are prime agents for deliberate release by disaffected groups. A more esoteric threat, though nonetheless a real cause of concern, is the possibility of zoonotic emergence from xenotransplantation (Mattiuzzo et al. 2008).
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38

Chandler, Jennifer A. The impact of neuroscience in the law: How perceptions of control and responsibility affect the definition of disability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0029.

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The purpose of this chapter is to consider the hypothesis that neurobiological accounts of behavior will affect the law, not just in the criminal context where there is evidence that neurobiological explanations may affect judgments of criminal responsibility, but also in how disability in the law is defined. The definition of disability is important as it sets the parameters of entitlements to disability benefits and the scope of legal protection from discrimination in human rights law. The chapter explores the impact of neurobiological explanations of behavioral conditions in this context. It presents cases involving addictions to gambling, sex, or the Internet, and nicotine to illustrate how medicalization, and occasionally neurobiological explanations, account for disabilities that ought to be accommodated rather than punished.
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39

Pereira, Erlândia Silva, and Rogério de Melo Costa Pinto. Rodas de Conversa Dialógicas: O processo de criação de uma metodologia de investigação e intervenção em saúde. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-198-1.

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The present research constitutes as a research-intervention carried out with Control Agents of Zoonoses (CCZ) - Dengue Control Program. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention of the Dialogical Conversation Wheels for refinement of the perception of Quality of Life of these workers. In the midst of this, the variations of the perception of the Quality of Life by the participants when inserted in the Wheels are identified. For that, the WHOQOL-bref instrument is used to collect quantitative data related to the Quality of Life of the research subjects, and the Dialogical Conversation Wheels as a tool for collecting qualitative data and also as a mediating space between the questionnaire and the workers. The methodology used thus involves both the quantitative and content analysis of these data, as well as an analysis of the workers' discourse from their speeches in the Dialogical Conversation Wheels, in which the researcher appropriates a Freirean look to carry out the discussion, which presents the speech of the participants of the Wheels itself in an elucidatory and explanatory way. . From the analysis of the four domains evaluated by the WHOQOL-breaf: Physical, Psychological, Social and Environmental, what can be perceived about the differences of scores (percentage) between the moments of the research, is, firstly, that there is a significant change in the perception of QV between at least two of the moments, which is expressed between moments 0 and 1, with the realization of five wheels between them.The main result that can be perceived concerns the fact that the Dialogical Conversation Wheel fulfills its objective, as the aspects related to quality of life are discussed, the return to the questionnaire is carried out in a more reflective way, in which the instrument itself can approach the reality of these people. It is also explicit that it is not any group that allows us to refine the perception about quality of life, since the Wheel of Dialogic Conversation is organized in such a way as to provide reception, encounters / confrontations of the subjects with the other, in a singular way, with himself, facing the stagnation and the massification of his daily life to denaturalize what is constructed as his life.
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40

Tumulty, Maura. Alien Experience. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845629.001.0001.

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If I were a better human being, that person’s voice wouldn’t sound so shrill to me. Many of us may have had such thoughts. They give voice to the worrying intuition that if we were less affected by sexism and racism, or better at keeping our tempers, our fellow humans would look and sound differently to us. Alien Experience argues that we should take this sense of unease seriously. It is as philosophically significant as our unease over desires or fears that we disown. Making sense of this unease requires us to re-think the relation between experiences and standing commitments; to re-consider what we mean by self-control; and to attend to empirical questions about perception, attention, and tacit cognition. Alien Experience contests the assumption that while we may be answerable (morally, ethically, legally) for our attitudes and emotions, we are not answerable, at least not in any interesting way, for our perceptions and sensations. That assumption is threaded through debates in the philosophy of mind, moral psychology, and ethics, but it leads to a flattened view of the ways experiences are related to agency. Recognizing that we in fact can be alienated from our experiences leads us to a more nuanced view of agency, and helps us appreciate distinctive opportunities for self-improvement.
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41

Hagerman, Nancy S., and Anna M. Varughese. Preoperative Anxiety Management. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0001.

