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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Perception/Expectation

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Academic literature on the topic 'Perception/Expectation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Perception/Expectation"

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Margulis, Elizabeth Hellmuth. "Perception, Expectation, Affect, Analysis." Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Musiktheorie [Journal of the German-Speaking Society of Music Theory] 10, no. 2 (2013): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31751/723.

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Zeljko, Mick, Philip M. Grove, and Ada Kritikos. "Implicit expectation modulates multisensory perception." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 84, no. 3 (2022): 915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-022-02460-z.

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AbstractStimulus statistics can induce expectations that in turn can influence multisensory perception. In three experiments, we manipulate perceptual history by biasing stimulus statistics and examined the effect of implicit expectations on the perceptual resolution of a bistable visual stimulus that is modulated by sound. First, we found a general effect of expectation such that responses were biased in line with the biased statistics and interpret this as a bias towards an implicitly expected outcome. Second, expectation did not influence the perception of all types of stimuli. In both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, integrated audio-visual stimuli were affected by expectation but visual-only and unintegrated audio-visual stimuli were not. In Experiment 3 we examined the sensory versus interpretational effects of expectation and found that contrary to our predictions, an expectation of audio-visually integrated stimuli was associated with impaired multisensory integration compared to visual-only or unintegrated audio-visual stimuli. Our findings suggest that perceptual experience implicitly creates expectations that influence multisensory perception, which appear to be about perceptual outcomes rather than sensory stimuli. Finally, in the case of resolving perceptual ambiguity, the expectation effect is an effect on cognitive rather than sensory processes.

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Nazimek, J. M., M. D. Hunter, and P. W. R. Woodruff. "Auditory hallucinations: Expectation–perception model." Medical Hypotheses 78, no. 6 (2012): 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2012.03.014.

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Nanjayan, Shashi Kumar, Andrew Fowler, and Simon Pickering. "Measuring patient perception and expectation." British Journal of Healthcare Management 21, no. 2 (2015): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2015.21.2.92.

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Halim, Nur Mutmainna. "Teacher Talk: Student’s Perception and Expectation." ELT Worldwide: Journal of English Language Teaching 8, no. 1 (2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/eltww.v8i1.19750.

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Teacher talk undoubtedly makes a certain factor whether the class will meet objectives of teaching and learning process or not. This research investigated (1) students’ perception towards teacher talk that happened during the teaching and learning process, and (2) students’ ideal expectations about their English teacher. This was a descriptive qualitative research. One English teacher and one class of first year senior high students were engaged in the research. The data of this research were collected from transcribed-classroom video recording and interview to some students. The results indicated that (1) students’ perception towards teaching style, such as teaching method, motivating, giving feedback were almost negative and (2) students’ ideal expectations that an English teacher should be more effective, efficient interactive and creative for creating more interesting classroom atmosphere. Keywords: Teacher Talk, Perception, Expectation

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Mevo, C., Z. Kourtzi, and Y. Tsal. "Expectation induced curvature perception in V2." Journal of Vision 13, no. 9 (2013): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/13.9.502.

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Shareef, Mahmud Akhter, Vinod Kumar, Uma Kumar, and Yogesh K. Dwivedi. "Consumer online purchase behaviour: perception versus expectation." International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management 11, no. 3 (2015): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijicbm.2015.071587.

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McGowan, Kevin B. "Social Expectation Improves Speech Perception in Noise." Language and Speech 58, no. 4 (2015): 502–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830914565191.

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Puri, Amrita M., and Ewa Wojciulik. "Expectation both helps and hinders object perception." Vision Research 48, no. 4 (2008): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2007.11.017.

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Gregoir, Stéphane, and Pierre-Olivier Weill. "Restricted perception equilibria and rational expectation equilibrium." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 31, no. 1 (2007): 81–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2005.10.001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Perception/Expectation"

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Vietmeier, Anna C. "The Effects of Patient Expectation on Patient Perception." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu156034912164728.

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Bruce, Neil Spencer. "The effects of expectation on the perception of soundscapes." Thesis, University of Salford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539153.

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Deliza, Rosires. "The effects of expectation on sensory perception and acceptance." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319245.

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Stinson, Emily Davis. "The school psychologist's morale, perception of administrators' leadership style, role expectation and self-role perception." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1989. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1520.

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Application of the school psychologist's skills in schools and other work-related issues led to an investigation of relationships among Morale (M) of school psychologists, perceptions of Administrators' Leadership Style (ALS), Role Expectations for school psychologists (RE) and Self-Role Perceptions (S-RP). Twenty-one school psychologists in three equal groups responded to a 48-item original "School Psychology Survey." Strong positive relationships (Pearson r = .78, .77 & .69) between Morale and Administrators' Leadership Style existed for Groups II, III and the Total Group. For Group I, an average (.40) relationship was found. Correlations were critical at p School psychologists attributed the narrow tester or psychometrician role perception to administrators' expectations for them to give priority to individual stUdent assessments. According to the 1987-1988 annual reports of school psychology services in Georgia and in the targeted school district, stUdent assessment activities consumed upwards of 65% and 75% respectively of the schon I psychologist's time (Appendix C). From these data, it would appear that teachers and other school based personnel rarely got a chance to see school psychologists pp.rform in roles other than test related roles--conducting evaluations, reporting, and consulting. Therefore, the researcher posits that the number of school based persons with first hand knowledge of the extent nf the school pSYCl10logist's expertise is small. Psychologists generally agree that testing begets testing and that other approaches are more preventive (Zins, 19B1; Gutkin, 1980; Ritter, 1978; and Jason & Ferone, 1978). However, judging from the annual data, almost all stUdents referred are still tested. Best practices (Gerken, 1985) indicate that the routineness of individual testing alone is not in the hest interest of stUdents. Testing alone aSSIJmes except Group I (r = .11); no M/S-RP relationships were critical. Morale of school"psychologists could be predicted from Administrators' Leadreship Style and Role Expectations 47% to 49% of the time at p 1. It is recommended that the dynamics surrounding the variables investigated in this study (i.e., role expectations, self-role perceptions, leadership style. and morale) be scrutinized for their effect, if any, on the performance of school psychologists. 2. It is recommended that school psychologists make school administrators more aware of what constitutes best-practices in the field of School Psychology. 3. It is recommended that school psychologists and school administrators institute an ecological approach to the evaluation of School Psychology Programs. Conditions with potential to retard services to students should be identified, understood, and manipulated to the benefit of students where possible.

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Hattab, Insaf. "Qualité et perception de la qualité d'audit : le cas des auditeurs et audités en Tunisie." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0324.

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Ce travail de recherche s’interroge sur la mesure de la qualité d’audit en l’approchant à travers leconcept de perception. Il mobilise deux courants de recherche : le courant fonctionnaliste qui meten évidence les critères favorisant une profession, et ce par le biais de son « idéal type », et lecourant néo-wébérien qui souligne l’idéologie selon laquelle la profession est définie pour prouversa légitimité. L’interaction entre les deux courants permet de créer une vision globale duphénomène de la qualité d’audit. Ce concept sera abordé à travers la perception que les auditeurs etaudités en ont dans la mesure où seules les subjectivités permettent de se rapprocher d’un niveau denormalisation. Le phénomène de l’expectation gap émerge ainsi de cette problématique à travers ledécalage des perceptions. Un cadre psychologique social est également mobiliser pour comprendrela nature du lien social entre les deux acteurs. Afin d’appréhender ces perceptions 150 réponsesd’auditeurs et 88 d’audités sont examinées dans un contexte tunisien. Ces perceptions sont par lasuite confrontées. L’analyse des résultats révèle des perceptions guidées par les valeurs personnellesdes individus mais n’influencent pas systématiquement la confiance établie entre les deux parties.Les perceptions des deux acteurs restent divergentes dans l’ensemble ; l’expectation gap est bienprésente en Tunisie. L’auditeur reste tout de même conscient que ses perceptions sont différentesdes exigences de son client<br>This research questions the measure of audit quality by taking a perceptual concept. Mobilizing tworesearch approaches: A functional approach that puts into evidence the criteria that promote atrade. This is reached through its “ideal type”, and the néo-wébérien approach that outlines theideology from which a trade is defined to prove its legitimacy. The interaction between these twoapproaches allows a global vision of the phenomenon of the audit quality. This concept will beaddressed through the perception that the auditors and the audited get in the measure that onlysubjectivities can be used to get closer of a normalized level.. The phenomenon of the expectation gapemerges from this problematic through the shift of the perceptions. A psychological socialframework is also mobilized to understand the nature of the social link between these two actors.To apprehend these perceptions 150 answers of auditors and 88 audited are examined in a Tunisiancontext. These perceptions are then confronted. The analysis of the results reveals perceptions thatare guided by personal values of the individuals which don’t systematically influence the trustestablished between the two parties. The perceptions of the two actors are nonetheless globallydivergent; the expectation gap is hence truly present in Tunisia. The auditor is aware that hisperceptions are different from his client’s demands