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Up to 65% of pediatric patients experience anxiety and fear in the preoperative period, especially during anesthesia induction. Reasons for this anxiety include the child's perception of the threat of pain, being separated from parents, a strange environment, and losing control. Anxiety and poor behavioral compliance associated with inhalation inductions have been related to adverse outcomes including emergence delirium and maladaptive postoperative behaviors such as general and separation anxiety, eating difficulties, and sleep disturbances. Fortunately, there are behavioral and pharmacological interventions that anesthesiologists can use to improve compliance during induction.
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42

Soto, David, and Glyn W. Humphreys. Working Memory Biases in Human Vision. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.038.

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The current conceptualization of working memory highlights its pivotal role in the cognitive control of goal-directed behaviour, for example, by keeping task-priorities and relevant information ‘online’. Evidence has accumulated, however, that working memory contents can automatically misdirect attention and observers can only exert little intentional control to overcome irrelevant contents held in memory that are known to be misleading for behaviour. The authors discuss extant evidence on this topic and argue that obligatory functional coupling between working memory and attentional selection reflects a default property of the brain which is hardwired in overlapping substrates for memory and perception. They further argue that the neuroanatomical substrates for working memory biases in vision are distinct from the classical fronto-parietal networks involved in attentional control and distinct from the mechanisms that mediate attention biases from long-term memory. Finally the authors present emerging evidence that working memory ‘guiding’ processes may operate outside conscious awareness.
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43

Konstan, David. Hate and the State in Ancient Greece. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465544.003.0003.

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In classical antiquity, thinkers like Aristotle regarded hatred, unlike envy, as a moral emotion, elicited by the perception of vice. Nevertheless, hatred might be taken to irrational extremes (there are occasional expressions of hatred of all women, for example), and antagonisms between ethnic groups (as in Sparta or Alexandria) or social classes (in many Greek city states) could lead to open conflict or civil war. Classical states had few resources to inhibit or control such hatreds. One significant development in this direction, however, was the amnesty decreed in Athens to heal the wounds of the civil strife that broke out after Athens’ defeat in the Peloponnesian War.
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44

Crisp, Nigel, John Paul Bagala, Clarisse Bombi, Susana Edjang, Ndwapi Ndwapi, Kelechi Ohiri, and Nana Twum-Danso. The future: younger and future leaders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703327.003.0023.

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Chapter 23 discusses the views and opinions of six younger, and future, leaders who live and study in their own countries, or who have global roles, on four topics. These topics are the key features of health and health care in sub-Saharan Africa today, the encouraging signs of improvement and the trends that need to be supported, the worrying signs and concerns about the future, and vision and hopes for the future, all as regarding the need for Africans to take control of their own destinies. It shows an emphasis on innovation and technology, and on creating plural systems with more investment and action from non-governmental players. It also discusses their shared perception of the importance of leadership.
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45

Doody, Colleen. Business, Anti-Communism, and the Welfare State, 1945–1958. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037276.003.0006.

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This chapter focuses on the Detroit business community's opposition to the growth of the government. These men made little distinction between the New Deal, Socialism, and Communism. The former, they argued, would ultimately lead to the latter. As a result, Detroit businessmen during the late 1940s and 1950s carried out a campaign to check state power. They targeted labor, particularly the United Automobile Workers (UAW), in this fight because they saw the union as one of the greatest advocates of an expanded welfare state. Like other conservatives, these men were anti-Communists. Their hostility to Communism was inextricably linked to their perception that free enterprise, as they understood it, was threatened by an expanding welfare state. Corporate managers discussed such issues as social security, unemployment insurance, and peacetime price controls—all measures they saw as part of the “march toward socialism or collectivism” and that labor-liberals believed were key to creating a modern welfare state.
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46

Weinreb, Alice. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190605094.003.0001.

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This chapter uses changes in international perceptions of the German body over the course of the twentieth century—from starving victims of the First World War to the “fattest people in Europe” by the end of the century—as a way of thinking about the key themes of this book. It describes the book’s methodology, which builds on Foucault’s theory of governmentality to describe the ways in which modern states rely on the food system to control populations’ bodies. It thus shows how food opens up the category of biopolitics. At the same time, food represents crucial strategies of resistance and self-expression for individuals and communities, thus pushing at the limits of state power. This chapter also discusses the ways in which hunger is an important political category for industrialized economies.
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47

Bosse, Joanna. The Classification of Style. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039010.003.0003.