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Schell, Hallel. "Timelessness in Music." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18712.

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This study explores the experience of timelessness in music by examining the musical parameters that are in play and how those musical parameters affect and are affected by memory and expectation. I propose three types of musical timelessness that are derived from specific perceptual transitions and based on my analytical findings in music within the indie-rock, post-rock, and electronica/experimental music scenes.

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Wallace, Scott Taylor. "The role of social standards, self-efficacy, and social feedback in social anxiety." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28306.

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The present study was conducted to examine the self-reported social standards of socially efficacious and non-efficacious individuals. Converging evidence from different research domains, including studies on self-attentional processes and standard-setting in performance motivation, suggests that the socially anxious person may have standards for him or herself that are beyond that person's perceived abilities; alternatively, standards may be so high that they are beyond the reach of even the most socially confident person. Ninety-six male undergraduate students were dichotomized into low and high social-efficacy groups on the basis of their response to a measure of self-efficacy and anxiety in social situations. The subjects were told they would be interacting with a female research assistant in order to practice before meeting another subject. The success of the practice interaction was manipulated by varying the assistant's behavior and feedback by the experimenter so that subjects believed they handled the conversation well or not well; a third condition was included with no feedback. Subjects were asked to rate their standards using a visual scale that displayed different levels of social interaction. The standards rated were: (1) the level of interaction that they consider successful, (2) the level of interaction that they would be happy with, (3) the level of interaction they think the experimenter wants, and (4) the level of a typical interaction. Additional measures were included to assess other aspects of standard and to determine the success of the manipulations. The results revealed that there is a consensus among high and low social-efficacy persons of what constitutes a successful interaction. The distinguishing feature appeared to be what level of interaction high and low efficacy persons are happy with and the level of interaction they felt capable of achieving. Low efficacy subjects had lower expectations and lower minimum goals of satisfaction whereas high efficacy subjects expected to achieve a level of interaction at least as high as their personal standard and beyond the level that they thought most others achieve. Further, when the interaction was successful, high efficacy subjects thought the situation demanded a lower level of interaction than they were capable of; low efficacy subjects, given the same successful experience, reported the demands of the situation to be higher than they felt capable of. The results hint at a dysfunctional standard-setting process in socially anxious persons whereby success is interpreted in a manner that may maintain anxiety. The implications that these results have for the treatment of shyness, and future directions for research on standard-setting are discussed.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Psychology, Department of<br>Graduate

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Gekas, Nikos. "Complexity, specificity, and the timescales of developing expectations in visual perception." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16195.