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This chapter introduces the reader to to the tenets of ballroom dance by focusing on the various classificatory systems used in social dances. It begins with a discussion of the “ballroom umbrella” and the wealth of symbolic resources it encompasses, first by considering dancesport and social dancing, followed by an analysis of International and American styles of ballroom performance. It then examines four themes that emerge from classificatory systems: an emphasis on a high degree of specialization in performance; the demonstration of control over the body and its movement; the rationalization of movement and the ideas articulated by it, especially as mediated by language and other symbols; and an association with Western Europe. The chapter suggests that dance classifications also function as social classifications that serve to stratify individuals and groups according to their perception of the social order. More specifically, they articulate the betwixt-and-between-ness that characterizes the American middle class.
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48

Urquízar-Herrera, Antonio. Charting the Impact of Historiographical Texts? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797456.003.0011.

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The concluding chapter deals with an attempt to control the validity of some of the ideas about cultural hybridity and homogenization proposed in previous chapters. In this regard, special attention has been paid to the reception of historiographical narratives on the Spanish Islamic buildings by their early modern contemporaries. This has required a review of several topics: the circumstances surrounding the dissemination of ideas through literature as well as through presence in the public milieu of civil and religious feast days and liturgies; the perpetuation of these lines of thought through intellectual traditions; visual imagery as a selective filtering device for ideas; and the contrast between local ideological agendas and foreign visitors’ perceptions.
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49

Cheville, Andrea L., and Jeffrey R. Basford. Rehabilitation medicine approaches to pain management. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0910.

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Pain is a frequent but poorly controlled aspect of cancer and other medical conditions which may, in part, stem from the clinician’s lack of understanding of its severity or impact. However, even with the best of care, current approaches are associated with poorly tolerated side effects and frequently fall far short of complete control. Rehabilitation medicine has developed strategies that may reduce pain in general, but are particularly targeted to movement-related pain. These approaches can be grouped into four general categories: (1) modulating nociception, (2) stabilizing and unloading painful musculoskeletal structures, (3) influencing pain perception, and (4) alleviating musculotendinous pain. This chapter reviews each of these categories in detail and offers examples to illustrate their clinical application. It will be noted that the majority are focused on minimizing pain during periods of mobility and the performance of activities of daily living.
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50

Luxon, Linda. Vertigo and imbalance. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0325.

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The mechanism for maintaining balance in man is complex. Vision, proprioception, and vestibular inputs are integrated in the central nervous system, and modulated by activity from the cerebellum, the extrapyramidal system, the reticular formation, and the cortex. This integrated, modulated information provides one mechanism for control of oculomotor activity, controls posture, gait, and motor skills and allows perception of the head and body in space. Recent evidence also supports an effect upon autonomic function, cognition, and emotion. The complexity of the system is such that pathology in a variety of different bodily systems, including the endocrine system, the cardiovascular system, and the haemopoietic system, can impact upon vestibular activity, in addition to primary otological and neurological pathology.Patients with dysfunction in the vestibular end-organs or vestibular pathways commonly complain of symptoms of dizziness, vertigo, unsteadiness, light-headedness, imbalance, and a plethora of synonyms associated with a sense of instability. Not infrequently, in an attempt to define their ‘unphysiological’ experience, patients use rather vague and imprecise semantics. The clinical distinction between dizziness, a symptom of non-specific pathological significance, and vertigo, a hallucination or illusion of movement, is rarely made, although the latter is a cardinal manifestation of a disorder of the vestibular system (Dix 1973). Ten to 20 per cent of all ‘dizzy’ patients are reportedly seen in neurology clinics (Dieterish 2004), therefore it behoves the neurologist to have a clear diagnostic strategy, including knowledge of detailed neuro-otological examination, to enable appropriate diagnosis and management of the patient with vestibular symptoms.
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