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Perception is strongly influenced by our expectations, especially under situations of uncertainty. A growing body of work suggests that perception is akin to Bayesian Inference in which expectations can be viewed as ‘prior’ beliefs that are combined via Bayes’ rule with sensory evidence to form the ‘posterior’ beliefs. In this thesis, I aim to answer open questions regarding the nature of expectations in perception, and, in particular, what the limits of complexity and specificity in developing expectations are, and how expectations of different temporal properties develop and interact. First, I conducted a psychophysical experiment to investigate whether human observers are able to implicitly develop distinct expectations using colour as a distinguishing factor. I interleaved moving dot displays of two different colours, either red or green, with different motion direction distributions. Results showed that statistical information can transfer from one group of stimuli to another but observers are also able to learn two distinct priors under specific conditions. In a collaborative work, I implemented an online learning computational model, which showed that subjects’ behaviour was not in disagreement with a near-optimal Bayesian observer, and suggested that observers might prefer simple models which are consistent with the data over complex models. Next, I investigated experimentally whether selective manipulation of rewards can affect an observer’s perceptual performance in a similar manner to manipulating the statistical properties of stimuli. Results showed that manipulation of the reward scheme had similar effects on perception as statistical manipulations in trials where a stimulus was presented but not in the absence of stimulus. Finally, I used a novel visual search task to investigate how expectations of different timescales (from the last few trials to hours to long-term statistics of natural scenes) interact to alter perception. Results suggested that recent exposure to a stimulus resulted in significantly improved detection performance and significantly more visual ‘hallucinations’ but only at positions at which it was more probable that a stimulus would be presented. These studies provide new insights into the approximations that neural systems must make to implement Bayesian inference. Complexity does not seem to necessarily be a prohibitive factor in learning but the system also factors the provided evidence and potential gain in regards to learning complex priors and applying them in distinct contexts. Further, what aspects of the statistics of the stimuli are learned and used, and how selective attention modulates learning can crucially depend on specific task properties such as the timeframe of exposure, complexity, or the observer’s current goals and beliefs about the task.

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Butler, Deborah Lynne. "The role of expectations in the feature integration process." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25360.

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According to Treisman (Treisman and Schmidt, 1982) feature detection occurs in parallel, while the correct integration of detected features into an object requires focal attention. She has proposed that in the absence of attention, subjects will perceive "illusory conjunctions", or invented objects constructed out of features actually present in a display. The present experiments were designed to examine how the presence of expectations might affect the feature integration process and the construction of illusory conjunctions. The results of these experiments suggest that expectations do affect the perception of simple objects: subjects make more illusory conjunctions in the absence of expectations, and the perception of expected objects is the most accurate. However, the data indicate that expectations do not exert this influence by guiding the feature integration process, because subjects do not tend to construct expected objects out of features appearing in a display. As a result, it is likely that expectations are influential not by determining the construction of object files, but by speeding up the identification of the features of expected objects, so that focal attention can be applied, and object files constructed, more efficiently. As a result, the perception of expected objects can be accurately accomplished in a shorter amount of time.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Psychology, Department of<br>Graduate

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Pereira, Manuel Pedro Fernandes Lobo. "Influence of diffuse noxious inhibitory control, temporal summation and expectation on pain perception in healthy volunteers." Master's thesis, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/62202.

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Books on the topic "Perception/Expectation"

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Woodruff, Christopher James. Visual search performance and observer expectations. Materials Research Laboratories, 1986.

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Lomov, Boris Fedorovich. Psikhicheskai︠a︡ reguli︠a︡t︠s︡ii︠a︡ dei︠a︡telʹnosti: Izbrannye trudy. Institut psikhologii RAN, 2006.

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Leman, Kevin. Measuring up. F.H. Revell Co., 1988.

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Gage, Randy. Why You're Dumb, Sick & Broke...And How to Get Smart, Healthy & Rich! John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2006.

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Leman, Kevin. Measuring up. F.H. Revell Co., 1988.

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Furedi, Frank. Culture of fear: Risk-taking and the morality of low expectation. Cassell, 1998.

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College, AIMA Staff Hillsdale. Leadership Expectation, Attitude, and Perception Survey. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1986.

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Lucken, Michael, and Karen Grimwade. Japanese and the War: Expectation, Perception, and the Shaping of Memory. Columbia University Press, 2017.

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The Japanese and the War: Expectation, Perception, and the Shaping of Memory. Columbia University Press, 2017.

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Voters' perception on parliamentary election: Report on the survey "voters' expectation, and evaluation of the electoral process". Bangladesh Centre for Development, Journalism, and Communication, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Perception/Expectation"

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Gaddy, Davin E. "Expectation and Perception." In Projection Design. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003107019-2.

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Wesling, Donald. "Perception and Expectation in Literature." In Animal Perception and Literary Language. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04969-0_5.

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Lai, Linda S. L. "An Expectation-Perception Gap Analysis of Information Systems Failure." In Methodologies for Developing and Managing Emerging Technology Based Information Systems. Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3629-3_12.

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Long, Mike. "Risk Management: Regulatory Expectation, Risk Perception, and Organizational Integration." In Risk Management Applications in Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118514399.ch3.

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van den Berg, Bibi. "The Uncanny Valley Everywhere? On Privacy Perception and Expectation Management." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20769-3_15.

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Dayé, Christian, Armin Spök, Andrew C. Allan, Tomiko Yamaguchi, and Thorben Sprink. "Social Acceptability of Cisgenic Plants: Public Perception, Consumer Preferences, and Legal Regulation." In Concepts and Strategies in Plant Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10721-4_3.

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AbstractPart of the rationale behind the introduction of the term cisgenesis was the expectation that due to the “more natural” character of the genetic modification, cisgenic plants would be socially more acceptable than transgenic ones. This chapter assesses whether this expectation was justified. It thereby addresses three arenas of social acceptability: public perception, consumer preferences, and legal regulation. Discussing and comparing recent studies from four geographical areas across the globe—Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia and New Zealand—the chapter shows that the expectation was justified, and that cisgenic plants are treated as being more acceptable than other forms of genetic modification. Yet, there are considerable differences across the three arenas of social acceptability. In Australia, Canada, and the United States of America, the legal regulation of cisgenic plants is less restrictive than in Europe, Japan, and New Zealand. Also, the public perceptions are rather diverse across these countries, as are the factors that are deemed most influential in informing public opinion and consumer decisions. While people in North America appear to be most interested in individual benefits of the products (improved quality, health aspects), Europeans are more likely to accept cisgenic plants and derived products if they have a proven environmental benefit. In New Zealand, in contrast, the potential impact of cisgenic plants on other, more or less related markets, like meat export and tourism, is heavily debated. We conclude with some remarks about a possible new arrangement between science and policy that may come about with a new, or homogenized, international regulatory regime.

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Malavika, R., and A. Suresh. "Customer Perception, Expectation, and Experience Toward Services Provided by Public Sector Mutual Funds." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9967-2_36.

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Sharifah Syahirah, S. S., H. Fatimah Bibi, and H. Muhd Bazli. "Leadership, Policy And Governance In Malaysia : A Study on Gen Y Perception and Expectation." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8612-0_71.

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Batabyal, Debasish, and Nilanjan Ray. "Relationship Between Tourists’ Expectation and Perception of Wildlife Tourism Areas: Evidance From West Bengal, India." In Wilderness of Wildlife Tourism. Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315365817-14.

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Razzaque, Mohammed Abdur. "Consumer Expectation and Perception of Service Quality: A Case Study of Modern Urban Retailers in Bangladesh." In Proceedings of the 2008 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10963-3_135.

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Conference papers on the topic "Perception/Expectation"

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Zhang, Yundi, Xin Wang, Ziyi Zhang, et al. "Using Large Language Models to Understand Leadership Perception and Expectation." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmew63481.2024.10645444.

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Forster, Carina, Martin Grund, Eleni Panagoulas, Tilman Stephani, Esra Al, and Arno Villringer. "Stimulus expectation shapes somatosensory perception." In 2023 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience. Cognitive Computational Neuroscience, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32470/ccn.2023.1233-0.

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Yanagisawa, Hideyoshi, and Natsu Mikami. "Effects of Expectation Uncertainty and Surprise on Quality Perception Factors of Expectation Effect." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34458.

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In the user’s perception of a product’s qualities, the state of their sensory modality may shift from one state to another. For example, users see and then touch a product to perceive its texture. Between such state transitions, users have expectations regarding their subsequent states based on their experience of a current state event. Expectation effect is a psychological effect in which prior expectation changes posterior perception itself. The effect is a key factor to design user’s emotions induced by expectation disconfirmation as well as designing a perceived quality based on prior expectations. Although experimental findings on the expectation effect exist in a variety of research disciplines, general and theoretical models of the effect have been largely neglected. The present authors previously found out the visual expectation effect on tactile perceptions of surface texture. The causes of the expectation effect, however, remain largely unexplored. To intentionally design the expectation effect, general and theoretical models that estimates conditions of the effect is needed. In this paper, we propose a theoretical model of the expectation effect using information theory and an affective expectation model (AEM). We hypothesize that Shannon’s entropy of the prior subjective probability distributions of posterior experience determines the occurrence of the expectation effect and that the amount of information gained after experiencing a posterior event is positively correlated with the intensity of the expectation effect. We further hypothesize that a conscious level of expectation discrepancy distinguishes between two types of expectation effect, namely, assimilation and contrast. To verify these hypotheses, we conducted an experiment in which participants responded to the tactile qualities of surface texture. In the experiment, we extracted the visual expectation effect on tactile roughness during a sensory modality transition from vision to touch and analyzed the causes of the effect based on our hypotheses. The experimental results indicated the appropriateness of the proposed model of the expectation effect.

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Pulansari, Farida, Dwi Sukma Donoriyanto, and Nisa Masruroh. "Customer's Perception and Expectation for Reverse Logistics Implementation." In 2016 Global Conference on Business, Management and Entrepreneurship. Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/gcbme-16.2016.38.

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Yanagisawa, Hideyoshi. "A Computational Model of Human Perception With Prior Expectation: Bayesian Integration and Efficient Coding." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46669.

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Human perception of sensory stimuli is affected by prior prediction of the sensory experience. For example, perception of weight of an object changes depending on weight predicted with size of the object appearance. We call such psychological phenomena expectation effect. The expectation effect is a key factor to explain a gap between physical variables and their perceptions. In this paper, we propose a novel computational model of human perception involving the expectation effect. We hypothesized that perceived physical variable was estimated using a Bayesian integration of prior prediction and sensory likelihood of a physical variable. We applied efficient coding hypothesis to form a shape of sensory likelihood. We formalized the expectation effect as a function of three factors: expectation error (difference between predicted and actual physical variables), prediction uncertainty (variance of prior distributions), and external noise (variance of noise distributions convolved with likelihood). Using the model, we conducted computer simulations to analyze the behavior of two opposite patterns of expectation effect, that is, assimilation and contrast. The results of the simulation revealed that 1) the pattern of expectation effect shifted from assimilation to contrast as the prediction error increased, 2) uncertainty decreased the extent of the expectation effect, 3) and external noise increased the assimilation.

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D. Ravindran, Dr Sudharani, and Mrs Kalpana M. "Students’ Expectation, Perception and Satisfaction towards the Management Educational Institutions." In Annual International Conferences on Accounting and Finance. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-1997_af109.

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Ismail, Nik Nor Nabila Nik, Anitawati Mohd Lokman, and Fauziah Redzuan. "Elderly perception and expectation toward the robots: A preliminary study." In 2016 IEEE Conference on e-Learning, e-Management and e-Services (IC3e). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic3e.2016.8009054.

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Sahid, Ahmad Akmaludin, Rahmat Nurcahyo, and Farizal Farizal. "Perception and Expectation of Dental Clinic Services in Jakarta, Indonesia." In 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. IEOM Society International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46254/an11.20210161.

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Kunrath, Kamila, Philip Cash, and Jason Li-Ying. "DESIGNERS’ IDENTITY: SKILLS' SELF-PERCEPTION AND EXPECTATION IN DESIGN STUDENTS." In 15th International Design Conference. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Croatia; The Design Society, Glasgow, UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21278/idc.2018.0116.

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Hughes, Darin E., Jennifer Thropp, John Holmquist, and J. Michael Moshell. "SPATIAL PERCEPTION AND EXPECTATION: FACTORS IN ACOUSTICAL AWARENESS FOR MOUT TRAINING." In Proceedings of the 24th US Army Science Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812772572_0043.

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Reports on the topic "Perception/Expectation"

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Muñoz-Martínez, Jonathan Alexander, David Orozco, and Mario A. Ramos-Veloza. Tweeting Inflation: Real-Time measures of Inflation Perception in Colombia. Banco de la República, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1256.

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This study follows a novel approach proposed by Angelico et al. (2022) of using Twitter to measure inflation perception in in real-time in Colombia. By applying machine learning techniques, we implement two real-time indicators of inflation perception and show that both exhibit a similar dynamic pattern to that of inflation and inflation expectations for the sample period January 2015 to March 2023. Our interpretation of these results is that they suggest that our indicators are closely linked to the underlying factors driving inflation perception. Overall, this approach provides a valuable instrument to gauge public sentiment towards inflation and complements the traditional inflation expectation measures used in the inflation–targeting framework.

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Monetary Policy Report - October 2021. Banco de la República, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr4-2021.

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Macroeconomic summary Economic activity has recovered faster than projected, and output is now expected to return to pre-pandemic levels earlier than anticipated. Economic growth projections for 2021 and 2022 have been revised upward, though significant downward bias remains. (Graph 1.1). Colombia’s economy returned to recovery in the third quarter after significant supply shocks and a third wave of COVID-19 in the second. Negative shocks affecting mobility and output were absent in the third quarter, and some indicators of economic activity suggest that the rate of recovery in demand, primarily in consumption, outpaced estimates from the July Monetary Policy Report (MPR) in the context of widely expansive monetary policy. Several factors are expected to continue to contribute to output recovery for the rest of the year and into 2022, including the persistence of favorable international financial conditions, an expected improvement in external demand, and an increase in terms of trade. Increasing vaccination rates, the expectation of higher levels of employment and the consequent effect on household income, improved investment performance (which has not yet returned to pre-pandemic levels), and the expected stimulus from monetary policy that would continue to be expansive should also drive economic activity. As a result, output is estimated to have returned to its pre-pandemic level in the third quarter (previously expected in the fourth quarter). Growth is expected to decelerate in 2022, with excess productive capacity projected to close faster than anticipated in the previous report. Given the above, GDP growth projections have been revised upward for 2021 (9.8%, range between 8.4% and 11.2%) and 2022 (4.7%, range between 0.7% and 6.5%). If these estimates are confirmed, output would have grown by 2.3% on average between 2020 and 2022. This figure would be below long-term sustainable growth levels projected prior to the pandemic. The revised growth forecast for 2022 continues to account for a low basis of comparison from this year (reflecting the negative effects of COVID-19 and roadblocks in some parts of the country), and now supposes that estimated consumption levels for the end of 2021 will remain relatively stable in 2022. Investment and net exports are expected to recover at a faster pace than estimated in the previous report. Nevertheless, the downward risks to these estimates remain unusually significant, for several reasons. First, they do not suppose significant negative effects on the economy from possible new waves of COVID-19. Second, because private consumption, which has already surpassed pre-pandemic levels by a large margin, could perform less favorably than estimated in this forecast should it reflect a temporary phenomenon related to suppressed demand as service sectors re-open (e.g. tourism) and private savings accumulated during the pandemic are spent. Third, disruptions to supply chains could be more persistent than contemplated in this report and could continue to affect production costs, with a negative impact on the economy. Finally, the accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances could translate to increased vulnerability to changes in international financial conditions or in international and domestic economic agents’ perception of risk in the Colombian economy, representing a downward risk to growth. A higher-than-expected increase in inflation, the persistence of supply shocks, and reduced excess productive capacity have led to an increase in inflation projections above the target on the forecast horizon (Graph 1.2). Inflation increased above expectations to 4.51% in the third quarter, due in large part to the price behavior of foods and regulated items, and to a lesser extent to core inflation. Increased international prices and costs continue to generate upward pressure on various sub-baskets of the consumer price index (CPI), as has the partial reversion of some price relief measures implemented in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

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